Consciousness

Awareness

Attention

Selective Attention

Divided Attention

Dichotic Listening

Consciousness

Ways of Studying Consciousness

•Structuralism – Introspection

•Behaviorism

•Psychophysiology

•Subjective Report

Consciousness

Altered States of Consciousness

•Dreaming

•Drug States

•Hypnosis

•Meditation

•Near Death Experiences

Sleep & Dreaming

Stages of Sleep

REM Rebound

How Much Sleep?

Disorders

The Purpose of Sleep

Dreams

Drug States: Types of DrugsStimulants

•Amphetamine

•Cocaine

•Ecstasy (MDMA)

•Nicotine

•Caffeine

Depressants

•Alcohol

•Barbiturates

•Valium

•Narcotics

Hallucinogens

•LSD

•Mescaline

•PCP

•Psilocybin

•Marijuana

Drug States: Addiction

Tolerance

Habituation

Opponent Process Theory

Opposite Aftereffects

Return to Baseline

Effects of Repeated Usage

Dependence

Withdrawal

Drug States: Other Factors

Dosage

Mode of Ingestion

Prior Experience

Set (Expectancy)

Stages of Sleep and Brain WavesStages of Sleep and Brain Waves• ElectroencephalographElectroencephalograph (EEG) - allows scientists to see the brain wave (EEG) - allows scientists to see the brain wave

activity as a person passes through the various stages of sleep and to activity as a person passes through the various stages of sleep and to determine what type of sleep the person has entered.determine what type of sleep the person has entered.

LO 4.4 Stages of sleep

Stages of Sleep and Brain WavesStages of Sleep and Brain Waves• Alpha waves - brain waves that indicate a state of relaxationAlpha waves - brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation ..

• Relaxed but awake: Alpha wavesRelaxed but awake: Alpha waves

• Theta waves - brain waves indicating early stages of sleep.Theta waves - brain waves indicating early stages of sleep.• Stage 1: Theta waves appearStage 1: Theta waves appear

• Light sleep; person may claim to still be awakeLight sleep; person may claim to still be awake• Hypnogogic sensations may occur (floating, falling) and can be Hypnogogic sensations may occur (floating, falling) and can be

incorporated into real memoriesincorporated into real memories• Hypnogogic = sensory experiences without sensory stimuliHypnogogic = sensory experiences without sensory stimuli• Hypnic jerk – knees, legs, or whole body jerksHypnic jerk – knees, legs, or whole body jerks

• Stage 2: Sleep spindles (brief bursts of rapid brain activity) Stage 2: Sleep spindles (brief bursts of rapid brain activity) • Asleep but may respond to some events, such as ringing phoneAsleep but may respond to some events, such as ringing phone• Sleeptalking may occurSleeptalking may occur

HypnosisHypnosis• Hypnosis – altered state of consciousness in which Hypnosis – altered state of consciousness in which

the person is especially susceptible to suggestionthe person is especially susceptible to suggestion

• 4 Elements of Hypnosis:4 Elements of Hypnosis:

1.1. focusfocus

2.2. relaxrelax

3.3. accept suggestionsaccept suggestions

4.4. use imaginationuse imagination

Clinical HypnosisClinical Hypnosis

Posthypnotic amnesia – temporary explicit memory Posthypnotic amnesia – temporary explicit memory loss, but memories are still there, can affect behavior, loss, but memories are still there, can affect behavior, and usually returns to conscious awarenessand usually returns to conscious awareness

Posthypnotic suggestionPosthypnotic suggestion - - suggestion to be carried out suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotizedafter the subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms

and behaviorsand behaviors Most effective for pain control, headaches, asthma, skin and Most effective for pain control, headaches, asthma, skin and

weight conditions (psychologically-based)weight conditions (psychologically-based) Less effective for addictions (physiologically-based)Less effective for addictions (physiologically-based) Power of Power of believingbelieving is the key is the key