connecting south asia and southeast asia

8/9/2019 Connecting South Asia and Southeast Asia

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Ocmmdotbmh_cutn @sb` `mj_cutnd`st @sb`

@ KCBMZ _ZTJR CI ZND @_B@M JDYDAC\EDMZ F@MG @MJ ZND @_B@M JDYDAC\EDMZ F@MG BM_ZBZTZD


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b

Ocmmdotbmh

_cutn @sb` `mj_cutnd`st @sb`


3/320

© 6228:--:->228:--? (\JI)

Znd vbdws dxprdssdj bm tnbs fccg `rd tncsd ci tnd ùtncrs `mj jc mct mdodss`rbayrdstdot tnd vbdws ̀ mj pcabobds ci tnd @sb`m Jdvdacpedmt F`mg (@JF), tnd @sb`mJdvdacpedmt F`mg Bmstbtutd (@JFB), cr tndbr Fc`rj ci Hcvdrmcrs cr tnd hcvdrmedmtstndy rdprdsdmt.

@JF `mj @JFB jc mct hu`r`mtdd tnd òouròy ci tnd j`t` bmoaujdj bm tnbs pufabo`tbcm`mj ̀ oodpt mc rdspcmsbfbabty icr `my ocmsdqudmod ci tndbr usd.

Fy e`gbmh `my jdsbhm`tbcm ci cr rdidrdmod tc ` p`rtboua`r tdrrbtcry cr hdchr`pnbo `rd`,cr fy usbmh tnd tdre ‑ocumtry― cr ctndr hdchr`pnboà mèds bm tnbs pufabo`tbcm, @JF`mj @JFB jc mct bmtdmj tc e`gd `my kujhedmts `s tc tnd adhà cr ctndr st`tus ci `mytdrrbtcry cr `rd`.

Tsdrs ̀ rd rdstrbotdj irce rdsdaabmh, rdjbstrbfutbmh, cr ord`tbmh jdrbv`tbvd wcrgs wbtncuttnd dxprdss, wrbttdm ocmsdmt ci @JFB.

Mctd; Bm tnbs rdpcrt, ‑$― rdidrs tc T_ jcaa`rs.

@sb`m Jdvdacpedmt F`mg BmstbtutdG`suebh`sdgb Fubajbmh >I?-6-4, G`suebh`sdgb, Onbycj`-guZcgyc 0


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bbb

Ocmtdmts

Abst ci Ibhurds, Z`fads, `mj Fcxds vb

Icrdwcrj x

@ogmcwadjhedmts xbb

@ffrdvb`tbcms xbv

Dxdoutbvd _uee`ry xvbb

On`ptdr 0; Bmtrcjuotbcm `mj Cvdrvbdw 0

0.0 Ocmtdxt ̀ mj @be ci tnd _tujy 00.6 V`tbcmàd icr Hrd`tdr Docmcebo Bmtdhr`tbcm ̀ mj Occpdr`tbcm :

0.? @màytboà @pprcòn 80.: Orcss-Fcrjdr Zr`mspcrt Bmir`struoturd 0<0.4 Dmdrhy Bmir`struoturd `mj Zr`jbmh 040.9 Ibm`mobmh Bmir`struoturd 6<0.8 Zr`jd Iòbabt`tbcm 660.> M`tbcmà `mj Vdhbcmà \caboy Vdicres 640.2 Bmstbtutbcmà Vbsgs tc Ocmmdotbvbty 690.0< Bepòts ci Beprcvdj Ocmmdotbvbty 620.00 Ocmoausbcms ?0

On`ptdr 6; Ourrdmt _t`td ci Orcss-Vdhbcmà Docmcebo Zbds ?4

6.0 Bmtrcjuotbcm ?46.6 Zr`jd Abmgs ?46.? _uppay On`bms `mj _eàa `mj Edjbue-_bzdj Dmtdrprbsds ?26.: Icrdbhm Jbrdot Bmvdstedmt :?6.4 Ibm`mobà Iacws ::6.9 _uee`ry :9

On`ptdr ?; Orcss-Fcrjdr Zr`mspcrt Bmir`struoturd 4??.0 Bmtrcjuotbcm 4??.6 _ocpd ci _tujy `mj Ocmodpts 4:?.? Nbhnw`ys 4>?.: V`barc`js 86


5/320

bv Ocmtdmts

?.4 _d`pcrts >:?.9 _uee`ry ci \rbcrbty \rckdots 2>

?.8 Fdmdffts 0 Cfstòads `mj Ocmstr`bmts 0 Ocmoausbcms 089

On`ptdr 9; Zr`jd Iòbabt`tbcm 0>0

9.0 Bmtrcjuotbcm 0>09.6 _ocpd ci Zr`jd Iòbabt`tbcm 0>6

9.? Cvdrvbdw ci Zr`jd Iòbabt`tbcm 0>:9.: Bssuds `mj Fcttadmdogs 0>89.4 Vdhbcmà Bmbtb`tbvds tc @jjrdss Bssuds 69.9 Ocmoausbcms 6089.8 Vdoceedmj`tbcms 666

On`ptdr 8; M`tbcmà `mj Vdhbcmà \caboy Vdicres 668

8.0 Bmtrcjuotbcm 6688.6 Zr`jd F`rrbdrs 668

8.? Irdd Zr`jd @hrddedmts 6?68.: Dxon`mhd V`td Vdhbeds 6?48.4 Ocmoausbcms 6?>


6/320

Ocmtdmts v

On`ptdr >; Vbsgs tc Ocmmdotbvbty `mj Bmstbtutbcmà

@rr`mhdedmt 6:0

>.0 Bmtrcjuotbcm 6:0>.6 Vd`scms icr Vdhbcmà Occrjbm`tbcm 6:6>.? Vdhbcmà Bmstbtutbcms icr Ocmmdotbvbty 6:?>.: Ì otcrs @dotbmh _uoodss ci Occpdr`tbcm Bmbtb`tbvds 640>.4 Znd X`y Icrw`rj 648

On`ptdr 2; @ssdssbmh Bepòts ci Vdhbcmà Bmtdhr`tbcm 694

2.0 Bmtrcjuotbcm 6942.6 Zccas icr @ssdssbmh Docmcebo Ddots ci Vdhbcmà Bmtdhr`tbcm 6992.? Dstbe`tbmh tnd Ddots ci Vdhbcmà Bmtdhr`tbcm vb`

` OHD Ecjda 6802.: Puàbt`tbvd Bssuds 6>:2.4 Ocmoausbcms 6>>

Abst ci Fòghrcumj \`pdrs icr tnd Ocmmdotbmh _cutn @sb` `mj_cutnd`st @sb` _tujy 62?


7/320

vb

Ibhurds, Z`fads, `mjFcxds

Ibhurds

0.0 Gdy Dadedmts icr \rcectbmh Orcss-Vdhbcm`a Ocmmdotbvbty 8

6.0 Zct`a Zr`jd fdtwddm _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`, 022


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Ibhurds, Z̀ fads, `mj Fcxds vbb

9.0 Fuy‟_nbp‟\`y Ecjda 0>?9.6 Xcraj F`mg Jcbmh Fusbmdss; Zr`jbmh `orcss Fcrjdrs V`mgbmhs,

6


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vbbb Ibhurds, Z̀ fads, `mj Fcxds

?.0< J`wdb‟Nc Onb Ebmn Obty \rbcrbty V`ba \rckdots >:?.00 Bjdmtbffdj \crt Jdvdacpedmt \rckdots 28?.06 \rbcrbty \rckdots 22?.0? _uee`ry ci Ocmmdotbvbty-Vda`tdj Vc`j, V`ba, `mj \crt

Bmir`struoturd \rckdots 0


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Ibhurds, Z̀ fads, `mj Fcxds bx

9.0 Muefdrs ci Jcouedmts `mj Zbed Z`gdm icr Dxpcrt `mj BepcrtZr`ms`otbcms, 62

9.6 Ocrruptbcm \drodptbcms Bmjdx, 6


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x

Icrdwcrj

Znd suoodss stcry ci docmcebo hrcwtn bm _cutnd`st @sb` cvdr tnd p`st idwjdo`jds bs wdaa gmcwm. Bt rdsuatdj irce `m cutw`rj-accgbmh str`tdhy cidxpcrt-crbdmtdj hrcwtn, ocupadj wbtn cpdmmdss tc icrdbhm jbrdot bmvdstedmt fy ecrd jdvdacpdj docmcebds fctn wbtnbm @sb̀ `mj cutsbjd, hdmdr̀ aaye`rgdt-irbdmjay pcabobds, `mj dxtdmsbvd bmvdstedmt bm bmir`struoturd. Bt adj

tc jddp docmcebo bmtdhr`tbcm ci _cutnd`st @sb`m docmcebds, dspdobàay tndecst jdvdacpdj cmds, wbtn tncsd ci D`st @sb`, e`mbidstdj ecst mct`fay bmtnd r`pbj dxp`msbcm ci rdhbcmà ̀ mj hacfà suppay on`bm mdtwcrgs.

_cutn @sb` n`s ̀ asc dedrhdj ecrd rdodmtay ̀ s ̀ jymèbo hrcwtn rdhbcm`s ` rdsuat ci e`rgdt-crbdmtdj rdicres. Bt bs mcw dmkcybmh tnd `jv`mt`hdsci fdbmh ` a`tdocedr wbtn rda`tbvday acw w`hds. Ncwdvdr, bm`jdqu`tdbmir`struoturd, nbhn advdas ci rdhua`tbcm `mj tr`jd f`rrbdrs, `mj bmdobdmtachbstbos systdes ed`m tn`t _cutn @sb` stbaa a`hs sbhmbffo`mtay bm tdres cijdvdacpedmt ci e`muiòturbmh sdotcrs ̀ mj bts p`rtbobp`tbcm bm hacfà suppay

on`bm mdtwcrgs. Znbs pcsds ` sbhmbffo`mt f`rrbdr tc bmord`sbmh hrcwtn citr`jd bm nbhn vàud-`jjdj prcjuots, ̀ mj tnd rbsds bm prcjuotbvbty ̀ mj w`hdstn`t ocuaj rdsuat irce tnbs.

Zr`jd bs oad`ray ` e`bm dmhbmd ci hrcwtn. @atncuhn tr`jd fdtwddm_cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb` n`s hrcwm r`pbjay bm tnd p`st jdo`jd cr sc,tnd ocmtbmudj prdsdmod ci f`rrbdrs bm bmir`struoturd, tr`jd pcabobds, achbstbossystdes, `mj bmstbtutbcmà h`ps ncajs tr`jd fdtwddm tndsd twc rdhbcms wdaa fdacw bts pctdmtb̀ a. D s̀bmh tndsd f`rrbdrs ocuaj ocmtrbfutd sufst`mtb àay tcprcectbmh sust`bm`fad hrcwtn bm tnd twc rdhbcms. Bm tnbs rdh`rj, tnd rdodmt

cpdmbmh up ci Ey`me`r bm pcabtboà `mj docmcebo tdres prcvbjds ` irdsncppcrtumbty tc rddvàu`td tnd pctdmtbà icr bmord`sbmh tr`jd fdtwddm tndtwc rdhbcms.

@h`bmst tnbs fògjrcp, tnd @sb`m Jdvdacpedmt F`mg `mj tnd @sb`mJdvdacpedmt F`mg Bmstbtutd kcbmtay ocmjuotdj ̀ stujy ci w`ys tc prcectdtr`jd `mj bmvdstedmt fdtwddm tnd twc rdhbcms. Bt icousds cm fctn ‑n`rj―bmir`struoturd `mj `sscob`tdj ‑scit― bmir`struoturd, bmoaujbmh t`rbs `mjmcm-t`rb f`rrbdrs, tr`jd `mj tr`mspcrt iòbabt`tbcm, `s wdaa `s ffm`mod `mjbmstbtutbcmà `spdots. Znd `be w`s twcicaj; tc fubaj tnd frc`j o`sd icr

bmord`sdj ocmmdotbvbty fdtwddm tnd twc rdhbcms `mj tc bjdmtbiy spdobffoprckdots tn`t ̀ ppd`r tc n`vd nbhn pctdmtbà tc prcectd tnbs hdmdrà ̀ be.

@sb̀ n`s ̀ nuhd jde`mj icr bmir`struoturd bm ̀ rd`s bmoaujbmh tr`mspcrt,oceeumbo`tbcms, `mj dmdrhy, wnbon o`mmct fd òoceecj`tdj scaday fypufabo ffm`mod. _ced ocumtrbds e`y mddj n`rj bmir`struoturd `t tnbs tbed,


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Icrdwcrj xb

wnbad ctndrs e`y mddj scit bmir`struoturd rda`tdj tc tr`jd `mj tr`mspcrtiòbabt`tbcm, icr dxèpad. Zndsd `rd`s àsc rdqubrd iurtndr jdvdacpedmt ciffm`mobà e`rgdts `mj bmstbtutbcms, bmoaujbmh acoà hcvdrmedmt ffm`mod `mjprbv`td ffm`mod, wnbon o`m ndap on`mmda iumjs tc wcrtnwnbad bmvdstedmtprckdots tn`t n`vd fddm ecrd dxtdmsbvday ̀ màyzdj. \rckdot dvàu`tbcm bs ̀ ascrdqubrdj tc hdmdr`td adsscms ad`rmdj `mj fdst pròtbods bm bmir`struoturdbmvdstedmts. Tsd ci pufabo‟prbv`td p`rtmdrsnbps o`m bmkdot prbv`td sdotcrjbsobpabmd bmtc prckdot sdadotbcm `mj bepadedmt`tbcm, fut tndy `rd mct `p`mòd`, `mj oacsd `ttdmtbcm tc tnd àaco`tbcm ci ocsts, rbsgs, `mj fdmdffts bsmddjdj tc `vcbj i`baurd.

Hrd`tdr p`rtbobp`tbcm bm tr`jd oàas icr bmord`sdj ocepdtbtbvdmdss `mjprcjuotbvbty. Znbs mct cmay bmoaujds prcectbmh tdonmcachboà bmmcv`tbcm`mj jbusbcm, fut àsc bmvcavds ord`tbmh `m dmvbrcmedmt tn`t icstdrs tndjdvdacpedmt ci mdw ocep`mbds tn`t wbaa defcjy tncsd tdonmcachbds bmmdw prcjuots `mj sdrvbods. Iurtndrecrd, seàa ffres mddj hrd`tdr òodsstc ffm`mod tc fd `fad tc p`rtbobp`td bm bmtdrm`tbcmà tr`jd. Znbs rdqubrds `nbhndr st`hd ci ffm`mobà jdvdacpedmt, bmoaujbmh dxp`msbcm ci ffm`mobmho`pòbty icr st`rt-up ocep`mbds. _bmod mdw ocep`mbds `rd typboàay seàa,beprcvbmh ffm`mobà ̀ oodss icr seàa ̀ mj edjbue-sbzdj dmtdrprbsds (_EDs)sncuaj fd ` gdy `spdot ci suon ` str`tdhy. Znbs oàas icr rda`tdj òtbvbtbdstn`t bmoaujd jdvdacpedmt ci vdmturd o`pbtà, orcwjiumjbmh vdnboads suon`s ncedtcwm bmvdstedmt trust iumjs, `mj ordjbt e`rgdt j`t`f`sds suon `sK`p`m‒s Ordjbt Vbsg J`t`f`sd ci _EDs. Ibm`mobmh icr _EDs `mj st`rt-upocep`mbds tnrcuhn f`mg ac`ms o`m fd jbouat jud tc tnd umodrt`bmty citndbr fusbmdss.

Iadxbfad dxon`mhd r`tds o`m àsc suppcrt ocepdtbtbvdmdss `mj hrcwtnci tr`jd, sufkdot tc tnd ocmstr`bmt tn`t o`pbtà stcw vca`tbabty bs mct tcc hrd`t.Zndy o`m àsc suppcrt ecrd cpdm o`pbtà e`rgdts tn`t iòbabt`td tnd irddrstcw ci icrdbhm jbrdot bmvdstedmt `mj pcrticabc bmvdstedmt tc `ttròtbvdbmvdstedmt prckdots.

Znbs stujy sddgs tc ocmtrbfutd tc ̀ fdttdr umjdrst`mjbmh ci tnd jymèbosci tnd dedrhbmh docmcebds bm tndsd twc rdhbcms spd`rnd`jbmh @sb`‒s iuturddocmcebo jdvdacpedmt `mj tc stbeua`td irdsn tnbmgbmh cm pcaboy scautbcmstc dedrhbmh jdvdacpedmt onàadmhds.

Fbmju M. Acn`mb Ybod-\rdsbjdmt(Gmcwadjhd E`m`hdedmt`mj _ust`bm`fad Jdvdacpedmt) @sb`m Jdvdacpedmt F`mg

M`cyugb RcsnbmcJd`m @sb`m Jdvdacpedmt F`mg Bmstbtutd


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xbb

@ogmcwadjhedmts

Znbs stujy Ocmmdotbmh _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb` w`s ` kcbmt prckdotci tnd @sb`m Jdvdacpedmt F`mg (@JF) `mj tnd @sb`m JdvdacpedmtF`mg Bmstbtutd (@JFB). Znd icaacwbmh @JF jdp`rtedmts wdrd bmvcavdjbm tnd stujy; _cutn @sb` Jdp`rtedmt, _cutnd`st @sb` Jdp`rtedmt,Cod ci Vdhbcmà Docmcebo Bmtdhr`tbcm, `mj Docmcebos `mj Vdsd`ron

Jdp`rtedmt.Znd stujy w`s bmbtb`tdj umjdr tnd cvdràa hubj`mod ci ` stddrbmh

oceebttdd on`brdj fy E`s`nbrc G`w`b (icredr Jd`m `mj ODC ci @JFB) `mj V`k`t E. M`h (icredr E`m`hbmh Jbrdotcr Hdmdrà ci @JF).Bt w`s ocepcsdj ci sdvdrà nd`js ci @JF‒s cpdr`tbcms `mj gmcwadjhdjdp`rtedmts, bmoaujbmh Bw`m @zbs, \nbabp Drqub`h`, Ku`m Ebr`mj`,On`mhycmh Vndd, G`zu _`g`b, ̀ mj Gumbc _dmh`. Znd stujy w`s ocepadtdjumjdr tnd str`tdhbo hubj`mod ci M`cyugb Rcsnbmc (Jd`m ci @JFB). Ku`mEbr`mj` (E`m`hbmh Jbrdotcr Hdmdrà ci @JF) àsc prcvbjdj vàu`fad

oceedmts.Ebon`da \aueedr (Jbrdotcr, _@B_ Durcpd, `mj Dmb \rcidsscr ci

Bmtdrm`tbcmà Docmcebos, Kcnms Ncpgbms Tmbvdrsbty) w`s tnd ad`jocmsuat`mt icr tnd stujy. \dtdr K. Ecrh`m (_dmbcr Ocmsuat`mt icrVdsd`ron, @JFB) sdrvdj ̀ s tnd prckdot t`sg e`m`hdr icr tnd stujy umjdrtnd supdrvbsbcm ci H`mdsn`m Xbhm`r`k` (Jbrdotcr ci Vdsd`ron, @JFB).

Znd ffmà rdpcrt w`s wrbttdm fy ` tdè ci @JF `mj @JFB st` `mjocmsuat`mts. Znd ffmà rdpcrt w`s prdp`rdj fy Ebon`da \aueedr, \dtdrK. Ecrh`m, `mj H`mdsn`m Xbhm`r`k` wbtn sufst`mtbà ocmtrbfutbcms

irce fòghrcumj p`pdrs cm tnde`tbo tcpbos `mj bmjbvbjuà ocumtrystujbds wrbttdm `s p`rt ci tnd prckdot. Znd ùtncrs ci tnd tnde`tbo p`pdrsbmoaujd Kd`m-Ir`mocbs Hùtrbm (a`mj tr`mspcrt)7 J`vbj Xbhmàa `mj E`rgXbhmàa (sd` tr`mspcrt)7 @mtncmy F`yady (tr`jd iòbabt`tbcm)7 _nufncecyV`y (bmir`struoturd ffm`mod)7 Ecd Znuz`r, Ir`mobs Nutonbmscm, V`nuaEbsnr`, Zbm Eùmh Eùmh Zn`m, `mj Zdres`g Onàdrepà`mup`p(bmstbtutbcms)7 `mj I`m [n`b (OHD ecjdabmh). Znd ùtncrs ci tnd ocumtrystujbds bmoaujd Eust`ffzur V`ne`m, Gncmj`gdr Hcaè Ec`zzde,Ednrum` Bsaè Oncwjnury, `mj I`rz`m` _dnrbm (F`mha`jdsn)7 \r`fbr

Jd (Bmjb`)7 Ndotcr Iacrdmtc `mj E`rb` Bs`fda` Ocrpuz (Ey`me`r)7\r`juem` F. V`m` `mj Fbmcj G`reòn`ry` (Mdpà)7 Jusnmb Xddr`gccm`mj Mbpumb \drdr` (_rb A`mg`)7 `mj _utnbpn`mj Onbr`tnbv`t `mjGcrmg`rum Onddw`tr`gccapcmh (Zn`ba`mj). Kdmmy Fàfc`, R`m [n`mh,


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@ogmcwadjhedmts xbbb

^b`cebmh \`m, Edm`g` @rujondav`m, `mj Fccm Accmh Mhb`mh `t @JFBàsc ocmtrbfutdj.

Oceedmts `mj suhhdstbcms wdrd hbvdm fy, ècmh ctndrs, _numsugdF`mjc, _dgn`r Fcmu, \dtdr Frbefad, Vcmmbd Futbcmh, Hbcv`mmbO`p`mmdaab, Rusnu Idmh, @rkum Hcswèb, Ndr`tn Hum`tba`gd, Z`j`tdruN`y`snb, Ecnèedj [`nbj Ncss`bm, Ecnèedj \`rvdz Bej`j, KèbdAd`tndr, Kèds Aymon, _`fy Ebtr`, Oucmh Ebmn Mhuydm, Oym-Rcumh \`rg,E`mecn`m \`rg`sn, Ybvdg V`c, Mdwbm _bmsbrb, Vèdsn _ufrè`mbè,Eyc Zn`mt, Xbmirbdj I. Xbogadbm, \rby`mtn` Xbk`y`tumh`, Nbrc`gb Rè`huonb, `mj Rbmh Pb`m ci @JF.

\`rtbobp`mts `t v`rbcus dvdmts prcvbjdj vàu`fad oceedmts tctnd prckdot, bmoaujbmh tnd bmodptbcm eddtbmh `mj wcrgsncp bm Zcgyc,tnd tdonmboà ocmidrdmod bm E`mba`, tnd pcaboy jbàchud bm E`mba`,`mj jbssdebm`tbcm dvdmts bm F`mhgcg, Mdw Jdanb, `mj Zcgyc; Mbsn`Z`mdk` (\rcidsscr, BOVBDV), G`m [`w (Ebmbstdr ci M`tbcmà \a`mmbmh`mj Docmcebo Jdvdacpedmt, Ey`me`r), Nbrcsnb X`t`m`fd (ODC`mj Dxdoutbvd E`m`hbmh Jbrdotcr, K`p`m F`mg icr Bmtdrm`tbcmàOccpdr`tbcm), Jnruf` \urg`y`stn` (Znd Xcraj F`mg), ObmmècmJcrmsbid (@otbmh Jbrdotcr ci tnd Bmtdrm`tbcmà Jdvdacpedmt \rchrè,Znd \ùa N. Mbtzd _oncca ci @jv`modj Bmtdrm`tbcmà _tujbds, KcnmsNcpgbms Tmbvdrsbty), _df`stb`m \ùst (_dmbcr @jvbscr tc tnd E`m`hdedmtFc`rj, Jdutsond Hdsdaasonìt iñr Bmtdrm`tbcmàd [usèedm`rfdbt), @kbtGue`r _dtn (O`fbmdt _dordt`ry, Hcvdrmedmt ci Bmjb`), _c Tedz`gb(Jbrdotcr, Bmstbtutd ci Jdvdacpbmh Docmcebds, K`p`m Dxtdrmà Zr`jdCrh`mbz`tbcm), `mj @rvbmj _bmhn (Ebmbstdr ‟ Docmcebo, Def`ssy ciBmjb` bm K`p`m), `mj e`my ecrd.

Znd rdpcrt w`s djbtdj, typdsdt, `mj prbmtdj umjdr tnd occrjbm`tbcmci @JFB‒s pufabo`tbcms umbt nd`jdj fy Vcfdrt J`vbs. Hr`mt _tbaae`m `mjZsuycsnb Nycg`b ci @JFB cvdrs`w tnd prckdot‒s ocmtròt `jebmbstr`tbcm`mj ffm`mobmh, wbtn tnd suppcrt ci Rug`rb Z`gduonb `mj Zcgbgc Rè`m`g`.


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xbv

@ffrdvb`tbcms

@JF @sb`m Jdvdacpedmt F`mg

@JFB @sb`m Jdvdacpedmt F`mg Bmstbtutd

@DO @_D@M Docmcebo Oceeumbty

@DC ùtncrbzdj docmcebo cpdr`tcr

@IZ@ @_D@M Irdd Zr`jd @rd`

@N @sb`m Nbhnw`y

@NM @sb`m Nbhnw`y Mdtwcrg

@BE_ @_D@M Bmtdrocmmdotbcm E`stdr \a`m _tujy

@\DO @sb`-\òbffo Docmcebo Occpdr`tbcm

@_OC\D @_D@M Ocumoba cm \dtrcadue

@_D@M @sscob`tbcm ci _cutnd`st @sb`m M`tbcms

@_D@M+? @_D@M edefdrs, paus tnd \VO, K̀ p`m, `mj tnd Vdpufaboci Gcrd`

@_X @_D@M _bmhad Xbmjcw @_ROTJ@ @utce`tdj _ystdes icr Oustces J`t`

F@T fusbmdss-`s-usuà

FO\ fcrjdr orcssbmh pcbmt

FBE_ZDO F`y ci Fdmhà Bmbtb`tbvd icr Euatb-_dotcrà Zdonmbo à `mjDocmcebo Occpdr`tbcm

FCCZ fubaj‟cwm‟cpdr`td‟tr`msidr

O&I ocst ̀ mj irdbhnt

OFZ@ Orcss-Fcrjdr Zr`msbt @hrddedmtOJE Oad`m Jdvdacpedmt Edon`mbse

OOO oustces occpdr`tbcm oceebttdd

OHD oceput`fad hdmdrà dqubabfrbue

OHBI Ordjbt Hu`r`mtdd ̀ mj Bmvdstedmt Iòbabty

OBB Ocmidjdr`tbcm ci Bmjb`m Bmjustrbds

OBP_ oustces‟beebhr`tbcm‟qu`r`mtbmd‟sdourbty

JIB jdvdacpedmt ffm`mod bmstbtutbcm

JZB jbrdot tr`jdr bmput

D@_ D`st @sb` _ueebt

D@ZV ddotbvday ̀ ppabdj t`rb r`td

DO@ dxpcrt ordjbt ̀ hdmoy

DOD Docmcebo Oceebssbcm icr Durcpd


16/320

@ffrdvb`tbcms xv

DDZ dmn`modj dmdrhy tr`jd

DEB dmdrhy e`rgdt bmtdhr`tbcm

D\O dmhbmddrbmh, prcourdedmt, ̀ mj ocmstruotbcmDVB@ Docmcebo Vdsd`ron Bmstbtutd icr @_D@M `mj D`st @sb`

DXDO D`st‟Xdst Docmcebo Ocrrbjcr

IJB icrdbhm jbrdot bmvdstedmt

IZ@ irdd tr`jd ̀ hrddedmt

HJ\ hrcss jcedstbo prcjuot

HE_ Hrd`tdr Edgcmh _ufrdhbcm

NJ_ Nàjb` Jcog _ystde

BOJ bma`mj oad`r`mod jdpct

BO\ bmtdhr`tdj ondog pcst

BOZ bmicre`tbcm ̀ mj oceeumbo`tbcm tdonmcachy

BIO Bmtdrm`tbcmà Ibm`mod Ocrpcr`tbcm

BIB bmtdrm`tbcmà ffm`mobà bmstbtutbcm

BBIOA Bmjb` Bmir`struoturd Ibm`mod Ocep`my

BEI Bmtdrm`tbcmà Ecmdt`ry Iumj

BEZZN Bmjb`‟Ey`me`r‟Zn b̀à mj Zrbà tdr̀ a Nbhnw`y

KFBO K`p`m F`mg icr Bmtdrm`tbcmà Occpdr`tbcm

KBO@ K`p`m Bmtdrm`tbcmà Occpdr`tbcm @hdmoy GJ_ Gcag`t` Jcog _ystde

A`c \JV A`c \dcpad‒s Jdecor`tbo Vdpufabo

ABBZ acoà bmir`struoturd bmvdstedmt trust

AMH abqudffdj m`turà h`s

EJF euatba`tdrà jdvdacpedmt f`mg

EIM ecst i`vcrdj m`tbcm

EHO Edgcmh‟H`mh` Occpdr`tbcm

EBDO Edgcmh‟Bmjb` Docmcebo OcrrbjcrECT edecr`mjue ci umjdrst`mjbmh

E\@O E`stdr \a`m cm @_D@M Ocmmdotbvbty

EV@ eutuà rdochmbtbcm ̀ hrddedmt

M_DO Mcrtn‟_cutn Docmcebo Ocrrbjcr

M_X M`tbcmà _bmhad Xbmjcw

MZF mcm-t`rb f`rrbdr

CDOJ Crh`mbs`tbcm icr Docmcebo Oc-cpdr`tbcm ̀ mjJdvdacpedmt

\\\ pufabo‟prbv`td p`rtmdrsnbp

\VO \dcpad‒s Vdpufabo ci Onbm`

VOD\ Vdhbcmà Oceprdndmsbvd Docmcebo \`rtmdrsnbp

VBI rdhbcmà bmir`struoturd iumj


17/320

xvb Ocmmdotbmh _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`

VGO Vdvbsdj Gyctc Ocmvdmtbcm

VCC ruads ci crbhbm

_@/_D@ _cutn @sb`/_cutnd`st @sb`_@@VO _cutn @sb`m @sscob`tbcm icr Vdhbcmà Occpdr`tbcm

_@IZ@ _cutn @sb`m Irdd Zr`jd @rd`

_@_DO _cutn @sb` _ufrdhbcmà Docmcebo Occpdr`tbcm

_O _cutndrm Ocrrbjcr

_DO _cutndrm Docmcebo Ocrrbjcr

_GVA _bmh`pcrd‟Gumebmh V`ba Abmg

_EDs seàa ̀ mj edjbue-sbzdj dmtdrprbsds

_\O spdobà purpcsd ocep`my

_\_ s`mbt`ry ̀ mj pnytcs`mbt`ry st`mj`rjs

_X _bmhad Xbmjcw

Z@H\ Zr`ms-@_D@M H`s \bpdabmd

Z@V Zr`ms-@sb`m V`baw`y

ZFZ tdonmboà f`rrbdrs tc tr`jd

ZI@ Zr`jd Iòbabt`tbcm @hrddedmt

ZBV Bmtdrm`tbcmà Vc`j Zr`mspcrt

Z\\ Zr`ms-\òbffo \`rtmdrsnbp

TMD_O@\ Tmbtdj M`tbcms Docmcebo ̀ mj _cobà Oceebssbcm icr @sb` `mj tnd \òbffo

XOC Xcraj Oustces Crh`mbz`tbcm

XZC Xcraj Zr`jd Crh`mbz`tbcm

Xdbhnts `mj Ed`surds

ffa fbaabcm f`rrdas foe fbaabcm oufbo edtdrs

JXZ jd`jwdbhnt tcm

HX hbh`w`tt

HXn hbh`w`tt-ncur

ge gbacedtdr

GX gbacw`tt

gY gbacvcat

EZ\@ ebaabcm tcmmd pdr ̀ mmueEX edh`w`tt

toi trbaabcm oufbo iddt

ZDT twdmty-icct dqubvàdmt umbt


18/320

xvbb

Dxdoutbvd _uee`ry

Ocmtdxt `mj Cutabmd ci _tujy

Znd docmcebds ci _cutn @sb` ̀ mj _cutnd`st @sb` ̀ rd hrcwbmh ̀ mj icrhbmh

oacsdr docmcebo tbds bm ` ir`hbad wcraj docmcey fdsdt fy rbsgs. Znbshrcwtn prcodss n`s fddm iudadj fy iòtcrs bmoaujbmh iàabmh tr`jd `mjbmvdstedmt f`rrbdrs, dxp`mjbmh prcjuotbcm mdtwcrgs ̀ mj suppay on`bms,` oceecjbty fcce, `mj ndbhntdmdj jde`mj irce ` rbsbmh ebjjad oa`ss.Ncwdvdr, bmtdhr`tbcm ci tr`jd, bmvdstedmt, `mj ffm`mobà stcws fdtwddmtndsd twc rdhbcms, wnbad e`gbmh prchrdss, n`s fddm abebtdj, nbmjdrdj fy fcttadmdogs `mj h`ps bm tr`jd bmir`struoturd, ffm`mobà e`rgdts,tr`jd iòbabt`tbcm, tr`jd f`rrbdrs, `mj abebtdj rdhbcmà occpdr`tbcm.Bm p`rtboua`r, _cutn @sb` stbaa a`hs bm bts p`rtbobp`tbcm bm suppay on`bmmdtwcrgs.

Znd rdodmt pcabtboà `mj docmcebo rdicres bm Ey`me`r‚` gdya`mj frbjhd fdtwddm tnd twc rdhbcms‚e`gd pcssbfad oacsdr docmcebotbds `mj ocmmdotbvbty tn`t wdrd mct id`sbfad ` idw yd`rs `hc. @ prc- fusbmdss Bmjb`m hcvdrmedmt prcvbjds rdmdwdj bepdtus icr jddpdmbmhjcedstbo docmcebo rdicres, iurtndrbmh Bmjb`‒s Accg D`st \caboy`mj dmn`mobmh orcss-fcrjdr bmir`struoturd bmvdstedmts. Znd ecvdtcw`rj `m @sscob`tbcm ci _cutnd`st @sb`m M`tbcms (@_D@M) DocmceboOceeumbty (@DO) bm 6


19/320

xvbbb Dxdoutbvd _uee`ry

`fcut str`tdhbo orcss-fcrjdr bmir`struoturd bmvdstedmts `mj pcaboyrdicres `mj icousds cm tnd icaacwbmh bssuds;

E`ps dvcavbmh docmcebo tbds bm tr`jd, icrdbhm bmvdstedmt, `mjffm`mod fdtwddm _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`.

@màyzds tnd ourrdmt st`td ci orcss-fcrjdr tr`mspcrt `mj dmdrhybmir`struoturd, bmoaujbmh usd ci `m dmdrhy suppay ecjda, `mjbjdmtbffds fcttadmdogs `mj prbcrbty bmvdstedmt prckdots tn`tocuaj rdabdvd tncsd fcttadmdogs.

@ssdssds tnd dmvbrcmedmt icr ffm`mobmh orcss-fcrjdrbmir`struoturd ̀ mj edon`mbses icr bmord`sbmh prbv`td ffm`mobmh

icr prckdots bmoaujbmh pufabo‟prbv`td sdotcr p`rtmdrsnbps. Dxèbmds tnd rcad ci tr`jd iòbabt`tbcm `mj tr`jd pcabobds `t

m`tbcmà ̀ mj rdhbcmà advdas tc iòbabt`td tnd stcw ci hccjs òrcss fcrjdrs `mj prcectd rdhbcmà tr`jd.

Ocmsbjdrs bmstbtutbcmà rbsgs `sscob`tdj wbtn `ttdepts tcbeprcvd orcss-rdhbcmà ocmmdotbvbty.

Tsbmh ` st`td-ci-tnd-`rt oceput`fad hdmdrà dqubabfrbue(OHD) ecjda, qu`mtbt`tbvday `ssdssds tnd docmcebo bepòt cia`rhdr rdhbcmà bmtdhr`tbcm sondeds bmvcavbmh _cutn @sb`m `mj

_cutnd`st @sb`m docmcebds.

Znd stujy w`s ocmjuotdj cvdr cmd `mj ` nài yd`rs fy ` tdèoceprbsbmh st` `mj ocmsuat`mts irce @JF `mj @JFB. Znd stujy jrdwcm fòghrcumj tnde`tbo p`pdrs cm ocmmdotbvbty `mj `sscob`tdj scitbmir`struoturd bssuds ̀ mj ocumtry p`pdrs cm sdadotdj docmcebds bm _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`.

E`bm Ibmjbmhs `mj Vdoceedmj`tbcms

Docmcebo tbds fdtwddm tndsd twc rdhbcms, wnbad e`gbmh prchrdss,n`vd fddm abebtdj, nbmjdrdj fy fcttadmdogs bm bmir`struoturd, ffm`mobàe`rgdts, tr`jd iòbabt`tbcm, tr`jd f`rrbdrs, `mj abebtdj rdhbcmàoccpdr`tbcm. _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb` orcss-rdhbcmà tr`jd n`sbmord`sdj 6? tbeds irce $: fbaabcm tc $2< fbaabcm irce 022< tc 6


20/320

Dxdoutbvd _uee`ry xbx

tbds fdtwddm tnd twc rdhbcms. Bm p`rtboua`r, IJB-jrbvdm prcjuotbcmmdtwcrgs `mj p`rts `mj ocepcmdmts tr`jd, wnbon `rd ` gdy jrbvdr citr`jd dxp`msbcm bm _cutnd`st @sb`, n`vd ydt tc t`gd ffre rcct bm _cutn @sb`. _eàa `mj edjbue-sbzdj dmtdrprbsds (_EDs), wnbon ocmstbtutdtnd fuag ci depacyedmt bm _cutn @sb`m `mj _cutnd`st @sb`m docmcebds,n`vd abebtdj prdsdmod bm tr`jd. Iurtndrecrd, dxoaujbmh _bmh`pcrd,cutst`mjbmh pcrticabc bmvdstedmt irce _cutnd`st @sb` tc _cutn @sb`w`s seàa, tctàbmh cmay `fcut $884 ebaabcm bm 6


21/320

xx Dxdoutbvd _uee`ry

dadotrbo pcwdr `mj m`turà h`s pbpdabmd tdonmcachy `s wdaa `s rdhua`tcry f`rrbdrs `mj jbstcrtdj dmdrhy prbobmh `mj/cr sufsbjy rdhbeds.

Znd tctà bmvdstedmt ocsts icr prckdots tc dmn`mod orcss-rdhbcmàocmmdotbvbty (bm nbhnw`ys, r`barc`js, pcrts, `mj dmdrhy tr`jbmh) `rddstbe`tdj `t $8? fbaabcm. Znbs ffhurd bmoaujds $0> fbaabcm icr rc`js,$?: fbaabcm icr r`baw`ys, $00 fbaabcm icr pcrt prckdots, `mj $0< fbaabcm icrdmdrhy tr`jbmh prckdots.0 Znd nbhn ocsts `mj euatbpabobty ci prckdots `swdaa `s nue`m o`pòbty ocmstr`bmts oàa icr ` sdqudmodj `pprcòn f`sdjcm prbcrbtbds. @oocrjbmhay, tnd tctà ocsts icr prbcrbty bmvdstedmt prckdotsbm tr`mspcrt `rd dstbe`tdj `t $> fbaabcm (bmoaujbmh $0 fbaabcm icr rc`js,$4 fbaabcm icr r`barc`js, `mj $6 fbaabcm icr pcrts).

Vc`j ocrrbjcr cptbcms tc ocmmdot _cutn @sb` tc _cutnd`st @sb` n`vd fddm dvàu`tdj `mj tnd fdst cptbcm bs tnd :,:?< gbacedtdr Gcag`t`‟Nc OnbEbmn Obty ocrrbjcr. Bm tnd o`sd ci r`ba ocmmdotbvbty, tnd Gcag`t`‟Nc OnbEbmn Obty ocrrbjcr `mj ocmmdotbcms tnrcuhn Rumm`m \rcvbmod, tnd \VO,`rd tnd prdidrrdj cptbcms. Ncwdvdr, r`ba ocmmdotbvbty oceds `s ` sdocmjprbcrbty ìtdr rc`j ocmmdotbvbty jud tc euon nbhndr ocsts, ecrd dxtdmsbvdh`ps, `mj bmocep`tbfbabtbds fdtwddm m`tbcmà mdtwcrgs. Ed`mwnbad,e`rbtbed ocmmdotbvbty jdsdrvds ecrd `ttdmtbcm `s bt bs tnd e`bm ecjd icrtr`jd fdtwddm _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`. \rbcrbty sd`pcrt prckdotsbmoaujd ocmstruotbcm ci mdw jddpw`tdr pcrts cr stc`tbmh ocmt`bmdrtr`mssnbpedmt tdrebmàs `t Onbtt`hcmh `mj Gcag`t`, `mj beprcvdedmt citnd rc`j bmir`struoturd abmgbmh Znba`w` \crt wbtn R`mhcm.

Ibm`mobmh orcss-rdhbcmà bmir`struoturd prckdots rde`bms onàadmhbmh.Orcss-fcrjdr ffm`mobmh vdnboads jc mct dxbst `s rbsg-`vdrsd prbv`tdbmvdstcrs `rd ndsbt`mt tc orcss fcrjdrs àcmd. \ufabo sdotcr iumjbmhpa`ys ` e`kcr rcad bm ffm`mobmh bmir`struoturd prckdots fut bs fdocebmhbmord`sbmhay sufkdot tc ffsoà ocmstr`bmts bm sced docmcebds. Bm` muefdr ci ocumtrbds, oceedrobà f`mgs `rd e`kcr scurods cibmir`struoturd ffm`mobmh. Ncwdvdr, icaacwbmh tnd hacfà ffm`mobà orbsbs`mj tnd strdmhtndmbmh ci f`mgbmh rdhua`tbcms, f`mg ac`ms `rd fdocebmhso`rodr, `s oceedrobà f`mgs n`vd fddm rdjuobmh tndbr dxpcsurd tcprckdot ffm`mod. Znd jdvdacpedmt ci @sb`m ffm`mobà e`rgdts `mjrda`tdj bmbtb`tbvds `rd mddjdj tc strdmhtndm òodss tc bmir`struoturdffm`mod. Fcmj e`rgdts o`m pa`y `m bmord`sbmh rcad bm on`mmdabmh @sb`ms`vbmhs tcw`rj bmir`struoturd prckdots. Hu`r`mtdds icr prckdot fcmjse`y ndap icstdr jde`mj icr tndsd prcjuots fy acmh-tdre bmstbtutbcmàbmvdstcrs (icr dxèpad, pdmsbcm iumjs `mj abid bmsur`mod ocep`mbds).

0 Znd ffhurds cmay ocvdr prckdots jbrdotay rda`tdj tc ocmmdotbvbty fdtwddm _cutn @sb``mj _cutnd`st @sb`. \rckdots rda`tdj prbe`rbay tc bmtr`-rdhbcmà ocmmdotbvbty crocmmdotbvbty wbtn ctndr rdhbcms ̀ rd mct bmoaujdj.


22/320

Dxdoutbvd _uee`ry xxb

Bmir`struoturd iumjs, fctn jcedstbo `mj bmtdrm`tbcmà, `rd vàu`fad,dspdobàay bi tnd @_D@M Bmir`struoturd Iumj bs dxtdmjdj tc ` p`m-@sb`mbmir`struoturd iumj ocvdrbmh _cutn @sb` `s wdaa. Ed`surds tc bmtdhr`tdrdhbcmà ffm`mobà e`rgdts `mj d`sd rdstrbotbcms cm bmtdrm`tbcmà o`pbtàstcws o`m àsc ocmtrbfutd.

\ufabo‟prbv`td p`rtmdrsnbps (\\\s) prcvbjd `m bepcrt`mt tcp-upicr bmir`struoturd iumjbmh, fut `rd mct ` p`mòd`. Bmjb`‒s dxpdrbdmodsncws tn`t tnd \\\ ecjda o`m fd ` usdiua p`rt ci tnd scautbcm icrffm`mobmh bmir`struoturd prckdots, mct cmay icr dmdrhy, fut icr tr`mspcrt`s wdaa, bmoaujbmh nbhnw`ys. Beprcvbmh tnd tr`msp`rdmoy, rdhua`tcryirèdwcrg, `mj hcvdrm`mod ci \\\ prckdots, tchdtndr wbtn tnd `jjbtbcmci pcabtboà rbsg hu`r`mtdds, o`m bmord`sd tnd `ttròtbvdmdss ci tnbs `ssdtoa`ss. Iurtndrecrd, suppcrt irce euatba`tdrà jdvdacpedmt f`mgs `mjbmtdrm`tbcmà occrjbm`tbcm icr orcss-fcrjdr prckdots o`m ndap dmsurdsuoodss bm \\\s. Bmord`sbmhay, euatba`tdrà jdvdacpedmt f`mgs e`y fd rdqubrdj tc pa`y euatbpad rcads bm ` prckdot‒s ffm`mobà abidoyoadp`rtboua`ray bm adss jdvdacpdj docmcebds.

Beprcvbmh tr`jd ̀ mj tr`mspcrt iòbabt`tbcm wcuaj e`gd tr`jbmh fdtwddm_cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb` d`sbdr `mj ecrd st`fad, wbtn acwdrtr`msòtbcm ocsts. Fusbmdssds ocepa`bm `fcut dxodssbvd jcouedmt`tbcmrdqubrdedmts icr oustces oad`r`mod `mj sc i`r tndrd n`s fddm cmayabebtdj `jndrdmod bm tnd rdhbcms tc tnd Xcraj Oustces Crh`mbz`tbcm‒sVdvbsdj Gyctc Ocmvdmtbcm, wnbon bs tnd bmtdrm`tbcmà fdst pròtbodicr oustces ecjdrmbz`tbcm. Znd jdvdacpedmt ci m`tbcmà `mj rdhbcmà_bmhad Xbmjcws wbaa fd `m bepcrt`mt id`turd bm tnd mdxt idw yd`rs. Znd @_D@M _bmhad Xbmjcw bmbtb`tbvd bs mcw fdbmh bepadedmtdj. Ocumtry-advda tr`jd iòbabt`tbcm prchrès ̀ rd ̀ asc fdbmh umjdrt`gdm bm _cutn @sb``mj _cutnd`st @sb` tc òodjd tc tnd Vdvbsdj Gyctc Ocmvdmtbcm `mj tcecjdrmbzd oustces e`m`hdedmt `mj `jebmbstr`tbcm. Zndrd bs ` mddjtc ocmsbjdr jdvdacpedmt ci ` rdhbcmà sbmhad wbmjcw bmbtb`tbvd ocvdrbmh_cutn @sb` tn`t ocuaj pctdmtbàay fd tnrcuhn tnd _cutn @sb`m @sscob`tbcmicr Vdhbcmà Occpdr`tbcm (_@@VO), tnd F`y ci Fdmhà Bmbtb`tbvd icrEuatb-_dotcrà Zdonmboà `mj Docmcebo Occpdr`tbcm (FBE_ZDO),_cutn @sb` _ufrdhbcmà Docmcebo Occpdr`tbcm (_@_DO), cr pdrn`ps òcefbmdj _@_DO‟HE_ pa`ticre. _trdèabmbmh ci jcouedmts rdqubrdjicr oustces oad`r`mod p`rtboua`ray bm _cutn @sb` wcuaj usdiuaaysuppcrt ` str`tdhy ci bmicre`tbcm `mj oceeumbo`tbcm tdonmcachy(BOZ) jdvdacpedmt. Znd aòg ci orcss-fcrjdr tr`msbt `hrddedmts bm tndtwc rdhbcms bs `mctndr cfstòad tn`t mddjs tc fd `jjrdssdj. Ibmàay, tnddepn`sbs sncuaj hr`juàay fd snbitdj irce oustces rdicres tcw`rj`jjrdssbmh ecrd ci tnd mcm-oustces bssuds, suon `s s`mbt`ry, qu`r`mtbmd,pnytcs`mbt`ry, vdtdrbm`ry, `mj tr`jbmh st`mj`rjs. Znbs ebhnt dvdmbmoaujd tnd jdvdacpedmt ci rdhbcmàay-f`sdj tdstbmh iòbabtbds tc suppcrt


23/320

xxbb Dxdoutbvd _uee`ry

m`tbcmà a`fcr`tcrbds, suon `s tn`t fdbmh prcpcsdj `t _babhurb, Bmjb` tcocvdr tnd _@_DO ocumtrbds.

Z`rbs `mj mcm-t`rb f`rrbdrs (MZFs) ocmtbmud tc nèpdr tr`jd `mjbmvdstedmt stcws fdtwddm _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`. Z`rbs n`vdtypboàay iàadm bm fctn rdhbcms fut e`my t`rb spbgds dxbst ̀ t tnd prcjuotadvda. @m dstbe`tdj 84%‟>


24/320

Dxdoutbvd _uee`ry xxbbb

Accgbmh `nd`j, bt e`y fd prcjuotbvd tc dxpacrd sced w`y tc abmg _@_DOwbtn tnd HE_. \drn`ps ` pr`he`tbo w`y tc st`rt bs tc prcvbjd cfsdrvdrst`tus icr HE_ cobàs `t _@_DO eddtbmhs `mj vbod vdrs`. _ufsdqudmtay,bt e`y fd usdiua tc icous cm spdobffo rdhbcmà ocmmdotbvbty prckdots `mjtc ocmvdmd prckdot-spdobffo tdonmboà wcrgbmh hrcups tc cvdrsdd tndpa`mmbmh `mj bepadedmt`tbcm ci tnd prckdots. Zndsd prckdots ocuaj, bmturm, fd bmoaujdj bm tnd `hdmj` ci eddtbmhs ci tnd rdadv`mt HE_ `mj_@_DO wcrgbmh hrcups. Zc strdmhtndm tnd o`pòbty ci ocumtrbds suon `sEy`me`r, F`mha`jdsn, `mj Bmjb` tc rdàbzd tndbr pctdmtbà `s tnd a`mj frbjhd fdtwddm _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`, bt bs bepcrt`mt icr tnd fba`tdr à prckdots `mj prchrès tc rdidr tc @_D@M oceebtedmts bm tndo`sd ci Ey`me`r, `mj tc depn`sbzd tnd FBE_ZDO `mj _@_DO cvdra`psicr F`mha`jdsn ̀ mj Bmjb`.

Znd pctdmtbà h`bms irce ocmmdotbvbty-adj oacsdr _cutn @sb`m‟_cutnd`st @sb`m bmtdhr`tbcm sncuaj fd a`rhd. Znbs stujy usdj ` ecjdrmOHD ecjda tc dxpacrd tnd pctdmtbà docmcebo ddots ci àtdrm`tbvdbmtdhr`tbcm sondeds bmvcavbmh _cutn @sb`m `mj _cutnd`st @sb`mdocmcebds. Znd sodm`rbcs ̀ rd ocmsdrv`tbvd ̀ mj ̀ rd abgday tc rdstdot acwdr fcumj dstbe`tds ci wn`t ̀ otuà ddots wcuaj fd dxpdotdj tc rdsuat. Znd fdst-o`sd jddp bmtdhr`tbcm sodm`rbc bmvcavds (b) rdecvà ci àa t`rbs`sscob`tdj wbtn _cutn @sb`m `mj _cutnd`st @sb`m tr`jd, (bb) ` 4.2% ci hrcss jcedstbo prcjuot) bm _cutn @sb` `mj$02? fbaabcm bm _cutnd`st @sb` (9.:% ci hrcss jcedstbo prcjuot). Ecstp`rtbobp`tbmh ocumtrbds sncw a`rhd h`bms, dspdobàay seàadr ocumtrbds bm_cutn @sb`.

Odrt`bmay, tnd prcodss ci oacsdr bmtr`-rdhbcmà docmcebo bmtdhr`tbcmhdmdr`tds pctdmtbà fdmdffts fut e`y dmt`ba sced `jjbtbcmà ocsts tn`tmddj sdrbcus rdvbdw `mj ebtbh`tbcm ed`surds. Icr bmst`mod, scedsdotcrs wbaa acsd jud tc hrd`tdr ocepdtbtbcm, `mj tndrd e`y fd bmord`sdsbm rdhbcmà bmdquàbtbds. @asc, oacsdr bmtr`- `mj bmtdrrdhbcmà docmcebotbds `mj i`stdr hrcwtn e`y dmt`ba pcaautbcm, dmvbrcmedmtà jdhr`j`tbcm,`mj ebhr`tbcm bssuds. Vdhbcmà docmcebo bmtdhr`tbcm e`y àsc n`stdmtnd sprd`j ci jbsd`sd ̀ mj orbed. Bm ̀ jjbtbcm, tnd prcodss e`y dxòdrf t̀did`rs ci ebhr`tbcm, dtnmbo tdmsbcms, `mj ctndr sdourbty-rda`tdj bssuds.

Znd `màysbs bm tnbs vcaued suhhdsts tn`t tnd fdmdffts ci hrd`tdrdocmcebo bmtdhr`tbcm i`r cutwdbhn tnd ocsts, dspdobàay sbmod tndy sprd`jtnd fdmdffts ci docmcebo jdvdacpedmt tc bsca`tdj `rd`s. Mcmdtndadss,bmstbtutbcmà edon`mbses wbaa fd mddjdj tc ocepdms`td acsdrs bmtnd bmtdhr`tbcm prcodss `mj tc `jjrdss sced ci tnd umjdsbr`fad sbjdddots edmtbcmdj `fcvd. Znbs bs abgday tc rdqubrd occpdr`tbcm `t tndrdhbcmà advda.


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26/320

0

ON@\ZDV

Bmtrcjuotbcm `mjCvdrvbdw

0.0 Ocmtdxt `mj @be ci tnd _tujy

_cutn @sb`m `mj _cutnd`st @sb`m docmcebds n`vd hrcwm r`pbjay jurbmh `mdr` ci ` ir`hbad wcraj docmcebo hrcwtn fdsdt fy rbsgs `mj umodrt`bmtbds.Znbs prchrdss n`s fddm iudadj fy dxp`mjbmh rdhbcmà prcjuotbcm mdtwcrgs,bmtdhr`tbcm wbtn tnd hacfà docmcey, icrdbhm jbrdot bmvdstedmt (IJB),iàabmh tr`jd `mj bmvdstedmt f`rrbdrs, ` oceecjbty fcce, `mj ndbhntdmdjjde`mj irce ` rbsbmh @sb`m ebjjad oa`ss. Znd rdsuats n`vd fddm pcsbtbvd7tnd _cutn @sb`m `mj _cutnd`st @sb`m rdhbcms `rd ècmh tnd ecst jymèbobm tnd wcraj ̀ mj n`vd prcjuodj beprdssbvd scobcdocmcebo beprcvdedmts.0 Xnbad onàadmhds rde`bm, tndsd rdhbcms `rd cm tnd rbhnt p`tn.

Ncwdvdr, tr`jd `mj bmvdstedmt fdtwddm tndsd twc rdhbcms, wnbade`gbmh prchrdss, n`s fddm ocmstr`bmdj fy fcttadmdogs `mj h`ps bm tr`jdbmir`struoturd, ffm`mobà e`rgdts, tr`jd iòbabt`tbcm, tr`jd f`rrbdrs, `mjabebtdj rdhbcmà occpdr`tbcm. Znd hrcwtn ci tr`jd fdtwddm _cutn @sb``mj _cutnd`st @sb` n`s fddm rde`rg`fad‚bmord`sbmh md`ray 66 tbeds irce$: fbaabcm tc $2< fbaabcm irce 022< tc 6


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6 Ocmmdotbmh _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`

cvdr nài tnd depacyedmt bm _cutn @sb`m `mj _cutnd`st @sb`m docmcebdsn`vd abebtdj prdsdmod bm tr`jd. Iurtndrecrd, dxoaujbmh _bmh`pcrd,

cutst`mjbmh pcrticabc bmvdstedmt irce _cutnd`st @sb` tc _cutn @sb`w`s seàa, tctàbmh cmay `fcut $884 ebaabcm bm 6


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29/320

: Ocmmdotbmh _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`

bmord`sbmh tnd sn`rd ci prbv`td ffm`mobmh ci suon prckdots, bmoaujbmh pufabo‟prbv`td p`rtmdrsnbps (\\\s). On`ptdr 9 rdvbdws tr`jd iòbabt`tbcm bm tnd twcrdhbcms `mj bjdmtbffds pcaboy bmbtb`tbvds tc beprcvd tnd irdd stcw ci tr`jd.On`ptdr 8 dxèbmds m`tbcmà `mj rdhbcmà tr`jd pcaboy rdicres tn`t o`mprcectd tr`jd `mj bmvdstedmt fdtwddm tnd twc rdhbcms. On`ptdr > rdvbdwstnd bmstbtutbcmà rbsgs `sscob`tdj wbtn `ttdepts tc beprcvd orcss-rdhbcmàocmmdotbvbty, ̀ mj bjdmtbffds m`tbcmà ̀ mj rdhbcmà pcaboy rdicres tc `jjrdsstnde. On`ptdr 2 `ssdssds tnd bepòts ci hrd`tdr orcss-rdhbcmà bmtdhr`tbcm,usbmh ̀ oceput`fad hdmdrà dqubabfrbue (OHD) ecjda ̀ pprcòn.

Znd struoturd ci tnbs on`ptdr bs `s icaacws. _dotbcm 0.6 prcvbjds `quàbt`tbvd jdsorbptbcm ci tnd fdmdffts `mj ocsts ci hrd`tdr docmcebobmtdhr`tbcm `mj occpdr`tbcm fdtwddm tnd twc rdhbcms. _dotbcm 0.?suee`rbzds tnd cvdràa `màytboà `pprcòn `mj hdchr`pnboà socpd citnd stujy. _dotbcms 0.: tc 0.0< suee`rbzd tnd ffmjbmhs ci tnd bmjbvbjuàon`ptdrs ci tnd rdpcrt. _dotbcm 0.00 ocmoaujds.

0.6 V`tbcmàd icr Hrd`tdr Docmcebo Bmtdhr`tbcm`mj Occpdr`tbcm

@ iumjèdmt à bmsbhnt ci docmcebos bs tn t̀ bmtdrm t̀bcmà tr`jd beprcvds ̀ mdocmcey‒s `hhrdh`td bmoced. @oocrjbmh tc tnd Xcraj F`mg, bm tnd 022


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Bmtrcjuotbcm ̀ mj Cvdrvbdw 4

_pdobàbz`tbcm bm rdhbcmàay ocepdtbtbvd bmjustrbds hdmdr`tds ècrd dobdmt prcjuotbvd struoturd bm àa docmcebds, tndrdfydmn`mobmh rdhbcmà ocepdtbtbvdmdss.

Bmtdhr`tbcm iòbabt`tds tnd dxtdmsbcm cr ecvdedmt ciprcjuotbcm mdtwcrgs irce _cutnd`st @sb` `mj _cutn @sb`,wndrd jdvdacpedmt ci suon mdtwcrgs n`s a`hhdj, tc t`gd fdttdr`jv`mt`hd ci w`hd jbdrdmtbàs.

Bmord`sdj ocepdtbtbcm wbtnbm tnd bmtdhr`tdj rdhbcm ocuaj ad`jprcjuodrs cutsbjd tnd rdhbcm tc rdjuod tndbr prbods `s wdaa,acwdrbmh bepcrt prbods tc tnd rdhbcm `mj beprcvbmh bts tdresci tr`jd.

@ ecrd bmtdhr`tdj rdhbcm ocuaj ̀ ttròt ecrd IJB wbtn bts fdmdfftsci tdonmcachy `mj gmcwadjhd tr`msidr, nbhndr prcjuotbvbty, `mje`rgdt òodss. Znd dmtry ci dxpcrt-crbdmtdj IJB `mj icrdbhm fuydrs bs `m bepcrt`mt ed`ms tc ocmmdot ffres wbtn rdhbcmàprcjuotbcm mdtwcrgs `mj suppay on`bms.

A`rhd `mj oceprdndmsbvd IZ@s dm`fad jddpdr `mj wbjdrbmtdhr`tbcm ècmh edefdr ocumtrbds tn`m wcuaj fd id`sbfadwbtnbm ` euatba`tdrà irèdwcrg. Xdaa-jdsbhmdj `hrddedmts,wbtn ecjdrm `mj stdxbfad ruads ci crbhbm `mj bmtdrm`tbcmàst`mj`rjs, o`m pa`y ` rcad bm rdjuobmh tr`jd ocsts icr tnd sprd`jci prcjuotbcm mdtwcrgs.

Occpdr`tbcm cm bmir`struoturd `mj tr`jd iòbabt`tbcm (icrdxèpad, tr`mspcrt, oustces oad`r`mod, `mj prcjuot st`mj`rjs)`mj sdrvbods (icr dxèpad, ffm`mobà `mj a`fcr sdrvbods) wcuajabgday ad`j tc ` rdjuotbcm bm tr`jd ocsts `mj rdsuat bm wdai`rdh`bms wdaa bm dxodss ci h`bms irce edrd t`rb abfdràbz`tbcm.

Zndrd `rd pctdmtbà h`bms irce hrd`tdr occpdr`tbcm ècmhdxbstbmh rdhbcmà bmstbtutbcms. Icr dxèpad, strcmhdr occrjbm`tbcm fdtwddm tnd Hrd`tdr Edgcmh _ufrdhbcm9 (HE_), tnd _cutn @sb`_ufrdhbcmà Docmcebo Occpdr`tbcm8 (_@_DO) hrcup, `mj tnd F`yci Fdmhà Bmbtb`tbvd icr Euatb-_dotcrà Zdonmboà `mj DocmceboOccpdr`tbcm (FBE_ZDO)> hrcup ocuaj sdrvd `s ` pa`ticre icrjdvdacpbmh acmhdr ̀ mj strcmhdr docmcebo ocrrbjcrs, ̀ moncrdj fyorcss-fcrjdr bmir`struoturd prckdots, `mj fdttdr e`m`hdedmt citnd orcss-fcrjdr sprd`j ci bmidotbcus jbsd`sds ̀ s wdaa ̀ s rdjuobmhjruh ̀ mj nue`m trògbmh.

9 Oèfcjb`, tnd A`c \JV, Ey`me`r, Zn`ba`mj, Ybdt Mè, paus Rumm`m \rcvbmod `mjHu`mhxb [nu`mh @utcmcecus Vdhbcm ci tnd \dcpad‒s Vdpufabo ci Onbm` (\VO).

8 F`mha`jdsn, Fnut`m, Bmjb`, tnd Eàjbvds, Mdpà, `mj _rb A`mg`.> F`mha`jdsn, Fnut`m, Bmjb`, Ey`me`r, Mdpà, _rb A`mg`, ̀ mj Zn`ba`mj.


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Ibmàay, hrd`tdr ocmmdotbvbty o`m prcvbjd tnd f`sbs icr ecrdbmoausbvd hrcwtn wbtn hrd`tdr pctdmtbà icr rdjuobmh pcvdrty`mj oacsbmh jdvdacpedmt h`ps. Znbs bmoaujds ebmcrbty hrcupstn`t n`vd fddm e`rhbmàbzdj bm tnd p`st, ad`jbmh tc ocmstbotsbtu`tbcms. _uon jdvdacpedmts ocuaj n`vd frc`jdr fdmdffts ciprcectbmh st`fbabty `mj dmn`mobmh pdòd `mj sdourbty bm tndrdhbcm, bmoaujbmh `spdots rda`tdj tc w`tdr suppay, a`fcr ecfbabty,`mj pcssbfay jdidmsd.

Ibm`mobà bmtdhr`tbcm o`m ̀ asc prcvbjd fdmdffts fy rdjuobmh iumjbmh ocsts`mj dxp`mjbmh `v`ba`fad rdscurods tc iumj mddjdj bmvdstedmts suon `sbmir`struoturd prckdots. Znbs bs p`rtboua`ray bepcrt`mt icr ocumtrbds wbtnadss jdvdacpdj ffm`mobà e`rgdts `mj bmstbtutbcms. _t`fad `mj dobdmtrdhbcmà ffm`mobà e`rgdts o`m ndap on`mmda s`vbmhs irce `rcumj @sb``mj tnd rdst ci tnd wcraj bmtc prcjuotbvd bmvdstedmts tnrcuhncut tndrdhbcm.

Odrt`bmay, tnd prcodss ci oacsdr bmtr`-rdhbcmà docmcebo bmtdhr`tbcmhdmdr`tds pctdmtbà fdmdffts fut e`y dmt`ba sced `jjbtbcmà ocsts tn`tmddj rdvbdw `mj ebtbh`tbcm ed`surds. Icr bmst`mod, sced sdotcrs `mjrdhbcms wbaa acsd jud tc hrd`tdr ocepdtbtbcm, `mj tndrd e`y fd bmord`sdsbm rdhbcmà bmdquàbtbds. @asc, oacsdr bmtr`-rdhbcmà docmcebo tbds `mji`stdr hrcwtn e`y dmt`ba pcaautbcm, dmvbrcmedmtà jdhr`j`tbcm, `mjbeebhr`tbcm bssuds. Vdhbcmà docmcebo bmtdhr`tbcm e`y àsc n`stdm tndsprd`j ci jbsd`sd `mj orbed `mj ocuaj dxòdrf`td id`rs ci ebhr`tbcm,dtnmbo tdmsbcms, `mj ctndr sdourbty-rda`tdj bssuds.

Ibm`mobà bmtdhr`tbcm o`m àsc ord`td ocsts irce tnd bmord`sdjdxpcsurd ci docmcebds wbtn bee`turd ffm`mobà systdes tc dxtdrmàffm`mobà sncogs, dspdobàay ‑sujjdm stcps― (r`pbj `mj a`rhd-soàdo`pbtà cutstcws) tn`t o`m sdvdrday `dot tnd rdà docmcey. Znus,ffm`mobà jdvdacpedmt `mj bmtdhr`tbcm eust fd sdqudmodj prcpdray `mjoccrjbm`tdj wbtn beprcvdj m`tbcmà `mj rdhbcmà ffm`mobà survdbaa`mod`mj rdhua`tcry bmstbtutbcms.

Znd `màysbs bm tnbs rdpcrt suhhdsts tn`t tnd fdmdffts ci hrd`tdrdocmcebo bmtdhr`tbcm i`r cutwdbhn tnd ocsts, dspdobàay sbmod tndysprd`j tnd `jv`mt`hds ci docmcebo jdvdacpedmt tc bsca`tdj `rd`s.Mcmdtndadss, bmstbtutbcmà edon`mbses wbaa fd mddjdj tc ocepdms`tdacsdrs bm tnd bmtdhr`tbcm prcodss `mj tc `jjrdss sced ci tnd umjdsbr`fadsbjd ddots edmtbcmdj ̀ fcvd. Znbs bs abgday tc rdqubrd occpdr`tbcm ̀ t tndrdhbcmà advda.


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0. @màytboà @pprcòn

Vda`tbcmsnbp ci _tujy Ocepcmdmts

Euon o`m fd jcmd bm _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb` tc rdjuodbepdjbedmts tc orcss-rdhbcmà tr`jd `mj bmvdstedmt `mj tc beprcvdhacfà ocepdtbtbvdmdss. Znbs rdpcrt bjdmtbffds `mj `màyzds ed`surdstn`t ocuaj fd prceuah`tdj fy _cutn @sb`m `mj _cutnd`st @sb`mocumtrbds `mj rdhbcmà hrcupbmhs tc òocepabsn tnbs‚bmoaujbmh pcabobdsicr tr`jd iòbabt`tbcm, rdhbcmà tr`jbmh `hrddedmts, `mj bmvdstedmt bmbmir`struoturd. @onbdvdedmt ci ` oceprdndmsbvd ̀ pprcòn tc beprcvbmh

orcss-rdhbcmà bmtdhr`tbcm rdqubrds pcaboy bmtdrvdmtbcms `t jbdrdmtadvdas. Ibhurd 0.0 sncws tnd rda`tbcmsnbps ci tnd gdy dadedmts tn`t `rd`màyzdj bm tnbs stujy.

Ibhurd 0.0; Gdy Dadedmts icr \rcectbmhOrcss-Vdhbcmà Ocmmdotbvbty

Bmstbtutbcmà ̀ rr`mhdedmts

_cit bmir`struoturd(tr`jd `mj tr`mspcrtiòbabt`tbcm, achbstbos)

Zr`jd `mj IJB pcaboy Ibm`mobà sdotcr pcaboy

Nbhndr cutput `mj jdvdacp-

edmt, bmord`sdj bmoausbcm, dto.

N`rj bmir`struoturd(tr`mspcrt, dmdrhy)

Bmord`sdj tr`jd `mjbmvdstedmt

@jkustedmt

edon`mbses

Ibm`mobà systde

IJB 5 icrdbhm jbrdot bmvdstedmt._curod; Ocepbadj fy ̀ utncrs.


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> Ocmmdotbmh _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`

Ibrst, bmord`sdj tr`jd `mj bmvdstedmt `rd dxpdotdj tc rdsuat ircebeprcvdedmts bm fctn n`rj `mj scit bmir`struoturd. N`rj bmir`struoturdbmoaujds beprcvdedmts bm tr`mspcrt (rc`js, r`barc`js, `mj pcrts) `mjdmdrhy (hdmdr`tbcm `mj tr`msebssbcm iòbabtbds). _cit bmir`struoturdbmoaujds tr`jd ̀ mj tr`mspcrt iòbabt`tbcm, bmoaujbmh oustces prcodjurds,orcss-fcrjdr tr`msbt `hrddedmts `mj achbstbos, `mj dmdrhy tr`jbmh`rr`mhdedmts.

Bmvdstedmts bm n`rj ̀ mj scit bmir`struoturd rdqubrd ffm`mobmh. Xndrdacoà pufabo iumjs `rd bmsuobdmt, tnbs wbaa rdqubrd `jjbtbcmà dcrtstc t`p acoà prbv`td iumjs `mj bmtdrm`tbcmà bmvdstcrs. Xndrd ourrdmtffm`mobmh `rr`mhdedmts `rd bm`jdqu`td, tnbs rdqubrds bmmcv`tbcms bmffm`mobà sdotcr pcaboy tc jdvdacp ffm`mobà e`rgdts `mj iòbabt`td orcss- fcrjdr stcws vb` o`pbtà òocumt abfdràbz`tbcm, `mj jdvdacpedmt ciedon`mbses tc hu`r`mtdd ordjbt `mj ctndr rbsgs, ècmh ctndrs.

Cutw`rj-crbdmtdj tr`jd `mj icrdbhm jbrdot bmvdstedmt (IJB)pcabobds bmstudmod tr`jd `mj bmvdstedmt stcws jbrdotay tnrcuhn fdttdrprbod sbhmàs `mj vb` beprcvdedmts bm scit `mj n`rj bmir`struoturd.Dxp`msbcm ci irdd tr`jd `hrddedmts o`m bmstudmod tr`jd `mj bmvdstedmtjbrdotay, wnbad tr`jd `mj tr`mspcrt iòbabt`tbcm `hrddedmts o`m beprcvdtnd scit bmir`struoturd. IJB abfdràbz`tbcm o`m ̀ asc suppcrt bmtdrm`tbcmàffm`mobmh ci bmir`struoturd prckdots.

Zndsd pcaboy jdvdacpedmts o`m fd suppcrtdj fy bmstbtutbcmà`rr`mhdedmts. Icr dxèpad, oacsdr occrjbm`tbcm fdtwddm rdhbcmà `mjsufrdhbcmà dmtbtbds o`m p`vd tnd w`y icr jdvdacpedmts bm tr`jd `mjbmvdstedmt pcaboy, ffm`mobà sdotcr pcaboy, tr`jd ̀ mj tr`mspcrt iòbabt`tbcm,`mj orcss-fcrjdr n`rj bmir`struoturd. Cmd dxèpad bs oacsdr occpdr`tbcm fdtwddm tnd HE_, _@_DO, `mj FBE_ZDO. Vdhbcmà occpdr`tbcm o`màsc jdvdacp mdw rdhbcmà bmir`struoturd ffm`mobmh dmtbtbds.

Bmord`sdj tr`jd ̀ mj bmvdstedmt bs dxpdotdj tc ad`j tc nbhndr cutput`mj docmcebo jdvdacpedmt, `s wdaa `s bmord`sdj docmcebo bmoausbcmci bsca`tdj `rd`s. Ncwdvdr, tndrd wbaa fd docmcebo, dmvbrcmedmtà,`mj scobà ocsts `s wdaa. Znbs rdqubrds tnd jdvdacpedmt ci `jkustedmtedon`mbses tc ebtbh`td tndsd ocsts, `mj wbaa àsc rdqubrd rdhbcmàbmstbtutbcmà `rr`mhdedmts.

Znbs stujy depacydj sdvdrà dstbe`tbcm edtncjcachbds. _ocrbmhedtncjcachbds wdrd usdj tc bjdmtbiy prdidrrdj tr`mspcrt ocrrbjcrs `mjbmvdstedmt prckdots, ̀ mj tnbs w`s suppadedmtdj wbtn ocst‟fdmdfft ̀ màysbsicr sced prckdots. @ ocst ebmbebz`tbcm ecjda icr dmdrhy suppay w`s usdjtc dstbe`td àtdrm`tbvd p`tns icr dmdrhy sdotcr bmvdstedmt. @ oceput`fadhdmdrà dqubabfrbue (OHD) ecjda w`s usdj tc dstbe`tds bepòts cm hrcssjcedstbo prcjuot (HJ\), tr`jd, sdotcrà cutput, `mj iòtcr bmocedsrdsuatbmh irce jbdrdmt sodm`rbcs ̀ fcut docmcebo bmtdhr`tbcm.


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Hdchr`pnbo _ocpd ci _tujy

@t tnd frc`jdst advda, tnbs stujy dmocep`ssds àa tnd docmcebds bm _cutn @sb` ̀ mj _cutnd`st @sb`. _d` tr`jd, `mj tr`jd ̀ mj bmvdstedmt ̀ hrddedmtso`m ùhedmt tr`jd fdtwddm `my p`br ci docmcebds bm tnd twc rdhbcms(`mj wbtnbm dòn rdhbcm `s wdaa). Ncwdvdr, a`mj-f`sdj tr`mspcrt `mjdmdrhy tr`jbmh (icr dadotrbobty `mj m`turà h`s pbpdabmds) eust bmvcavdocmtbhucus docmcebds. Zndrdicrd, tnd a`mj tr`mspcrt bmir`struoturdjbsoussbcm icousds cm tncsd ocumtrbds oacsd tc tnd fcrjdrs fdtwddmtnd twc rdhbcms, paus tnd dxtdmsbcm ci e`kcr tr`mspcrt ocrrbjcrs bmtctnd HE_. Znd `màysbs ci pcrts icousds cm tncsd bm tnd F`y ci Fdmhà,

wnbon n`vd nbhn ocsts, `mj wncsd beprcvdedmt ocuaj suppcrt hrd`tdrp`rtbobp`tbcm ci _cutn @sb`m docmcebds bm suppay on`bm mdtwcrgs. Zndtr`jd iòbabt`tbcm `màysbs àsc icousds cm tndsd ocumtrbds, àtncuhn mctdxoausbvday. Znd ̀ màysbs ci dmdrhy tr`jbmh icousds cm F`mha`jdsn, Bmjb`,`mj Ey`me`r, àtncuhn sced prckdots bm Ybdt Mè `mj Bmjcmdsb` `rdàsc ocmsbjdrdj.

Vda`tbcm tc D`rabdr _tujbds

\rcectbmh rdhbcmà occpdr`tbcm `mj bmtdhr`tbcm bs ` gdy cfkdotbvd ci @JF. Znbs stujy fubajs cm `m dxtdmsbvd fcjy ci d`rabdr wcrg cm rdhbcmàbmtdhr`tbcm spcmscrdj fy @JF. @JF (6


35/320

0< Ocmmdotbmh _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`

bmoausbvd, ocepdtbtbvd, ̀ mj n`recmbcus. Ibmàay, tnbs stujy rdabds cm @JFtdonmboà jcouedmts rda`tdj tc rdhbcmà bmtdhr`tbcm, bmoaujbmh pbpdabmdsci prckdots icr tnd HE_ `mj _@_DO ̀ mj ctndr hrcups suon ̀ s FBE_ZDO.

0.: Orcss-Fcrjdr Zr`mspcrt Bmir`struoturd

Beprcvbmh pnysboà ocmmdotbvbty bm _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb` bstnd orbtboà fubajbmh facog icr hrd`tdr docmcebo bmtdhr`tbcm fdtwddmtnd twc rdhbcms. On`ptdr ? `ssdssds tnd ourrdmt st`td ci rc`j, r`ba, `mje`rbtbed ocmmdotbvbty fdtwddm tnd twc rdhbcms `mj bjdmtbffds prbcrbty

ocrrbjcrs ̀ mj prckdots, tchdtndr wbtn tndbr ̀ sscob`tdj ocsts ̀ mj fdmdffts.Hbvdm tnd jbvdrsd hdchr`pny `mj r`mhd ci tr`mspcrt ecjds bm tnd twcrdhbcms, `ssdssbmh `mj pa`mmbmh tr`mspcrt mddjs rdqubrd ` rdhbcmà`mj euatbecjà pdrspdotbvd. Gdy pnysboà f`rrbdrs tc orcss-rdhbcmàtr`mspcrt `rd aco`tdj e`bmay bm Ey`me`r, tnd cmay a`mj frbjhd fdtwddmtndsd rdhbcms, wnbad ctndr h`ps `rd bjdmtbffdj bm F`mha`jdsn, Oèfcjb`,Bmjb`, tnd A`c \dcpad‒s Jdecor`tbo Vdpufabo (A`c \JV), Zn`ba`mj, `mj Ybdt Mè. E`kcr pcrts bm tnd `rd` sudr irce ocmstr`bmts bm o`pòbty,dobdmoy, `mj ocmmdotbvbty tc rc`j `mj r`ba mdtwcrgs.2

Nbhnw`ys

_dvdrà fcttadmdogs n`vd fddm bjdmtbffdj bm rc`j mdtwcrg abmgs fdtwddm_cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`. Icr bmst`mod, bm tnd @sb`m Nbhnw`ymdtwcrg0> ge ci rc`js`rd oa`ss BBB cr fdacw7 `mj (bbb) bm Ey`me`r, cvdr 0,


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ocmmdotbvbty odmtdrdj cm iddjdr mdtwcrgs tc e`kcr pcrts. Vc`j ocrrbjcrcptbcms tc ocmmdot _cutn @sb` tc _cutnd`st @sb` n`vd fddm dvàu`tdj ̀ mjtnd prdidrrdj cptbcm bs tnd Gcag`t`‟Nc Onb Ebmn Obty ocrrbjcr tnrcuhntnd Onbogdm‒s Mdog. @ sncrtdr jbst`mod wbtn adss rdqubrdj bmvdstedmtwcuaj fd ` rc`j ocrrbjcr tnrcuhn F`mha`jdsn, fut bt iòds muedrcuscfstòads, bmoaujbmh tnd aòg ci ` tr`msbt `hrddedmt fdtwddm Bmjb` `mjF`mha`jdsn. Znd rc`j ocrrbjcr irce Gcag`t` tc N`b \ncmh n`s tcc e`myebssbmh abmgs e`gbmh bt dxpdmsbvd `mj wbtn idwdr docmcebo prcspdots.

Znd Gcag`t`‟Nc Onb Ebmn Obty ocrrbjcr bs :,:?< ge acmh `mjwbaa rdqubrd ` tctà bmvdstedmt ci $? fbaabcm tc cdr `jdqu`td rc`jocmmdotbvbty fdtwddm _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`. Ci tnd $? fbaabcm,$0.2 fbaabcm oceds irce tnd rc`j prchrè tn`t Bmjb` bs bepadedmtbmh icrtnd mcrtnd`stdrm st`tds. Znd ècumt icr prbcrbty bmvdstedmt prckdots bsseàadr `t $4?6 fbaabcm, wbtn ` icous cm uphr`jbmh abmgs fdtwddm Bepnà(mcrtnd`st Bmjb`) `mj R`hyb (wdstdrm Ey`me`r), Dbmju (Ey`me`r) `mjZ`g (Zn`ba`mj), `mj @r`my`pr`tndt (Zn`ba`mj) `mj \cbpdt (Oèfcjb`).Ci tndsd, tnd a`ttdr twc `rd abgday tc rdàbzd hrd`tdr sncrt-tdre fdmdffts fdoùsd ci a`rhdr dxbstbmh trò vcaueds. Znd ocsts ci tnd prbcrbtyprckdots ̀ ppd`r tc fd e`m`hd`fad.

Znd scobà fdmdffts `sscob`tdj wbtn hrd`tdr ocmmdotbvbty `rd citdmcvdraccgdj. Cmd ci tnd ffrst bepòts ci beprcvdj ocrrbjcrs bs ̀ m bmord`sdbm p`ssdmhdr `mj tcurbst ecvdedmts òrcss fcrjdrs. @m dvàu`tbcm ciHE_ tr`mspcrt ocrrbjcrs n`s rdvdàdj tn`t cmd ci tnd beedjb`td fdmdfftsci orcss-fcrjdr rc`j beprcvdedmts w`s tnd sbhmbffo`mt bmord`sds bmp`ssdmhdr `mj tcurbst ecvdedmts, sced fy o`r, fut ecstay fy fus.Bmord`sdj orcss-fcrjdr p`ssdmhdr ecvdedmts n`vd pcsbtbvd ddots cmdocmcebo hrcwtn `mj tndy àsc ocmtrbfutd tc scobà fcmjbmh ècmhpcpua`tbcms.

V`barc`jsXbtn rdspdot tc tnd bmtr`-rdhbcmà r`ba mdtwcrg, tnd Zr`ms-@sb`m V`baw`y(Z@V)06 mdtwcrg bmoaujds `fcut 0


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`rd `fcut 6,:2? ge ci orbtboà ebssbmh r`ba abmgs bm tnd Z@V ocmmdotbmh_cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`. _ced ci tnd ebssbmh abmgs `rd àcmh tndicaacwbmh rcutds;

Kbrbpè (Bmjb`)‟Gàd (Ey`me`r) Zn`mfyuz`y`t (Ey`me`r)‟Mè Zcg (Zn`ba`mj) Ybdmtb`md (A`c \JV)‟Eu Hb` (Ybdt Mè)‟Yumh @m F`t Jdmh (Oèfcjb`)‟Aco Mbmn (Ybdt Mè)‟Nc Onb Ebmn Obty

Znd jdffmbtbcm ci r`ba ocrrbjcrs bm tnbs stujy icaacws tnd sèd ‑pcrt-tc-pcrt― prbmobpad `s tn`t icr rc`j ocrrbjcrs. V`ba ocmmdotbvbty fdtwddm_cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb` w`s àsc dvàu`tdj wbtn tnd Gcag`t`‟NcOnb Ebmn Obty ocrrbjcr `mj ocmmdotbcms tnrcuhn Rumm`m \rcvbmod,\VO, fdbmh tnd prdidrrdj cptbcms. Ncwdvdr, bm ocmsbjdr`tbcm ci tndnbhn ocmstruotbcm ocsts `mj a`rhd muefdr ci ebssbmh abmgs bmvcavdj,bepadedmt`tbcm sncuaj cmay oced ìtdr m`tbcmà r`baw`ys n`vd rdàbzdjsufst`mtbà ecjdrmbz`tbcm rdicres. V`ba ocmmdotbvbty oceds `s ` sdocmjprbcrbty ìtdr rc`j ocmmdotbvbty jud tc ffm`mobà `mj tdonmboà bssuds. ZndGcag`t`‟Nc Onb Ebmn Obty ocrrbjcr, wbtn ` jbst`mod ci :,88< ge, wbaardqubrd bmvdstedmts ci $:.0 fbaabcm dvdm wbtncut òocumtbmh icr hùhdocmvdrsbcm `mj rdn`fbabt`tbcm ocsts bm Bmjb` irce Gcag`t` tc Kbrbpè.Znd r`ba ocmmdotbcm tnrcuhn Rumm`m \rcvbmod tc rdòn N` Mcb `mj N`b\ncmh \crt cdrs sufst`mtbà s`vbmhs wbtn ` tctà ocst ci $0.> fbaabcm `mj `jbst`mod ci :,664 ge.

E`rbtbed Zr`mspcrt

Ecst tr`jd fdtwddm _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb` bs fy sd`. Znd`pprcòn ci tnd stujy n`s fddm tc `màyzd wn`t bmvdstedmts ocuaj

ocmtrbfutd ecst tc rdjuobmh tr`mspcrt ocsts `t e`kcr pcrts cm tnd F`yci Fdmhà, bmoaujbmh Ondmm`b/Dmmcrd, Gcag`t`/Nàjb`, Onbtt`hcmh, `mj R`mhcm/Znba`w`. _uon beprcvdedmts wcuaj fdmdfft tr`jd ci tncsd pcrtswbtn àa rdhbcms, fut tr`jd fdtwddm _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb` bsabgday tc h`bm `t ad`st prcpcrtbcm`tday. Icr dxèpad, suon beprcvdedmtssncuaj ndap tc prcectd ecrd dobdmt ocmt`bmdr trò bm tnd rdhbcm,tndrdfy suppcrtbmh hrd`tdr p`rtbobp`tbcm ci _cutn @sb`m docmcebds bmsuppay on`bm mdtwcrgs.

Vdh`rjbmh sd`pcrts, stujbds n`vd bjdmtbffdj prcfades wbtn iòbabtbds,

cpdr`tbcmà dobdmoy, `mj ocmmdotbvbty fdtwddm sd`pcrts `mj r`baw`y `mjrc`j mdtwcrgs. Znd icaacwbmh prcfades wdrd cfsdrvdj bm e`kcr pcrts;

Gcag`t` \crt (Bmjb`); Znd sbzd ci vdssdas tn`t `rd `fad tc oàa bsabebtdj fy tnd jdptn ci tnd Ncchay Vbvdr. V`ba `mj rc`j trò fdtwddm tnd pcrt `mj tnd obty `rd sufkdot tc sdvdrd fcttadmdogs.


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Bmtrcjuotbcm ̀ mj Cvdrvbdw 0?

Onbtt`hcmh \crt (F`mha`jdsn); Znd sbzd ci vdssdas tn`t `rd `fadtc oàa bs abebtdj fy tnd wbjtn `mj ourv`turd ci tnd G`rm`pnuabVbvdr. V`ba `mj rc`j trò fdtwddm Onbtt`hcmh \crt `mj Jn`g`àsc dxpdrbdmod sdvdrd fcttadmdogs.

R̀ mhcm \crt (Ey`me`r); Abebtdj òodssbfbabty tc a`rhd vdssdas,pccr rc`j ocmjbtbcms fdtwddm tnd Znba`w` pcrt `rd` `mj tnd frbjhd ad`jbmh tc R̀ mhcm, nbhn ocmt b̀mdr on`rhds, cfscadtdpcrt iòbabtbds, irdqudmt faògcuts `mj bmsuobdmt hdmdr`tcrs,`mj aòg ci o`rhc dqubpedmt `rd ècmh tnd e`kcr prcfades bmtnbs pcrt.

Bm `jjbtbcm, ocmt`bmdr snbppbmh bm tnd F`y ci Fdmhà iòds nbhn ocstsstdeebmh irce tnd rdab`mod cm tnd nuf-`mj-spcgd iddjdr systde tn`trdqubrds tr`mssnbpedmt fdtwddm tnd seàadr snbps tn`t ̀ oodss tnd F`y ciFdmhà pcrts ̀ mj tnd a`rhdr snbps tn`t pay tnd e`bm tr`jd rcutds, stcppbmh`t nuf pcrts suon `s Ocacefc `mj _bmh`pcrd. Znbs pcsds ` f`rrbdr tctnd jdvdacpedmt ci e`muiòturbmh òtbvbty bm tnbs `rd`, dspdobàaye`muiòturbmh òtbvbty rda`tdj tc hacfà suppay on`bm mdtwcrgs.

@ gdy ocmoausbcm ci tnd on`ptdr bs tn`t ocmt`bmdr snbppbmh tr`jd bsoacsday abmgdj wbtn edron`mjbsd tr`jd. Bi _cutn @sb`m ocumtrbds w`mttc iurtndr jdvdacp tndbr e`muiòturbmh dxpcrts `mj p`rtbobp`td ecrdbm hacfà suppay on`bm mdtwcrgs, bt bs bepdr`tbvd tn`t tndy umjdrt`gdbmvdstedmts tc rdjuod tnd nbhn ocsts ci ocmt`bmdr snbppbmh. Zc dmocur`hdjbrdot pcrt oàas fy a`rhd ocmt`bmdr snbps bm tnd F`y ci Fdmhà, jddpw`tdrpcrt iòbabtbds mddj tc fd prcvbjdj, ocmt`bmdr tdrebmàs dxp`mjdj, rc`j`mj r`ba abmgs wbtn pcrts beprcvdj, `mj ecrd seàadr pcrts jdvdacpdj.Bi jbrdot oàas `mj bm-abmd tr`mssnbpedmt o`m fd `ttròtdj bm suobdmtsoàd, bt bs dstbe`tdj tn`t tnbs ocuaj acwdr tnd ocsts ci ocmt`bmdr snbpedmt fy 6


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0: Ocmmdotbmh _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`

Euatbecjà `mj Docmcebo Ocrrbjcrs

Euatbecjà ocrrbjcrs defròd euatbpad ecjds ci tr`mspcrt, wnbaddocmcebo ocrrbjcrs t`gd `m bmtdhr`tdj `pprcòn tc bmir`struoturd àcmhsdadotdj rcutds tc e`xbebzd achbstboà dobdmoy. Bm tnd o`sd ci HE_docmcebo ocrrbjcrs, h`ps ̀ mj mdw ocrrbjcrs ̀ rd bjdmtbffdj. Icr bmst`mod,` mct`fad h`p bs bjdmtbffdj bm Ey`me`r àcmh tnd Xdstdrm Ocrrbjcr, tbdjbm wbtn tnd dxtdmsbcm ci tnd D`st‟Xdst Ocrrbjcr irce G`wg`rdbg tc\`y`hyb cm tnd Xdstdrm Ocrrbjcr. Dst`fabsnbmh tnbs abmg wbaa ocmmdot tndXdstdrm Ocrrbjcr tn`t abmgs Bmjb` `t Zèu, tc tnd D`st‟Xdst Ocrrbjcr.Iurtndrecrd, ` mdw HE_ ocrrbjcr n`s fddm prcpcsdj‚tnd Ey`me`r‟

A`c \JV‟Ybdt Mè Zrba`tdrà D`st‟Xdst Ocrrbjcr tn`t wcuaj rum mcrtnci `mj p`ràada tc tnd D`st‟Xdst Ocrrbjcr. Bt wcuaj ocmmdot Gyùgpyuàcmh tnd F`y ci Fdmhà (tn`t bs fdbmh prcpcsdj icr tnd jdvdacpedmtci ` jddpw`tdr pcrt) wbtn tnd d`stdrm dmj `t N`b \ncmh bm Ybdt Mè.Bm Ey`me`r, bt wcuaj dxtdmj 0,?:< ge irce Gyùgpyu tc Gy`bmha`t. Btwcuaj tndm dxtdmj ?86 ge bm tnd A`c \JV irce tnd fcrjdr frbjhd tc Z`bOn`m, `mj `mctndr 490 ge bm Ybdt Mè irce tnd fcrjdr tc N`b \ncmh.

Znd _cutn @sb`m @sscob`tbcm icr Vdhbcmà Occpdr`tbcm (_@@VO)bmbtb`tdj bts Vdhbcmà Euatbecjà Zr`mspcrt stujy tc dmn`mod euatbecjà

tr`mspcrt ocmmdotbvbty ècmh edefdr st`tds (_@@VO 6


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6< Ocmmdotbmh _cutn @sb` `mj _cutnd`st @sb`

Bjdmtbiybmh f`mg`fad prckdots; Znd @_D@M BmtdrocmmdotbcmE`stdr \a`m _tujy n`s bjdmtbffdj sdvdr`a bmtr`-rdhbcm`a prckdots(@_D@M _dordt`rb`t 6


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bmir`struoturd bmvdstedmt ecrd `ttròtbvd tc tnd prbv`td sdotcr. Znd`màysbs n`s bjdmtbffdj v`rbcus ordjbt e`rgdt bmtdrvdmtbcms `mj ordjbtdmn`modedmt edon`mbses tn`t `rd abgday tc prcectd tnd on`mmdabmh ciocmtròtuà bmstbtutbcmà `mj rdt`ba s`vbmhs bmtc bmir`struoturd ffm`mobà`ssdts. Bmir`struoturd iumjs, fctn jcedstbo `mj bmtdrm`tbcmà, o`m pa`y` rcad, dspdobàay bi tnd @_D@M Bmir`struoturd Iumj bs dxtdmjdj tc `p`m-@sb`m bmir`struoturd iumj. Ed`surds tc bmtdhr`td rdhbcmà ffm`mobàe`rgdts `mj d`sd rdstrbotbcms cm bmtdrm`tbcmà o`pbtà stcws o`m àscocmtrbfutd.

\\\s prcvbjd `m bepcrt`mt tcp-up icr bmir`struoturd iumjbmh, fut`rd mct ̀ p`mòd`. Bmjb`‒s dxpdrbdmod n`s sncwm tn`t tnd \\\ ecjda o`m fd ̀ p`rt ci tnd scautbcm icr ffm`mobmh dmdrhy ̀ mj tr`mspcrt bmir`struoturdprckdots. Mcmdtndadss, suon prckdots `rd ocepadx, `mj tc `vcbj i`baurdrdqubrd v`rbcus prdocmjbtbcms, bmoaujbmh (b) edon`mbses tc dmsurdtr`msp`rdmoy `mj òocumt`fbabty ci fbjjbmh prcodssds7 (bb) jdvdacpedmtci hcvdrmedmt \\\ umbts `mj tr`msp`rdmt prcodssds tc iòbabt`td àa`spdots ci tnd \\\ ̀ pprcvà, prcourdedmt, ̀ mj jdabvdry prcodssds7 dm`fadàa abmgs, pdrebts, `mj `pprcvàs7 `mj n`vd ` tr`msp`rdmt bmtdriòd wbtntnd ùtncrbtbds tn`t `pprcvd prckdots7 (bbb) ord`tbcm ci `m bmjdpdmjdmtrdhua`tcry dmvbrcmedmt wbtncut ocmstbots ci bmtdrdst tn`t o`m ecmbtcrprckdot prchrdss, oceebssbcmbmh, `mj cpdr`tbcm7 `mj (bv) bmvdstedmtbm nue`m rdscurods icr \\\ tc beprcvd sgbaas `mj gmcwadjhd òrcss `spdotrue ci spdobàtbds.

Vdhua`tcry ocmstr`bmts bmoaujd rdstrbotbcms cm tnd `ssdts tn`tbmstbtutbcmà bmvdstcrs suon `s bmsur`mod ocep`mbds `mj pdmsbcmiumjs o`m puron`sd `mj rdstrbotbcms cm prbv`td `mj icrdbhm cwmdrsnbpci bmir`struoturd. Bmstbtutbcmà ocmstr`bmts bmoaujd aòg ci e`rgdtbmir`struoturd `mj bmsur`mod edon`mbses tn`t rdjuod rbsg icr prbv`tdbmvdstcrs, bee`turd rdhua`tcry irèdwcrgs, vca`tbad ̀ mj mcm-tr`msp`rdmtpcabtboà dmvbrcmedmts, `mj adhà `mj rdhua`tcry on`mhds tn`t o`m `dotrdturms tc bmvdstcrs, tndrdfy jbsocur`hbmh p`rtbobp`tbcm bm \\\ prckdots.

Hcvdrmedmts eust pa`y ` gdy rcad bm ord`tbmh dm`fabmh pcaboydmvbrcmedmts `mj ffm`mobà bmir`struoturd tc dmsurd a`rhdr prbv`tdp`rtbobp`tbcm bm orcss-fcrjdr bmtdhr`tbcm prckdots, `s tndrd `rddxtdrmàbtbds tn`t wcuaj ctndrwbsd mct fd rd`pdj. Zndsd bmoaujd d`sbmhrdhua`tcry rdstrbotbcms cm bmir`struoturd bmvdstedmt fy bmstbtutbcmàbmvdstcrs `mj rdjuobmh cwmdrsnbp rdstrbotbcms cm prbv`td `mj icrdbhmbmvdstcrs. Beprcvbmh tnd tr`msp`rdmoy, rdhua`tcry irèdwcrg, `mjhcvdrm`mod ci \\\ prckdots, tchdtndr wbtn tnd `jjbtbcm ci pcabtboà rbsghu`r`mtdds, o`m bmord`sd tnd `ttròtbvdmdss ci tnbs `ssdt oa`ss. Bm tndo`sd ci orcss-fcrjdr prckdots, bmtdrm`tbcmà occrjbm`tbcm bs orbtboà icrsuoodss.


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Euatba`tdrà jdvdacpedmt f`mgs o`m pa`y euatbpad rcads bm ` prckdot‒sffm`mobà abidoyoad; st`rtbmh `s ` prcvbjdr ci jdvdacpedmt suppcrt tc tnd

ncst7 dvcavbmh tc tn`t ci ̀ pcaboy bmstudmodr, tdonmboà ̀ jvbscr, ̀ mj ncmdst frcgdr7 `t ffm`mobà oacsurd, oceebttbmh o`pbtà `mj jdft tc tnd prckdot`mj advdr`hbmh tndbr mdtwcrg ècmh ctndr euatba`tdrà jdvdacpedmt f`mgs7 `mj, ffmàay, prcvbjbmh ordjbt dmn`modedmts tnrcuhn p`rtbà ordjbt`mj pcabtboà rbsg hu`r`mtdds.

0.8 Zr`jd Iòbabt`tbcm

On`ptdr 9 dxèbmds bssuds `mj scautbcms rda`tdj tc tr`jd iòbabt`tbcm.Zr`jd iòbabt`tbcm bmoaujds àa iòtcrs `dotbmh tnd tbed `mj ecmdt`ryocst ci ecvbmh hccjs. Zr`jd iòbabt`tbcm ed`surds `rd orbtboà tc dmsurdtn`t tnd fdmdffts ci bmir`struoturd bmvdstedmt rdsuat bm `m òtuàrdjuotbcm bm tr`jd-rda`tdj ocsts. Znd o`sd icr cvdràa dmn`modedmt citnd tr`jd iòbabt`tbcm dmvbrcmedmt bs ocepdaabmh bm suppcrt ci docmcebohrcwtn bm fctn rdhbcms. Beprcvdedmts bm tr`jd iòbabt`tbcm wcuaj e`gdtr`jbmh d`sbdr `mj ecrd st`fad, wbtn pctdmtbàay acwdr tr`msòtbcm ocsts,`mj sncuaj dm`fad tnd rdàbz`tbcm ci ̀ my a`tdmt tr`jd fdtwddm tnd rdhbcms

wnbon e`y mct fd ecvbmh jud tc dxbstbmh mcm-t`rb f`rrbdrs (MZFs).Zr`jd iòbabt`tbcm sncuaj dmocep`ss fctn pcrt `mj tr`mspcrt

iòbabt`tbcm, ̀ s tndy o`m citdm ̀ asc rdprdsdmt MZFs. Znd e`kcrbty ci tr`jd fdtwddm tnd twc rdhbcms wbaa ocmtbmud tc fd fy sd`, ctndr tn`m fdtwddmbeedjb`td mdbhnfcrs, `mj tndrdicrd dmsurbmh tnd d`sd ci ecvdedmt fdtwddm tnd suriòd `mj e`rbtbed bmtdriòds sncuaj hdmdr`td s`vbmhs bmtr`msòtbcms ocsts, ̀ s wdaa ̀ s beprcvd pdricre`mod.

_cutn @sb`m docmcebds `mj ` muefdr ci acwdr-bmoced _cutnd`st @sb`m ocumtrbds r`mg pccray bm tnd Xcraj F`mg‒s Jcbmh Fusbmdss survdy,0?

wnbon bs usdj `s `m bmtdrm`tbcmà fdmone`rg ocep`rbmh tnd rda`tbvdpdricre`mod ci ocumtrbds bm e`gbmh fusbmdss d`sbdr. Znd Xcraj F`mg‒sAchbstbos \dricre`mod Bmjdx ed`surds ncw dobdmtay tr`jd bs fdbmhecvdj. Bmjb` jcds mct i`rd tcc f`jay, fut ctndr _cutn @sb`m ocumtrbds ̀ mjacwdr-bmoced _cutnd`st @sb`m ocumtrbds n`vd pccr r`mgbmhs. V`mgbmhsbm hcvdrm`mod-rda`tdj bmjbo`tcrs suon ̀ s ocrruptbcm tdmj tc fd rda`tbvdayacw bm tnd twc rdhbcms, wbtn tnd dxodptbcms suon `s _bmh`pcrd.

Dxodssbvd jcouedmt`tbcm rdqubrdedmts sdde tc fd tnd sbmhad fbhhdstprcfade bm tr`jd iòbabt`tbcm. _docmj, tndrd bs cmay abebtdj `jndrdmod

tc tnd Xcraj Oustces Crh`mbz`tbcm‒s Vdvbsdj Gyctc Ocmvdmtbcm tn`t

0? Znd Xcraj F`mg Jcbmh Fusbmdss survdy o`m fd icumj `t nttp;//www.jcbmhfusbmdss.crh/r`mgbmhs.


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Bmtrcjuotbcm ̀ mj Cvdrvbdw 6?

rdprdsdmts `m bmtdrm`tbcmà jdvdacpedmt ‑rc`j e`p― icr oustcesecjdrmbz`tbcm `mj bmtdrm`tbcmà fdst pròtbod fy prcvbjbmh ` sdrbds citbed-f`sdj rdoceedmj`tbcms ocvdrbmh ̀ spdotrue ci oustces ̀ otbvbtbdsjdsbhmdj tc dmn`mod cvdràa pdricre`mod. Znbrj, tnd bepadedmt`tbcmci bmicre`tbcm `mj oceeumbo`tbcm tdonmcachy (BOZ) wbtnbm tndoustces dmvbrcmedmt n`s bm e`my o`sds wbjdmdj tnd h`p fdtwddmtnd ecst jdvdacpdj `mj ad`st jdvdacpdj ocumtrbds bm tnd rdhbcm. Znbssbtu`tbcm n`s dvcavdj p`rtay `s ` rdsuat ci jbdrdmods bm tnd `ppabo`tbcm`mj iumjbmh ci BOZ `mj tnd BOZ dxpdrtbsd `v`ba`fad wbtnbm p`rtboua`roustces crh`mbz`tbcms. Znd dmj rdsuat bm e`my ci tnd ocumtrbds bm fctnrdhbcms bs tn`t tnd ùtce`tdj `mj e`muà systdes `rd fdbmh cpdr`tdj bmp`ràada, wbtn abttad bmord`sd bm cvdràa dobdmoy. Znd jdvdacpedmt p`tnci tnd M`tbcmà _bmhad Xbmjcw (M_X) bs tdmjbmh tc rdpabo`td tnd cvdràaBOZ sbtu`tbcm bm tnbs rdh`rj.

Ctndr prcfades bmoaujd aòg ci tr`msp`rdmoy rdh`rjbmh dxpcrtrdqubrdedmts, adhbsa`tbvd ocmstr`bmts cm tnd `fbabty tc rdicre oustcesprcodjurds, jbvdrsd ocmicrebty `ssdssedmt pròtbods `mj tnd usd cibmjbvbjuà st`mj`rjs `mj

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