conifers biol 1407. seed plants vascular tissue produce seeds –dispersal of offspring produce...
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Conifers
BIOL 1407
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Seed Plants
• Vascular Tissue
• Produce seeds– Dispersal of
offspring
• Produce pollen• Sperm transfer
without water
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Seed Plants• Sporophyte
dominant• Gametophytes
– Greatly reduced in size
– Dependent on sporophyte
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Seed Plants• Heterosporous
– Megaspore• Grows into
female gametophyte eggs
– Microspore• Grows into male
gametophyte sperm
– Photo Credit for Ovulate Cone: Dr. Stephen Bostic, ACC
– Circled area: Ovule
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Pollen Production
• Pollen cones have microsporophylls
• Each microsporophyll has microsporangia
• Photo Credit for Immature Male Pine Cones: Menchi, Wikimedia Commons
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Pollen Production• Meiosis occurs
within microsporangia microspores
• Photo Credit for Staminate Cone: Dr. Stephen Bostic, ACC
• Microsporangium circled in red• Microsporophyll at tip of yellow pointer• Microspores circled in pink
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Pollen Production
• Microspores grow into male gametophytes
• Male gametophyte = pollen grain
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Pollination
• Pollen is released • Travels from male to
female• Pollination occurs
when pollen grain lands on female
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bwl4g48-uIE
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Pollen Germination
• After landing pollen coat breaks open
• 1 cell produces pollen tube
• Photo Credit: Dr. David Byres, Florida Community College at Jacksonville
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Pollen Germination
• A different cell produces 2 sperm cells by mitosis
• They will move down pollen tube as it grows
• Photo Credit: Dr. David Byres, Florida Community College at Jacksonville
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Pollen Germination
• Pollen tube digests its way through female tissues to reach the egg
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Ovules
• Ovulate cones have megasporophylls
• Each megasporophyll has ovules containing megasporangia
• Photo Credit for Immature Female Ponderosa Pine Cones: Susan McDougall @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
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Ovules
• Meiosis occurs within megasporangium forms 1 megaspore and 3 haploid nuclei (degenerate)
• Photo Credit: Dr. Stephen Bostic, ACC• Megasporangium circled in red• Megasporophyll at tip of yellow pointer
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Ovules
• Megaspore grows into female gametophyte
• Female gametophyte makes 1-2 eggs by mitosis
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Ovules
• Integuments surround female gametophyte
• Micropyle lets pollen reach female gametophyte
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Ovules Seeds
• Integuments seed coat
• Female gametophyte food supply
• Fertilized egg embryo
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Seeds
• Dispersed by:– Wind– Animals– Water– Mechanical
• Photo Credit for Pitch Pine Seeds: Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
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Types of Seed Plants
• Gymnosperms– Naked Seeds– Not enclosed in
ovaries– No fruits or
flowers
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Types of Seed Plants
• Angiosperms– Flowering Plants– Seeds enclosed in
ovaries– Fruits and flowers
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Modern Gymnosperms• Conifers
– Oldest living plants
– Largest living plants
– Widespread– Reproductive
structure: Cones
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Modern Gymnosperms
• Cycads– Wiry leaves– “Sago palms”
• Ginkgos• Deciduous
trees• One species• Herbal
supplement
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Modern Gymnosperms
• Gnetophytes– Ephedra
(Mormon tea)– Welwitschia
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The End
Unless otherwise specified, all images in this presentation came from:
Campbell, et al. 2008. Biology, 8th ed. Pearson Benjamin Cummings.