conflict resolution curriculum

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Master of Arts in International Law and Settlement of Disputes UPEACE Programme in South Asia, the Horn of Africa and the Middle East (UPSAM) Conflict Resolution Mohammed Ahmed Musa Advisor Amr Abdalla July, 2009 This curriculum is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, International Law and Settlement of Disputes University for Peace Universidad para la Paz

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Page 1: Conflict Resolution Curriculum

Master of Arts in International Law and Settlement of Disputes

UPEACE Programme in South Asia, the Horn of Africa and the Middle East (UPSAM)

Conflict Resolution

Mohammed Ahmed Musa

Advisor Amr Abdalla

July, 2009

This curriculum is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, International Law and Settlement of Disputes

University for Peace Universidad para la Paz

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Acknowledgments

First of all, my thanks to the “GOD” who gave me the strength and made things work for me to

complete my studies at the University for Peace.

I would like to take this opportunity to say a special word of thanks to the Netherlands Government

who supports the programme at UPEACE and is carried out as an important programme in Africa.

My appreciation also goes to my supervisor, Dr. Amr Abdalla, for all his support; I am very grateful

and wish you the best in your life.

A special word of thanks to Thomas Klompmaker for his kind assistance that I received when I was

sick. Special word of thanks also to Prof. Victoria Fontan and the wonderful academic section for

UPSAM programme.

Thank you very much.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Permission for Use of the Curriculum ...................................................................... ii Declaration of Academic Honesty ............................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... iv

Conflict Resolution

A. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 9 B. Course Description ............................................................................................... 10 C. The Main Goals .................................................................................................... 10 D. General Objectives ............................................................................................... 11 E. Contents ............................................................................................................... 11 F. Learning Outcomes .............................................................................................. 14 G. Methodology ........................................................................................................ 15 H. Evaluation ............................................................................................................ 17

Administrative Chapter

1. Specific Course Title ............................................................................................. 18 2. Course Code .......................................................................................................... 18 3. Prerequisites .......................................................................................................... 18 4. Course Length and the Number of Sessions ........................................................ 18 5. Instructor ............................................................................................................... 18 6. Course Meeting Times and Place ......................................................................... 18 7. Intended Participants ............................................................................................ 18 8. Types of Issues Addressed .................................................................................... 18 9. Relation to the Larger Issue of Peace and Conflict Studies .................................. 19 10. Where does the Course fit in the General Programme of Study? ........................ 19 11. Assessment ........................................................................................................... 19

Teachers Manual

Part One Session One: The Definitions of Conflict and Dispute

Contents .................................................................................................................... 20 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 20 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 20 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 20 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 21 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 21 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 21

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Session Two: The Definition of Conflict Resolution

Contents .................................................................................................................... 22 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 22 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 22 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 22 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 22 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 23 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 23

Session Three: Understanding Conflict Analysis

Contents .................................................................................................................... 24 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 24 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 24 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 24 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 24 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 25 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 25

Session Four: Armed Conflict and Peace Agreements

Contents .................................................................................................................... 26 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 26 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 26 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 26 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 26 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 26 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 27

Session Five: Conflict Resolution within States

Contents .................................................................................................................... 28 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 28 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 28 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 28 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 28 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 29 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 29

Session Six: Group Presentations

Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 30 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 30 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 30 Evaluation of the Presentations ................................................................................ 30

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Required Readings ................................................................................................... 30

Part Two Session Seven: Negotiation Process

Contents .................................................................................................................... 31 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 31 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 31 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 32 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 32 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 32 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 32

Session Eight: Mediation Process

Contents .................................................................................................................... 33 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 33 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 33 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 33 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 34 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 34 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 34

Session Nine: The Role of Civil Society in International Conflict

Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 35 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 35 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 35 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 35 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 35 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 35

Session Ten: The Role of the UN in Conflict Resolution

Contents .................................................................................................................... 36 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 36 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 36 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 36 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 36 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 36 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 37

Session Eleven: The Sudanese Traditional Method in Conflict Resolution

Contents .................................................................................................................... 38 Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 38

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Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 39 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 39 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 40 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 40 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 40 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 40

Session Twelve: Group Presentations: Analyzing the Darfur Conflict´s Escalation and Resolution Process

Contents .................................................................................................................... 41 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 41 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 41 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 41 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 41 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 42

Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 43

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General Chapter

A. Introduction

This course is developed for a Master‟s program. It offers a general overview on the topic

of Conflict and Dispute Resolution. It highlights the way that we, as human beings, are used to

resolving our conflicts on international, national and local levels, acting as individuals or

representatives of our groups or countries. The course will concentrate on the legal methods of

settling conflicts, such as negotiation, mediation, communication, etc. The course will offer the

students introductory skills in negotiation, conflict management and resolution. The course has

two parts; in the first part, the students will learn the definitions of conflict, dispute and conflict

analysis. By the end of this part, the students will study conflict and its analysis. The second part

will be mediation, concentrating on third party interventions to resolve conflict. In the second

part, we will focus on conflict resolution and its process, focusing on the roles of negotiation and

mediation in conflict resolution. By understanding the design and management methods of

negotiation mediation practice, students will be able to bring their improved negotiation skills to

bear and support others in negotiating and resolving conflicts peacefully.

Sudanese history involves long civil wars. Since the country‟s independence from Great

Britain in 1956, it has been involved in a long civil war between the South and the North, which

ended in 2005 when the parties signed a comprehensive peace agreement in Nairobi, Kenya.1

This agreement ended one of the longest civil wars in Africa. Not surprisingly, a second civil war

broke out in the Western region of Sudan, Darfur in 2003.2 Since that time, the Darfur conflict is

still going on and has become a challenge yet to be resolved. Many efforts have been made to

resolve this ongoing conflict, but usually they failed to do so. In such a situation, the education

of conflict resolution is a prime concern, not only in the educational institutions, but also in all

policy levels, like government institutions and civil society. In this context, education of conflict

resolution becomes a peacebuilding tool in Sudan in general and the Darfur region in particular.

Adding a cultural component, this course will also include an introduction to the

traditional Sudanese methods of resolving conflicts, depending on their cultural and social

1 Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naivasha_Agreement

2 Darfur Conflict, Available at http://www.crimesofwar.org/onnews/news-darfur.html

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interactions, specifically the role of native administration in internal conflict resolution in Sudan.

Finally, the course will conclude with a session drawing a planning strategy that resolves the

Darfur conflict peacefully by the Sudanese themselves.

B. Course Description:

This course is an introductory skill-building course in conflict resolution. The first part

of the course focuses on the definition of the conflict, its types and analysis, and by the end of

the first part, students are required to participate in a simulation in analyzing the Darfur conflict.

The second part focuses on the role that negotiation and mediation can play in conflict

resolution. Students will learn how to improve their own negotiation skills which will help them

to skillfully handle conflict situations and be able to analyze the conflict and diffuse the situation.

This introduction will help participants to understand how difficult and fragile the negotiation

process is and how conflict can form. The course defines and explains the role of mediators who

are involved as a third party to assist the parties when they have failed to reach an agreement.

By the end of this part, students will do another group simulation about negotiation and

mediation in the Darfur conflict. After doing this simulation, students will be able to apply their

negotiation skills to assist others in the mediation process and resolve conflicts peacefully. The

cultural component of Sudanese in resolving conflict is a very important part in this course. The

students will study the Sudanese cultural component at the end of the course, focusing on the

role of native administrations in resolving conflict in the Sudanese context in general and the

Darfur region in particular. They will be able to compare the local approaches with the modern

conflict resolution approaches in the context of Sudan.

C. The Main Goals

The main goal of this course is to provide conceptual knowledge about conflict, conflict

resolution, and conflict management. This course will equip students with necessary tools and

techniques on how to resolve international, regional and national conflicts, particularly in Sudan.

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D. General Objectives:

General objectives of this course will cover the following aspects:

To introduce conflict, its major causes and consequences to the students.

To develop the students´ skills on how to address conflict from an interpersonal level to

an international level.

To furnish the students capacity and capability to understand a conflicting situation in an

international and a national perspective.

Provide analytical tools and methods of conflict resolution to students so that they take

leading roles in their future policy field.

To establish that conflict originates in the mind of man. Therefore, the responsibility

rests on people to resolve conflict and establish peace.

To build a generation who are aware of the conflict and its long-standing direct and

underlying causes in the context of Sudan.

To develop a course curriculum and resourceful individuals for future expansion of the

study of conflict and conflict resolution.

E. Contents:

Session Title Content Readings

Session (1)

The Definitions of

Conflict and

Dispute

1. Understanding

conflict and peace.

2. Definition of

conflict.

3. Definition of

disputes.

3. How do conflicts

occur?

1. Burton, John, W. (1993). Conflict Resolution as a

Political Philosophy. Manchester University

Press.

2. Deutsch, Morton (1973). Introduction to the

Resolution of Conflict. New Haven. CY: Yale

University. (pages 3-19).

3. Burr, Millard, J and Collins, Robert, O. 2006.

Darfur: the Long Road to Disaster. Markus

Weiner publishers. Princeton.

Session (2)

Defining Conflict

1. What is conflict

resolution?

1. Tidwell, Alan. (1998) Conflict Resolved?: A

Critical Assessment of Conflict Resolution.

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Resolution and

Peace Agreement

2. What are peace

agreements?

3. Limits of conflict

resolution.

London, (pages 31-58).

2. Wallensteen, Peter (2002), Understanding

Conflict Resolution, War, Peace and the

Global System. London. (pages 8-9).

Session (3)

Understanding

Conflict Analysis

1. The concept of

conflict.

2 Conflict mapping.

1. Abdalla, Amr et al. (2002) .C.RSIPABIO.A

Conflict analysis Model.

2. Jeong Ho-Won (2000). Peace and Conflict

Studies: An introduction. London. Ashgate

publishing Limited (pages 31-37).

Session (4)

Armed Conflict

and Peace

Agreements

1. Identifying armed

conflict.

2. Peace agreements.

1. Gaya Best, Shedrack. (2006). Introduction to

Peace and Conflict Studies. Ibadan, Nigeria.

2. Webel, Charles and Galtung, Johan. (2008). Hand

Book of Peace and Conflict Studies. USA and

Canada. (page 35).

Session (5)

Conflict

Resolution within

States

1. The role of the

state.

2. Peace agreements

in civil war in

internal conflict.

1. Mial, Hugh. Ramsbotham, Oliver and Woodhouse

Tom (1999). Contemporary Conflict

Resolution. USA. Blackwell Publishing Inc.

(pages from 1-5).

2. Mayer, Bernard (2000). The Dynamics of Conflict

Resolution: A Practitioner´s Guide. San

Francisco: Jossey- Bass. (Chapters 7-8).

Session (6)

Analyzing the

Darfur Conflict

Student

Presentations

1. Marlowe, Jen. Darfur Diaries: Stories of Survival.

New York. (pages 2-10).

2. A Journey to Darfur. (DVD). American TV

Network.

Part(2)

Session (7)

Negotiation

Process

1. Definition of

negotiation.

2. Negotiation: the

big picture.

1. Gaya Best, Shedrack (2006). Introduction to

Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa.

Ibadan, Nigeria. (Chapters 6, pages 93-113).

2. Burton, John. (1990). Conflict Resolution and

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Prevention. London: Macmillan.

Session(8)

Mediation Process

1. Definition of

mediation.

2. Ten stages

mediation model

review.

1. Moore, C. (2003). The Mediation Process. 3rd

ed.,

San Francisco. Jossey- Bass.

2. Thompson, L. (2004) The Mind and Heart of the

Negotiator. 3rd

ed. NJ: Prentice Hall.

Session(9)

The Role of Civil

Society in Internal

Conflict

Resolution

1. Civil society and

internal conflict.

2. Internal conflict

resolution.

1. Mingst, Karen. (2007).The United Nations in the

21st Century. Boulder. Westview Press. (pages

2-15).

2. Wanis St. John, Anthony; Kew, Darren.

Conference Papers. International Studies

Association, 2007 Annual Meeting. p1, 0p;

(AN 26958262).

Session (10)

The Role of UN in

Conflict

Resolution

1. UN Charter.

2. UN in peace

agreements.

1. White, N., D. (1993). Keeping the Peace: The

United Nations and the Maintenance of

International Peace and Security. Manchester

University Press. (pages 215-256).

2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, UN Hand

Book, An Annual Guide 2006-2007. (pages

68-76).

Session (11)

The Sudanese

Traditional

Method in Conflict

Resolution

1. The role of native

administrative in

Sudan.

1. Zartman, W., I. (1985). Ripe for Resolution

Conflict and Intervention in Africa. New

York: Oxford University Press.

2. Swart, G. and Solomon, H. (2003). The Islamic

Fundamentalist State of Sudan. Conflict

Trends, 2.

3. Nasong'o, Shadrack Wanjala. Murunga, Godwin,

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Rapando. Report by, African & Asian Studies,

2005 Vol. 4 Issue ½. pp. 51-82, 32p, 1 chart;

DOI: 10.1163/1569209054547328; (AN

17740750).

Session(12)

Final Group

Presentation:

Analyzing the

Darfur Conflict‟s

Escalation and

Resolution Process.

1.Dauglas, Hamilton. Johnson (2003). The Root

Causes of Sudan‟s Civil Wars. .James Currey

Publishers.

2. Dallaire, Roméo. Looking at Darfur, Seeing

Rwanda. New York Times, 10/ 4/2004.

p.25,1p;(AN 29259134).

3. Gore, Wani, Paul. et al. (2004). Eight grassroots

conflicts in Sudan. UNICEF. Khartoum

Sudan.

4. Burr, Millard, J. and Collins, Robert, O. (2006)

Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster. Markus

Weiner Publishers. Princeton.

F. Learning Outcomes:

The following learning outcomes should be achieved from the course:

Generation build up.

Understanding the spirit and culture of peace.

Development of applied critical thinking skills.

Ability to analyze conflict using a variation of conflict mapping methodology.

Conflict-free and peaceful society.

Basic education in conflict resolution.

Understanding conflict resolution in international, national and regional levels and peace

agreements.

Application of theories, concepts and models to various national, regional, social and

cultural contexts.

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G. Methodology:

The course will be use lectures with effective participation from students. The majority

of activities of the course will concentrate on simulations, and therefore, full attendance in the

class is required. Also, some videos concerning conflict resolution will be used as a method of

teaching. Generally, the methods of teaching in this course include the following:3

1.1 Lecture

The lectures will be given according to the University of Zalingei´s lecture-based method

in the class room. Students will also enjoy the opportunity to contribute in discussions, according

to their own experiences.

1.2. Discussion

After two lecture classes, one discussion class consisting of 60 minutes will be

conducted. In each discussion class, different methods to increase the skills of the students and

make them confident to face future challenges will be introduced.

1.3. Group Discussion

Group discussion will be an important method to increase their capacity of speaking in

public forums. Some sessions will be devoted to the major aspects of gender, peace, conflict and

security, which will be researched, prepared and presented by the students through PowerPoint

presentations in groups of three or four students.

1.4. Debate and Simulation

The second part of this course depends on simulations regarding the negotiation and

mediation process. Debates and simulations over the conflicting issues will also be introduced

so that students can understand the way of addressing issues regarding conflict resolution. The

major aim of this debate and simulation is making students aware of how to come into consensus

regarding conflicting issues.

3 UNICEF (2008), “Learning to live together: an intercultural and interfaith programme for ethics education”.

(pp. 19-24)

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1.5. Media Journal Analysis

Students will be assigned media journals to analyze and illustrate some issues related to

conflict resolution.

1.6. Movies and Video Watching.

Movies and videos will be introduced to the students so that they can understand some

techniques related to conflict resolution.

1.7. Student Interviews and Report.

Interviews provide an opportunity for students to learn and personalize issues and aspects

of local history directly. Those interviewed could be community members, activists, leaders or

eyewitnesses to conflict resolution or peace building.

1.8. Field Class

A visit will be carried out to institutions or organizations dealing with conflict resolution

and peace-building. Students are asked to write a report as a reflection of the visit. The purpose

and the place of the visit should be explained in advance.

1.9. Visual Aids

Visual aids can include posters, photographs, slides, videos and films. Learning aids can

be from internet resources such as You Tube, which is necessary to engage discussion and

student participation.

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H. Evaluation

A. Criteria:

Besides acquiring skills and knowledge, there will be a change in students‟ attitudes and

behavior. The course will build in the students the spirit and culture of peace, not war. This the

most important part and the purpose of this course which will achieved by the end of the course.

B. Tools:

The evaluation and grading of this course will include the following:

1. Affective participation.

2. Semester final examination.

3. Term papers/ home assignments.

4. Class attendance.

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Administrative Chapter

1. Specific Course Title: Conflict Resolution

2. Course Code: PACS4 201

3. Prerequisites

This is a very technical course. Therefore, students who have minimum knowledge in

political science, international relations, history, and sociology will fit in this course.

4. Course Length and the Number of Sessions.

According to the Zalingei University system, this course will be taught for three weeks.

The course consists of 12 sessions.

5. Instructor: Mohammed Ahmed Musa

Center for Peace and Development Studies

University of Zalingei, Sudan, West Darfur State

BA in Education; University of Alfashir in, Sudan.

MA in International Law and Settlement of Disputes; University for Peace, Costa Rica.

6. Course Meeting Time and Place

The main campus is the University of Zalingei. The meeting time will be identified by

the Director of the Centre for Peace and Development Studies, University of Zalingei.

7. Intended participants

This course is intended for students in the High Diploma Degree Programme in Peace

and Conflict Students at the University of Zalingei, Centre for Peace and Development Studies.

The required number of participants in the course is from 25 to 30 to allow for maximum

interaction during group discussions and other interactive teaching-learning models.

8. Types of Issues Addressed:

Conflict: definition, causes and consequences.

Conflict resolution: definition, methods and techniques.

Conflict management.

Conflict transformation.

Negation process.

Mediation process.

4 PACS-Peace and Conflict Studies

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9. Relation to the Larger Issue of Peace and Conflict Studies

The content of the course is related to conflict, conflict resolution and peace building in

the international, national and regional contexts. The contents of the course will develop

students who will work in the future to resolve conflict and establish peace. Therefore, this

course is widely related to the issue of peace and conflict studies.

10. Where Does the Course Fit in the General Programme of Study?

This course fits in the Centre for Peace and Development Studies in the University of

Zalingei, Darfur, Sudan.

11. Assessment

Participation in class, simulations and discussions: 30%

Group discussion: 20%

Exam: 50%

Total: 100%

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Teacher´s Manual

According to the course description, this course is divided into two parts.

Part One: Part one has six sessions:

Session: No. 01: The Definitions of Conflict and Dispute

Contents:

Understanding conflict and peace

How conflict occurs

Definition of conflict

Definition of disputes

Objectives of the Session

This session will address the definitions of the terms ´peace´, ´conflict´ and ´disputes´. It

draws the distinction between conflict and dispute as explained by John Burton and other

scholars. At the end of the session, students will understand the distinction between the terms.

The Outcomes of the Session

By the end of the session, students will understand the concepts of peace, conflict and

disputes. Also, they will be able to make a distinction between them. Furthermore, students will

understand different kinds of conflict.

Teaching Methods:

This session will be taught by lecture. However, discussion is also needed in the session.

Therefore, students are allowed to give their own definitions of peace, conflict and disputes,

according to their understanding of the terms.

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Evaluation of the Session

To evaluate this session, the teacher should ask the students some questions which relate

to this session. This procedure will help the teacher to understand the students and evaluate the

session. The questions include the following:

1. Define the term peace. What do we mean by negative peace and positive peace?

2. What is conflict?

3. What is dispute?

4. Do you think that there are distinctions between conflict and dispute?

Required Readings:

1. Gaya Best, Shedrack. Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa.

2. Deutsch, Morton.(2000) Introduction to The Handbook of Conflict Resolution. In The

Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass

Publishers. (pages 2-9).

3. Burton, W., John. Conflict Resolution as a Political Philosophy. In Conflict Resolution

Theory and Practice: Integration and Application. (1993) .Manchester and New York.

Manchester University Press..

4. Deutsch, Morton. Introduction to the Resolution of Conflict. In The Resolution of Conflict:

Constructive and Destructive Processes. (1973) New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,.

Pages: 3-19.

Recommended Readings:

1. Fisher, S. (2000).Working with Conflict: Skills and Strategies For Action. London. Zed Book

publications. (pp.17-22).

2. de Reuck, A. (1984). The logic of conflict: its origin, development and resolution. In Banks,

M. (Ed., pp. 97-111). Conflict in world society: a new perspective on international

relations. New York: St. Martins Press.

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Session: No. 02: The Definition of Conflict Resolution

Contents:

What is conflict resolution?

What is a peace agreement?

Limits of conflict resolution.

Objectives of the Session:

This session concentrates on the definition of conflict resolution and the linkage between

conflict resolution and peace agreements. During this analysis of peace, conflict and peace

agreements, students will able to draw a clear distinction and understanding of conflict

resolution.

The Outcomes of the Session

At the end of this session, students should understand the meaning of conflict resolution.

Also, they should know the distinction between conflict resolution, prevention, peace agreements

and conflict management and the limits of conflict resolution. Furthermore, students should

know the definition of the term on national and international levels.

Teaching Methods

The session will begin with lectures; the teacher will define conflict resolution in

international, national and regional levels. During this session the teacher should facilitate

student discussion. For this discussion, the teacher should ask students to define the terms so as

to cover the whole session by making a summary of the students‟ points.

Evaluation of the Session

The evaluation of this session will be through the students‟ discussion and views. Some

reflection questions are also required to evaluate this session. The questions include:

1. Define conflict resolution.

2. What is the difference between conflict resolution and a peace agreement?

3. What are the limits of conflict resolution?

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Required Readings:

1. Wallensteen, Peter. 2002. Understanding Conflict Resolution, War, Peace and the Global

System. Sage Publications. London. EC2A 4PU. (pages 8 and 9).

2. Burton, W., John. 1996. Conflict Resolution. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Md, and

London. (pages 7-12)

Recommended Readings:

1. Tidwell, C., Alan. (1998). Conflict Resolved?: A Critical Assessment of Conflict Resolution.

London. Continuum Publications. (pages 31-85).

2. The Conflict Resolution Information Source from http:/www.crinfo.org/index.jsp.

3. Thomas, Kenneth. 1976. Conflict and Conflict Management. In the Handbook of Industrial

and Organizational Psychology, ed. M. D. Dunnette, (pp. 120-125).

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Session: No. 03: Understanding Conflict Analysis

Contents:

The concept of conflict.

Conflict analysis and mapping.

Objectives of the Session

This session focuses on conflict analysis. The main objectives of this session include the

following points which are the most important issues to analyze conflict. These objectives are:

1. Identifying the parties of the conflict/ the local parties of the conflict.

2. Identifying the root source of the conflict.

3. Identifying the causes of the conflict.

4. Identifying the interests of the parties; which help to resolve the conflict?

Above all, examples from the real conflict situations are used to illustrate some of the dry

theoretical concepts.

The Outcomes of the Session:

At the end of the session students will be able to analyse conflict by using the appropriate

model they learned to the relevant conflict situation.

Teaching Methods

In addition to the lecture, the teacher should distribute or draw a map used to analyse the

conflict, which will help students to easily understand how to analyse conflict. The map will

identify the parties, roots, causes and interests of the conflicting parties. In the methods for

example, students have ten minutes as preparation to use the case of Darfur to analyse the above

points.

Evaluation of the Session:

To evaluate this session, students should have homework to analyse a specific conflict

(local or international) and write a paper of about 500 words in the case that they have chosen.

This can give further understanding to conflict analysis.

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Required Readings:

1. Abdallah, Amr et al. (2002).C.R SIPABIO.A Conflict Analysis Model

2. Jeong, Ho-Won. (2000). Peace and Conflict Studies: An Introduction. London. Ashgate

publishing Limited. (pp.31-37).

Recommended Readings:

1. Ramsbotham, Oliver. Woodhouse, Tom and Mial, Hugh. (2005). Contemporary Conflict

Resolutions. 2nd

Edition. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, United Kingdom.

2. Lederach, P., John. Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation Across Culture. (pages 57

and 58).

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Session: No. 04: Armed Conflict and Peace Agreements

Contents:

The concept of conflict.

Identifying armed conflict.

Peace agreements.

Objectives of the Session

The specific objectives of this session are to make students understand what armed

conflict is. Also, to make students understand the cause of the conflict as well as the difference

between interstate and intrastate armed conflict and how can they reach agreements.

The Outcomes of this Session

By the end of the session, students will be able to understand armed conflict within the

state and the ability to understand peace agreements as well.

Teaching Methods

The teacher can use lectures in this session, but students are required to actively

participate during the lecture. Group discussion also will be used in this session.

Evaluation of the Session

Student discussion and views in the session will be the evaluation of this session.

Required Readings:

1. Gaya Best, Shedrack. (2006). Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies. Ibadan, Nigeria.

2. Gore, Wani Paul, et al. (2004). Eight grassroots conflicts in Sudan. UNICEF. Khartoum,

Sudan.

3. Understanding Civil Wars. Africa. Vol.1. (2005). Evidence and Analysis. Edited by Paul,

Collier and Nicholas Sambanis. World Bank Publishers.

4. Jeong, Ho-Won. (2000). Peace and Conflict Studies: An Introduction. London. Ash gate

publishing Limited. (pp. 31-37).

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Recommended Readings:

Websites:

1. UPEACE Research Center from www.upeace,org/resources/index.cfm.

2. Webel, Charles and Galtung, Johan (2008). Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies. USA

and Canada. (page 35).

3. International Conflict Research from http:/ www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/

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Session: No. 05: Conflict Resolution within States

Contents:

The role of the state.

Peace agreements in civil war in internal state.

Objectives of the Session

The objective of this session is to make students have a further understanding of the

concept of conflict resolution and peace agreements within state. The ultimate goal of this

session is to equip the students to be able to resolve conflicts and build peace.

The Outcomes of the Session

By the end of the session, the students have to understand the concept of conflict

resolution and the role of the state in peace agreements in internal civil war.

Teaching Methods

Basically, the teacher can introduce some knowledge to the students on the topic so that

they can understand the topic. Then the teacher should open a debate and discussion between the

students. Another method can be used here; the teacher can introduce some group work so that

the students can share their experiences in this topic, specifically in civil war and peace

agreements.

Evaluation of the Session

Some questions are required to evaluate the students at the end of this session. The

following are the reflection questions:

1. What is civil war?

2. What is the role of the state in civil war?

3. Do you think that a peace agreement is a challenge to interstate conflict? Why?

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Required Readings:

1. Miall, Hugh. Ramsbotham Oliver. Woodhouse, Tom. (1999). Contemporary Conflict

Resolution. USA. Blackwell Publishing Inc. (pages from 1-5).

2. Mayer, Bernard. (2000). The Dynamics of Conflict Resolution: A Practitioner‟s Guide. San

Francisco. Jossey-Bass. ( Chapter 7-8).

3. Burton, W., John (1996). Conflict Resolution. London. (pages from 2-12).

Recommended Readings:

4. The Conflict Resolution International Sources from http:/www.crinfo.org/index.jsp

5. Conflict Transformation by Peaceful Means, available at www.transcend.org/

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Session: No. 06: Group Presentation

Objectives of the Session

This session is about group presentations. After studying conflict analysis in the previous

sessions, students are required to do group presentations, so as to deeply understand the conflict

and the methodology of its analysis. The topic of the presentation will be:

Analysis to the Darfur conflict: the factors, causes, roots, parties of the conflict.

The Outcomes of the Session

This first presentation is important because it will help and encourage the students to

participate orally in the class. It will build confidence in the students that could contribute to

overcoming future challenges.

Teaching Methods

In this presentation, students should use the PowerPoint presentation. Students will be

divided into groups to do the presentation. Each group will consist of four students.

Evaluation of the Presentations

It is important for the teacher to take some notes during the presentation to evaluate the

students. At the end of the presentation, the teacher should add some comments regarding the

information which was introduced in the presentation. The presentation should provide and build

confidence of students, which is necessary as a part of the education. Also, the students should

know that the presentation will be added to the final grade of the course.

Required Readings:

Students are required to prepare for the presentation with the internet and their personal

experiences to the conflict. Also students are required to look at these readings:

1. Marlowe, Jen. Darfur Diaries: Stories of Survival. New York. (pages from 2-10).

2. Burr, Millard, J. and Collins, Robert, O. (2006). Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster. Markus

Weiner publishers. Princeton.

3. Burr, Millard, J. and Collins, Robert, O. Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster. Markus Weiner

Publishers. Princeton. (pp.233).

4. A Journey to Darfur. (DVD). American TV Network.

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Part Two: Part two has six sessions:

The Role of Negotiation and Mediation in Conflict Resolution

Abstract:

This topic is divided into two sessions; the first session will focus on negotiation and its

process. It concentrates on simulations of two or three difference types of conflicts that involve

negotiation between the parties. The second session will trace the process of mediation which

involves the third party.

Session: No. 07: Negotiation Process

Contents:

Definition of negotiation.

Negotiation: the big picture.

Student simulation.

Negotiation tips forum.

Objectives of the Session

This is the most important part in this course. The aim of the course is to help students to

negotiate and mediate conflict.

This session will focus on the understanding of the definition of negotiation, and then

students will be required to participate in two simulations in this session involving different types

of conflict. Here the teacher can choose family conflict to start the simulation. The main

objectives of this session are to help students to be able to bring their improved negotiation skills

and assist others to negotiate and resolve conflicts peacefully.

The Outcomes of the Session

By the end of the session, students will understand the negotiation process and also they

will be able to negotiate and resolve conflict peacefully. Students will understand that sometimes

negotiate may not be the best method in resolving conflict; this means they will need to think of

other methods to resolve the problem, and that will come in the next session.

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Teaching Methods

In the first thirty minutes the teacher starts to define the concept of negotiation to the

students. Following this, the students will be asked to define the concept according to their

experiences and understanding. Discussion is important in the session. After that, the students

will participate in the simulation, identified by the teacher. By participating in this simulation

students will be able to understand how they negotiate and reach a solution and they will

understand how negotiation can fall apart. In the tips forum, the students are asked to post or

write the tips of negotiation according to their understanding.

Evaluation of the Session

The teacher can evaluate this session through students‟ simulation and the negotiation tips forum.

Required Readings:

1. Gaya Best, Shedrack. (2006). Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa.

Ibadan, Nigeria. Chapter 6, (pages 93-113).

2. Burton, John (1990). Conflict Resolution and Prevention. London: Macmillan.

3. Lederach, John Paul (1997): Building Peace: sustainable Reconciliation in divided societies.

.Washington DC. United States Institute of Peace.

Recommended Readings:

1. Otite O. (1990) On Conflict, their Resolution, Transformation and Management in Otite O.

and Albert O. (Eds) Community Conflict in Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.

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Session: No. 08: The Mediation Process

Contents:

Definition of mediation.

An overview on the ten-stage mediation model (using diagram).

Objectives of the Session

The objective of the session is to help students use the mediation process in conflict.

This session will focus on the understanding of the definition of mediation, and then students are

required to participate in two simulations in this session including different types of conflict.

Here, the teacher can choose family conflict to start the simulation. The main objectives of this

session are to provide students with the ability to demonstrate their improved mediation process

and skills in reality and to provide others with some information on how and when they can

mediate, so as to resolve conflicts peacefully.

The Outcomes of the Session

Through this session students‟ skills and knowledge about the modern approach of

mediation, its techniques, and the mediation process will be improved. This group of students

will be able to apply the mediation process in their personal lives and to a national context. This

will, of course, help to build a peaceful society.

Teaching Methods

In the first thirty minutes the teacher starts to define the concept of negotiation to the

students. Following the lecture the students will be asked to define the concept according to their

experiences and understanding. Discussion is important in the session. After that, the students

will participate in the simulation identified by the teacher. By doing this simulation, students will

be able to understand how they negotiate and reach a solution and they will understand how

negotiation can fall apart. In the tips forum, the students are asked to post or write tips about the

mediation process according to their understanding.

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Evaluation of the Session

The instructor can evaluate this session through the students´ simulation in mediation and

participation in the class.

Required Readings:

1. Moore, W., Christopher. (2003). The Mediation Process, 3rd

ed.. San Fran. Jossey- Bass.

( p 9).

2. Thompson, L., Leigh. (2004). The Mind and Heart of the Negotiator, 3rd

ed. NJ. Prentice Hall.

Recommended Readings:

1. Fisher, R., Ury, W. and Patton, B. (1991). Getting to Yes, 2nd

ed. NY. Penguin.

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Session: No. 09: The Role of Civil Society in International Conflict Resolution

Objectives of the Session

The objective of the session is to understand and evaluate the role of civil society in the

conflict resolution process from international to national contexts.

The Outcomes of the Session

Students will be encouraged to develop part of their professional life by evaluating

different pivotal roles of civil society in conflict resolution. They will become a group of

scholars to change and remodel society through the acquired knowledge.

Teaching Methods

This session is lecture-based. However, different case studies will be used to provide

insight about the topic to the students. Simulation can be used to find out policy formulation for

conflict resolution in Sudan.

Evaluation of the Session

Serious engagement in class, quality participation in class discussion, capability to

participate in discussion class, and ability to explore policies in simulation will be used as

evaluation methods.

Required Readings:

1. Mingst, A., Karen. The United Nations in the 21st Century. Boulder. Westview Press. (pages

2-15).

2. Wanis St. John, Anthony. Kew, Darren. Conference Papers- International Studies Association,

2007 Annual Meeting, p1, 0p; ( AN 26958262).

Recommended Readings:

1. Wanis St. John, Anthony. Kew, Darren, Report By: “The Missing Link: Civil Society Roles in

Peacebuilding” Conference Papers -- International Studies Association, 2006 Annual

Meeting, p1-18, 0p, 1 chart; ( AN 27207373).

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Session: No. 10: The Role of the UN in Conflict Resolution

Contents:

UN in peace agreements.

UN Charter.

Objectives of the Session

To provide students with a basic knowledge about the UN and its function in conflict

resolution and to evaluate the role of the UN in peacekeeping missions, the successes and

failures, with some examples of UN peacekeepers.

The Outcomes of the Session

Through this session, students will be more interested in the UN and the structure and

function of the UN in peacekeeping, peace-building and conflict resolution in different parts of

the world.

Teaching Methods

This session is lecture-based with group discussion.

Evaluation of the Session

The student‟s pre-knowledge about the UN, mastery of asserting questions in the class,

active participation in the class discussion, quality of participation and respect to the other

students about their views and thoughts will be considered for evaluation.

Required Readings:

1. United Nations Charter. Available at http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/

2. Mingst, A. Karen. (2007). The UN in the 21st Century. Boulder. Westview Press.

3. United Nations Peace keeping Operations: AD HOC Missions, permanent engagement. New

York, NY. United Nations University Press.

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Recommended Readings:

1. White, D., N. (1993). Keeping the Peace: The United Nations and the Maintenance of

International Peace and Security. Manchester University Press. (pages 215-256).

2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, UN Hand Book, An Annual Guide 2006-2007, pages

(68-76).

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Session: No. 11: The Sudanese Traditional Method in Conflict Resolution

Contents:

The role of the native administration in Sudan.

The achievements of applying Sudanese traditional methods in Sudan civil war

agreements.

Abstract:

Brief History of the Native Administration in Sudan/ Darfur and its Role in Civil War

Agreements.

Sudan‟s history of violent conflicts and political instability involves many factors.

Moreover, conflicts in Sudan are connected to many interrelated issues. The main factors are:

resources and ethnic, cultural, demographic, and geographical factors. An International

Development Research Centre report titled “Resource Scarcity and Conflict Management in the

Horn of Africa” refers to the importance of resource management in conflicts relating to

[…] population movement, pressure on resources, and political/security threats.

There is an acknowledgement that any strategy for conflict management and

maintenance of a long-lasting peace should take into account resource scarcity

and the access to and management of natural resources.5

This session will aim to identify the same conditions analyzed in the report,

[…] the ways of interaction between resource scarcity/degradation and violent

conflicts, and outline alternative resource management policies that can prevent

further eruption of conflicts in the country [… As well as] the conditions under

which competition over scarce and depleted resources develop into conflicts;

develop guidelines for post-conflict reconstruction that would minimize the

possibilities of the transformation of competition into conflicts; study methods of

resource allocation among groups in conflict-prone areas and examine the

„traditional methods‟ of inter-group conflict resolution; analyze how state control

of allocation and management of resources makes the state both the object of

5 Suliman, Mohamed. 2003. Resource Scarcity and Conflict Management in the Horn of Africa. The

International Development Research Centre. From http://idrc.org/en/ev-83042-201_000994-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html

Page 39: Conflict Resolution Curriculum

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conflict and a principal means by which it is waged; and launch a regional

network of researchers, community leaders, and policymakers to exchange ideas

on resource scarcity, conflict management, and conflict prevention.6

Authorities of the native administration (for example, Magdoum, Shartaye, Nazir, Omda,

etc.), have been playing important roles in resolving many conflicts in Sudan, specifically

Darfur. Examples of these include, the conflict between Rizeigat and Ma‟alia in the 1960s,

Mahria and Banihalba in the 1970s and the Guimir and Fallata in the 1980s. These conflicts

however, were over resources and were fought in a limited scope. The native administrative had

the ability to control and resolve all these conflicts peacefully, around the Darfurian community

representatives of tribes, societies and groups. The role the native administration played was not

only in the Darfur region, but also in the whole part of Sudan.

Therefore, this session will highlight the role of the native administration in resolving

conflict in Sudan in general, and Darfur in particular.

Objectives of the Session

This final session highlights strategies that can peacefully resolve the Darfur conflict with

the involvement of the Sudanese people. The session will focus on the traditional Sudanese

methods usually used in resolving conflicts between individuals as well as groups of

insurgencies. By examining these methods, the students can assess which aspect may

successfully be achieved through the role of native administration.

The Outcomes of the Session

Students will become aware of traditional methods of the conflict resolution process

which are generally used in the Sudanese society. They will be able to understand the role of

native leaders and their role (negative and positive) in peace agreements. They will also be able

to compare the local approaches with the modern conflict resolution approaches in the context of

Sudan. Furthermore, students will be able to figure out the reason why the role of the native

administration has disappeared and did not have any positive role in the ongoing conflict.

6 Suliman, Mohamed. 2003. Resource Scarcity and Conflict Management in the Horn of Africa. The

International Development Research Centre. From http://idrc.org/en/ev-83042-201_000994-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html

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Teaching Methods

In this session, students are required to actively participate and discuss how to resolve the

problem in order to develop recommendations for a solution. Students will be divided into

groups to participate in a simulation involving the role of the native administration as a

traditional method, particularly in Darfur.

Evaluation of the Session

The evaluation of the session will consider the student simulation and participation in this

session, as well as the presented information, plan and strategies to resolve the conflict.

Required Readings:

1. A Report by: Nasong'o, Wanjala Shadrack. Murunga, Rapando, Godwin. “African & Asian

Studies”. 2005, Vol. 4 Issue 1/2, p51-82, 32p, 1 chart; DOI: 10.1163/1569209054547328;

(AN 17740750).

2. Zartman, I., William. (1985). Ripe for Resolution Conflict and Intervention in Africa. New

York. Oxford University Press.

Recommended Readings:

1. Swart, G. and Solomon, H. (2003). The Islamic Fundamentalist State of Sudan. Conflict

Trends, 2.

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Session: No. 12: Group Presentations: Analyzing the Darfur Conflict’s

Escalation and Resolution Process

Objectives of the Session

This is the final session in the course. During this session students are required make

presentations which cover the whole course.

This session will engage the students to focus, first, on conflict formation and escalation

in Darfur, Sudan with both underlying and directs causes. Secondly, this presentation session

will engage students to highlight the negotiation process from the very beginning of conflict and

the current situation. This presentation will demand the students to give their opinion about

future challenges and options for establishing and maintaining sustainable peace in Sudan.

The Outcomes of the Session:

This additional presentation will provide students with further information on how to

analyse conflicts and their resolution. Students will become aware of knowledge and skills in

giving presentations using PowerPoint and how to deliver the information.

Teaching Methods

Group presentation using PowerPoint is one method IN this session. By the end of the

presentation, the teacher will give comments on each group presentation and the information

which they introduced in the class. Finally, the teacher can ask the students to write a paper of

about 1500 words of a brief summary and analysis of the conflict.

Evaluation of the Session

The evaluation will be through the presentation and the students‟ written paper. Above

all, students should know that the presentation will be added to the final grade of the course.

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Required Readings (Before the Presentation):

1. Burr, Millard, J. and Collins, O., Robert. (2006). Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster. Markus

Weiner publishers. Princeton..

2. Dallaire, Roméo. Report: Looking at Darfur, seeing Rwanda. New York Times, 10/ 4/2004,

p25, 1p; (AN 29259134).

3. Marlowe, Jen. Darfur Diaries: Stories of Survival. New York.

4. Douglas, Johnson, Hamilton. (2003). The Root Causes of Sudanese Civil Wars. James Currey

Publishers.

5. Gore, Paul et al. (2004). Eight grassroots conflicts in Sudan 2004. UNICEF, Khartoum Sudan.

6. A Journey to Darfur, (DVD). American TV Network.

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Bibliography:

Abdallah, Amr et al. (2002).C.R SIPABIO.A Conflict Analysis Model

Burton, John. (1990). Conflict Resolution and Prevention. London. Macmillan

Burton, W., John. (1993). Conflict Resolution as a Political Philosophy. In Conflict Resolution

Theory and Practice: Integration and Application. Manchester and New York.

Manchester University Press.

Burton, W., John. (1996). Conflict Resolution. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Md and

London. (pages 2-12).

Dallaire, Roméo. Report: Looking at Darfur, seeing Rwanda. New York Times, 10/ 4/2004, p25,

1p; (AN 29259134)

Deutsch, Morton. Introduction to the Handbook of Conflict Resolution. In The Handbook of

Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice. 2000. San Francisco. Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Pages (2-9).

Deutsch, Morton. Introduction to the Resolution of Conflict. In The Resolution of Conflict:

Constructive and Destructive Processes. 1973. New Haven, CT. Yale University Press.

Pages: 3-19.

Fisher, S.(2000). Working with Conflict: Skills and Strategies for Action. London. Zed Book

publications. (pp.17-22).

Fisher, R., Ury, W. and Patton, B. (1991). Getting to Yes, 2nd

ed. NY: Penguin.

Gaya Best, Shedrack. (2006). Introduction to peace and conflict studies in West Africa. Ibadan,

Spectrum Books Limited. (pp.61-72 and Chapter 6, pages 93-113).

Gore, Wani, Paul et al. Eight grassroots conflicts in Sudan 2004. UNICEF Khartoum Sudan.

Jeong, Ho-Won. (2000). Peace and Conflict Studies: An Introduction. London. Ashgate

Publishing Limited. (pp. 31-37).

Johnson, Hamilton, Douglas. (2003). The Root Causes of Sudanese Civil Wars. James Currey

Publishers.

Lederach, Paul, John. (1997). Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies

Washington DC. United States Institute of Peace.

Lederach, P., John. Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation Across Cultures. (pages 57 and

58).

Marlowe, Jen. Darfur Diaries: Stories of Survival. New York. (pages 2-10).

Page 44: Conflict Resolution Curriculum

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Mayer, Bernard. (2000). The Dynamics of Conflict Resolution: A Practitioner‟s Guide: San

Francisco. Jossey-Bass. (Chapters 7-8).

Mial, Hugh. Ramsbotham, Oliver. Woodhouse, Tom. (1999). Contemporary Conflict Resolution.

USA. Blackwell Publishing Inc. (pages from1-5).

Mingst, Karen. (2007).The United Nations in the 21st Century. Boulder. Westview Press. (pages

2-15).

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, UN Handbook: An Annual Guide 2006-2007. (pages 68-

76).

Moore, C. (2003). The Mediation Process. 3rd

ed. San Fran: Jossey- Bass. (page 9).

Nasong'o, Shadrack Wanjala; Murunga, Rapando, Godwin. A Report By, “African & Asian

Studies, 2005”, Vol. 4 Issue 1/2, p51-82, 32p, 1 chart; DOI: 10.1163/1569209054547328;

(AN 17740750).

Otite O. (1990). On Conflict, their Resolution, Transformation and Management. In Otite O. and

Albert O. (eds). Community Conflict in Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.

Ramsbotham, Oliver. Woodhouse, Tom and Miall, Hugh. (2005). Contemporary Conflict

Resolution, 2nd

Edition. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, United Kingdom.

de Reuck, A. (1984). The Logic of Conflict: Its Origin, Development and Resolution. In Banks,

M. (ed., pp. 97-111). Conflict in world society: a new perspective on international

relations. New York: St. Martins Press.

Suliman, Mohamed. (2003). Resource Scarcity and Conflict Management in the Horn of Africa.

The International Development Research Centre. From http://idrc.org/en/ev-83042-

201_000994-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html

Swart, G. and Solomon, H. (2003). The Islamic Fundamentalist State of Sudan. Conflict Trends,

2.

Thomas, Kenneth. (1976). Conflict and Conflict Management. In Handbook of Industrial and

Organizational Psychology. (pages 120-125).

Thompson, L. (2004) The Mind and Heart of the Negotiator, 3rd

ed. NJ: Prentice Hall.

Tidwell, C., Alan. (1998). Conflict resolved?: A Critical Assessment of Conflict Resolution:

London. Continuum Publications. (pages 31-85)

Understanding Civil Wars. (2005) Africa.Vol.1 Evidence and Analysis. Edited by Paul, Collier

and Nicholas Sambanis World Bank Publishers.

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United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: AD HOC Missions, permanent engagement. UN

University Press. New York, NY. United Nations University press.

Wallensteen, Peter. (2002). Understanding Conflict Resolution: War, Peace and the Global

System. Sage Publications. London. EC2A 4PU. (pages 8 and9).

Wanis, St. John, Anthony; Kew, Darren. Conference Papers -- International Studies Association,

2007 Annual Meeting, p1, 0p; ( AN 26958262).

Wanis, St. John, Anthony; Kew, Darren. (2006).The missing link: Civil Society Roles in Peace

building. Conference Papers -- International Studies Association. Annual Meeting, (p1-

18, 0p, 1 chart; AN 27207373).

Webel, Charles and Galtung, Johan. (2008). Hand Book of Peace and Conflict Studies. USA and

Canada. (page 35).

White, D., N. (1993). Keeping the Peace: Maintenance of International Peace and Security.

Manchester University Press. (pages 215-256)..

Zartman, W.,I. (1985). Ripe for Resolution Conflict and Intervention in Africa. New York:

Oxford University Press.

Videos

A Journey to Darfur. (DVD). American TV Network.

Websites

Accord: The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes. Available at:

www.accord.org.za/web/home.htm.

Centre for Conflict Resolution. Available at: http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/

Conflict Transformation by Peaceful Means. Available at: www.transcend.org/

International Conflict Research. Available at: http:/ www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/

Safer Africa. Available at: www.saferafrica.com

The Conflict Resolution Information Source Available at: http:/www.crinfo.org/index.jsp.

United Nations Charter. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter

UPEACE Research Center. Available at: www.upeace,org/resources/index.cfm.