concussions in sports
TRANSCRIPT
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FINAL PROJECTCourtney Matus, Kevin O’Hara,
Ryan Baicher, and Omar Baradah
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Target audience
Wilkes University Students.
Football players
Respondent:
Female
Male
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Data collected
17 males, 12 females
24 people between the ages of 19-25
3 people between the ages of 26-31
2 people 32 and older
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Sampling Plan
Find How many sample size we need.
Set up around 40 questions and then, pick up the
more beneficial questions to our project.
Type our survey questions and pass them out to
Wilkes students around the campus.
Record the result of each survey question
Collect and organize the data to make it ready to
use it in our project testing & analysis.
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Survey Method
Used Survey papers method. Location:
Basement, 1st & 2nd Floor of Wilkes Farley library.
Henry Student Center.
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Survey Questions 1. Gender :
Male Female
2. Age:
Under 18 19-25 26-31 32&older
3. What kind of sport do you participate in?Football Baseball Basketball Soccer hockey Volleyball Softball Lacrosse.
4. How many games/practices do you participate in every week?
5. Have you ever had a concussion?
Yes No
6.Have you ever had a sports related concussion?
Yes No
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Survey Questions (cont)
On a scale 1-5 how sever do you believe these injuries are 5 being the most sever:
Concussion?
1 2 3 4 5 Broken bone ?
1 2 3 4 5 Ligament damage?
1 2 3 4 5 Torn muscle?
1 2 3 4 5
11. What sport do you think related concussions occur the most in?
Football Baseball Basketball Soccer hockey Volleyball Softball Lacrosse
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Injuries among college students
College students involved with sports/extracurricular activities
Belief that injuries are increasing among college athletes
Rushing of recovery process
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Research Question
“Is there an increase in the amount of concussions among college students that are physically active?”
Surveying students who participate in sports Surveying students that are not physically
active
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Hypothesis
“We believe that after surveying college students, the leading cause in sport related injuries are concussions.”
Audience Targeted: College student athletes Non athletes
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WebMD Article
Rise of concussions in younger generation
Number of concussions while playing on sports teams has doubled in past decade
Most concussions occur from football and hockey
Factors that increase concussions Sports are more competitive Kids are bigger than in the past
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University of Pitt Article
Among college football players: 34%/1 concussion 20%/multiple concussions
Suffering from a second concussion while still having symptoms from a previous could be fatal.
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Pitt Article cont
How severe people view concussions
Physicians and trainers disagreement about recovery time
Athletes return too soon which can result in more injuries
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Data Table
Gender Male = 0Female = 1
Age Under 18 = 019 – 25 = 126 – 31= 2 32 & older = 3
What sports do you think related concussions occur the most in ?
Football = 0 Baseball = 1 Basketball = 2 Soccer = 3 Hockey = 4 Volleyball = 5 Softball = 6 Lacrosse = 7
Have you ever had a concussion? Yes = 0 No = 1
Have you ever had a sports related concussion?
Yes = 0 No = 1
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gender? age? ever have a concussion? sports concussion? concussion broken bone1 1 1 1 0 5 32 0 1 0 0 5 43 1 3 1 1 5 44 1 3 0 0 5 45 1 1 0 0 3 56 1 1 1 1 3 37 1 1 1 1 5 48 0 1 0 0 5 59 1 1 0 0 3 2
10 0 2 0 0 5 511 0 1 0 0 4 212 1 1 1 0 5 213 0 2 1 1 2 114 0 1 1 1 5 415 1 1 0 0 5 216 0 1 1 0 5 217 1 1 0 0 5 418 1 2 0 0 1 119 1 1 1 1 3 420 1 1 0 0 4 221 1 1 1 1 4 122 0 1 0 0 3 223 1 1 0 0 1 224 0 1 0 0 4 425 0 1 0 0 5 426 1 1 1 1 4 527 0 1 0 0 4 328 0 1 0 0 5 229 1 1 1 1 3 4
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Histogram
concussion broken bone ligament damage torn muscle0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
4
3.10
3.48 3.55
Severity of Injury
avera
ge r
ank
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Measure of Center
no concussion concussion3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
Severity of Concussion
avera
ge r
ank
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Hypothesis Tests
Tested which gender suffered more concussions
Proportion test
Two-sample test
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Hypothesis Testsx-value sample 1 2 x-value sample 2 7
for the proportion proportion 1 16.7% proportion 2 41.2%
pooled proportion 0.310 sample size 1 12 sample size 2 17
females w/ concussion males w/ concussion
std error 0.174
do males receive more sports related concussions than females?
NULL: p1=>p2 males do not receive more sports related concussions
ALTERNATIVE: p1<p2 males do receive more sports related concussions
one-tailed or two tailed? 2enter 1 or 2
above
test statistic (obs) (1.405)
critical measure 1.960
|obs| > critical?? no
p-value 0.16
a-level 0.05 ←enter alpha level here
p-value < a-level?? no
reject the null
males receive more concussions
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Hypothesis tests
Tested sports-related concussions versus non-sports related concussions
Two-sample test
Proportion
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Hypothesisx-value
sample 1 12x-value
sample 2 9
for the proportion proportion 1 41.4% proportion 2 31.0%
pooled proportion 0.362 sample size 1 29 sample size 2 29concussion
sports concussion
std error 0.126
do student-athletes receive more sports related concussions than non sports related?
NULL: p1=>p2student-athletes do not receive more sports related concussions
ALTERNATIVE: p1<p2student-athletes do receive more sports related concussions
one-tailed or two tailed? 2enter 1 or 2
above
test statistic (obs) 0.820
critical measure 1.960
|obs| > critical?? no
p-value 0.41
a-level 0.05 ←enter alpha level here
p-value < a-level?? no
reject the nullstudents do receive more sports related concussions
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Hypothesis Tests
Tested how severe concussions are viewed as between people who’ve suffered from concussions versus those who have not.
Two-sample
Mean
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Hypothesis TestsHYPOTHESIS TESTS sample mean 1 4.10 no concussion
stdev 1 1.34
pooled sample stdev 1.242 sample size 1 17
std error 0.468 sample mean 2 4.08 concussion
stdev 2 1.08
do students who received concussions ranks the severity of them higher than students who have not received a concussion sample size 2 12
NULL: m1=>m2students who have received a concussion do not rank them more sever
ALTERNATIVE: m1<m2students who have received a concussion rank them more sever
one-tailed or two tailed? 2 enter only 1 or 2
type of test? t test
enter only z or t
test statistic (obs) 0.036
critical measure 2.052 degrees of freedom 27
|obs| > critical?? no
p-value 0.971
a-level 0.050 ←enter alpha level here
p-value < a-level?? no
rejet the null
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RegressionSUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.106125
R Square 0.011263
Adjusted R Square -0.02677
Standard Error 0.481918
Observations 28
ANOVA
df SS MS FSignifican
ce F
Regression 1 0.068782 0.068782 0.296161 0.590936
Residual 26 6.038361 0.232245
Total 27 6.107143
Coefficien
tsStandard
Error t Stat P-valueLower 95%
Upper 95%
Lower 95.0%
Upper 95.0%
Intercept 0.483871 0.312078 1.550479 0.133115 -0.15762 1.125357 -0.15762 1.125357
5 -0.04098 0.075296 -0.54421 0.590936 -0.19575 0.113796 -0.19575 0.113796
RESIDUAL OUTPUT
Observation
Predicted 0 Residuals
1 0.278989 -0.27899
2 0.319965 -0.31997
3 0.360942 -0.36094
4 0.319965 -0.31997
5 0.278989 -0.27899
6 0.319965 -0.31997
7 0.278989 -0.27899
8 0.360942 -0.36094
9 0.360942 -0.36094
10 0.278989 -0.27899
11 0.278989 -0.27899
12 0.319965 -0.31997
13 0.442895 -0.44289
14 0.278989 -0.27899
15 0.278989 -0.27899
16 0.278989 -0.27899
17 0.278989 0.721011
18 0.360942 0.639058
19 0.278989 0.721011
20 0.360942 0.639058
21 0.319965 0.680035
22 0.319965 0.680035
23 0.360942 0.639058
24 0.278989 -0.27899
25 0.442895 -0.44289
26 0.401918 0.598082
27 0.278989 -0.27899
28 0.278989 0.721011
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Scatter plot
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
5 Residual Plot
5
Resid
uals
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Restate the Relevant Findings
Articles state there is an increase in concussions over the past decade.
Concussions can be fatal
Doctors believe the recovery process is rushed by trainers and athletes
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Relevant Findings
Hypothesis Tests: Males do suffer from more sports related
concussions than females There are more sports-related concussions
than non-sports related concussions Students who suffered from concussions rank
them more severe then people who have not endured a concussion.
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Methods of Improvement
Larger pool of participants
More detailed questions
Survey for coaches/trainers
Interview with athletes that suffered from a concussion
Interview with non-athletes
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Further Research
Rising concussions among elementary/high school students
Long term effects of concussions
Ways to prevent concussions
Recovery time after suffering from concussion
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Thank-you
Any Questions??