conceptual aspects: habitat micro-organisms bacteria, fungi – both good and bad viruses...
TRANSCRIPT
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Conceptual Aspects:Habitat
Micro-organisms Bacteria, Fungi – both good and badViruses
Macro-organisms Worms, Arthropods, Detrivores and Predators
PlantsSmall MammalsBirds
What is Soil?
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Conceptual Aspects:Provider to plant life
Rooting substrateWater holding and releaseNutrient supply and reserveHeat sink and releaseSoil gasesSymbionts
Bacterial and fungalInsects
What is Soil?
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Physical Aspects:Minerals (from rocks)
SandSilt Clay and Colloids
Organic MatterPlants and RootsDetritus (decaying organic matter)Animal waste (including microbes)
Pore SpaceAirWater
What is Soil?
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Carbon SinkWater filterIndicator of ecosystem health
What is Soil?
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We need to keep all these things in mind in our management practices
How does this change how we treat the soil?
What is Soil?
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HabitatWhat happens when we disturb this habitat?
At micro and macro level?What happens when we make additions to, or
removals from, this habitat?Carbon:Nitrogen ratio?How do soil organisms and plants respond?Nutrient loss or gain?
Providing for plant lifeWhat are the short-term and long-term results?Are we providing for the soil as well as the plants?
What is the difference?
What is Soil?
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As a habitat we need to treat soil like a living organism, which requires:FoodWaterAirShelter
Cover cropsMulch
LivingDeadSnow
Tender loving care…
What is Soil?
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Mineral ComponentsSandSilt Clay
Physical Attributes of Soil
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SandLargest soil mineral particles (.02 – 2 mm)Formed greatly from physical processesSpherical/erratic in shape
Sand = little rocksLarger pore spaces
Good drainageDoes not hold a chargeDifficult to compact
Physical Attributes of Soil
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SiltSize between sand and clay (.002 - .02 mm)Usually physically formed out of sandHold and releases water wellFlat or round in shapeHolds very little chargeFeels soapyCarried in moving water
Physical Attributes of Soil
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ClaySmallest soil mineral particle (< .002 mm)Holds water very wellHolds strong negative charge for mineral
adsorptionSusceptible to compactionPlaty-/flat-shaped particlesVarious lattice structures
Physical Attributes of Soil
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ClayUnderstanding structure of clay is
important for:CompactionWater holdingCation adsorptionSoil cultivation
Clays are categorized by their layer structure
Relationship of Si-tetrahedral and Al-octahedral sheets
2:1; 1:1; 4:1; 5:2
Physical Attributes of Soil
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2:1 ClayShrink and swell
1:1 ClayNo change
Physical Attributes of Soil
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Shrink and Swell of ClayInterlayer space expands
with increasing watercontent in soil
Space contracts as wateris removed
Clay can crack when it shrinks
Physical Attributes of Soil
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Mineral ratios determine soil texture
Physical Attributes of Soil
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Attributes of Different Soil Textures
Physical Attributes of Soil
Property Sand Silt ClayWater
HoldingPoor Medium to
highHigh
Nutrient Holding
Poor Medium to High
High
Aeration Good Medium Poor
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Why is Texture Important?Water InfiltrationWater StorageFertility AerationTrafficability
Soil texture knowledge is the key to developing an overall soil maintenance and improvement plan
Physical Attributes of Soil
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Soil organic materials are made up of:Dead and decaying plants or animalsAnimal manuresMicrobial by products
Materials decomposed to different stages exist simultaneously
Manure and compost are common OM additions to soil
Organic Matter
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Organic matter’s role in soil:Holds soil particles together; stabilizes soil
Reduces erosion riskIncreases soil’s water holding and transmitting abilityStores and supplies nutrients to plants and microbesMinimizes soil compactionCarbon sinkAmeliorates the effect of environmental pollutants
Immobilizes them; reduces leaching
Usually 5-8% of soil; 30% or more in org. soils
Organic Matter
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Soil Organic Matter CharacteristicsHigh Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)High in Carbon (C) C:N ratio- indicator of Nitrogen (N) availability
to plantsNutrient concentration and ratios variableParticle density: 900-1300 kg/m3
Bulk density: 180-200 kg/m3 (peat) or 130 kg/m3 (forest)
Holds water better than mineral soils
Organic Matter
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Two Types of Organic Matter
Non-humicPrimary components from fresh animal and plant
wasteEasily decomposed by microbes (when present)Comprise 20-30% of Soil OMDecompose to:
Carbohydrates (several types)Amino AcidsLipidsLignin
Very resistant to decayOther compounds
Organic Matter
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Two Types of Organic Matter
HumicBiochemical decomposition of non-humic materialsResistant to further decompositionAccumulate in soilDark in colour – give soil dark characteristic60-80% of soil OM3 types:
Humins: larger particles; low number of carboxyl groups; inactive.
Humic acids: smaller than humins (approximately colloid-sized); more carboxyl groups than humins.
Fulvic acids: smallest humic substances; large number of carboxyl groups; most active among humic substances.
Organic Matter
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Carboxyl and Hydroxyl Groups
Organic Matter
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Organic Matter
Living Material
Dies onto soil
HumicNon-
Humic
This process is driven by biological decomposition – mostly from soil bacteria
and fungi
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What role does OM play in texture?
Organic Matter and Texture
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Click me, damnit
And another break…
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Soil ColloidsMicroscopic soil particles (w/electron
microscope)Made up mostly of clays and organic materialsVery large surface areaCarry many exchange sites/charges
Mostly negative except in acid soilsHold soil cations (positively charged)
Holds water to cationsMajor contributor to soil nutrient holding
capacity
Soil Colloids
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There might be a diagram here someday…
Soil Colloids
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Where does the mineral component come from?
From the weathering of rocks.
Rocks are made up of minerals
Soil Formation
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Primary Minerals Sand and SiltFormed at high T and P (at depth); anaerobic
conditionsPhysically and chemically formed
Secondary Minerals ClayCome from primary mineralsFormed at low T and P (at surface) with
Oxygen presentMostly chemically formed
Soil Formation
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Weathering of Rocks
PhysicalChemical 1 Chemical 2
(note: base-forming cations)Chemical 3 Biological
Soil Formation
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Parent Material
Climate
Biota
Topography
Time
Five Soil Formation Factors
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Tiny little Video here
Gleysol Soil
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Parent MaterialResidual
In situ; long periods of weatheringCumulose
Due to plant life and anaerobic conditionsHigh water table
Peat and muck soils Transported
Gravity - ColluviumWind - EolianWater - AlluviumIce - Glacial
Five Soil Formation Factors
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ClimateTemperature and rainfall are major factors
Affect intensity of weatheringIncreased T and precipitation accelerate
weathering
BiotaPlants influence organic matterArthropods and worms mix soil; add to OMSmall mammals also mix soil
Five Soil Formation Factors
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TopographySlope influences soil development
Water infiltration rateSurface runoffVegetation
AspectNorth and South slopes develop differently
ElevationClimate changes with altitude
Five Soil Formation Factors
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TimeOften noted as most important soil
formation factorOur soils in Lower Mainland are relatively
youngSince last ice age 10,000 years ago
Five Soil Formation Factors
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Great Soil Formation Videos Here
Five Soil Formation Factors
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AdditionsLossesTransformationsTranslocations
Soil Formation Processes
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Video here
Podzol Soil
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Organic (O) HorizonHigh in organic residue from plant drop
A HorizonMineral component mixed with OMMost fertile part of soil; location of much root
activityExhibits Eluviation in soil solution
B HorizonSubsoilExhibits Illuviation of clay, OM, oxides
C HorizonLittle influence by soil-forming processes
Soil Horizons
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Water (W) HorizonDue to high water tableFound in Gleysols
BedrockUnderlying consolidated material (solid rock)
LFH HorizonsUsually found in forest soils with high surface
residue
Soil Horizons
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Soil Structure: How the soil fits togetherPrimary particles are arranged into
secondary particles called aggregates (or peds)
Soil Structure
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Why is Structure Important?Pore space
Air and water movementRooting space
Nutrient storage and releaseContributes to soil resilience
CultivationErosion resistance
Soil Structure
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How does aggregate formation occur?
Flocculation + Cementation = Aggregation
Flocculation: Primary pulled close together (into flocs) by
attractive forces (electrostatic forces, H bonding)
CementationPrimary particles held together by cementing
agentsCarbonates; clays; OM; Oxides
Soil Structure
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Soil Structure
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Soil Aggregates are classified by their shape
Soil Structure
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SpheroidalTypical in A HorizonRounded; loose Granular (porous) or Crumb (very porous)Greatly affected by soil
management/mismanagementImproved with OM additions
Soil Structure
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Soil structure is particularly important in providing adequate pore space for:Root growthWater movementGas exchangeMicrobial activityMacrobial activity
Soil Structure
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Related to textureVery important when considering soil
cultivation
Dependant on Texture/clay contentClay typeSoil water content
Soil Consistency
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Soil Consistency
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Cultivating soil when too dryBreaks aggregates into small pieces
De-aggregatesCan result in dust
Very damaging to soil structure
The drier the soil – the more it acts like powder
Soil Consistency
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Cultivating soil when too wetWhere to start?!
CompactionRisk and depth of compaction increases in
wet soil
Soil Consistency
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Cultivating soil when too wet
The wetter the soil - the more it acts like water
Soil Consistency
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Soil Consistency
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Particle density: Density of individual particles
Density = Mass/Volume (M/V)ρparticle = Msolids /Vsolids
Some particle densities:Water: 1000 kg/m3
Organic Matter: 900-1300 kg/m3
Minerals: 2650 kg/m3
Soil Particle and Bulk Density
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Bulk density: Density of particles and pore space
ρbulk = Msolids /Vsoil
Some bulk densities:Mineral or organic soil: 1300 kg/m3
Clay Soil: 1100 - 1300 kg/m3
Sandy Soil: 1500 – 1700 kg/m3
Soil Particle and Bulk Density
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Measuring Particle Density:
Weight out a dry sample of particle type (e.g., sand)This is your Mass value
Fill graduated cylinder with waterRecord exact water level
Drop particles into cylinder of waterRecord new water level
New Reading – Old Reading = VolumeMass/Volume = Particle Density
Soil Particle and Bulk Density
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Measuring Bulk Density:
Collect known sample (Volume) size of soilUse soil core; Volume = πr2h
Weigh sample then dry in ovenRemoves water from sample
Weigh dried sampleThis is your soil Mass
Mass/Volume = Bulk Density
Soil Particle and Bulk Density
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Why is density important?
Particle density: not as important as bulk density
Bulk density is indicator of pore spaceChanges in bulk density = changes in pore
space
Soil Particle and Bulk Density
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Soil Air and Water (Pore Space)
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Soil Water
Soil Air and Water (Pore Space)
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For future lecture…
Soil Air and Water (Pore Space)
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Agricultural Capability Classes Class 1
Class 1 land is capable of producing the very widest range of crops. Soil and climate conditions are optimum, resulting in easy management.
Class 2 Class 2 land is capable of producing a wide range of crops. Minor restrictions of soil or
climate may reduce capability but pose no major difficulties in management. Class 3
Class 3 land is capable of producing a fairly wide range of crops under good management practices. Soil and/or climate limitations are somewhat restrictive.
Class 4 Class 4 land is capable of a restricted range of crops. Soil and climate conditions require
special management considerations. Class 5
Class 5 land is capable of production of cultivated perennial forage crops and specially adapted crops. Soil and/or climate conditions severely limit capability.
Class 6 Class 6 land is important in its natural state as grazing land. These lands cannot be
cultivated due to soil and/or climate limitations. Class 7
Class 7 land has no capability for soil bound agriculture.