concept of cyber crime and classification of cyber crime according to criminal and non criminal...

7/23/2019 Concept of Cyber Crime and classification of Cyber Crime according to Criminal and Non Criminal Offenses

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CYBER CRIME

PRESENTED BY

ROHIT REVO



CONTENTS

CYBER CRIME THEORY

Title Pag

Internet as Medium of Crime

Defnitions o Cybercrime

Classifcation o Cyber Crime

Cyber Criminals

Cyber Crime Challenges

Traditional Crime and its Cyber E!i"alents

Defning Cyber Crime O#enses

Criminal "s Non Criminal $ct 1

International Cyber Crime %a&s 1

Criminal and Non Criminal Cyber Crime O#enses 1






Internet as a medi!m orCrime

Internet o#ers !n'aralleled o''ort!nities to criminals and co!'led &ith the ease o accessanonymity( it ser"es as a !se!l tool to amass h!ge &ealth &ith minim!m e#orts) TransnaOrgani*ed Crime syndicates are no& resorting to Cyber Crime and th!s threatening the seo global fnancial ind!stry and other so"ereign Nation States)

$ccording to Norton+s ann!al Cybercrime Re'ort( ,the estimated ann!al cost o"er globalcybercrime is --. billion+) -

,/lobally( each "ictim acco!nted or an a"erage o 0-12 in fnancial loss) In the 3S this incto 041.+) 4

The b!rgeoning o internet and introd!ction o ne& digital technologies ,'ro"ide a 'latormcommitting crimes s!ch as ra!d and identity thet on an ind!strial scale+) 5 Easy access toInternet has created ne& o''ort!nities or criminals and also e!i''ed and moti"ated a no 'eo'le to carry these crimes in the cybers'ace( e#ecti"ely creating ne& b!siness mode

These days basic mal&are sot&are 'ac6ages are being o#ered &hich gi"e 'eo'le an o''

to ha"e a go at hac6ing and a chance to steal online 'ass&ords) Some o these 'ac6ages "ery readily a"ailable and e"en o#er ,money7bac6 g!arantee that ma6es it easier than e"create and s'read mal&are+) 8

CYBER CRIME THEORY



Crime is defned as ‘an action or omission which constitutes an oence and is punishable by law.’ 5

While the defnition o Crime is widely accepted, there is an absence o an agreed defnition or Cybercrimechanging 'ace o de"elo'ments in this ind!stry( the defnition o Cybercrime is still e"ol"ing) Tho!gh &idely !sed in day toda

and in media( this term means di#erent things to di#erent 'eo'le)

Directed at com'!ters

,Crimes directed at com'!ters or other inormation comm!nicationstechnologies 9ICTs: s!ch as hac6ing and denial o ser"ice attac6s)

Crimes &here com'!ters or ICTs are an integral 'art o an o#ence9s!ch as online ra!d( identity thet and the distrib!tion o childe;'loitation material: ,) <

Crime !sing Electronic Net&or6s

,Cybercrimes are crimes &hich are mediated by ntechnology and not =!st com'!ter)+ 1

$ny crime cond!cted !sing net&or6ed com'!terscriminal acti"ities)

Com'!ter7oc!sed crimes

,Com'!ter7oc!sed crimes on the other hand incl!de crimes thatemerged in tandem &ith the establishment o the Internet and co!ldnot e;ist a'art rom it( s!ch as "ir!s( mal&are or botnet inection(and hac6ing)+ >

Com'!ter Crime,The term ?com'!ter crime@ has oten been !sedm!ltit!de o o#ences ranging rom "ir!s disseminorgani*ed crime to terrorist rings that !se the comcom'!ter net&or6s in the commission o the o#e

Defnitions o Cybercrime

Com'!ter7mediated acti"ities

Cybercrime is com'!ter7mediated acti"ities &hichor considered illicit by certain 'arties and &hich c

thro!gh global electronic net&or6s)--

Directed again C!,Cyber Crime is an action directed against the confdentiality(integrity and a"ailability 9CI$: o com'!ter systems( net&or6s andcom'!ter data as &ell as mis!se o s!ch systems( net&or6s anddata)+ 2



Classifcation o CyberCrime

Many academicians( agencies and com'anies ha"e tried toclassiy the cyber crimes and gro!' them into di#erent s!bclassifcations) This is im'ortant to identiy the le"el o o#ence

and &hich category the o#ence alls into)"ype and "ype Cyber Crime

, Ty'e I is generally a sing!lar( or discrete( e'ers'ecti"e o the "ictim) It oten is acilitatintrod!ction o crime &are 'rograms s!ch a"ir!ses( root6its or Tro=an horses into the !ssystem)

Ty'e II cybercrime( at the other end o the s

b!t is not limited to acti"ities s!ch as cybeharassment( child 'redation( e;tortion( blacmani'!lation( com'le;)+ -8

"rue Cyber Crime and E7enabled Cyber Crime

,Ae sho!ld see6 to disting!ish bet&een ?tr!e@ cyber crime 9i)e)dishonest or malicio!s acts &hich &o!ld not e;ist o!tside o anonline en"ironment( or at least not in the same 6ind o orm or&ith anything li6e the same im'act:( and crime &hich is sim'ly?e7enabled@ 9i)e) a criminal act 6no&n to the &orld beore thead"ent o the &orld&ide &eb( b!t &hich is no& increasingly

'er'etrated o"er the Internet:)+ -5

ntentional Cyber Crime #s $nintentional Cyber Crime

Ta6e an e;am'le o an email got rom a s'ammer( &hich the recei"er or&ard to another riend &itho!t chec6ing the comay be committing a cyber crime o#ense by distrib!ting a malicio!s Tro=an or sel re'licating "ir!s !nintentionally) The '!nintentional cyber crime are lenient as com'ared to 'eo'le committing intentional acts o cyber crime &ith the sole aimand re'!tation loss

$ recent addition to cyber crime is cor'orate es'ionage( and 'lanning or carrying o!t terrorist acti"ities online)

CYBER CRIME THEORY



Cyber Criminals

,The com'!ter !ndergro!nd le;icon generally di"ides com'!ter criminalsse'arate ty'es scri't76iddies( hac6ers( and crac6ers)

Scri't76iddies em'loy tools do&nloaded rom the Internet to e;'loit common&ea6nesses) They are in"ol"ed in n!isance crimes li6e deacing &ebsites ando damage they ca!se is limited)

ac6ers are able to !se the standard tools &ith a m!ch higher degree o so'and some are ade't eno!gh to design intr!sion 'rograms) There is also a "ocom'onent

Crac6ers incl!de those &ho attac6 com'!ter systems or 'ersonal 'roft( s!ccarrying o!t economic es'ionage( or or malicio!s '!r'oses( li6e "ir!s &riterterrorists are gro!'ed &ith crac6ers beca!se they share similarly male"olent

CYBER CRIME THEORY



%ne o the distinct characteristics o Cyber Crime is that it could occur within multiple &urisdictions anborder in nature. ! cyber crime could be conducted on ser#ers in !ustralia by a person or a group o por ndia. "hus a criminal law is raught with &urisdiction issues as dierent countries may ha#e dierenmay not treat the oence with the same penalty.

! cyber criminal may be a &u#enile and may thus be treated dierently that an adult oender. Cyber Cr

also escape in some countries using legal loopholes or lac' o substanti#e legal pro#isions or this illegoences may be o#erloo'ed. !lso there could be lac' o cooperation between dierent countries.

O#shore and Cross Border layers

In a traditional crime( the 'layers in"ol"ed may be ro&here the crime occ!rred &hereas in Cyber crime theo#shore and they co!ld be ideologically moti"ated to threaten the inrastr!ct!re o the target co!ntry a'artindi"id!als and b!sinesses in these co!ntries)

Cybercrime

Traditional criminals or robbers in the 'ast &o!ld ha"ethe ban6 'remises and gain entry to collect cash and cyber criminals can gain access to ban6+s com'!ter smoney and ca!se massi"e disr!'tions to the o'eratioalso ca!se irre'arable damage to the ban6+s re'!tatio

)ocalisation o Cyber Criminals

In some co!ntries the la&s may either not been de"elbe tolerant and lenient to&ards certain cyber crime acin the long r!n ca!se these criminals to localise their co!ntries) %i6e the Nigerian email s'am and the R!ssmal&are acti"ists)

)ac' o !wareness o Cyber "hreats

There is still a lac6 o a&areness relating to cyber threats and cybercrime) Ahile it is being tal6ed abo!t a lot( many co!ntries andcom'anies ha"e yet to address the ris6s associated &ith this) $nyco!ntries &ith &ea6 cyber reg!lation th!s becomes sae ha"ens ors!ch gro!'s and '!ts other co!ntries at ris6)

Cyber Crime Challenges

*ase o )ocation

Cyber crime is easier to cond!ct that a traditional crime as ano'erator can o'erate rom any location( and in the absence o aormal crime scene( cyber crime needs s'ecialised 'eo'le and dataorensics to trac6 the digital e"idence) $ll the collaborators cano'erate in a "irt!al &orld and once they taste s!ccess( they boastand b!ild a alse a!ra aro!nd their digital 'ersonalities( &hich is alsoenco!raging a lot o hac6ers)

CYBER CRIME THEORY



t would be air to say that traditional crime is now migrating into the renternet as Cyber Crime.

"raditional crime Cybercrime e+ui#alent

Fra!d Online ra!dGmass mar6eted ra!d 9incl!ding a!ction ra!d( ad"ance ee

B!rglaryGmalicio!s damage Online hac6ing( denial o ser"ice attac6s( "ir!ses

Child se; o#ences Online child grooming( child 'ornogra'hy &ebsites

Money la!ndering Thro!gh online 'ayment systems( e7cash

Thet Identity thet( ban6 &ebsite ,'hishing+ and mo"ie( m!sic and sot&are 'ira

Stal6ing Cyber stal6ing( cyber b!llying

Traditional Crime and its Cyber E!i"alen

Ahile there are to!gh 'enalties or traditional crime( the reg!lation has been behind &hen it comes to decriminals) robability o being ca!ght is minimal and the 'enalties do not ade!ately ft the crime) ,For tho the increasingly stringent reg!lations and com'liance mandates( &e can e;'ect to see criminals contin'ayment card ind!stry and &ill see contin!ed data breaches)+ -2

One o the main di#erences in Cyber and Traditional Crime is that in a traditional crime( the "ictim and thin close 'ro;imity to each other &hereas in the realm o cyber crime( the "ictim and the assa!lter co!ld b

geogra'hical areas and maybe in di#erent time *ones as &ell)CYBER CRIME THEORY



Defning Cyber Crime O#enses

Crimes in which the computer is the target o the criminal acti#ity -

This incl!des s'amming( mal&are inection( botnets( denial o ser"ice( mis!se o de"ices( inattem'ts( malicio!s code( inections &orms and mal&are) This co!ld incl!de sim'le or ma

Crimes in which the computer is a tool used

to commit the crime

Com'!ters !sed to carry o!t online ra!d(stal6ing( crac6ing( creation o illegal 'ornogra'hy(cyber b!llying to tarnish 'ersonal re'!tation( cyber

harassments( !nsolicited electroniccomm!nication( online thet and gaining

access and modiying Common&ealth data)

Crimes in which the use o the co

incidental aspect o the commisscrime. /0

Com'!ters are !sed to carry o!t tradacts li6e thet( stal6ing ( sedition( scaorgery( intr!sion)

CYBER CRIME THEORY



Criminal "s Non Criminal $ct

$n o#ense carried o!t by an indi"id!al can ha"e criminal or non criminal retrib!tion)

Certain o#enses can be charged as either ordinance or criminal o#enses 7 or e;am'le9sho'liting: or disorderly cond!ct) $nd some o#enses are noncriminal or frst time o#criminal or second time "iolators)

$ non criminal o#ense may res!lt in a monetary 'enalty li6e a 'ar6ing fne &hereas ao#ense may lead to a =ail term and a 'ossible 'enalty) 4-

$s a general 'rinci'le i it+s a crime oHine( then it is also a crime online and can ha"ee!i"alent se"ere '!nishment or the act) 44

CYBER CRIME THEORY

1esearch has shown that people who are in#ol#ed in cyber crimes 'now their #ictims mor

Digital threat o#enders threaten their e;7'artner more oten 94>)1: than in the case o threats 9-):) Digital ra!d occ!rs more oten bet&een b!siness 'artners 982)5 "s) 4and traditional ra!d( res'ecti"ely: and occ!rs less oten among ac!aintances 9-)> "sand traditional ra!d( res'ecti"ely:) 45



International Cyber Crime%a&s

The Co!ncil o E!ro'e Con"ention on Cybercrime Con"ention re!ires 9i)e)( ratiying states: to ,ado't s!ch legislati"e and other meas!res as mnecessary to establish as criminal o#ences !nder its domestic la&( &hecommitted intentionally+ 48

$!stralia has ado'ted Cybercrime %egislation $mendment $ct 4.-4 &hiallo& $!stralia to collaborate and access and share inormation &ithinternational agencies) $!stralia has also =oined the Co!ncil o E!ro'eCon"ention on Cybercrime &hich gi"es $!stralian go"ernment agencies'o&ers to fght cyber crimes)

CYBER CRIME THEORY



Criminal and Non CriminalCyber Crime O#enses

This is a criminal o#ense &hich alls !nder the category oEconomic Crimes J 3na!thori*ed access to com'!ter systems &itho!t right(Content Related O#ense J Identity thet and data thet( Mis!se o inormationri"acy O#ense J Illegal collection o !na!thori*ed data

I &e a''ly the E!ro'e Con"ention o Cybercrime to this incident( to &hich $!stralia is nothe o#enses co!ld be

$rticle ->8 Illegal $ccess to a Com'!ter System &itho!t right$rticle -> Illegal Interce'tion o Com'!ter Data$rticle ->2 Intererence &ith a Com'!ter System &itho!t right$rticle ->>)- Mis!se o De"ices or the '!r'ose o committing a criminal o#ense

CYBER CRIME THEORY

Ta6e the e;am'le o a recent cyber crime ,&here hal o So!th Korea+s 'o'!lation 'ersonal inormation stolen) The breach in"ol"ed 42 million 'eo'le and 44. millionhac6ers &ere arrested or targeting the 'ersonal details o these 'eo'le on gaminggambling &ebsites)+ 4



Criminal and Non Criminal Cyber Crime O#enses

J7

CYBER CRIME THEORY

%ense "ype o %ense

ac6ing ac6ing in 'rinci'le "iolates the Confdentiality( Integrity( $"ailability o Cand malicio!s hac6ing is an o#ense in $!stralia !nder Cybercrime %egisla$ct 4.-4) o&e"er there is also a big '!sh to allo& ethical hac6ing or habring the on!s o 'rotecting com'!ter systems and net&or6s to their res'organi*ations)

Deacing o AebsitesGCyberLandalism

This o#ense is non criminal in nat!re and is 'rimarily aimed to h!rt com'and also to 'ro'agate a message !s!ally done by either anatics or crossactors)

Dissemination o "ir!ses The e#ect o this co!ld be minimal or ma=or) The act co!ld be classifed a

Criminal based on the classifcation o data this "ir!s destroys and i this critical Ser"ice)

Denial o Ser"ice $ttac6sand Denial o Ser"ice$ttac6s !sing Botnets

Ahile this is e!i"alent to cyber tres'assing and co!ld be classifed as anDisobedience( 9occ!'y 'rotestsGsit7ins: on the Internet this is classifed ascrime in $!stralia) E!ro'ean 3nion+s Cyber Crime Con"ention and 3K legcriminali*es this attac6)

Creation and distrib!tion omalicio!s sot&are

Creation o "ir!ses( &orms( tro=ans is a criminal acti"ity &hich is done &itca!sing disr!'tions in ser"ice) o&e"er there co!ld be a Non Intentional o s!ch malicio!s sot&are &hich may re'licate by sending in an email an

does not 6no& abo!t the malicio!s contents then it is a non criminal o#e




CYBER CRIME THEORY

%ense "ype o %ense

Online Money la!ndering This is an criminal act in &hich !nds are stolen and transerred o"erseas) Itbecoming a cyber crime as 'eo'le t!rn to online channels to transer these

Cyber terrorism $ny acti"ity associated &ith terrorism is a criminal acti"ity)

Intellect!alro'ertyGCo'yrightinringementsGiracy

This is a criminal act &hich co!ld res!lt in a =ail term as &ell as a hety fnes

S'am It is an o#ense to send S'am to indi"id!als yo! don+t deal &ith) Ahile this mCriminal o#ense( some o the o!tcomes or actions res!lting rom the S'am

Criminal conse!ences)

CyberobscenityG'ornogra'hy

This co!ld be a criminal o#ense in some co!ntries b!t in some co!ntries it to allo& 'ornogra'hy or 'eo'le aged -< years and abo"e) Child $b!se Matand distrib!tion is ho&e"er a criminal o#ense)

B!llyingGStal6ing Cyber Criminals ta6e ad"antage o "!lnerabilities and 'eo'le+s emotions) TCriminal in Nat!re according to NSA 9Domestic and ersonal Liolence $ct 4




CYBER CRIME THEORY

%ense "ype o %ense

Domain namehi=ac6ingGCyber S!atting

This co!ld lead to loss o re"en!e or com'anies attac6ed) o&e"er this act as Non Criminal in nat!re)

Mis!se o credit cards This is a criminal act &hich co!ld ha"e se"ere conse!ences or the 'er'etr

Inormation and IdentitythetGmis!se

S!ch acts incl!ding Identity thet is an criminal act)

Blac6mail These act is Criminal in Nat!re according to NSA 9Domestic and ersonal Li

ate sites There has been a lot o debate abo!t ate %a&s in $!stralia and the amendbo!ght in by the go"ernment to allo& ree s'eech and to modiy Racial Disc->c) This is a non criminal o#ense at this moment) o&e"er i any hate crimon s!ch sites that is a criminal act)

Cor'orate Es'ionage It is a ederal crime in many co!ntries incl!ding 3S) In some co!ntries ci"il lacts ho&e"er they are better addressed by bringing this !nder the '!r"ie& o

concept of cyber crime and classification of cyber crime according to criminal and non criminal...

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