MEANING AND CONCEPT

OF

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

SUBJECT

FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

SIR IJAZ AHMAD TATLAH

Mahrukh Iftikhar (141170)Saher Akhtar (141150)

PRESENTED TO:-

PRESENTED BY:-

To know the meaning and have a concept of Educational Psychology it is necessary to understand two things that:

Then we will see that

What is Education? What is Psychology?

What is Educational Psychology?

1 2

In the narrow sense, education is limited to the instruction in school, college and university. Education of the child starts as he enters the school where definite amount of knowledge is given.

In broader sense, education is life long process. It is a process that goes on throughout life and is promoted by every experience in life.

According to Drever “Education is a process in which and by which the knowledge, character and behavior of the young are shaped and moulded.”

ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING OF EDUCATION:

•Education as ‘educere’ is more acceptable as it means leading an individual from ignorance to knowledge.

Etymological meaning of Psychology:

“Psyche”= soul, mind

“Logos”=study of

Psychology comes from two Greek words

•PSYCHOLOGY is a latest science which is emerged from philosophy and passed through many controversial definitions to achieve the present operational definition of ‘psychology as a science of mental process and behavior’ from traditional study of soul. The term soul was rejected because of its immaterialistic nature having unscientific, unpractical and ambiguous explanation. It emergence as a separate field of study came about when Wilhelm Wundt established the first experimental psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany in 1879.

C.V. Good defines “Psychology is the study of adjustments of organism, especially the human organism to changing environment.”

Psychology is a pure science because :• It is empirical.• It is a systematic study.• It uses measurements and tools of measurements.• It helps to define terms.Modern Psychology as a Science of Mental processes and

Behavior helps an individual to know, understand and measure himself and others through controlled observations practically in a valid and reliable manner to modify and control his own and others behavior for the better adjustments to achieve in life.

Educational Psychology is a

scientific discipline that addresses two

Core Questions:

“What can be done to improve that learning?"

“Why do some

individual learn more

than others?”

AND

Educational psychology is one of the branches of applied psychology concerned with the application of the principles, techniques and other resource of psychology to the solution of the problems confronting the teacher attempting to direct the growth of children toward defined objectives. More specifically, we can say educational psychology is concerned with an understanding of:

• The child, his development, his need and his potentialities.

• The learning situation including group dynamics as it affect learning.

• The learning process, its nature and the ways to make it effective. Stated differently, the Central theme of Educational Psychology is Psychology of learning.

Educational Psychologists help in developing instructional

methods and materials used to train people in both

educational and work settings. They are also concerned with

research on issues of relevance for education, counseling and

learning problems.

Education by all means is an attempt to mould and shape the

behavior of the pupil. It aims to produce desirable changes in

him for the all-round development of his personality. The

essential knowledge and skill to do this job satisfactorily is

supplied by Educational Psychology.

• According to Skinner (1958), “Educational Psychology covers the entire range of behavior and personality as related to education. It is the branch of psychology which deals with teaching and learning.”

• Slavin (1991) defines “Educational Psychology as “Research on student, teaching and learning focuses on education process, skills, values and attitude distracted from teacher to student in the classroom, including psychology principle in teaching.”

• Peel (1956)- “Educational Psychology is the science of Education.”

• Berliner (1992): “Educational psychologists study what people think and do as they teach and learn a particular curriculum in a particular environment where education and training are intended to take place.”

• Consolidated Definition: Educational Psychology may be defined as “the application of the principles, facts and techniques of individual and group Psychology to human development in a more or less controlled situation concerned with learning and teaching process in education and solving educational problems.”

Critical thinking – What would you do in order to help all your students to progress & prepare for great achievements?Answer : Of course by learning the right methods and skills required for us to teach in an environmental classroom

Educational Psychology teaches us to be aware of the challenges & possibilities of teaching.

For example : In a class, there will be a group of students who performed very well in their examination while some obtained low marks.Solution : You will realize that some students who are gifted and talented learners while some might be having learning disabilities.

Consider yourself as a

teacher.

Undoubtedly, the study of Educational Psychology may be very helpful to equip teachers with necessary skills to deal with classroom learning-teaching problems. But, the way we are conducting courses of educational psychology are not of great help because courses are mostly theoretical in nature and fail to create permanent impact on the personality of teacher-trainees.

Provide knowledge on theories & psychology principles to teachers to practice it in classroom.

Give knowledge on students behavior so that teachers can avoid discipline problems in classroom effectively.

Completing psychology knowledge on student attitude to help teachers create their healthy personality and positive self-concept with better guidance.

Give better understanding on student nature and needs to help teachers use effective motivation techniques and create good relationship between teacher-student.

Provide teachers knowledge, skills and useful teaching attitude in education activities.

Educational Psychology is an offshoot of psychology. Its nature cannot be different from psychology.

• Applied branch and scientific method: It is an applied branch of fundamental Psychology. Educational Psychology employs scientific methods and adopts scientific approach to study the learner’s behavior.

• Specific Science: Educational Psychology limits its dealing with the behavior of the pupil in relation to Educational environment.

• An academic discipline: Educational psychology draws its subject matter from other disciplines such as anthropology, developmental psychology, abnormal psychology, animal psychology, biology, physiology and so on.

• A positive science: Educational psychology is a positive science not a normative science as it is not concerned with the values. It does not concern itself with ‘what ought to be’ it only describes what it is, e:g:- why education should be provided and what type of education to be provided. It focuses its attention on “How, When and Where” education should be provided. Educational psychology studies the child’s behavior as it is, not, as it ought to be.

• A natural science: An educational psychologist conducts his investigations, gathers his data and reaches his conclusions in exactly the same manner as physicist or the biologist.

• Body of facts: It possesses a systematic, well organized and internationally accepted body of facts supported by the psychological laws, principles and theories.

• A growing and developing science: Educational psychology is concerned with new researches developing each day with changes. New facts about human nature are coming to the fore on account of researches in this field. Thus, the science of educational psychology is ever growing and developing.

• A Practical Science/Area of Application: It is utilitarian and practical in nature. The educator and the teacher make use of the knowledge of educational psychology at every step. In fact, effective teaching is impossible without the knowledge of educational psychology. In it the subject matter, researches, principles & procedures of psychology are brought to bear upon the problem of the educative process.

• An educational science: It primarily deals with how, when and what of education so it is also an educational science.

Educational Psychology is of great importance today because it includes the study of following:

Lindgren’s View: Lindgren’s view was that three focal point of education are also included in scope of Educational psychology. The three focal points are as under:

THE LEARNER: Before the behavior modification of a learner it is necessary to know the individuality and personality of a learner and Educational psychology plays its role very efficiently in this concern by examine the following:a) The study of child, his attitude, aptitude, intelligence, creativity and the

aspects of motivation.b) Individual differences among children.c) Various stages of growth and development.d) Personality and influence of child’s environment on his personality.

THE LEARNING PROCESS:To make learning process flexible Educational psychology examines aspects :

a) Nature of learning or learning materialb) How this learning should take place?c) Different theories of learning.d) How maximum learning can be achieved in a minimum time.

THE LEARNING SITUATION:Under this aspect Educational psychology examine the following:a) Classroom climate and nature of management.b) To use the method of individual differences to teach children.c) Using such pedagogy (teaching of children) and andragogy (teaching of adults)

which facilitate the learningd) New techniques of evaluation.e) Knowledge of educational and vocational guidance by teacher to learner.

The study of following is also included in scope: Study of heredity and environment. Study of exceptional children. Study of guidance and counseling. Study of expectations. Study of Group Dynamics. Study of Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics.

One simple question may be asked that “why should Educational

Psychology be taught to teachers?”Answer to this question is in next 2

slides.

Contribution to Theory of Education:To Understand Development Characteristics.To Understand the Nature of Classroom Learning.To Understand Individual Differences.To Understand Effective Teaching Methods.To Understand Problems of Children.Knowledge of Mental Health.Curriculum Construction.Measurement of Learning Outcomes.Research.Guidance for Education of Exceptional Children.Helps to develop positive attitude.Understanding of Group Dynamics.

Contribution to Practice of Education:

Problem of Discipline.

Use of Audio-Visual Aids.

School and Classroom Administration.

Time Table.

Co-curricular Activities.

Use of Innovations.

Production of Text Books.

General Psychology: It studies a common man’s behavior in all cognitive processes and educational psychology take all general psychology topics into consideration to the student’s attention, perception, learning and memory.

Social Psychology: It studies individual’s behavior in social situation and educational psychology formulates and uses the effective teaching method & learning techniques in accordance with the learner’s needs, motives and classroom environment.

Sociology: studies group behavior and educational psychology makes use of it in the:

Study of learners collective behavior in classroom, In the formation of attitudes in study habits, Examination of relationship of:-

a) Teachers-learner’sb) Teachers-administrationc) Student-administration d) Games and educational bodiese) Teachers and parents etc.

Child Psychology: It studies the physical, mental, social and moral developmental changes in different age levels and educational psychology take child psychology into consideration for preparing syllabus for students according to their age and grade(class) level in accordance with their different socio-economic background and cognitive potencies.

School Psychology: It is related to Educational Psychology as Clinical Psychology is related to Abnormal Psychology. Educational Psychology takes help of School Psychologists:-

In the diagnosis and solution of educational problems of general and special children, the mentally retarded and gifted as well.

In formulating different syllabus, teaching techniques and mode of examination according to the children’s interest, ability, performance and vocational aptitudes

Suggest remedial programs for the problematic children.

Psychometric: It is a branch of psychology which develops and interprets psychological tests in assessment aptitude, ability, intelligence, personality, motives, attitudes and emotional problems in adjustment through verbal and non-verbal tests. Educational psychology applies the psychometric methods not only in the evaluation of learning capacity and achievement but also in diagnosing the educational problems for formulating guidance & counseling programs.

In the end it can be concluded that: Educational Psychology deals with the conditions that

promote or retard the development of the learner. It attempts to describe and explain the changes that

take place in the development of learner. Teaching and learning are focal points of educational

psychology. Educational Psychologists investigate the methods and

techniques imparting education to the learner, discover a number of general rules and apply them to the practical problems of learning.

Prof.Zarin Bukhari, Saniya Shah and Hania Shah, Processes of Education & Applied Psychology, Allied Book Centre, Lahore (for students appearing in B.A/B.Sc. Psychology & Applied Psychology Paper-A)

Prof.Zarin Bukhari, Saniya Shah and Hania Shah, Processes of Education & Applied Psychology, Allied Book Centre, Lahore (for students appearing in B.A/B.Sc. Psychology & Applied Psychology Paper-B)

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