conceived in liberty vol 2

Murray N. Rothbard

LvMIMISES INSTITUTE

The first edition was published in 1979 by Arlington House Publishers.A four-volume hardback edition was published by the Ludwig von Mises Institutein 1999.

Single-volume edition © 2011 Ludwig von Mises Institute and published underthe Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

Published by the Ludwig von Mises Institute518 West Magnolia AvenueAuburn, Alabama 36832mises.org

ISBN: 978-1-933550-98-5

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

VOLUME 1A NEW LAND, A NEW PEOPLE: THE AMERICAN COLONIES

IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

PART I—Europe, England, and the New World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. Europe at the Dawn of the Modern Era. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52. New World, New Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

PART II—The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century . . . . . . . . . 413. The Virginia Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434. From Company to Royal Colony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555. The Social Structure of Virginia: Planters and Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . 576. The Social Structure of Virginia: Bondservants and Slaves . . . . . . . . . 607. Religion in Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688. The Royal Government of Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719. British Mercantilism over Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

10. Relations with the Indians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8511. Bacon’s Rebellion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9312. Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10413. The Carolinas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11114. The Aftermath of Bacon’s Rebellion in the

Other Southern Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11615. The Glorious Revolution and its Aftermath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12116. Virginia After Bacon’s Rebellion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Contents

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PART III—The Founding of New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14517. The Religious Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14718. The Founding of Plymouth Colony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15019. The Founding of Massachusetts Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15520. The Puritans “Purify”: Theocracy in Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16421. Suppressing Heresy: The Flight of Roger Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17222. Suppressing Heresy: The Flight of Anne Hutchinson . . . . . . . . . . . . 18023. The Further Settlement of Rhode Island:

The Odyssey of Samuell Gorton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18724. Rhode Island in the 1650s:

Roger Williams’ Shift from Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20025. The Planting of Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20826. The Seizure of Northern New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21427. Joint Action in New England: The Pequot War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21728. The New England Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22029. Suppressing Heresy: Massachusetts Persecutes the Quakers . . . . . . . 22730. Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy:

Disintegration of the Fur Monopoly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24131. Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy:

The Failure of Wage and Price Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24432. Mercantilism, Merchants, and “Class Conflict” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25033. Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy:

The Failure of Subsidized Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25334. The Rise of the Fisheries and the Merchants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25735. Theocracy Begins to Wither: The Half-Way Covenant . . . . . . . . . . 26136. The Decline and the Rigors of Plymouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26337. The Restoration Crisis in New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

PART IV—The Rise and Fall of New Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28138. The Formation of New Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28339. Governors and Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28840. The Dutch and New Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30141. New Netherland Persecutes the Quakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30842. The Fall and Breakup of New Netherland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

PART V—The Northern Colonies in the Last Quarterof the Seventeenth Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

43. The Northern Colonies, 1666–1675 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32144. The Beginning of Andros’ Rule in New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

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45. Further Decline of the Massachusetts Theocracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33146. King Philip’s War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33447. The Crown Begins the Takeover of New England,

1676–1679 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34548. The Crown Takes over New Hampshire, 1680–1685 . . . . . . . . . . . . 35149. Edward Randolph Versus Massachusetts, 1680–1684 . . . . . . . . . . . . 35750. The Re-Opening of the Narragansett Claims, 1679–1683 . . . . . . . 36351. The Rule of Joseph Dudley and the Council of New England . . . . 36552. New York, 1676–1686 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37053. Turmoil in East New Jersey, 1678–1686 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38054. The Development of West New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38755. “The Holy Experiment”: The Founding of Pennsylvania,

1681–1690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39256. The Dominion of New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40257. The Glorious Revolution in the Northern Colonies,

1689–1690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41358. The Glorious Revolution in the Northern Colonies,

1690–1692 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42859. Aftermath in the 1690s: The Salem Witch-Hunt and

Stoughton’s Rise to Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44260. The Liberalism of Lord Bellomont in the Royal Colonies . . . . . . . . 45461. The Aftermath of Bellomont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46162. Rhode Island and Connecticut After the Glorious

Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46863. The Unification of the Jerseys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47464. Government Returns to Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48565. The Colonies in the First Decade of the Eighteenth Century . . . . . 497Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

VOLUME 2“SALUTARY NEGLECT”: THE AMERICAN COLONIES IN THE

FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

IntroductionThe Colonies in the Eighteenth Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

PART I—Developments in the Separate Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5131. Liberalism in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5152. Presbyterian Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

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3. Libertarianism in Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5244. Land Tenure and Land Allocation in New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5265. New Hampshire Breaks Free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5306. The Narragansett Planters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5327. New York Land Monopoly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5348. Slavery in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5429. Land Conflicts in New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

10. The Ulster Scots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55111. The Pennsylvania Germans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55512. Pennsylvania: Quakers and Indians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55713. The Emergence of Benjamin Franklin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56214. The Paxton Boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57115. The Virginia Land System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57416. The Virginia Political Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57817. Virginia Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58118. Slavery in Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58419. Indian War in North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58720. The North Carolina Proprietary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58921. Royal Government in North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59222. Slavery in South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59523. Proprietary Rule in South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59924. The Land Question in South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60225. Georgia: The “Humanitarian” Colony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

PART II—Intercolonial Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61926. Inflation and the Creation of Paper Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62127. The Communication of Ideas: Postal Service and the

Freedom of the Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63928. Religious Trends in the Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65429. The Great Awakening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65730. The Growth of Deism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66831. The Quakers and the Abolition of Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67232. The Beginning of the Struggle over American Bishops . . . . . . . . . . 67933. The Growth of Libertarian Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684

PART III—Relations with Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 34. Assembly Versus Governor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69935. Mercantilist Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70336. King George’s War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713

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37. Early Phases of the French and Indian War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72438. The Persecution of the Acadians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73639. Total War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74340. The American Colonies and the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74841. Concluding Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75442. Administering the Conquests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767

VOLUME 3ADVANCE TO REVOLUTION, 1760–1775 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

PART I—The British Army and the Western Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7791. The Stage Is Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7812. The Ohio Lands: Pontiac’s Rebellion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7833. The Ohio Lands: The Proclamation Line of 1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7884. The British Army and the Grand Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

PART II—Enforcement of Mercantilism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7995. Writs of Assistance in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 6. The White Pine Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8047. Molasses and the American Revenue Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8058. Reaction in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8129. Reaction in Rhode Island and Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815

10. Reaction in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81911. Reaction in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82112. Reaction in New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82313. Reaction in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82414. Enforcement Troubles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82615. The Newport Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828

PART III—Ideology and Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83316. The Threat of the Anglican Bishops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83517. The Parsons’ Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83818. Wilkes and Liberty, 1763–1764 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

PART IV—Edge of Revolution: The Stamp Act Crisis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85119. Passage of the Stamp Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85320. Initial Reaction to the Stamp Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86021. Patrick Henry Intervenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86322. Sam Adams Rallies Boston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866

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23. Rhode Island Responds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87424. Response in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87825. Response in Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88026. Response in Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88227. Response in Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88428. Response in the Carolinas and Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88629. Official Protests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88930. The Stamp Act Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89131. Ignoring the Stamp Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89432. Government Replaced by the Sons of Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90233. Repeal of the Stamp Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90734. Aftermath of Repeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918

PART V—The Townshend Crisis, 1766–1770 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92135. The Mutiny Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92336. The New York Land Revolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92637. Passage of the Townshend Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93038. The Nonimportation Movement Begins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93239. Conflict in Boston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93640. Wilkes and Liberty: The Massacre of St. George’s Fields . . . . . . . . . 94141. British Troops Occupy Boston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94542. Nonimportation in the South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94843. Rhode Island Joins Nonimportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95244. Boycotting the Importers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95445. The Boston Massacre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96046. Conflict in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96747. Wilkes and America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97048. Partial Repeal of the Townshend Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97649. New York Breaks Nonimportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979

PART VI—The Regulator Uprisings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98950. The South Carolina Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99151. The North Carolina Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997

PART VII—Prelude to Revolution, 1770–1775. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101152. The Uneasy Lull, 1770–1772. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101353. The Gaspée Incident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101654. The Committees of Correspondence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101955. Tea Launches the Final Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024

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56. The Boston Tea Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102957. The Other Colonies Resist Tea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103358. The Coercive Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103659. The Quebec Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040 60. Boston Calls for the Solemn League and Covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043 61. Selecting Delegates to the First Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . 104962. Resistance in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057 63. The First Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106064. The Continental Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065 65. The Impact on Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075 66. The Tory Press in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079 67. Massachusetts: Nearing the Final Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082 68. Support from Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087 69. “The Shot Heard Round the World”:

The Final Conflict Begins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1090

PART VIII—Other Forces for Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095 70. The Expansion of Libertarian Thought. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109771. The Vermont Revolution: The Green Mountain Boys . . . . . . . . . . 1104 72. The Revolutionary Movement: Ideology and Motivation . . . . . . . 1114 Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121

VOLUME 4THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1775–1784 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127

PART I—The War Begins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11291. Spreading the News of Lexington and Concord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11312. The Response in Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11353. Guerrilla or Conventional War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11374. The Seizure of Fort Ticonderoga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11405. The Response of the Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11446. Charles Lee: Champion of Liberty and Guerrilla War. . . . . . . . . . . 11487. The Battle of Bunker Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11548. Washington Transforms the Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11579. The Invasion of Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160

10. Paper Money Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116711. The New Postal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117012. New York Fumbles in the Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172

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PART II—Suppressing the Tories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117713. The Suppression of Tories Begins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117914. Suppressing Tories in Rhode Island and Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . 118515. Suppressing Tories in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118816. Suppressing Tories in the Middle Colonies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119217. Virginia Battles Lord Dunmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119418. Battling Tories in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199

PART III—The War in the First Half of 1776 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120319. The British Assault on Charleston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120520. Forcing the British Out of Boston. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120821. Privateering and the War at Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121122. Commodities, Manufacturing, and Foreign Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121523. Getting Aid from France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223 24. Polarization in England and the German Response

to Renting “Hessians” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1229

PART IV—America Declares Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237 25. America Polarizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1239 26. Forming New Governments: New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244 27. New England Ready for Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247 28. The Sudden Emergence of Tom Paine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249 29. Massachusetts Turns Conservative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255 30. The Drive Toward Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126431. The Struggle in Pennsylvania and Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275 32. New Jersey and Maryland Follow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1284 33. Independence Declared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289 34. New York Succumbs to Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295

PART V—The Military History of the Revolution,1776–1778 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1299

35. The Invasion of New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130136. The Campaigns in New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1309 37. Planning in the Winter of 1777. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131538. Rebellion at Livingston Manor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131839. The Burgoyne Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1321 40. Howe’s Expedition in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332 41. Winter at Valley Forge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1336

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42. The Battle of Monmouth and the Ouster of Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134143. Response in Britain and France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1346

PART VI—The Political History of the United States, 1776–1778 . . . 1355 44. The Drive for Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1357 45. The Articles of Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136746. Radicalism Triumphs in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137147. Struggles Over Other State Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137748. The Rise and Decline of Conservatism in New York. . . . . . . . . . . . 1387

PART VII—The Military History of the Revolution, 1778–1781 . . . . 139149. The End of the War in the North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1393 50. The War at Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1399 51. The War in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140252. The Southern Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1416 53. The Invasion of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142154. The Capture of Charleston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1427 55. The Emergence of Guerrilla Warfare in South Carolina . . . . . . . . . 1430 56. Gates Meets the Enemy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143457. The Battle of King’s Mountain and the End of the 1780

Campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1438 58. Greene’s Unorthodox Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1442 59. The Race to the Dan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1446 60. The Battle of Guilford Courthouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144961. The Liberation of South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1452 62. The Final Battle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1456 63. After Yorktown in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1463 64. The Response in Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1466 65. Making Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1470

PART VIII—The Political and Economic History of theUnited States, I778–1784 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1481

66. Land Claims and the Ratification of the Articlesof Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483

67. Inflationary Finance and Price Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1487 68. Conservative Counter-Revolution: Massachusetts and

Pennsylvania in 1780 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1498 69. Robert Morris and the Conservative Counter-Revolution

in National Politics, 1780–1782 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1502

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70. Robert Morris and the Public Debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1508 71. The Drive for a Federal Tariff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151472. The Newburgh Conspiracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1518 73. The Fall of Morris and the Emergence of the Order of the

Cincinnati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1523 74. The Western Lands and the Ordinance of 1784 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152775. The Republic of Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1530

PART IX—The Impact of the Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1535 76. Oppressing the Tories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153777. Tory Lands in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154378. Elimination of Feudalism and the Beginnings of the

Abolition of Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154879. Disestablishment and Religious Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1553 80. Was the American Revolution Radical? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155581. The Impact in Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1561Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1569

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577

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What! Another American history book? The reader may be pardoned forwondering about the point of another addition to the seemingly inex-haustible flow of books and texts on American history. One problem, aspointed out in the bibliographical essay at the end of volume I, is that thesurvey studies of American history have squeezed out the actual stuff of his-tory, the narrative facts of the important events of the past. With the truedata of history squeezed out, what we have left are compressed summariesand the historian’s interpretations and judgments of the data. There is noth-ing wrong with the historian’s having such judgments; indeed, withoutthem, history would be a meaningless and giant almanac listing dates andevents with no causal links. But, without the narrative facts, the reader isdeprived of the data from which he can himself judge the historian’s inter-pretations and evolve interpretations of his own. A major point of this andthe other volumes is to put the historical narrative back into American his-tory.

Facts, of course, must be selected and ordered in accordance with judg-ments of importance, and such judgments are necessarily tied into the his-torian’s basic world outlook. My own basic perspective on the history ofman, and a fortiori on the history of the United States, is to place centralimportance on the great conflict which is eternally waged between Liberty

Preface

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The preface in each of the four original volumes was, in large part the same, differ-ing only by a couple of paragraphs with information relevant to the story told in thatparticular volume. All of the information has been combined here into one com-plete preface.

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and Power, a conflict, by the way, which was seen with crystal clarity by theAmerican revolutionaries of the eighteenth century. I see the liberty of theindividual not only as a great moral good in itself (or, with Lord Acton, asthe highest political good), but also as the necessary condition for the flow-ering of all the other goods that mankind cherishes: moral virtue, civiliza-tion, the arts and sciences, economic prosperity. Out of liberty, then, stemthe glories of civilized life. But liberty has always been threatened by theencroachments of power, power which seeks to suppress, control, cripple,tax, and exploit the fruits of liberty and production. Power, then, the enemyof liberty, is consequently the enemy of all the other goods and fruits of civ-ilization that mankind holds dear. And power is almost always centered inand focused on that central repository of power and violence: the state.With Albert Jay Nock, the twentieth century American political philoso-pher, I see history as centrally a race and conflict between “social power”—the productive consequence of voluntary interactions among men—andstate power. In those eras of history when liberty—social power—has man-aged to race ahead of state power and control, the country and evenmankind have flourished. In those eras when state power has managed tocatch up with or surpass social power, mankind suffers and declines.

For decades, American historians have quarreled about “conflict” or “con-sensus” as the guiding leitmotif of the American past. Clearly, I belong in the“conflict” rather than the “consensus” camp, with the proviso that I see thecentral conflict as not between classes (social or economic), or between ide-ologies, but between Power and Liberty, State and Society. The social or ide-ological conflicts have been ancillary to the central one, which concerns:Who will control the state, and what power will the state exercise over thecitizenry? To take a common example from American history, there are inmy view no inherent conflicts between merchants and farmers in the freemarket. On the contrary, in the market, the sphere of liberty, the interests ofmerchants and farmers are harmonious, with each buying and selling theproducts of the other. Conflicts arise only through the attempts of variousgroups of merchants or farmers to seize control over the machinery of gov-ernment and to use it to privilege themselves at the expense of the others. Itis only through and by state action that “class” conflicts can ever arise.

Volume 1 is the story of the seventeenth century—the first century of theEnglish colonies in North America. It was the century when all but one(Georgia) of the original thirteen colonies were founded, in all their dispar-ity and diversity. Remarkably enough, this critical period is only brusquelytreated in the current history textbooks. While the motives of the earlycolonists varied greatly, and their fortunes changed in a shifting and fluctu-ating kaleidoscope of liberty and power, all the colonists soon began to takeon an air of freedom unknown in the mother country. Remote from central

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control, pioneering in a land of relatively few people spread over a space farvaster than any other they had ever known, the contentious colonists provedto be people who would not suffer power gladly. Attempts at imposing feu-dalism on, or rather transferring it to, the American colonies had all failed.By the end of the century, the British forging of royal colonies, all with sim-ilar political structures, could occur only with the fearsome knowledge thatthe colonists could and would rebel against unwanted power at the drop ofa tax or a quitrent. If the late seventeenth-century Virginia Rebel NathanielBacon was not exactly the “Torchbearer of the Revolution,” then this termmight apply to the other feisty and rambunctious Americans throughout thecolonies.

Volume 2 is the history of the American colonies in the first half of theeighteenth century. It is generally dismissed in the history texts as a quietperiod too uneventful to contemplate. But it was far from quiet, for theseeds were germinating that would soon blossom into the American Revo-lution. At the beginning of the century, the British government believed thatit had successfully brought the previously rebellious colonists to heel: royallyappointed governors would run the separate colonies, and mercantilist lawswould control and confine American trade and production for the benefitof British merchants and manufacturers. But this control was not to be, and,for most of this period, the colonies found themselves to be virtually inde-pendent. Using their power of the purse, and their support among the bulkof the population, the colonial Assemblies were, gradually but surely, able towrest almost complete power over their affairs from the supposedly all-power governors. And, furthermore, as a result of the classical liberal policiesof “salutary neglect” imposed against the wishes of the remainder of theBritish government by Robert Walpole and the Duke of Newcastle, theAmericans happily discovered that the mercantilist restrictions were simplynot being enforced. Strengthening their spirit of rebellious independence,the colonists eagerly and widely imbibed the writings of English libertarians,writings which inculcated in them a healthy spirit of deep suspicion of thedesigns of all government—the English government in particular—on theirrights and liberties. Consequently, when after midcentury the English, hav-ing deposed Walpole and Newcastle and ousted the French from NorthAmerica, determined to reimpose their original designs for control, theAmericans would not stand for it. And the great conflict with the mothercountry got under way.

Volume 3 deals with the stormy and fateful period from the end of theFrench and Indian War until the outbreak of war at Lexington and Con-cord in 1775, the period that incubated the American Revolution. WithFrance driven from the North American continent, and with the classicalliberal Whigs out of power, the British government moved quickly to

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impose a system of imperial control over the fractious and hitherto virtuallyindependent colonies. These fifteen years are a record of mounting Ameri-can resistance to such efforts by the mother country, a resistance that finallyerupted into full-scale war at Lexington and Concord. Inspired by libertar-ian ideals, the colonists increasingly forged a unity that was to result in thefirst successful national revolution against Western imperialism in the mod-ern world. Although other, largely unrelated, armed rebellions also eruptedin this period—North Carolina, South Carolina, New York, and Ver-mont—these years are essentially the story of the development of the Amer-ican Revolution up to the outbreak of actual armed conflict.

Volume 4 deals with the exciting events of the American Revolution, per-haps the most fateful years in American history. While the military historyof the war necessarily takes first rank, it is not simply a recital of the battles;intertwined with the tactics and the strategy of the war were ideologicalconflicts over how the war should be fought, and what sort of governmentand society should emerge after the war was over. In particular, importantlight is shed on both the battles and the military strategy of the war by incor-porating the latest historical researches applying what we now know aboutthe importance of guerrilla vis-à-vis conventional interstate warfare for thewaging of a revolutionary armed struggle. The military histories of the Rev-olution written before the 1960s are hopelessly inadequate because they failto grasp this vital dimension in explaining the course of the fighting.

In addition to the history of the warfare itself, volume 4 discusses thepolitical history of the period, in particular the conflicts over the kinds ofstate governments to be constructed, and the drive of the Nationalists for astrong central government. This period culminates in the adoption of theArticles of Confederation and in the rise to power of Robert Morris. Alsodiscussed are the oft-neglected financial history of the war, the ruinous infla-tion and price controls, and the political-financial manipulations of Morrisand his associates. The this volume also deals with the Western lands ques-tion, which will take on fateful importance in the nineteenth century; itconcludes by assessing the impact of the Revolution on America andEurope, and by asking the question: was the Revolution truly radical?

My intellectual debts for Conceived in Liberty are simply too numerous tomention, especially since an historian must bring to bear not only his owndiscipline but also his knowledge of economics, of political philosophy, andof mankind in general. Here I would just like to mention, for his methodol-ogy of history, Ludwig von Mises, especially his much neglected volume,Theory and History; and Lord Acton, for his emphasis on the grievouslyoverlooked moral dimension. For his political philosophy and general out-look on American history, Albert Jay Nock, particularly his Our Enemy theState.

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As for my personal debts, I am happy to be more specific. This series ofvolumes would never have been attempted, much less seen the light of day,without the inspiration, encouragement, and support provided by KennethS. Templeton, Jr., now of the Liberty Fund, Indianapolis, Indiana. I hopethat he won’t be overly disappointed with these volumes. I am grateful to theFoundation for Foreign Affairs, Chicago, for enabling me to work full timeon the volumes, and to Dr. David S. Collier of the Foundation for his helpand efficient administration. Others who have helped with ideas and aid invarious stages of the manuscript are Charles G. Koch and George Pearson ofWichita, Kansas, and Robert D. Kephart of Kephart of Libertarian Reviewand Communications, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia.

Historians Robert E. Brown of Michigan State University and ForrestMcDonald of Wayne State University were kind enough to read the entiremanuscript and offer helpful suggestions even though it soon became clearto them and to myself that our fundamental disagreements tended to out-weigh our agreements.

To my first mentor in the field of American history, Joseph Dorfman, nowProfessor Emeritus at Columbia University, I owe in particular the rigoroustraining that is typical of that keen and thorough scholar.

The last chapter in volume 3 was included at the suggestion of Roy A.Childs, Jr. of New York City.

But my greatest debt is to Leonard P. Liggio, editor of The Literature ofLiberty, San Francisco, whose truly phenomenal breadth of knowledge andinsight into numerous fields and areas of history are an inspiration to allwho know him. Liggio’s help was indispensable in the writing of volumes 1,2, and 3 in particular his knowledge of the European background.

Over the years in which this manuscript took shape, I was fortunate inhaving several congenial typists—in particular, Willette Murphy Klausnerof Los Angeles, and now distinguished intellectual historian and socialphilosopher, Dr. Ronald Hamowy of the University of Alberta. I would par-ticularly like to thank Louise Williams and Joanne Ebeling of New City fortheir often heroic services in typing this manuscript.

The responsibility for the final product is, of course, wholly my own.

Murray N. Rothbard1973–1978

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Whenever the legislators endeavour to take away and destroy theproperty of the people, or to reduce them to slavery under arbitrarypower, they put themselves into a state of war with the people, whoare thereupon absolved from any farther obedience, and are left tothe common refuge which God bath provided for all men againstforce and violence.

John Locke

VOLUME 1

A NEW LAND, A NEW PEOPLE: THE AMERICAN COLONIES INTHE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

1

Europe, England, and theNew World

PART I

3

The Southern Colonies inthe Seventeenth Century

PART II

41

The Founding of New England

PART III

145

The Rise and Fall ofNew Netherland

PART IV

281

The Northern Colonies inthe Last Quarter of theSeventeenth Century

PART V

319

By Liberty, I understand the power which every man has overhis own actions, and his right to enjoy the fruit of his labour, art,and industry, as far as by it he hurts not the society, or any mem-bers of it, by taking from any member, or by hindering him fromenjoying what he himself enjoys. The fruits of a man's honestindustry are the just rewards of it, ascertained to him by naturaland eternal equity, as is his title to use them in the manner whichhe thinks fit: And thus, with the above limitations, every man issole lord and arbiter of his own private actions and property. . . .

Indeed, Liberty is the divine source of all human happi-ness. To possess, in security, the effects of our industry, is themost powerful and reasonable incitement to be industrious: Andto be able to provide for our children, and to leave them all thatwe have, is the best motive to beget them. But where property isprecarious, labour will languish. The privileges of thinking, say-ing, and doing what we please, and of growing as rich as we can,without any other restriction, than that by all this we hurt not thepublic, nor one another, are the glorious privileges of Liberty; andits effects, to live in freedom, plenty, and safety. . . .

Alas! Power encroaches daily upon Liberty, with a success tooevident; and the balance between them is almost lost. Tyranny hasengrossed almost the whole earth, and striking at mankind rootand branch, makes the world a slaughterhouse. . . .

Cato's Letters

VOLUME 2

“SALUTARY NEGLECT”:THE AMERICAN COLONIESIN THE FIRST HALF OF THE

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

509

Development in theSeparate Colonies

PART I

513

Intercolonial Developments

PART II

619

Relations with Britain

PART III

697

Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive ourselves longer. Sir, wehave done everything that could be done to avert the storm whichis now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; wehave supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne,and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands ofthe ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; ourremonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; oursupplications have been disregarded; and we have been spurned withcontempt from the foot of the throne.

In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peaceand reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If wewish to be free; if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimableprivileges for which we have been so long contending; if we meannot basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been solong engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to aban-don until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained,ówemust fight! I repeat it, sir, ó we must fight! An appeal to arms, andto the God of hosts, is all that is left us.

Patrick Henry

VOLUME 3

ADVANCE TO REVOLUTION,1760–1775

777

The British Army andthe Western Lands

PART I

779

Enforcement of Mercantilism

PART II

799

Ideology and Religion

PART III

833

Edge of Revolution:The Stamp Act Crisis

PART IV

851

The Townshend Crisis,1766–1770

PART V

921

The Regulator Uprisings

PART VI

989

Prelude to Revolution,1770–1775

PART VII

1011

Other Forces for Revolution

PART VIII

1095

These are the times that try menís souls. The summer soldier andthe sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service oftheir country; but be that stands it now, deserves the love and thanksof man and woman. Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered; yetwe have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, themore glorious the triumph.

Patrick Henry

VOLUME 4

THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR,1775–1784

1127

The War Begins

PART I

1129

Suppressing the Tories

PART II

1177

The War in the FirstHalf of 1776

PART III

1203

America Declares Independence

PART IV

1237

The Military Historyof the Revolution,

1776–1778

PART V

1299

The Political Historyof the United States,

1776–1778

PART VI

1355

The Military Historyof the Revolution,

1778–1781

PART VII

1391

The Political and EconomicHistory of the United

States, 1778–1784

PART VIII

1481

The Impact of theRevolution

PART IX

1535

Abercromby, James, 745Abingdon, Earl of, 1351abolition. See slavery, abolition ofAcadians, 736–42, 763, 790Acton, Lord, 1556Acts of Trade and Navigation, 1217Adams, John, 836, 871, 899, 919, 944, 947,

957, 962, 970–71, 1014, 1021, 1031,1037, 1049, 1060–61, 1080, 1082,1084, 1099–1100, 1132, 1143, 1146,1147, 1151, 1153, 1154, 1170, 1217,1230, 1248, 1256–57, 1280, 1311,1337, 1344, 1359, 1377, 1473, 1499,1500, 1501, 1504, 1519, 1525, 1132,1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1181, 1190,1205, 1212, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1224,1230, 1239, 1240, 1244, 1248,1256–58, 1259, 1269, 1270, 1274,1275, 1280, 1290, 1291, 1293, 1311,1322, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1359, 1361,1362, 1374, 1377, 1378, 1471, 1473,1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1492, 1499,1500, 1501, 1525, 1549, 1561, 1562,1574; Thoughts on Government, 1257,1269, 1383, 1384, 1387

Adams, John Quincy, 1099Adams, Samuel, 802–03, 812, 814, 868–73,

893, 896, 919, 924, 933, 937, 944–46, 958,961, 964–65, 970, 980, 1013–14,1018–22, 1030, 1043–45, 1049, 1060–61,1065, 1082, 1086–87, 1091, 1099

Adams, Samuel “Deacon,” 803Administration of Justice Act, 1039Administration of the Colonies, The (Pow-

nall), 856Adriaensen, Maryn, 295, 296Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748), 716, 721,

724Albany Convention Treaty (1754), 745Albany Plan, 731–32, 856, 1062Albuquerque, Alfonso de, 17

Alden, Abraham, 1069Alden, Col. Ichabod, 1407Alden, John R. (Charles Lee: Traitor or

Patriot?), 1149, 1152, 1570; (The Amer-ican Revolution, 1775–1783), 1181,1305, 1313, 1417, 1435, 1569

Aldridge, Ellen, 188Alexander, James, 335, 545, 548, 645, 646,

649Alexander, John M., 1383; Mecklenburg

instructions, 1383Allen, Ethan, 1105–11, 1113, 1138,

1141–42, 1143, 1160, 1161–62, 1163,1166, 1279, 1371, 1530–31, 1532, 1533

Allen, Capt. Heman, 1297Allen, Ira, 1109, 1531, 1533Allen, James, 721Allen, Samuel, 418, 419, 454, 456, 457, 463Allen, Thomas (Rev.), 1260, 1261–62,

1263, 1500Allen, William (Chief Justice), 565, 566,

568, 723, 808Allen, William, Jr., 885Allen, William, (killed at St. George’s Fields), 943Allicocke, Joseph, 879Allyn, John, 408, 419, 433Alrichs, Peter, 307, 325Alsop, John, 983, 1049, 1230, 1296Ambrose, Alice, 81, 237Andros, Sir Edmund, 139, 326, 328–30, 343,

344, 363, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374,375, 376, 380, 381, 386, 389, 402, 403,404, 405, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412,413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 419, 420, 424,425, 426, 435, 437, 446, 456, 468, 501

Anne, Queen, 125, 131, 141, 464, 470Appleton, John, 406, 407Appleton, Samuel, 360nArchdale, John, 128, 129, 132, 276Argall, Samuel, 50, 54, 86Arlington, Lord, 92, 83, 136

Index

1577

15771577

Ambruster, Anthony, 651American Historical Review, 1149, 1538,

1574, 1575American Philosophical Society, 565American Revenue Act, 807–09, 811–12,

814–16, 825–26, 831, 853, 855, 859,867, 873, 892, 908, 934, 980, 1016, 1115

American Revolution, compared to Bacon’sRebellion, 1556; Belgian Revolution of1789, 1562; English Revolution, 1555;French Revolution, 1539–40, 1545,1555, 1556, 1557–58, 1567, 1574;Russian Revolution, 1555

American Weekly Mercury, 649–50Amherst, Jeffrey, 745, 746, 747, 751, 757,

784–84, 790, 796Amicable Society, 950Andrews, John, 810, 828Andros tyranny, 519, 628Andth, Maj., 1396Anglican church, 574, 616, 654, 655, 660,

663, 664, 679, 680, 682Anglican Society for the Preservation of the

Gospel, 836Anglicans, 523, 538, 556, 558, 609, 644, 650,

659, 664, 668, 681, 1183, 1266, 1285,1286, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1553, 1558

Anglo-French Treaty of 1783, 1477Anglo-Spanish Treaty of 1783, 1477Angus, George, 886–87, 898, 1429, 1458Arieli, Yehoshua (Individualism and

Nationalism in American Ideology), 1294Aristotle, 1080Arminianism, 656, 657, 662, 663, 668–69Arminius, Jacob, 284, 656Armstrong, Laurence, 737–38; articles of

association (S.C.), 601Armstrong, Maj. John, 1334, 1491, 1519,

1520–21; “Newburgh Address,” 1519,1520

Arnold, Anthony, 101Arnold, Benedict, 203, 338, 341, 1141–42,

1143, 1160, 1161, 1164–66, 1205, 1307–08,1315, 1323, 1324, 1326, 1328, 1329–30,1337, 1394; and treason, 1396–97, 1410,1441, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1467

Arnold, Dr. Jonathan, 1516, 1521

Arnold, William, 178, 189, 190, 194, 196,197, 198, 203, 205

Articles of Confederation, 1358, 1360,1361, 1363, 1367–79, 1483, 1485,1486, 1503, 1506, 1509, 1510, 1512,1515, 1521, 1523, 1527, 1528, 1529,1562, 1563; Article Two, 1367, 1368;Article Twelve, 1369

Arundel, Sir Thomas, 32Ashe, Gen. John, 1423Asheton, Robert, 653Ashfield, Richard, 546Ashley, John, 1260, 1261Ashurst, Sir Henry, 462, 470Atherton Company, 533Atherton, Humphrey, 268Atkinson, Isaac, 1193Attucks, Crispus, 963, 965Auchmuty, Robert, 1018Atwood, William, 463, 464, 465Ausubel, H. (The Making of Modern

Europe), 1574Austin, Ann, 228, 229Avery, John, 868Avery, Waightstill, 1383; Mecklenburg

instructions, 1383Aviles, Pedro Menendez de, 26

Bache, Richard, 1364Backus, Isaac, 667Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr., 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97,

98, 99, 100, 116, 134Bacon’s Rebellion, 84, 92–103, 116, 348,

501, 685Bailyn, Bernard, 74n, 1119–20, 1556, 1575Bainbridge, Edmund, 547Bainbridge, John, Jr., 547, 549Baker, Remember, 1107, 1109–10Baker, William, 909, 912, 941Balboa, Vasco de, 16Baldwin, Nehemiah, 546Baldwin, Samuel, 546Ballard, Thomas, 103Baltimore Committee for Safety, 1206Baltimore, Lord, 71, 72, 75, 105, 106, 107,

117, 121, 122, 136, 137, 498, 581

1578

15781578

Bank of North America, 1505–07, 1523–24Banking, commercial, 622; deposit, 622;

government, 622; merchant, 622Banks, fund, 627; land, 627, 628, 630, 631,

632, 633, 634, 636, 637, 638; loan, 627,631, 632, 636; silver, 634

Banyar, Goldsbrow, 539Baptists, 519, 523, 524, 652, 662–63, 664,

666, 1183, 1185; General, 662–63; IsaacBackus, 1259; Particular, 663; Regular,663; Separate, 663, 666–67

Barclay, Robert, 383, 387Barefoot, Walter, 237, 351, 352, 353, 356Barlow, George, 265Barnwell, John, 587–88Barons, Benjamin, 810Barre, Isaac, 848, 857, 873, 916, 943,

1038–40Barrington, Lord, 1090Barton, William, 1505Bass, Henry, 868, 1031, 1065Basse, Jeremiah, 476, 477, 478Basset, Robert, 213Bassett, John S., 998Batter, Edward, 230Battle of Alamance, 1008Battle of Golden Hill, 968, 982, 987Baudeau, Nicolas, 1348Baxter, George, 304, 305Bayard, Nicholas, 313, 328, 422, 423, 425,

427, 433, 435, 436, 457, 463, 464, 465Bayard, William, 749Beale, John, 62Beard, Charles, 1118Beaumarchais, 1473Beatty, John, 1529Becker, Carl, 501, 1118, 1255; The Declara-

tion of Independence: A Study in the His-tory of Political Ideas, 1298, 1572

Beckford, William, 715, 754, 756, 760,857, 912, 915, 920, 941

Bedford, Duke of, 549, 717, 722, 724, 725,728, 754, 755, 756, 757, 759, 760, 783,788, 792, 835, 911, 917, 924–25, 936,942, 976–77, 1037

Beekman, Dr. Gerardus, 424, 436, 455Beekman, James, 983

Belcher, Jonathan, 530, 548, 549, 550, 631,633, 634, 708, 709, 741

Belcher, Jonathan, Jr., 740, 742Belgium and the American Revolution,

1563, 1567, 1568Bellingham, Richard, 228Bellomont, Earl of. See Robert CooteBellomont, Lady, 465Bemis, Samuel Flagg (The Diplomacy of the

American Revolution), 1574Benezet, Anthony, 675Bengal famine, 1027Bennett, Richard, 75Benson, Egbert, 1545Berardi, Gianneto, 15, 16Berkeley, John Lord, 111, 112, 128, 313,

315, 323, 326Berkeley, Sir William, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 81,

83, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 99,100, 101, 102, 103, 111, 118, 134, 138,267, 501

Berkin, Carol (Jonathan Sewall: Odyssey ofan American Loyalist), 1573

Berkshire Constitutionalists, 1260, 1377,1379, 1500

Bernard, Francis, 748, 802, 827, 854,866–67, 869–70, 872–73, 891, 894,900, 903, 936–37, 945–46, 962, 1038

Berry, John, 385Beverley, Robert, 103, 136, 137, 1072Beverly, William, 576, 726Bezanson, Anne (“Inflation and Controls,

Pennsylvania, 1774–1779”), 1573Biddle, Owen, 1491Bigelow, Joel, 1533Billias, George A. (George Washington’s

opponents: British Admirals in the Ameri-can Revolution), 1184, 1213, 1571;(George Washington’s Generals), 1147,1209, 1570; (“Horatio Gates: Profes-sional Soldier”), 1308, 1327, 1435, 1570

Bingham, William, 1225, 1506, 1509Bird, Capt. Henry, 1411, 1412Birkenhead, 62Bishop, George, 234, 236“Black Boys of Cabarrus,” 1007“Black Regiment,” 803

1579

15791579

Blackman, Capt., 411Blackstone, Rev. William, 154, 158, 1099–

1100, 1252–53, 1258Blackwell, John, 398, 399, 400, 401, 485,

486, 489, 491, 492, 628Bladen, Martin, 706Blair, Rev. James, 139, 140, 141Blake, Daniel, 710Blake family, 603, 604Blake, Joseph, 128Blakiston, Nehemiah, 122Bland, John, 80Bland, Richard, Jr., 824, 840, 842, 863, 948,

1087Blathwayt, William, 346, 364, 367, 417,

445, 456, 457, 470, 574–75Block, Adriaen, 285Blommaert, Samuel, 290, 301“Bloody Law,” 1110Bloody Marsh, Battle of, 615Blunt, Tom, 587, 588Board of Commissioners of the Customs,

931, 937, 945Board of Proprietors (S.C.), 600Board of Trade (British), 549, 550, 568,

585, 602, 603, 604, 704, 705, 706, 708,710, 721, 722, 725, 732, 736, 737, 739,788–89, 794, 796, 805, 820, 936, 1104

Bogardus, Rev. Everardus, 295, 298Bollen, James, 480Bollan, Thomas, 649Bollan, William, 717, 718Bond, Phineas, 651bondservants. See indentured servantsBoone, Daniel, 1365Boone, Thomas, 617Boorstin, Daniel, 1119Borden, Richard, 480Boston Caucus Club, 803Boston Chronicle, 957, 959Boston Committee of Correspondence,

1160, 1170Boston Evening Post, 644Boston Gazette, 642, 803, 867–69, 895, 900,

919, 958, 961, 963, 965, 973, 982, 1019,1079

Boston Independent Advertiser, 720

Boston Masonic Society, 803Boston Massacre, 963, 964, 966, 968, 978,

1014, 1018, 1086Boston News-Letter, 642Boston Port Act, 1037–38, 1043–44, 1046,

1051, 1054Boston Public Occurrences, 642Boston Resolves, 1020–21Boston Tea Party, 1031–34, 1036–37,

1043, 1047Boucher, Jonathan, 1080Boulainvilliers, Comte de, 1101boundary disputes, 530, 532, 538, 539,

545–50, 573, 617, 633, 725Bouquet, Henry, 783, 785–87Bourne, Nehemiah, 259Bowdoin, James, 919, 961, 1499Bowen, Catherine Drinker (John Adams and

the American Revolution), 1146, 1573Bowler, R. Arthur (Logistics and the Failure

of the British Army in America, 1775–1783), 1570

Bowne, Andrew, 477, 481, 482, 484Bowne, John (N.J.), 323Bowne, John (N.Y.), 310Bownes, Rev. Samuel, 489Braddock, Edward, 566, 567, 732, 733,

734, 746Braddock, General, 796Bradford, Andrew, 563, 564, 649–50Bradford, William (Pa.), 487, 488, 489,

563, 645, 649, 885, 1491Bradford, William (Ply.), 151, 152, 154,

263, 264Bradstreet, Dudley, 366Bradstreet, John, 745, 787Bradstreet, Simon, 236, 276, 332, 358, 359,

360, 362, 366, 414, 415, 527Brailsford, H.N., 388nBrasher, Abraham, 436Brattle Street Church, 519–20, 521Brattle, Thomas, 446, 519Brattle, William, 519, 520Braxton, Carter, 1225, 1268, 1269–70,

1274, 1483; Address to the Convention ofVirginia, 1269–70

Bray, John, 479

1580

15801580

Bray, Thomas, 609, 679Breakenridge, James, 1105–06, 1110Breedon, Thomas, 260, 275Breed’s Hill, 1155, 1209Brend, William, 231, 232Brent, George, 70, 90Brent, Giles, 89, 100Brenton, Jahleel, 450, 451Brenton, William, 450Brewster, Margaret, 239Brian, Hugh, 598Brian, Jonathan, 598Briant, Lemuel, 668–69Bridger, John, 708Bridgewater, Earl of, 453Brief Narrative (Allen), 1108Brief Remarks (Otis), 816Brinckerhoff, Dirck, 1544British Constitution, 1120British Currency Act of 1764, 831, 856British Iron Act of 1750, 1221British Prohibitory Act, 1213–14, 1216,

1217, 1264, 1267Brockholls, Anthony, 330, 374, 378Brodhead, Capt., 317, 318Bronck, Jonas, 293, 295Bronner, Edwin B., 398n, 399Brooke, Chidley, 435Brooke, Lord, 208Broughton, Nicholas, 1211Brown brothers, 817Brown, E. Francis (Joseph Hawley: Colonial

Radical), 1500, 1573Brown, Gerald S. (American Secretary:

Colonial Policy of Lord George Germain),1571

Brown, John (Col.), 1017, 1160, 1162,1163, 1166, 1329

Brown, Moses, 890, 1022Brown, Nicholas, 807, 815Brown, Richard Maxwell, 993; (The South

Carolina Regulators), 1183Brown, Robert E., 438n, 441n; and B.

Katherine (Virginia 1705–86: Democ-racy or Aristocracy?), 1271

Brown, William, 360nBrown University. See Rhode Island College

Browne, John, 164Browne, Samuel, 164Brunhouse, Robert L. (The Counter-Revolu-

tion in Pennsylvania), 1572Bryan, George, 1371–72, 1550Budd, Dr. John, 1383Buchanan, George, 1097Buckingham, Duke of, 149, 214Bulkeley, Peter, 360n, 361, 366Bulkeley, Rev. Gershom, 419, 471Bull, Alderman, 1037Bull, Henry, 420Bull, Thomas, 344Bull, William, 826, 886, 897, 901, 994Burch, William, 957Burgh, James (Political Disquisitions), 1262–63Burke, Aedanus ( Judge), 1525, 1526Burke, Edmund, 848, 911, 914, 930, 971,

978, 1028, 1038–40, 1042, 1058, 1076,1098, 1150, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1321,1348, 1468, 1565; The Vindication ofNatural Society, 1253; Letter to the Sher-iff of Bristol, 1349, 1350

Burke, Dr. Thomas, 1359–60, 1367, 1369,1472, 1514–15; Orange instructions, 1383

Burke, Richard, 911Burke, William, 755, 762, 910–11, 914Burgoyne, Gen. John, 1154, 1315, 1316, 1317,

1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322–23, 1324,1325, 1326–27, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1332,1338, 1339, 1348, 1349, 1381, 1405, 1459

Burling, William, 673Burlamaqui, Jean Jacques, 1053Burnett, Edmund Cody (The Continental

Congress), 1169, 1571 Burr, Aaron, 667, 695, 1165, 1302, 1303,

1305, 1344, 1550Burrington, George, 590Burrough, Edward, 236Burroughs, Rev. George, 444, 448Burton, Mary, 544Bute, Earl of, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759,

760, 788, 792, 794, 796, 844, 847, 869,907, 911, 913, 917, 942

Butler, John (Col.), 1405–06, 1407; Butler’sRangers, 1405, 1406, 1407

1581

15811581

Butler, Walter, 1407, 1408, 1415Butler, William (Col.), 1000–02, 1004–05,

1008, 1407Butterworth, Moses, 480Byfield, Nathaniel, 450, 451, 453, 462, 470Byllinge, Edward, 326, 327, 387, 388, 389,

390, 391, 474Byrd family, 840Byrd, Valentine, 118Byrd II, William, 59, 63, 92, 95, 114, 115,

119, 140, 576

“cabin right,” 553Cabot, John, 15, 25Cabot, Sebastian, 15, 17, 19, 25Cabral, Pedro, 16Cadamosto, Capt., 12Calef, Robert, 449Calhoun, Robert M. (The Loyalists in Revo-

lutionary, America, 1760–1781), 1573Callahan, North (“Henry Knox: American

Artillerist”), 1209; (Royal Raiders),1537, 1571

Calvert, Benedict, 125Calvert, Cecilius, 104, 105, 106, 109Calvert, Charles, 125Calvert, Leonard, 105, 106Calvert, Philip, 108, 116Calvinism, 523, 524, 553, 644, 657, 658,

659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 668, 669,680, 681

Calvinistic Methodists, 659Camden, Lord, 916–17, 925, 977–78Camm, John, 839–43Campbell, Col. Archibald, 1421, 1422,

1423Campbell, Col. Arthur, 1484Campbell, Dougal, 901Campbell, John, 642Campbell, Neil, 385, 386Campbell, Col. William, 1439, 1459Canada, 567, 714, 717, 719, 724, 732, 735,

738, 746, 748, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758,760, 762, 764–65

Cannon, Prof. James, 1277, 1279, 1280,1281, 1282, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1375;

Philadelphia Committee of Privates,1372

Cano, Sebastian del, 17Canonchet, 337, 340, 341, 342Cao, Diogo, 13, 15Cape Breton Island (Nova Scotia), 559,

631, 634, 713, 714, 725, 735, 736–42ff.,745, 755

Cape Fear Loyalists, 1006Carden, Maj. John, 1431Carleton, Guy (Gov.), 765Carleton, Gen. Guy, 1160, 1161, 1163,

1164, 1166, 1191, 1307, 1308, 1315,1325, 1468, 1532

Carleton, Maj. Guy, 1410Carlisle, Earl of, 1352Carlisle Commission, 1352Carpenter, Isaiah, 1105–06Carr, John, 314Carr, Sir Robert, 273, 274, 276, 314Carrier, Martha, 445Carroll, Charles of Carrollton, 1286, 1287,

1364, 1385cartel, compulsory, 581Carter family, 783Carter, Landon, 584, 632, 824, 840, 842,

1072, 1253, 1549Carter, Robert (“King”), 69, 576, 726Carter, Samuel, 479, 480Carteret, James, 324, 480Carteret, John. See Granville, Earl ofCarteret, Peter, 117Carteret, Philip, 315, 323, 324, 326, 329,

380, 381, 382, 383, 476, 479Carteret, Sir George, 111, 313, 315, 323,

327, 329, 330, 380, 381, 382Cartier, Jacques, 17, 18Cartwright, Maj. John, 1352; Take Your

Choice, 1352Cartwright, George, 273, 276, 314Cary, Archibald, 824Cary, Thomas, 587, 132, 133Caswell, Col. Richard, 1199, 1360, 1435Catherine the Great, 1234, 1471Cato’s Letters (1720s; Gordon) , 649, 686,

690–93, 702, 1120Catterall, Eleazer, 480

1582

15821582

Causamon, 335Causton, Thomas, 612Cavendish, Thomas, 30censorship, 639, 643, 644, 648, 673, 720Chaleur, 830Chalmers, George (Plain Truth), 1278Chamberlain, Richard, 351, 352Champagne, Roger J. (“New York’s Radicals

and the Coming of Independence”),1173

Champernowne, Francis, 276, 352, 366Champlain, Samuel de, 34Chandler, Robert, 942Chandler, Thomas, 1067, 1080Channing, Edward, 399Chaplin, Ebenezer, 1085Charles I (King), 104, 112, 135, 157, 159,

214, 223, 253, 314, 493Charles II (King), 103, 107, 111, 135, 138,

236, 238, 267, 269, 272, 274, 275, 276,277, 278, 311, 312, 315, 324, 325, 326,345, 346, 349, 352, 355, 356, 359, 366,372, 375, 382, 392, 457, 945

Charles III of Spain (King), 1227Chase, Samuel, 1063, 1216, 1224, 1287,

1363, 1364, 1491Chase, Thomas, 868Chatham, Lord, 1136, 1232Chatham, Earl of. See William PittCaucus Club, 868Chauncy, Charles, 660, 668, 669, 686, 871,

904, 1044, 1085Checkley, John, 644Chesseldine, Kenelm, 122Chessick, Robert, 62Chew, Larkin, 576Chew, Justice Benjamin, 1334Chicherley, Sir Henry, 134, 135Child, Dr. Robert, 227, 228, 259, 273Chittenden, Col. Thomas, 1297, 1531Chitwood, Oliver, 273Choiseul, Comte Etienne Francois, 1346Chodorov, Frank, 993Christian, Matthew, 942Christison, Wenlock, 235, 236Church, Benjamin, 342, 944–45, 970,

1014, 1091, 1133, 1145, 1181

Churchman, John, 675Cicero, 1080Cider tax, 793–94, 844–45, 848, 869, 941Circuit Court Act, 996Civil Government (Locke), 1099Claiborne, William, 71, 72, 106, 107Clarendon, Earl of. See Edward HydeClark, George Rogers, 1365–66, 1402–03,

1404, 1405, 1408, 1411–12, 1413,1414, 1415, 1457, 1464, 1465

Clark, Mary, 231Clark, Thomas, 425, 434, 458Clarke, George, 466, 535Clarke, John, 184, 186, 187, 197, 198, 200,

201, 202, 269, 270Clarke, Nathaniel, 408, 417Clarke, Richard, 1030Clarke, Samuel, 669Clarke, Walter, 341, 409, 420, 468, 469Clarke, Samuel, 669Clarke, William, 732Claver, Pedro, 65Cleverly, Stephen, 868Clinton, Gen. George, 535, 1389, 1478,

1501, 1512, 1530, 1533Clinton, Gen. James, 1408, 1410Clinton, Gen. Sir Henry, 1154, 1155, 1156,

1190, 1200, 1201, 1205, 1206, 1265,1301, 1303, 1310, 1311, 1317, 1329,1330, 1331, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342,1343, 1344, 1352, 1353, 1393, 1394,1395, 1397, 1410, 1414, 1424–25,1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1438, 1441,1451, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462,1468, 1544, 1546

Clutton, William, 61Clymer, George, 1506Cochran, Robert, 1106–07, 1110, 1112Cockayne, Alderman, 155Coddington, William, 183, 184, 185, 186,

188, 189, 193, 196, 197, 198, 200, 202,203, 204, 231, 247, 248, 339, 340, 341,408

Coercive Acts, 1037, 1039, 1042–43, 1048,1055, 1057–58, 1061–63, 1071, 1075,1111; of 1774, 1151, 1258, 1352, 1416

Coerteus, Myndert, 436

1583

15831583

Coffell, Joseph, 995–96Coggeshall, John, 184, 248, 420Coke, Sir Edward, 176Coke, Chief Justice, 802Colden, Alexander, 820Colden, Cadwallader, , 534–35, 670, 820,

878–79, 903, 1046, 1104–05, 1111–12Colden family, 926, 929Coleman, Ann, 237Coleman, Henry, 325Collected Works (Voltaire), 1100College of Philadelphia, 1047Colleton, James, 126, 127Colleton, John, 111Collins, John, 1516, 1521Colman, Benjamin, 521, 718Colman, John, 630, 631, 633Colonel Dismounted, The (Bland), 842Columbia University, 13, 1180. See King’s

CollegeColumbus, Bartholomew, 13, 14, 15Columbus, Christopher, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16Colve, Anthony, 325, 326Colville, Admiral Lord, 809–10Commentaries, 1099Committees of Inspection, Philadelphia,

1217, 1218; Newark, 1218; New Lon-don, 1218; Hartford, 1218; Providence,1218

Committee of Fifty-one, 1046, 1049–50,1067

Committee of Forty-five, 1069Committee of Forty-three, 1047, 1050, 1066Committee of Mechanics, 1046, 1049,

1059, 1067Committee of Nine (Mass.), 515–16Committee of One Hundred, 1173–74Committee of Safety, 1083–84Committee of Sixty, 1067, 1070, 1173–74Committee of Sixty-six, 1066, 1071Committee on the State of the Province, 1083Committees of Correspondence, 823, 825,

839–40, 843, 1019, 1031, 1034, 1037,1043–48, 1057, 1068, 1074, 1098

commodities, marketable, 581, 589, 593,621, 625, 632, 633

commodity money, 621, 625, 632

Common Council (Ga.), 609Commonwealthmen, 848Conant, Roger, 153, 154Conciliatory Plan, 1076Condorcet, Marquis de, 1298, 1561Conestoga wagons, 555Congregationalists, 1246, 1259, 1379, 1553Congregationalism, 521, 523, 654, 661,

664, 665, 666, 669; New Light, 660,662, 663, 664, 665, 668, 695; New LightSeparatist, 663, 665–66; Old Light, 660,663, 664, 666; Separatists, 664

Congress (national), 1361, 1362, 1368, 1369Congreve, William, 59Connecticut, 527, 528, 532, 551, 657, 710,

731, 741, 750; after Glorious Revolu-tion, 471–73; Assembly, 660, 664–65,731–32, 1188, 1370; conscription, 524,559, 568, 587, 589, 599, 729, 734, 744,749, 750; founding, 208–13, 700; Gen-eral Court, 523; militia, 719; money in,625, 627, 631, 635; postal service in,640; prohibition of slavery 676, 1550;religion in, 523, 553, 654, 660, 663, 664,665–66, 680, 695

Connecticut Gazette, 882, 895Connolly, Dr. John, 1194–95, 1200, 1464Consensus school of history, 1119Considerations on the Nature and Extent of

the Legislative Authority of the BritishParliament, 1052

Constitutional Post, 1170–71Constitutionalist school of history, 1119–20Continental Army, 1145, 1146, 1152,

1157, 1158, 1159, 1167, 1181, 1190,1209, 1221, 1230, 1239, 1244, 1290,1295, 1303, 1307, 1311, 1312, 1323,1324, 1326, 1328, 1337, 1338, 1394,1406, 1408, 1409, 1416, 1433, 1434,1436, 1438, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1453,1455, 1458, 1459, 1495, 1519, 1552;disintegration of, 1395, 1396, 1397,1398, 1408, 1413, 1454, 1455, 1462,1479, 1488, 1489, 1518, 1521

Continental Association, 1063–69, 1071–74, 1076, 1082, 1172, 1179, 1180, 1202,1215, 1216, 1217, 1218

1584

15841584

Continental Congress, 1132, 1142–43,1144–47, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154,1158, 1160, 1161, 1166, 1167–69,1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1180,1181, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190,1192, 1195, 1201, 1202, 1206, 1211,1214, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1221,1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1229,1230, 1239, 1240, 1247, 1248, 1249,1258, 1264–65, 1267, 1268, 1269,1271, 1273, 1274, 1276, 1280, 1281,1286, 1287, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1293,1295, 1296, 1297, 1304, 1305, 1307,1312, 1314, 1315, 1321, 1327, 1337,1338, 1339, 1343–44, 1347, 1352,1357, 1359, 1360, 1363, 1365, 1367,1375, 1377, 1380, 1381, 1386, 1396,1397, 1406, 1408, 1434, 1442, 1453,1456, 1457, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475,1484, 1485, 1486, 1501, 1512, 1514,1524, 1525, 1527; Articles of Confeder-ation, 1483; Board of War, 1337; Com-mittee of Foreign Affairs, 1473, 1503,1504; Committee of Secret Correspon-dence, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1473; Conti-nental bills, 1487, 1489, 1491, 1494,1496; Departments of War, Marine, andFinance, 1503–04; military pensions,1518–22, 1523, 1524; Ordinance of1784, 1528; Secret Committee, 1216,1223–24, 1225; slavery, 1552; taxation,1503, 1509, 1511, 1514, 1517, 1524;Tories, 1538, 1540; Treaty of Paris,1478; Vermont, 1531, 1532, 1533

Continental Congress, First, 1048, 1051,1054–57, 1060–67, 1069, 1072, 1074–75,1079, 1082, 1085, 1087–88, 1112

Continental Congress, Second, 1085Continental Navy, 1212, 1353; and priva-

teering, 1212–13, 1399Continental paper, 1168, 1493, 1494, 1495,

1496, 1497, 1498, 1508; inflation, 1169,1395, 1487–89, 1491, 1492, 1493,1494, 1557; loan certificates, 1495,1496; price controls, 1489–93; Quarter-master and Commissary certificates,1509–10, 1511, 1512

Convention of El Prado (1739), 715Conway, Gen. Sir Henry, 848, 858, 907,

911–13, 917, 925, 977, 1038, 1149,1337, 1344, 1434

Coode, John, 117, 122, 432Cook, Arthur, 399, 400, 401, 492Cooke, Elisha, 416, 439, 457, 461, 515Cooke, Elisha, Jr., 515, 628Cooke, George, 916Cooke, John, 265Cooke Nicholas, 1185, 1211, 1247Cooley, Simeon, 954Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley (Earl of

Shaftesbury), 111, 112, 119, 128, 277,333, 349, 358

Cooper, Myles (Rev.), 1080; (FriendlyAddress to All Reasonable Americans),1152, 1173

Cooper, Samuel, 803, 871, 947, 961, 982Cooper, Timothy, 371Cooper, Thomas, 603Cooper, William, 961, 1020Coote, Robert (Earl of Bellomont),

454–61, 463, 464, 465, 466, 469, 470,520, 525

Copeland, John, 231, 232Coram, Thomas, 609, 616Corbin, Francis, 591“corn right,” 552–53Cornbury, Lord (Gov.), 464, 465, 466, 467,

483, 542, 554, 820Cornwallis, Edward, 738, 739Cornwallis, Gen. Charles Lord, 1205, 1310,

1313, 1333, 1334, 1343, 1428, 1429,1430, 1432, 1433, 1435, 1436, 1438,1439, 1440–41, 1443, 1444, 1446, 1447,1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1454,1456, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462

Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, 17Corry, William, 535Corssen, Arendt, 292Cortez, Hernando, 17Cosby, William, 534, 645, 646Cotton, Rev. John, 168, 176, 180, 182, 192,

201, 247, 339Council of Elders (Mass.), 518Council of Proprietors (N.J.), 545, 547

1585

15851585

Council of War (R.I.), 524“Country Party” of Maryland, 1285–86“Court Party” of Maryland, 1285–86Cox, John, 885Coxe, Dr. Daniel, Jr., 391, 474, 476,

545–46Coxe, William, 878Crandall, Samuel, 875–77Cranfield, Edward, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356,

361, 364, 369, 407, 418Cranston, Samuel, 468, 469, 524Craven, Charles, 599Craven, Peter, 1001Crawford, William, 1464credit exchanges, 622creditors, 527, 528, 582, 624, 633, 637Crews, James, 92, 97Croghan, George, 560–61, 1364Cromwell, Oliver, 75, 107, 108, 202, 203,

204, 206, 213, 225, 228, 258, 305, 332,945

Crook, Robert, 875Crosby, Brass, 974Crown Point, 1142, 1143, 1160, 1161Cruger, Henry, 971, 1042Cudworth, James, 265, 266Culpeper, John, 98, 118, 333Culpeper, Lord, 82, 83, 103, 134, 135, 136,

138, 139, 140, 363, 364, 576, 726Cumberland, Duke of, 724, 732, 744, 912Cunliffe, Marcus (“George Washington:

George Washington’s Generalship”),1147

currency. See paper moneyCurrey, Cecil B. (Code Number 72/Ben

Franklin: Patriot or Spy?), 1474, 1574Curry, Michael, 846, 848Curtis, John, 381, 382Cushing, Thomas, 946, 1014, 1019, 1049,

1063, 1065, 1146, 1230, 1248, 1259,1378

Cushing, Chief Justice William (Common-wealth v. Jennison), 1550

customs, royal, 590, 700, 704Cutler, Timothy, 680Cutt, John, 351

Cuyler, Hendrick, 422Cygnet, 830, 876

d’Ailly, Cardinal Pierre, 11, 13d’Aulnay, Charles, 224d’Estaing, Adm. Charles Hector, 1353, 1425,

1426, 1427d’Hinoyossa, Alexander, 307Daggett, Naphtali, 882Daille, Rev. Peter, 436Dale, Sir Thomas, 50, 51, 52Dalrymple, William, 962Damhouder, Josse de, 299Danby, Earl of, 345, 349, 416Danforth, Thomas, 358, 359, 360, 362,

407, 439Dangerfield, George (Chancellor Robert R.

Livingston), 1573Daniel, Robert, 131Danson, John, 132Dare, Virginia, 29Dart, Benjamin, 973Dartmouth, 1030–31Dartmouth, Lord, 912, 917, 953, 1037–39Dartmouth College, 1246, 1381Daughters of Liberty, 905Davenport, James, 660Davenant, Sir William, 107Davenport, Rev. John, 166, 211, 212, 220,

270, 271, 272Davis, Hugh, 66Davis, John, 28, 30, 31Davis, Samuel, 662, 695Davis, Silvanus, 405Davy, Humphrey, 360nDavyes, Wiliam, 116de Beaumarchais, Caron, 1226, 1227de Bonvouloir, Archard, 1226, 1227de Galvez, Bernardo, 1415de Grasse, Adm., 1460, 1461, 1462, 1475de Kalb, Gen. Baron Johann, 1336, 1434,

1435, 1436de Montesquieu, Baron, 1375de Nemours, Dupont, 1561de Peyster, Abraham, 464de Peyster, Pierre, 1105

1586

15861586

de Vattel, Emerich, 813, 1099de Vries, David, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294,

295, 296, 300Deane, Silas, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1230, 1346,

1347, 1364, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1485, 1503debasement of money, 622, 625, 626, 627debtors, 527, 528, 582, 609, 610, 624, 630,

637decentralization, 524–25Declaration of Independence, 1291–94,

1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1351, 1371,1382, 1556, 1562

Declaration of Rights, 1062Declaratory Acts, 915–16, 918–19, 980,

1233, 1349Dee, “Doctor” John, 28, 46deism, 662, 668–71, 686, 694DeLancey family, 538, 645, 646, 683, 749,

757, 926, 1174, 1183, 1543DeLancey, James, 789, 837DeLancey, Oliver, 983DeLancey, Peter, 887Delanoy, Peter, 423, 424, 425, 426, 429,

436, 437, 455, 456, 463Delaware, 554, 561, 564, 573; Assembly,

1283, 1370; Delaware Constitution,1385, 1549; proprietary in, 700; religionin, 654

Delke, Roger, 83Dellius, Rev. Godfridus, 455, 457, 458, 460,

539demand deposits, 623democracy, 525, 533, 578, 579, 593Denison, Daniel, 360nDennis, Samuel, 381Denny, William, 570, 748Denton, Rev. Richard, 212Derby, Capt. John, 1135Derby, Lord, 1467Derk, John, 1235Desbrosses, Elias, 984despotism, 517, 603, 646, 651, 652, 691Detroit, 784–84devaluation. See debasement of moneyDevinney, Samuel, 1004Devonshire, Duke of, 847, 856Devotion, Ebenezer, 883

Dewey, Jedediah, 1105Diaz, Bartholomew, 13, 14, 15Dickerson, Oliver, 965Dickinson, John, 796, 822, 892, 934, 944,

970, 972, 1014, 1027, 1046–47,1050–51, 1063, 1144, 1145, 1147,1224, 1230, 1231, 1248, 1275, 1276,1277, 1278, 1281, 1290, 1291, 1360,1361, 1362, 1363, 1367, 1368, 1375

Dinwiddie, Robert, 586, 728–31, 733, 734,783, 796

Discourse on Inequality (Rousseau), 1102Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and

Sciences (Rousseau), 1102disenfranchisement, 533, 551, 566, 568, 650Dissenters, 538, 616, 654, 665, 681, 794,

838, 841Dixon, Jeremiah, 573Dobbs, Arthur, 591Dockwra, William, 481Dominion of New England, 366–69, 402–12Dongan, Thomas, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378,

379, 408, 410, 411, 414, 429, 437Donne, John (Gov.), 68, 641Dorchester Heights, 1154, 1209, 1220Dorfman, Joseph (The Economic Mind in

American Civilization), 1400Douglass, Elisha P. (“German Intellectuals

and the American Revolution”), 1236,1575; (Rebels and Democrats: The Strug-gle for Equal Political Rights and Major-ity Rule During the AmericanRevolution), 1374, 1378, 1572

Douglass, William, 637, 720Dowdeswell, William, 912, 971, 1038Downer, Silas, 901, 919, 953Downing, Emmanuel, 259Drake, Sir Francis, 27Drayton, William Henry, 955–56, 973, 1066,

1089, 1201, 1267, 1370, 1382, 1552Drosius, Rev. Mr., 310Drummond, James, 383Drummond, John, 405Drummond, Sara, 99Drummond, William, 97, 98, 99, 100Dry, William, 897–98Drysdale, Hugh, 585

1587

15871587

Duane, James, 539, 831, 879, 1049–50,1060–62, 1104, 1107, 1145, 1173,1190, 1230, 1248, 1274, 1295, 1296,1368, 1502, 1503

Duane manor, 537Duberman, Martin (The Anti-Slavery Van-

guard), 1529Dubos, Jean-Baptiste, 1101Dudingston, William, 1017, 1023Dudley, Charles, Jr., 1016–17Dudley, Joseph, 358, 360, 362, 364, 365–69,

402, 403, 405, 406, 407, 415, 435, 436,443, 450, 451, 466, 462, 463, 464, 469,470, 471, 501, 520, 521, 527, 628, 642

Dudley, Paul, 630, 718Dudley, Rebecca, 367Dudley, Thomas, 160, 162, 181, 182, 222,

228Duer, William, 1368, 1473, 1519Dunbar, David, 708–09, 796Dunbar, Thomas, 733Dunmore, Lord (Gov.), 1052, 1088–89,

1105, 1193, 1194–95, 1196–98, 1200,1211, 1268, 1365, 1551, 1552

Dunn, Richard S., 344, 347n, 445, 472nDurant, George, 117, 118, 119, 120Durkee, John, 905Dutch Reformed Church, 658, 661Dyer, Eliphalet, 796, 815, 1063Dyer, Mary, 183, 186, 231, 233, 234, 330,

445Dyer, William (N.Y.), 330, 374, 396Dyer, William (R.I.), 184, 200, 202, 203,

231, 330

East India Company, 1024–30, 1037, 1043,1047, 1051

Eastchurch, Thomas, 118, 119Eastland Company, 29, 155Easton, John, 336, 468Easton, Nicholas, 184, 200, 202, 203, 338,

408Easy Plan of Discipline for a Militia (Picker-

ing), 1084Eaton, Theophilus, 211, 212, 220, 222,

231, 302

Eaton, Thomas, 59Eckly, John, 400Economic-determinist school of history, 1118Ecuyer, Simeon, 786Eddis, William, 1080Edes, Benjamin, 868Eden, Robert, 1206, 1240, 1265, 1287Edmundson, William, 349Edmundston, William (Rev.), 672Edsall, Samuel, 383, 424, 436Edwards, Jonathan, 657–58, 659–60, 661, 662Effingham, Lord, 1135–36, 1232Egremont, Earl of, 783, 786, 789–90,

793–95, 845–46Eldridge, John, 327Eliot, Andrew, 680, 687, 871, 1098Eliot, John, 342Elizabeth, Queen, 25, 28, 147Ellery, William, 721, 875–76Ellis, Welbore, 793Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 1093Emile (Rousseau), 1100Endecott, John, 158, 164, 170, 192, 197, 218,

224, 229, 232, 233, 235, 238, 332, 527England, immigration policy, 539–40;

international policy, 751–53; land pol-icy, 530, 532, 549–50, 602–04; mone-tary policy, 626–27, 631, 633, 634,635–36, 638; postal service, 639, 640,641; religious policy, 679–83; relationswith France, 559, 607, 713–14, 717,721, 724–26, 743, 754; relations withSpain, 607, 615, 644, 714–16; religionin, 670–71, 684, 694

Enlightenment, 655, 677; enumerated list,595, 703, 704, 706, 708

Enos, Lt. Col. Roger, 1164, 1166Ericson, Leif, 15Erskine, Gen. Sir William, 1313Essay on Civil Government (Locke), 893Essay on Man (Pope), 846“Essay on the Trade of the Northern

Colonies” (Hopkins), 815Essay on Woman, 846–47Evangelicals, New Side, 661; Old Side, 661,

663–64, 665Evans, John, 455, 457, 496

1588

15881588

Everard, Richard, 590, 591Eyre, Littleton, 900

Fabricius, Rev. Mr., 327Fairbanks, Richard, 640Fairfax County, 1151, 1270Fairfax Resolves, 1270Fairfax, Lord Thomas, 576, 577, 726, 727,

1541Fanning, Edmund, 999–1002, 1004–06, 1008Farmer, John, 673Fauquier, Francis, 783, 881, 896Fay, Jonas, 1109Fay, Stephen, 1109Feake, Tobias, 310fees, feudal, 535Feller, Abbe, 1563, 1568Fendall, Josiah, 108, 116Fenwick, George, 210, 211Fenwick, John, 326, 327, 387, 389Fenwicke family, 603–04Ferguson, E. James (The Power of the Purse:

A History of American Public Finance1776–1790), 1496, 1515, 1520, 1573;(“The Nationalists of 1781–1783 andthe Economic Interpretation of theConstitution”), 1573

Ferguson, Patrick (Maj.), 1439–40Ferguson, Thomas, 973Fernandes, Joao, 15feudalism, 535, 536, 537–38, 555, 606, 686Few, James, 1008Few, William, 1008Field, John, 205Field, William, 196Finley, Samuel, 665Fish, Elisha, 1085Fish, Joseph, 695Fisher, Mary, 228, 229Fiske, John, 298–99, 313–14Fitch, James, 419, 471, 472 Fitch, Thomas, 815, 883Fleeming, John, 958–96Fleet, Thomas, 644Fleming, John, 863Fletchall, Col. Thomas, 1201

Fletcher, Benjamin, 437, 450, 454, 455,456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 464, 465, 466,467, 471, 475, 488, 489, 490, 491, 496,536, 649

Flick, Alexander C. (Loyalism in New YorkDuring the American Revolution), 1180

Florida, 599, 600, 605, 606, 614, 615, 617,761, 763; as haven for runaway slaves,597, 607; forced labor in, 763–64

Foner, Eric (Tom Paine and RevolutionaryAmerica), 1490, 1491, 1572

Forbes, John, 745–46Fort Constitution (Fort Lee), 1305, 1309,

1310Fort Edward, 1322, 1323Fort Miller, 1323, 1324Fort St. John’s, 1142, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1165Fort Stanwix, 1191, 1325, 1326, 1414Fort Sullivan, 1205, 1207Fort Washington, 1305, 1306, 1309Founce, John, 408Fothergill, Samuel, 675Fowle, Daniel, 644–45Fowles, Henry, 122Fox, Charles James, 713, 1038–40,

1231–32, 1233, 1298, 1348, 1349,1350, 1467–68, 1475–76, 1477–78

Fox, George, 108, 115, 339Fox, Henry, 724, 732, 762, 790, 793, 1231France, 558, 559, 566, 570, 605, 606, 610,

617, 621, 654, 685, 696, 713, 714,724–35, 736, 737, 738, 739, 743, 744,745, 746, 747, 748, 755, 756, 758, 760,763, 765

France and the American Revolution, 1393,1399, 1400, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1425,1430, 1459–60, 1461, 1462, 1561, 1567

Franco-American Treaty, 1470, 1472, 1474,1476, 1478

Franklin, Benjamin, 556, 562–70, 572, 636,642, 643, 646, 650, 652, 659, 670, 731,732, 733, 755, 757, 790, 792, 808,821–22, 855–56, 858, 866–67, 882,884–85, 904, 906, 911, 916, 923, 930,982, 1029, 1036, 1062, 1135, 1170,1171, 1217, 1224, 1226, 1227, 1250,1282, 1290, 1291, 1346–47, 1359,

1589

15891589

1360–61, 1363, 1364, 1371, 1400,1472, 1473, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1485,1493, 1515, 1525, 1526, 1527; as minis-ter to France, 1474, 1561, 1574

Franklin, James, 642–43, 644Franklin, William, 755, 808, 823, 904,

1192, 1240, 1284, 1285, 1364Franks, David, 789Franks family, 1364Franks, Moses, 789Fraser, Simon (Gen.), 1330, 1410Free American Fire Company, 958freedom of the press, 642, 644, 645, 646,

648, 649, 650, 682, 696freedom of religion, 666, 667, 737. See also

religious libertyfreedom of speech, 652, 696freeholders, 536, 589Frelinghuysen, Federick, 1542Frelinghuysen, Theodore J., 658, 661 French, Allen (The First Year of the Ameri-

can Revolution), 1570French, Philip, 465French, William, 1112French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War),

555, 566, 586, 617, 632, 638, 662,724–35, 743–47, 748, 749, 751,752–53, 781, 788, 791–92, 796, 801,810, 1083

French Enlightenment, 1100Fretwell, Peter, 478Friend, Isaac, 61Friends of America, 1080Friends of Liberty and Trade, 983Frobisher, Martin, 28Frontenac, Comte de, 429, 433frontiersmen, 527, 528, 552, 568, 569, 573,

655, 708Fuller, Dr. Matthew, 264Fuller, Rose, 857, 912, 915, 919–20, 1038–39Fuller, William, 107fur trade, 539, 552, 706, 714, 717, 724, 728

Gadsden, Christopher, 886, 892–93,918–19, 949–50, 955–56, 973, 986,1015, 1034, 1054–55, 1063, 1066,

1073, 1082, 1217, 1249, 1267, 1382,1383, 1428

Gage, Thomas (Gen.), 786–87, 796, 866,879, 924, 929, 946, 985, 1018, 1038,1044–45, 1048–49, 1056, 1058, 1065,1068–69, 1083, 1090–92, 1135, 1136,1140, 1141, 1154, 1155, 1159, 1160,1173, 1184, 1200, 1233

Gaine, Hugh, 648, 1079Gale, Christopher, 590Gallop, John, 218Galloway, Joseph, 822, 854, 867, 884–85,

906, 911, 934, 937, 982, 1022,1050–51, 1060–63, 1144, 1175, 1192,1312, 1316, 1364

Gama, Vasco da, 15Gardiner, Lyon, 218Gardiner, Thomas, 478Garth, Charles, 855, 857Gaspee, 1017–18, 1022–23Gates, Gen. Horatio, 1150, 1151, 1153,

1161, 1164, 1240, 1307, 1308, 1311,1312, 1321, 1322, 1327, 1328, 1329,1330, 1332, 1336–37, 1339, 1341,1344, 1394, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1442,1479, 1519

Gates, Sir Thomas, 49Gay, Ebenezer, 669Gedney, Bartholomew, 360n, 366General Committee of Charleston, 1054,

1066, 1073Geneva and the American Revolution,

1564, 1566, 1568George, Capt., 414George II (King), 801George III (King), 836, 864, 907, 953, 959,

973, 977, 1037, 1052, 1111, 1150, 1151,1249, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1271, 1275,1280, 1282, 1293, 1297, 1302, 1311,1319, 1322, 1380, 1406, 1419, 1467,1468, 1472, 1476; declares war on theDutch, 1400

Georgia, 707, 716, 741; as proprietarycolony, 607, 609, 614; as royal colony,616; Assembly, 614, 616, 617; , 1382;Association movement, 997; Council,616, 617; Council of Safety, 1202, 1265;

1590

15901590

dictatorship in, 611–12, 613; humani-tarianism in, 607–18; militia, 700; Lib-erty Society of Savannah, 1382; moneyin, 636; newspapers in, 652; religion in,654, 670; settlement of, 605, 607, 609,610, 611; silk in, 612–13, 614, 616; slav-ery in, 612, 613, 614, 616

Georgia Gazette, 895, 1055Gerard, Conrad, 1364, 1472, 1473, 1474Germain, Lord George, 1233, 1302, 1315,

1316, 1317, 1340, 1353, 1425, 1467German Enlightenment, 1099German settlers, 566, 568, 569–70, 610,

654, 672. See also immigration, GermanGermany and the American Revolution,

1561Gerrard, Thomas, 117, 122Gerry, Elbridge, 1020, 1083, 1146, 1248,

1264, 1525Gibbs, John, 126Gibbes, Robert, 596Gibson, James, 572Gilbert, Adrian, 28, 30Gilbert, Felix (To the Farewell Address: Ideas

of EarlyAmerican Foreign Policy), 1347,1348, 1574

Gilbert, Jonathan, 995Gilbert, Raleigh, 33Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 27, 28, 33Gilbert, William, 598Gildersleeve, Richard, 309Gill, John, 958Gillam, Samuel, 943Glen, James, 730Glorious Revolution, 413–41, 628, 688Glover, William, 132Glynn, Serjeant John, 845, 941Godyn, Samuel, 290Goddard, William, 874, 1170, 1171Godechot, Jacques, 1560; La Grande

Nation, 1568; France and the AtlanticRevolution of the Eighteenth Century,1770–1799, 1568, 1574–75

Goetwater, Rev. Ernestus, 308gold, 621, 622, 623, 625, 629Gooch, William, 576, 585, 586, 661, 727,

728

Good, Sarah, 444Goodman, Christopher, 1097Goodyear, Stephen, 255Gookin, Daniel, 337, 360nGordon, John, 956Gordon, Thomas, 477, 649, 681, 686,

690–93, 848, 1097, 1120Gordon, William, 1085Gore, John, 962Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 32, 33, 35, 149, 153,

162, 165, 214, 215, 216, 276, 346, 348Gorges, Thomas, 215Gorton, Samuell, 187–99, 223, 340, 408,

525, 532Gottschalk, Louis (“The Place of the Amer-

ican Revolution in the Causal Pattern ofthe French Revolution”), 1568, 1574

Gould, Thomas, 239Gourgues, Dominique de, 27Gouverneur, Abraham, 436, 450Gove, Edward, 353, 354, 356, 418Grafton, Lord (Duke), 847, 912–13, 917,

925, 942, 953, 976–78, 1150, 1233Grand Design, the, 791–92, 795, 835, 870grant-in-aid, 565Grant, Charles, 527–28Grant, James, 1090Grantham, Thomas, 100Graham (shipowner), 826Granville, Earl of ( John Carteret), 130,

131, 591, 714, 728, 757, 760Gratz family, 1364, 1483; Bernard Gratz,

1527Graves, Adm. Samuel, 1212, 1233Graves, Rear Adm. Thomas, 1460–61Gray, Edmund, 616–17Great Awakening, 621, 657–67, 668Green Mountain Boys, 1105–12, 1138,

1141, 1160, 1161, 1162Green Mountain Rangers, 1161, 1163Green, Roger, 111Greene, John, 190, 194Greene, Nathanael (Gen.), 1206, 1240,

1247, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1309, 1311,1312, 1313, 1333, 1334–35, 1336,1341, 1342, 1344, 1396, 1442, 1443,1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451,

1591

15911591

1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457,1462, 1479, 1480

Greene, Thomas, 107Greenland, Henry, 382, 383Grenville, George, 790, 792, 794, 801, 804,

808, 822, 844–45, 848, 853, 854–56,858, 882, 907–15, 917, 920, 923–24,930, 976, 978, 1037

Grenville, Richard, 29Gresham’s law, 629, 630, 637Grey, Gen. Charles, 1333, 1419Groom, Samuel, 384“Grotius,” 1080Grotius, Hugo, 46, 286, 813Grover, James, 323Growdon, Joseph, 400, 494Gruber, Ira D. (“Richard Lord Howe:

Admiral as Peacemaker”), 1184, 1213,1571; (“Lord Howe and Lord GeorgeGermain: British Politics and the Win-ning of American Independence”), 1303,1316, 1571

Guilford, Lord, 125

habeas corpus, writ of, 603, 651, 652Habersham, Joseph, 1202habitants, 1162–63Hakluyt, Richard, 28, 29, 30, 33Haldimand, Frederick, 1110Hale, John (Rev.), 446Hale, Nathan, 1306Halevy, Elie (The Growth of Philosophic

Radicalism), 1253Half-Way Covenant, 520Halifax, Earl of, 722–23, 725, 732, 755,

760, 794–96, 835, 845–46, 848, 853,911–12, 917

Halifax, Marquis of. See George SavileHall, Michael Garibaldi, 346n, 361Hall, Lyman, 1056, 1067Hall, Samuel, 816–17Hall, Thomas, 100Hallenbeck, Michael, 538, 539Hallowell, Benjamin, 871Hamilton, Alexander, 1342, 1343, 1344,

1385, 1502–83, 1505, 1511–12, 1518,

1519, 1520, 1521, 1523, 1524, 1525;The Continentalist, 1511–12

Hamilton, Andrew, 386, 474, 475, 476,478, 479, 480, 481, 482, 501, 564, 641,642, 646, 649, 650, 1080

Hamilton, Lt. Gov. Henry, 1403–04, 1405,1406

Hamilton, James, 566Hamilton, John, 547Hamilton, Ninian, 1004Hamilton, Norman Bell, 1001Hanbury, John, 727Hancock, John, 871, 938–39, 947, 957–59,

964, 971, 1013–16, 1019, 1030, 1065,1083, 1091–92, 1132, 1147, 1153,1154, 1205, 1230, 1248, 1256, 1259,1264, 1311, 1377, 1501

Hancock, Thomas, 717, 718, 719Handlin, Oscar and Mary (“James Burgh

and American Revolutionary Theory”),1263

Hanseatic League, 8–9, 12, 21, 22Hardwicke, Lord, 681, 756, 757, 759, 762,

845–46, 916Harley, Thomas, 942Harrington, James, 803, 1080, 1097–98Harris, Benjamin, 642Harris, Thomas, 231Harris, Tyree, 1000Harris, William, 178, 187, 189, 190, 205,

207, 338, 339, 340Harrison, Benjamin, 824, 840, 1087, 1224,

1225, 1230, 1264, 1457, 1483, 1517, 1554Harrison, Nathaniel, 140Haskett, Richard C. (“Prosecuting the Rev-

olution”), 1538, 1541, 1574Hart, Edward, 310Hart, John, 125Hart, Thomas, 1006Hartley, David, 914Hartshorne, Richard, 385, 386, 476, 484Hartso, John Philip, 1004Harvard College, 520, 523, 556, 655, 656,

659, 669, 694, 803, 958, 1098–99, 1180Harvey, Edward, 1090Harvey, John, 71, 72, 73, 87Harvey, William, 596

1592

15921592

Hat Act (1732), 706, 801, 809Hathaway, Simon, 1106Hatherley, Timothy, 265Haviland, William, 747Hawke, David Freeman (Paine), 1572Hawkins, Sir John, 26, 27Hawley, Thomas, 534Hayward, John, 640Hawley, Joseph, 1083, 1091, 1259, 1260,

1261, 1500Hayley, George, 971Haynes, John, 209, 220Hearts of Oak club, 884Heath, Sir Robert, 112Heath, William (Gen.), 1093, 1305, 1309,

1310, 1414Henderson, Jacob, 125Henderson, Richard (Judge), 1005, 1365, 1366Henry, John, 840Henry, Patrick (lawyer), 841, 863–67, 873,

889, 910, 948, 1022, 1053, 1060, 1062,1072, 1087–89, 1151, 1224, 1230,1249, 1264, 1268, 1270, 1271, 1272,1364, 1366, 1403, 1553; Thoughts onGovernment, 1269

Henry, Patrick (minister), 841–42Henry the Navigator, Prince, 12Herkimer, Gen. Nicholas, 1325–26Heron, Robert, 826Hertford, Lord, 858Hesse, Capt. Emanuel, 1411–12Higginbotham, Don (“Daniel Morgan,

Guerilla Fighter”), 1443, 1570; (DanielMorgan: Revolutionary Rifleman), 1570;(War of American Independence: Mili-tary Attitudes, Policies, and Practice1763–1789), 1570

Higginson, Francis, 164Higginson, Rev. John, 331, 404, 520Hill, Aaron, 606Hill, Edward, 88, 103Hill, Valentine, 275Hilliard, Timothy, 1085Hills (merchant), 954Hillsborough, Lord, 936, 938, 942, 945,

953, 976–77, 981–82, 1015, 1037Hilton, Edward, 153

Hilton, William, 153Hinckes, John, 355, 366, 411Hinckley, Thomas, 417Hinman, Col. Benjamin, 1143, 1161History of England (Macauley), 972Hoadly, 1098Hobbes, Thomas, 1103Hodgson, Robert, 309Holden, Randall, 190, 191, 194Holder, Christopher, 231, 232, 233Hollis, Thomas, 1097–1100Holme, Thomas, 493Holmes, Obadiah, 197, 198Holmes, Rev. John, 265Holmes, William, 217Holt, John, 961Holy League (French), 685Holyoke, Edward (“Guts”), 669, 1132Home, John (Reverend), 941, 971, 973,

1135, 1232, 1233Honeyman, James, 828Hood, Rear Adm. Sir Stanley, 1460Hood, Zachariah, 878, 887Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 162, 175, 208, 209,

210, 211, 221hHooper, William, 1053, 1266, 1383Hooton, Elizabeth, 237–38Hopkins, Edward, 259Hopkins, Ezek, 1212, 1247Hopkins, Samuel, 326Hopkins, Stephen, 815–18, 861–62, 890,

1022, 1051, 1060Hopson, Peregrine, 739, 740Hopton, Lord, 138Hotman, Francois, 1097Hough, Benjamin, 1111House of Burgesses (Va.), 576, 578–79,

641, 652, 726, 729, 731Houston, William, 886Hovey, Daniel, 695Howell, David, 1516, 1517, 1523Howard, Francis Lord, 136, 137, 138, 139Howard, John (Col.), 1444, 1445Howard, Martin, Jr., 816–17, 875–76, 917Howe, Adm. Richard Lord, 1184, 1212,

1213, 1233, 1234, 1301, 1302, 1304,1311, 1317, 1339, 1353

1593

15931593

Howe, Gen. Robert, 1266, 1398, 1421Howe, Gen. Sir William, 1154, 1155, 1156,

1159, 1184, 1209, 1233, 1284, 1301,1302–03, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307,1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1315, 1316,1317, 1323, 1324, 1329, 1331, 1332,1333, 1334, 1335, 1339–40, 1375, 1419

Howell, Rednap, 1000–01, 1005–06, 1008Howland, Arthur, 265Howland, Zoeth, 265Hubbard, James, 305Hubbard, Rev. Mr., 239Hubbard, William, 447Hudson, Henry, 34, 35, 285Hudson, Jonathan, 985Hudson River Uprising (1766), 537Huger, Gen. Isaac, 1427, 1428, 1446–47Hughes, John, 866–67, 884–85Hull, John, 360n, 627humanitarianism, 607–18Hume, David, 1116; (History of England),

1150Humphrey, John, 160Humphreys, Charles, 1291Hunie, David, 65Hunloke, Edward, 475Hunt, Goodman and Mrs., 212Hunter, James, 1000–01, 1004–05, 1007–08Hunter, Robert, 466, 467, 534, 540, 541Huntington Library Quarterly, 1575Husband, Hermon, 999, 1001–02, 1004–08Huske, John, 807, 909Hutchins, William, 464, 465Hutchinson, Anne, 180–86, 187, 188, 189,

193, 206, 211, 220, 231, 232, 261, 296,298, 312, 525, 652, 684, 686, 687

Hutcheson, Charles, 1107Hutchinson, Eliakim, 717, 718Hutchinson, Elisha, 628Hutchinson, Foster, 1058Hutchinson, Richard, 259Hutchinson, Thomas, 637, 750, 802, 813, 867,

869, 875, 899–900, 919, 939, 957–58, 960,962, 964, 966, 981, 1013–15, 1021,1029–30, 1033, 1036, 1038, 1044

Hutchinson, William, 180, 183, 184, 185,186

Hutson, J. (Essays on the American Revolu-tion), 1570

Hyde, Edward (Earl of Clarendon), 111,132, 133, 269, 277, 345, 587

Hyman, Harold M. (To Try Men’s Souls),1180, 1574

Illinois-Wabash Co., 1363, 1364, 1483, 1527immigrants, 535, 539, 763–64; German,

539–41, 551, 555–56, 575–76, 615;Ulster Scot, 551–54

impressment, 717, 719, 720, 721indentured servants, 516, 517–18, 532,

539, 544, 552, 553, 554, 574, 575, 576,741, 763. See also labor, forced

Independent Reflector, The, 681–82Independent Society of Bristol, 971Independent Whig, 681Indian tribes, Chickasaws, 1412; Chero-

kees, 599, 618, 784, 786, 991, 1200,1201, 1365, 1366, 1430; Creek, 587,599, 600, 607, 618; Conestoga, 571;Delawares, 558, 560, 567, 570, 745,785–87, 1413, 1464; Guale, 605;Hurons, 785; Iroquois, 786, 1191, 1325,1366, 1405, 1408, 1409, 1414, 1484;Mohawks ( Joseph Brant), 1321, 1325,1326, 1405, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410,1413–14, 1463; Oneidas, 1409–10;Onondagas, 1408; Ottawas, 784;Senecas, 784–86, 1409; Shawnees,785–87, 1194, 1195, 1412, 1465

Indiana Co., 1364, 1376, 1483, 1485, 1527,1528

Indians, 532, 533, 538, 545, 552, 555,557–61, 569, 570, 571, 575, 587–88,597, 598, 599, 601, 605, 606, 607, 610,614, 621, 625, 639, 728, 731, 739, 1191,1195, 1308, 1321, 1324, 1363, 1365,1430, 1462, 1478–79; massacre of, 569,571, 587–88, 607; Proclamation Line of1763, 1191, 1194, 1195; slaughter ofMoravian converts, 1463; war in theWest, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406,1407, 1408, 1409, 1411, 1412, 1413

indigo, 581, 595, 596,616, 704, 763

1594

15941594

inflation, 621–38ff., 719, 721Ingersoll, David, 538Ingersoll, Jared, 804, 855, 866, 874, 882, 894Ingle, Richard, 106Inglis, Charles, 1080, 1546; The True Inter-

est of America Impartially Stated,1278–79

Ingoldesby, Richard, 434, 435, 437, 464, 466Institutiones, 1099Intolerable Acts, 1043, 1069, 1072Inquiry, Committee of, 1133Ireland and the American Revolution, 1223,

1561, 1564–65Ireland, Shadrack, 668Iron Act (1750), 706–07, 801Iroquois Indians, 560, 570, 587, 588, 726,

731, 743, 745Izard family, 604

Jackson, Richard, 755, 807–08, 814–15,821–22, 855, 857, 882, 916

Jackson, William, 962Jacobi, Johann Georg, 1236Jacobson, David L., 822Jacobsen, Marcus, 325Jaffrey, George, 353James I (King), 31, 55, 59, 68, 70, 85, 135,

148, 149, 153, 155James II (Duke of York), 121, 137, 138,

271, 272, 276, 277, 283, 313, 315, 321,324, 326, 327, 329, 330, 343, 356, 366,371, 372, 374, 375, 377, 378, 379, 380,381, 382, 383, 389, 393, 402, 409, 410,413, 422, 425, 426, 457, 487, 488

James, Thomas, 879Jameson, J. Franklin (The American Revolu-

tion Considered as a Social Movement),1575

Jameson, Robert, 981Jamaica, 830Jarratt, Devereux, 664Jay, John, 1049, 1062, 1173, 1189, 1224,

1230, 1244, 1275, 1295, 1553–54Jefferson, Thomas, 864, 948, 1022,

1052–53, 1099, 1151, 1264, 1269,1270, 1271, 1290, 1291–92, 1293–94,

1363–64, 1366, 1385, 1404, 1456,1457, 1458, 1475, 1483, 1484, 1485,1501, 1526, 1528, 1529, 1538, 1548,1550, 1553–54, 1561; Statute of Reli-gious Freedom, 1553, 1154

Jeffreys, Herbert, 134Jenkins, John, 117, 118, 119Jenkinson, Charles, 760, 794, 845, 848Jennings, Lt. Gov., 14, 830Jennings, Samuel, 390, 478, 487, 488Jensen, Merrill (The Articles of Confederation:

An Interpretation of the Social-Constitu-tional History of the American Revolution,1774–1781), 1358, 1368, 254, 1571

Jews, 615–16John Wilkes Club, 1034Johnson, Edward, 260Johnson, Sir John, 1191, 1201, 1325, 1405,

1410, 1543Johnson, Nathaniel, 130, 131Johnson, Robert, 601, 602–03, 604Johnson, Samuel (minister), 680, 682, 835;

(Taxation No Tyranny), 1233Johnson, Samuel (Tory), 1098Johnson, Thomas, 1152, 1216, 1224, 1230,

1244, 1286–87, 1363–64Johnson, William, 570, 732, 733, 735, 820,

1191, 1325, 1543Johnson, William Samuel, 892Johnson, Thomas, 480Johnston, Augustus, 816, 875, 877, 888, 901Johnston, Gabriel, 592–93Johnston, Samuel, 1006Jones, Griffith, 399, 492Jones, John Gabriel, 1365–66Jones, Howard Mumford, 38n, 1100Jones, Capt. John Paul, 1353, 1399Jones, Joseph (Congressman, 1400Jordan, Winthrop D., 65n, 66nJoseph II, Emperor of Austria, 1150Joseph, William, 121Journal of American History, 1173, 1425,

1571, 1573Journal of Economic History, 1573Journal of Occurrences, 961Journal of the Times, 961Judd, Andrew, 31

1595

15951595

Junto, the Newport, 816–17, 874–75, 877jury trial, 533, 535, 545, 548, 593, 646,

649, 700, 704

Kames, Lord, 755Kayaderosseras grant, 820Keayne, Robert, 248Keith, George, 487, 488, 489Kemp, Richard, 72Kempe, John T., 1104–05, 1107Kennedy, Archibald, 809, 899Kent, Benjamin, 656Keppel, Adm. Augustus, 1135, 1232Kiefft, Willem, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297,

298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 309Kimble, Reverend, 650King George’s War (War of the Austrian

Succession), 559, 560, 561, 635,713–23, 724, 735, 748

King Philip’s War, 334–44, 347, 363, 370, 408King’s College, 556, 1080King’s Friends, 912–13, 917, 1028, 1037Kinsey, John, 559Kirk, Thomas, 939, 947Kirke, Percy, 366Klyberg, Albert T. (“The Armed Loyalists

as Seen by American Historians”), 1181,1571

Knollenberg, Bernhard, 819, 1120; (Wash-ington and the Revolution: AReappraisal), 1435, 1570

Knox, Col. Henry, 1208, 1312, 1313, 1334,1335, 1344, 1462, 1519, 1520, 1524

Knowles, Charles, 720, 721Kosciuszko, Col. Thaddeus, 1322, 1327, 1454Kurtz, S. (Essays on the American

Revolution), 1570Kusso Indians, 605Kuyter, Joachim, 298, 299, 300, 303

La Boetie, Etienne de, 1116La Luzerne, Chevalier de, 1474, 1475,

1485, 1504, 1516La Montague, Dr., 295La Nouvelle Eloise (Rousseau), 1100

labor, forced, 516, 518, 540, 541, 553, 574,737, 739, 742, 763, 764

Ladd, Nathaniel, 353Lafayette, Marquis de, 1306, 1337, 1339,

1342, 1343, 1344, 1458–59, 1479Lamb, John, 879, 884, 905, 929, 967, 1034,

1173, 1174, 1175Lamberton, George, 213, 302Lancaster, James, 30, 31land grants, 526, 527, 530, 531, 534, 535,

537, 575–77, 590, 602, 603, 618; head-right system of, 574, 575; joint, 526;proprietary, 602

land monopoly, 534, 538, 541, 550, 575,576, 602

land speculation, 527, 528, 539, 561, 575,576, 602, 603, 611, 617–18, 624, 633,634, 636, 725–28, 755, 758; absentee,528, 531

Lane, Ralph, 29Lane, Sir Thomas, 474Langdon, John, 1085Langlade, Capt. Charles, 1411–12Larie, Gawen, 384, 385, 387Las Casas, Fr. Bartolome de, 19, 65Lascelles family, 915Lasswell, Harold, 1119Laud, Rev. William, 157, 163, 176Laudonniere, Rene de, 26Laurens, Henry, 604, 617, 973, 1015, 1253,

1382, 1473, 1475, 1552Laurens, Col. John, 1344, 1552Law, Jonathan, 665Lawrence, Charles, 739, 740, 741, 742Lawrence, Peter, 358Lawrence, Richard, 97Lawrence, William, 424, 475Lay, Benjamin, 674Lea, John, 1004League of Armed Neutrality, 1471Le Boeuf, Fort, 785Leddra, William, 270Ledlie, Capt. Hugh, 1525Lee, Arthur, 970, 973, 982, 1227, 1230,

1346, 1472–73, 1474, 1475, 1485,1504, 1519, 1521, 1574

Lee, Charles, 1148–53, 1161, 1166, 1186,

1596

15961596

1189–90, 1205–07, 1239, 1240, 1249,1251, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1269, 1287,1301, 1302, 1304, 1306, 1307,1309–10, 1311, 1312, 1337, 1338–39,1341, 1342–43, 1344, 1394, 1434,1479–80

Lee family, 789Lee, Col. “Light Horse Harry,” 1443, 1448,

1449, 1450, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1462Lee, Richard Henry, 103, 824, 899, 948,

970, 1022, 1051, 1053, 1060, 1062,1072, 1087, 1089, 1151, 1215, 1217,1227, 1230, 1249, 1264, 1269, 1274,1289, 1290, 1291, 1293, 1345, 1474,1359, 1501, 1360, 1521, 1363, 1367,1457, 1472, 1473

Lee, Thomas Ludwell, 726–27, 728, 783,1272

Leete, William, 270, 971legal tender, 623, 624, 628, 630, 632, 636Leiby, Adrian C. (The Revolutionary War in

the Hackensack Valley: The Jersey Dutchand the Neutral Ground, 1775–1783),1570–71

Leigh, Egerton, 810Leisler, Jacob, 373, 419, 423, 424, 425, 426,

427, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435,436, 437, 451, 456, 458, 459, 463, 464,466, 485, 501

Leislerian revolution, 685Lemisch, Jesse (“Jack Tar in the Streets:

Merchant Seamen in the Politics of Rev-olutionary America”), 1573

Lenin, V.I., 251nLennox, Earl of, 149Leon, Ponce de, 16Leonard, Daniel, 1080Leonard, Samuel, 479, 480Leslie, Gen. Alexander, 1441, 1443, 1446Letter on Toleration, 666, 667Letter to the Clergy (Bland), 840Letters from a Farmer (Dickinson), 934,

944, 970Levant Company, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 155Levellers, 685, 686Levellers’ Uprising (1766), 537, 926–27Leverett, John, 346, 519, 520

Levis-Leran, Chevalier de, 747Levert, Christopher, 214Levy, Leonard W. (Jefferson and Civil Liber-

ties: The Darker Side), 1538, 1573–74liberalism, 515–22, 523, 655, 656, 657,

659, 660, 664, 668, 669, 685, 696, 713,717, 756

libertarianism, 524–25, 526, 546, 576, 643,650, 664, 665, 677, 684–96, 701, 702,734, 752, 765

Liberty and Power, conflict between, 1140,1143, 1181

Liberty, 938–39, 1016–17Liberty Boys, 1201–02; “Savannah Mob,”

1202Liberty Pole, 919, 954, 967–68Liberty Tree, Boston, 1030; Charleston,

919, 949, 950Lidget, Peter, 279Lidgett, Charles, 404, 414Lilburne, John, 202Lillie, Theophilus, 962Lillington, Col. John, 1199Lilly, Thomas, 1068Lincoln, Earl of, 160Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, 1323, 1324, 1344,

1419–20, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424,1425, 1426, 1427–28, 1434, 1504

Lispenard, Leonard, 983, 1049Little, William, 590Littleworth, Capt., 164Livery Company of London, 1136Livingston family, 538, 541, 645, 926–27,

929, 935Livingston, Henry, 1318, 1320Livingston, Col. James, 1163Livingston, John P., 1319, 1320Livingston Manor, 535, 536, 538, 539, 540,

1318–21, 1389; Manor Committee ofSafety, 1318

Livingston, Peter, 1173, 1318, 1388Livingston, Philip J., 831, 1049–50, 1225,

1230, 1295, 1296, 1318, 1389Livingston, Robert, 370, 377, 378, 425,

426, 431, 432, 433, 455, 458, 463, 464,465, 466, 470, 536, 537, 540, 879, 892,1105, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1230, 1275,

1597

15971597

1290, 1295, 1387, 1388, 1475, 1504,1515, 1517, 1523, 1544

Livingston, Robert, Jr., 538Livingston, William, 649, 655, 670,

681–83, 819, 831, 879, 1105, 1387Livy, 1080Lloyd, Caleb, 886–87, 897Lloyd, David, 399, 493, 494, 496, 557Lloyd, Thomas, 396, 398, 399, 400, 401,

486, 487, 488, 490, 492Lobb, Jacob, 897–98Locke, John, 113, 128, 456, 546, 552, 656,

666, 667, 669, 671, 681, 686, 687,688–90, 694, 696, 705, 803, 813, 848,893, 1080, 1097, 1099, 1101–02, 1120,1251, 1278, 1292

Logan, James, 494, 496, 557, 559London, 1034London Company, 32, 33, 34, 149London Public Advertiser, 972Lopez, Aaron, 980Loomis, Josiah, 538Lothrop, Rev. John, 264Loudoun, Earl of, 744, 745, 750, 796Louis XIII (King), 224Louis XIV (King), 379, 497Louis XVI (King), 1227Louisbourg, Fort, 559, 634, 714, 716–18,

719, 721, 735, 744, 745, 756, 757Lovejoy, David S., 817Lovelace, Francis, 322, 325Lovelace, Governor, 640Lovelace, Lord, 466Lovell, James, 1344, 1475, 1506Low, Isaac, 983, 1034, 1046, 1049, 1144, 1173Low, John, 547, 549Loyal Nine, 868–71, 873Loyalty Pole, 1067Lucas, Nicholas, 387Ludlow, Gabriel, 983Ludlow, Roger, 209, 220Ludwell, Philip, 103, 125, 126, 128, 137,

139, 141Lukas, Elizah, 595Lutherans, 555, 556, 611Lyde, Edward, 630Lydia, 871

Lyell, David, 481Lynch, Thomas, 892, 949, 973, 986, 1015,

1066, 1073, 1217, 1230Lynd, Staughton (“The Abolitionist Cri-

tique of the United States Constitu-tion”), 1529; (Anti-Federalism inDutchess County, New York: A Study ofDemocracy and Class Conflict in the Rev-olutionary Era), 1572; (“The Revolu-tion and the Common Man”), 1390,1545–46, 1575; (“The Tenant Rising atLivingston Manor”), 1320, 1571

Lynde, Benjamin, 919Lynde, Simon, 628Lyons, Peter, 841

Mably, Abbe, 1561Macauley, Catherine, 972, 1098MacDonald, Maj. Allan, 1200MacDonald, Donald, 1199, 1200Mack, George, 111MacKenzie, John, 949, 986Mackesy, Piers (The War for America,

1755–1783), 1401, 1461, 1571Mackintosh, Ebenezer, 868–73, 1031Macknight, Thomas, 1073MacLean, Allan, 1164–65, 1166Madison, Isaac, 86Madison, James, 984, 1079, 1385, 1506,

1521, 1523, 1527, 1529, 1553, 1554Magellan, Ferdinand, 17Magna Carta, 810, 812Maham, Col. Hezekiah, 1452“Maham Tower,” 1454Maidstone, 830Mail service. See postal serviceMain, Jackson Turner (The Anti-federalists:

Crisis of the Constitution 1781–1788),1516, 1571; (Political Parties Before theRevolution), 1572; (The Sovereign States1775–1783), 1572

Maine, 553, 709; founding, 214–16; settle-ment of, 638

Maitland, Col. John, 1424Makemie, Francis, 554Malcom, Daniel, 934

1598

15981598

Malone, Dumas (Jefferson and His Time),1572; (Jefferson the Virginian), 1294,1364, 1572

Maltraven, Henry Lord, 112Manigault, Peter, 973Mansfield, Lord, 942–43Markham, William, 392, 401, 485, 486,

489, 490, 491, 492, 493Marine Committee, 1212Marion, Francis (“Swamp Fox”), 1431, 1437,

1438, 1440, 1443, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1479Marshall, John, 1553Marston, Edward, 130Martin, Alexander, 1006Martin, Josiah, 1054, 1199, 1200, 1430Martin, Richard, 351, 352, 354Mary, Queen, 147Maryland, 104–10, 116–17, 121–25, 552,

573, 574, 575, 581, 582, 707, 733, 741,742; and Articles of Confederation,1483; Assembly, 733; constitution,1384–85; Council of Safety, 1206,1286, 1370; convention, 1171, 1276,1286, 1287; militia, 730; money in, 626,627, 632; proprietary in, 700; ProvincialCongress, 1151; religion in, 654, 664,672; Senate, 1485; slavery in, 595, 673,676

Maryland Gazette, 862, 895Mascarene, Paul, 737Mason, Charles, 573Mason, George, 90, 783, 918–19, 948,

1053, 1072, 1151, 1269, 1270, 1271,1272, 1273, 1293, 1294, 1366, 1483,1484, 1485; Papers, 1725–1792, 1572

Mason, John, 214, 215, 219, 346, 348Mason, Robert T., 275, 346, 350, 351, 352,

354, 355, 356, 358, 361, 366, 405, 418,439

Mason, Thomson, 1053Massachusetts, 527, 530–31, 533, 538, 548,

551, 553, 566, 572, 573, 616, 632, 657,706, 710, 711, 716–17, 721, 741, 742,750, 763; Assembly, 515, 627, 633–34,637–38, 642–43, 644, 645, 699, 709,718, 720, 735, 749–50, 760; charter,1377; Committee of Safety, 1132, 1141,

1154, 1161; constitutional convention,1499–01; Council, 515, 628, 634, 638,642, 643, 644, 699, 719, 720, 1260;decline of theocracy, 331–33; economicsdissolves theocracy, 241–49, 253–56;education in, 519, 520, 524; GeneralCourt, 515–16, 518, 520, 530, 630, 633,708, 717, 720, 751, 1180, 1258, 1259,1260, 1261, 1262, 1370, 1378, 1379,1498–99, 1526; founding, 155–63; half-way covenant, 261–62; militia, 538–39,718, 719, 735, 749, 750–51; money in,625, 627, 628–31, 633–35, 637–38,717; newspapers in, 639, 642–45, 649,650; postal service in, 640; proprietorsin, 526; Provincial Congress, 1133,1140, 1143, 1144–45, 1169, 1180,1248, 1258; army, 1180; religion in,518–19, 521–22, 523, 644, 654, 655,658, 660, 663, 664, 666–67, 668–70,680, 686, 687, 694, 695; Salem witchhunt, 442–50; slavery in, 516–18, 673,676; suppressing heresy, 172–86,227–40; takeover by Crown, 345–60,357–62; Supreme Court, 1549–50;theocracy, 164–71

Massachusetts Charter (1691), 518, 707, 708Massachusetts Gazette, 816Massachusetts Gazette and Boston

Newsletter, 1079Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Post-Boy,

1079–80Massachusetts Government Act, 1038,

1057–59, 1083Massachusetts Historical Society, 1263Massachusetts Proposals (1705), 521Massachusetts Resolves, 893Massachusetts Spy, 1079, 1133, 1134, 1259Massasoit, 335Mather, Rev. Cotton, 404, 414, 444, 445,

448, 449, 462, 516–17, 518, 520, 521,636, 656

Mather, Rev. Increase, 332, 358, 361, 403,407, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419, 436, 439,442, 443, 444, 445, 447, 449, 451, 462,520, 521, 643

Mathew, Thomas, 90

1599

15991599

Mathews, David, 1295–96Mathews, Samuel, 71, 72, 75, 88Matlack, Timothy, 1279, 1282, 1371, 1375,

1473Matthews, Gen. George, 1425Mauduit, Israel, 756, 757, 760, 854Mauduit, Jasper, 807Maule, Thomas, 649Maurice (Prince of Orange), 286Maury, James, 840–42Maverick, Samuel, 227, 273Mauvillon, Jakob, 1236May, Cornelis, 288Mayhew, Experience, 668, 669Mayhew, Jonathan, 659, 669–70, 681, 686,

687, 694, 835–37, 871, 1098, 1100McCall, Archibald, 885McCulloh, Henry, 796–97, 853, 886, 997McComb, John, 488McDougall, Alexander, 867, 929,

967–1000, 982–84, 1045, 1049, 1067,1151, 1173, 1175, 1189–90, 1344, 1519

McEvers, James, 878, 887McGuire, Thomas, 825McIntosh, Gen. Lachlan, 1406, 1427McKean, Thomas, 1280, 1281–82, 1283,

1291, 1376McKee, Alexander, 1195, 1200, 1464, 1465McLeod, Col. Donald, 1200Megapolensis, Rev. Mr., 308, 310, 314Mein, John, 957–60Melyn, Cornelis, 298, 299, 300, 303Menefie, George, 72Mennonites, 1277mercantile restrictions, 700, 702, 703–12,

722, 766Mercer family, 783Mercer, George, 880–81Merchant Adventurers, 24, 25, 155Merchants Club, 803Merchants Committees of Inspection,

953–55, 957, 979–81Merchants of the Staple, 9–10, 20Meredith, William, 858Merrill, Benjamin, 1008Meserve, George, 880Messier, Peter, 1490

Methodism, 664Methodists, 659, 664, 1183Metzger, Charles H. (Catholics and the

American Revolution: A Study in Reli-gious Climate), 1573

Miamis, Fort, 785Miantonomo, 191, 334, 340Michel, Robert, 324Micklejohn, George, 1001, 1004Middleton, Arthur, 1362Middleton, Henry, 617Middleton family, 604Middleton, Lord, 845Mifflin, Thomas, 1046–47, 1152, 1281, 1501Milborne, Jacob, 426, 431, 432, 434, 436,

437, 451, 456, 458military grants, 539militia, 561, 562, 746, 751; “association,”

voluntary, 562–63, 565, 569, 572; inde-pendent companies, 569. See also indi-vidual colonies

Miller, Thomas, 118, 119Miller, Professor John C. (Triumph of Free-

dom, 1755–1783), 1179, 1569; (SamAdams: Pioneer in Propaganda), 1573

Milton, John, 200, 201, 972, 1097–98Mingoe, 142Minuit, Peter, 213, 288, 289, 291, 294, 301Minutemen, 1083, 1092Minvielle, Gabriel, 435, 458Mirabeau, 1561Mises, Ludwig von, 251nMississippi Company, 789Mitchell, Rev. Jonathan, 239“Mob, The,” 1000Moderator Movement, 995–96Moffat, Thomas, 816, 875–76Mohawk Indians, 541Molasses Act (1733), 710, 711–12, 801,

805–08, 816, 819, 920Molineux, William, 1014, 1030–31Monaghan, Frank (John Jay), 1573Monday Night Club, 803money. See individual colonies; paper money“Monks of St. Francis, The,” 847monopoly, mercantilist, 573Monroe, James, 1344

1600

16001600

Monson, Lord, 705, 722Montagu, Charles, 992Montagu (Montague), John, 459, 1017Montcalm, Marquis de, 743, 744, 745, 746,

747Montesquieu, Baron de, 65, 1100–03,

1241, 1252–53, 1258, 1278, 1279Montgomery, John, 534Montgomery, Brig. Gen. Richard, 1161, 1162,

1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1175, 1205Montgomery, Robert, 606Moody, Lady Deborah, 296, 309, 310Moody, Rev. Joshua, 276, 353, 354, 355Moore, Henry, 900, 927Moore, James, 588, 601Moore, Samuel, 381, 385Moore, William, 650, 651–52Moravians, 556, 571–72, 615More, Nicholas, 395Morellet, Abbe, 1561Morgan, Cadwallader, 672Morgan, Capt. Daniel, 1164, 1165, 1166,

1323, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1338, 1339,1342, 1394, 1408, 1436, 1442, 1443, 1444,1445, 1446, 1447, 1450, 1455, 1479

Morgan, Edmund S. and Helen M., 854, 865Morgan, Thomas, 670Morgann, Maurice, 789, 795Morris, Gouverneur, 1168, 1175, 1295,

1296, 1387–88, 1473, 1493, 1504,1505, 1506, 1514, 1517, 1518, 1519,1521, 1523, 1544

Morris Lewis, II ( Jr.), 477, 479, 481, 482,483, 484, 535, 545, 546, 547, 645, 646,810

Morris, Richard, 200, 810Morris, Richard B., 248, (The American

Revolution Reconsidered), 1574; (TheEmerging Nations and the American Rev-olution), 1574; (Government and Laborin Early America), 1490, 1573; (ThePeacemakers: The Great Powers andAmerican Independence), 1574

Morton, Richard L., 74n, 842Morris, Robert Hunter, 546, 547, 549–50,

566, 567, 569, 570, 732, 741, 885,1224–25, 1226, 1230, 1268, 1275, 1276,

1281, 1291, 1311, 1358, 1359, 1364,1368, 1376, 1415, 1473, 1483, 1484,1491, 1501, 1503–07, 1508–11, 1512,1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519,1520, 1521, 1523, 1524, 1573, 1574

Morris, Roger, 1543, 1546Morris, Samuel, 661Morton, Thomas, 153, 154, 164, 165, 242Moseley, Edward, 132Moultrie, Col. William, 1207, 1422, 1423,

1424Mowry, Congressman Daniel, 1515Muhlenberg, Col. Peter, 1334, 1335Munford, Robert, 863Munroe, Samuel, 927Mullenix, Horsman, 673Murphy, Timothy, 1323, 1330, 1410, 1411Murray, James, 747, 765Murray, John (colonel), 814Murray, John (minister), 1085Musgrove, John, 995Muscatellus, Bernardinus de, 299, 300Muscovy Company, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,

33, 34, 35, 156Mutiny Act, 923–25, 930, 967, 976, 978

Nanfan, John, 463, 464, 465, 466Narrative Committee, 1133national debt, 1509, 1511Nation, Christopher, 1005naval stores, 530, 539, 540, 616, 704, 707,

708, 710Naval Stores Act (1705), 707–08Navigation Act (1660), 703Navigation Act (1696), 704Navigation Act (1704), 595Navigation Acts, 78, 79, 80, 258, 275,

277–79, 332–33, 345, 368, 403,451–53, 459, 492–94, 699, 700, 703,704, 705, 801, 808, 859, 920, 937, 986,1017, 1115, 1215, 1223, 1236

Neal, Thomas, 641Neale, Walter, 215Nedham, 1097Negro slaves, 1181, 1183, 1192, 1196,

1198, 1199, 1200, 1293, 1424, 1469,

1601

16011601

1549–52, 1558; Ethiopian Regiment,1197; free voters, 1243; freedomthrough enlistment, 1551–52;“maroons,” 1551; slavery proviso,1528–29

Nelly, 828Nelson, John, 414Nelson, Thomas, 1271, 1501Nelson, William H. (The American Tory),

1182, 1277, 1279, 1573Netherlands and the American Revolution,

1561, 1562–63, 1568Nettels, Curtis (George Washington and

American Independence), 1230, 1572;(“Review of William B. Willcox, Por-trait of a General: Sir Henry Clinton andthe War of Independence”), 1425, 1571

Nevill, Samuel, 546, 547Neville, 1097Nevins, Allan (The American States During

and After the Revolution, 1775–1789),1571

New England Confederation, 220–26, 337New England, Council of, 365–69New England Courant, 642, 643, 644New England Restraining Act, 1076New France, 542, 570, 713, 732, 744, 745,

748New Hampshire, 527, 530–31, 538, 539,

553, 707, 708, 709–10, founding,214–16; Assembly, 631, 652; constitu-tion, 1386, 1550; Council, 530, 709,1245–46; General Court, 530, 1324;House of Representatives, 1245–46;money in, 631, 635; newspapers in, 652;Provincial Congress, 1218, 1245–46,1370; religion in, 654; takeover byCrown, 351–56

New Hampshire Grant Lands, 1296–97, 1381New Jersey, 535, 541, 554, 558, 572, 655,

707, 708, 741, 748, 755; Assembly, 546,547, 548, 549, 550, 654, 744, 1192;Committee of Safety, 1219, 1284;Council, 546, 548, 549, 550, 1539; East,380–86; land conflicts in, 545–50; mili-tia, 546; money in, 626, 631; ProvincialCongress, 1285, 1370; religion in, 654,

658, 661, 685, 744; slavery in 543, 674,675, 676; unification, 474–84; West,387–91

New Jersey Historical Society, 1181, 1571New London Gazette, 895New Netherland, founding, 283–87; gov-

ernment, 288–300; and New Sweden,301–07; theocracy, 308–10; fall andbreakup, 311–18

New York, 531, 534–41, 550, 551, 554,572, 706, 708, 710, 741, 744, 749, 750,751; Assembly, 535, 536, 537, 627, 645,647–48, 729, (of 1779), 1544–45, 1546;boundary disputes, 538–39; Committeeof Safety, 1174, 1184; Committee ofSeven, 1295; confiscation law of 1784,1295, 1311; constitution, 1388; Coun-cil, 537, 646, (of Revision), 1550; feu-dalism in, 534–38; founding, 370–79;militia, 538–39, 700, 719, 729, 730;money in, 626, 627, 630, 631, 632;newspapers in, 645–49, 650; postal serv-ice in, 640; Provincial Congress, 1143,1160, 1161, 1171, 1174, 1175, 1180,1190, 1290, 1295, 1296, 1387, 1518;religion in, 654, 658, 660, 662, 664, 670,679, 681–83, 685; slavery in, 542–44,673, 676

New York Gazette, 645, 648, 649, 895New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury,

1079New York Gazetteer, 1079New York Historical Society Quarterly, 1320,

1571New York Journal, 961, 1134New York Weekly Journal, 645, 646Newcastle, Duke of, 549, 681, 705, 717,

718, 719, 721, 722, 724, 725, 732, 744,754, 755, 756, 757, 759, 760, 761, 762,765, 781, 792, 795–96, 807, 844–46,907–10, 912, 916–17, 940–42

Newcomb, Silas, 1070Newcombe, John, 908Newport Mercury, 816, 865, 874newspapers, 564–65, 568, 608, 639,

642–53, 761Newton, Isaac, 655–56, 705

1602

16021602

Leisler’s Rebellion, 421–36Niagra, Fort, 787Nicholas, Robert Carter, 843, 863, 1268,

1269, 1272Nicholson, Francis, 138, 140, 141, 410, 420,

421, 422, 423, 425, 426, 427, 606–07, 736Nicoll, John, 828NiColls patent. See patent, NicollsNicolls, Richard, 272, 273, 274, 275, 283,

313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 322, 323,324, 328, 330, 343, 383, 384, 480

Nicolls, William, 425, 435, 458Ninham, Daniel, 926–27Nisbet, Robert A. (The Social Impact of the

Revolution), 1549, 1575Noble, Robert, 539Norfolk, Duke of, 112Norris, Isaac, 559, 567, 729–30North Briton (Wilkes), 794, 844, 846–48,

941North Carolina, 111–15, 117–20, 125,

128–30, 132–33, 552, 616, 741; as royalcolony, 591, 592–94; Assembly, 589,590, 591, 592–93; constitution,1383–84; Council, 589, 590, 592; Gen-eral Court, 591, 593; immigration to,590, 592; Indian conflict in, 587–88,599; militia, 730; money in, 631, 635;newspapers in, 652; postal service in,641; proprietors in, 589–91; ProvincialCongress, 1199, 1200, 1266, 1369–70,1384, 1526; religion in, 654, 662, 663,670, 684; slavery in, 595, 673

North Carolina Gazette, 895North, British Prime Minister Lord Freder-

ick, 847, 912, 936, 976–78, 986,1037–39, 1041, 1044, 1075–76, 1145,1150, 1194, 1231, 1233, 1234, 1321,1348, 1350, 1352, 1353, 1418, 1466,1467, 1468, 1477; Plan of Conciliation,1234

Norton, Fletcher, 845Norton, Humphrey, 264Norton, Mary Beth (The British Americans:

The Loyalist Exiles in England,1774–1789), 1573

Norton, Rev. John, 172, 232, 233, 236, 238

Norwich Packet, 1069Nott, Edward, 141, 142Nova Scotia. See Cape Breton Island“Novanglus,” 1080Nowell, Samuel, 360n, 361Noyes, Nicholas, 520Nugent, Katherine, 62“Nutbush Paper” (Sims), 998

Oakes, Rev. Urian, 172, 231, 331Oates, Thomas, 416, 439Oates, Titus, 378“Observations on the Charter” (Mayhew),

835Ogden, John, 326Ogden, Jonathan, Jr., 477Ogden, Robert, 823, 892Ogilvie, Francis, 763Ogle, Robert, 598Oglethorpe, James E., 607–16ff.Ohio Company, 783, 789Oldenbarneveldt, Johan van, 284, 286Oldham, John, 153, 208, 215, 217, 218oligarchy, 516, 519, 522, 526, 528, 530,

533, 534, 537, 549, 561, 574, 578, 579,600, 603, 617, 626, 628, 645, 685, 686,726

Oliver, Andrew, 869–69, 896, 919, 1029Oliver, Peter, 1058Oliver, Thomas, 389, 390, 1021, 1036,

1058, 1085Olney, Rev. Thomas, 205, 206Ondaatje, 1562Onslow, George, 845–46Opechancanough, 86, 87Orange, House of, 1234–35, 1561, 1562Orange, Prince of. See MauriceOrder of Cincinnati, 1524–26Oriskany, Battle of, 1326Orkney, Earl of, 141Ortiz, Bishop Diogo, 13Osgood, Samuel, 1523, 1525Otis, James, Jr., 802–03, 812–14, 816, 825,

867–68, 871, 891, 899–900, 924, 932,937, 939, 944–46, 958, 960–63, 965,970, 972, 976, 1014, 1020, 1099, 1101

1603

16031603

Otis, James, Sr., 802Oswald, Richard, 1475, 1476Oulton, John, 630Overzee, Symon, 110Owen, Rev. John, 201

Paca, William, 1286, 1364Page, John, 1220, 1554Pain, William, 630Paine, Joseph, 538Paine, Reverend Ephraim, 1389Paine, Robert Treat, 1146, 1248, 1378Paine, Thomas, 5, 1249–54, 1257, 1269,

1278, 1279–80, 1282, 1294, 1347,1348, 1375, 1473, 1485, 1491, 1516,1517, 1550, 1574; “African Slavery inAmerica,” 1250; Common Sense,1251–53, 1255, 1257, 1261, 1264,1267, 1278–79, 1540; The Crisis,1312–13; “Forester’s Letters,” 1279–80;Public Good, 1485

Palatines, 539–41, 576, 645, 710Palfrey, John, 347, 607Palfrey, William, 970–72Palmer, John, 415, 418, 424Palmer, Robert R. (The Age of the Democra-

tic Revolution, A Political History ofEurope and America 1760–1800. Vol. 1:The Challenge), 1539–40, 1560, 1563,1566–67, 1574

Palmes, Edward, 374, 377, 429, 481pamphlets, 562, 564, 629, 630, 644, 650,

694, 762pamphlet war, 572, 573, 754, 755, 756,

757, 760Panton, Anthony, 82paper money, 564, 566, 567, 582, 592, 593,

621–38, 717, 719, 720. See also individ-ual colonies

Parker, James, 648, 649Parker, John, 1092Parks, John, 1071Parmeter, Joseph, 490Parsons, James, 973Parsons, Samuel, 1021Parris, Rev. Samuel, 454, 459

Partridge, Capt., 210Partridge, Oliver, 891Partridge, William, 464, 467Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 404, 505n, 672Pate, John, 126Paterson, Billy, 1112Patent, blank, 590, 592, 593; Nicholls, 545,

549Patterson, Eleazer, 1530, 1531Patterson, Attorney General William,

1538–39, 1542patronage, 563, 564, 600, 701, 702, 705,

716, 718, 719patroonship, feudal, 536Patton, James, 726Pauw, Michael, 301Paxton Boys, 571–73Paxton, Charles, 931, 939Peale, Charles Willson, 1375, 1473, 1550Peckham, Sir George, 38, 39Pelham, Henry, 717, 718, 719, 720, 722,

725, 732, 756, 765, 781, 794Pell, Thomas, 322Pemberton, Israel, 559, 567, 568, 570, 675,

745Pemberton, James, 567, 568, 569Pembroke, Earl of, 159Pendleton, Edmund, 824, 863, 900, 1072,

1087, 1220, 1268, 1269, 1483, 1549Penn, Admiral Sir William, 402Penn, John, 896, 903, 906, 1240, 1282,

1384, 1541Penn, Thomas, 557, 558, 560, 561, 562,

563, 570, 572Penn, William, 337, 384, 392, 393, 395,

397, 399, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407,408, 410, 411, 466, 480, 495, 496, 497,498, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506,508, 557, 558

Pennsylvania, 535, 541, 549, 551, 573, 576,707, 741, 745, 746, 748, 749, 750;“Anti-Constitutionalists,” 1375, 1376,1501; constitution of 1776, 1371–76;“Constitutionalists,” 1375, 1501; Assem-bly, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 564, 565,566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572,650–52, 672, 729, 732, 733, 734, 1275,

1604

16041604

1277, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1371,1464; Committee of Privates, 1277–78;Council, 562, 569, 572, 650, 661;founding, 402–11; government returns,495–506; immigration to, 551–52,555–56; militia, 557, 559, 566, 567,568, 569, 729, 734, 744; money in, 626,635, 636; newspapers in, 649–52;Philadelphia Committee, 1280, 1281;postal service in, 640; proprietary partyin, 557, 558, 560, 562, 565, 566,567–68, 570, 636, 650, 670, 700, 755;religion in, 554, 654, 655, 658, 661–62,670, 672, 684, 685; slavery in, 587, 672,673–74, 675, 676

Pennsylvania Chronicle, 934Pennsylvania Gazette, 650Pennsylvania Journal, 1018Pennsylvania, University of, 556, 650, 671People the Best Governors, 1263Pepperrell, William, 709, 717, 718Pepys, Samuel, 378Pequot War, 227–29, 231, 257, 344Percival, Lord, 614Percival, Viscount, 610Percy, Earl, 1093Perestella, Bartholomew, 22Person, Thomas, 1008Pesagno, Emanuel, 21Peter (slave), 152Peter, Rev. Hugh, 271, 277Peters, Richard, 552, 557, 561, 562, 566Peters, Samuel, 1069Phelps, Charles, 1381, 1533Philadelphia, College of. See Pennsylvania,

University ofPhilips, Richard, 737, 738Philipse, Adolph, 465Philipse, Frederick, 384, 433, 435, 445, 468,

476, 535, 645, 646, 831Philipse manor, 535–36, 537Phillip II (King), 37, 345–47, 352, 353Phillips, Samuel, 1021Phillips, Gen. William, 1322, 1458Philosophical Dictionary and Philosophical

History (Voltaire), 1100–01Philosophical Letters (Voltaire), 1101

Phips, Lady, 456, 457Phips, Sir William, 371, 426, 442, 443, 449,

452, 453, 455, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461,479

Pickering, Timothy, 1084Pickins, Col. Andrew, 1423, 1431, 1438,

1444, 1445, 1449, 1452, 1453, 1454Pierce, John, 160Pierce, William, 72Pierson, Rev. Abraham, 282, 325, 494Pinhorne, William, 445Pinckney, Charles, 595Pirenne, Henri, 31Pitcairn, Maj. John, 1090, 1092–93, 1155–56Pitt, Fort, 786Pitt, William, 715, 724, 732, 744–45, 748,

754–62ff., 792–95, 805, 807, 809, 845,847, 856, 908, 912–14, 916–17, 920,924–25, 930, 941–42, 946, 974–76,978, 986, 1039–40, 1350

Pitt, William the Younger, 1136Pizarro, Francisco, 27“Plan of the Proposed Union Between

Great Britain and the Colonies,” 1061Plan of Regulation, 994–95“Plan of 1776,” 1347, 1349Plantation Duty Act (1673), 704plantation economy, 574, 594, 595, 596, 616plantations, 532, 553Plan of Union, 731Plowman, Matthew, 431, 433Plymouth, founding, 160–64; decline, 273–76Plymouth Company, 42, 43, 44, 159pocket boroughs, 537, 701, 702Pointe Aux Trembles, 1165Polk, Thomas, 997Pollock, Thomas, 130, 135Polly, 829, 876Polo, Marco, 21, 23Pontiac’s Rebellion, 784, 786, 788, 792Poole, Robert, 96Popham, Sir John, 43Popple, William, 466Popular (Smugglers) Party, 802Porter, Edmund, 59Porter, John, 142Portland (Whig), 847

1605

16051605

Portolano, Laurentian, 21postal service, 639–42. See also individual

coloniesPott, Francis, 82Potter, Robert, 194Potter, William, 627Pownall, John, 789, 856, 1038Pownall, Thomas, 732, 749–50Poynet, John, 1097Pratt, Charles, 845–46Prence, Elizabeth, 275Prence, Thomas, 273, 274Prendergast, William, 927–29, 1107Prerogative (Court) Party, 802Presbyterianism, 521, 523, 661Presbyterians, 551, 552, 553, 554, 573, 654,

658, 661, 662, 663, 668, 683; New Side,665, 667, 695; Old Side, 662, 664, 1180,1183, 1201, 1423

Prescott, Samuel, 1092Presque Isle, 785press-gangs, 718, 719Preston, Richard, 72Preston, Thomas, 963–65Prevost, Gen. Augustine, 1421, 1422, 1423,

1424, 1425, 1426Price, Benjamin, 487, 489, 490Price, Reverend Richard (Observations on

the Nature of Civil Liberty), 1351–52,1561

Prideaux, John, 746Prince, Benjamin, 967Prince, Mary, 239Princeton (College of New Jersey), 556,

661, 662, 665, 667, 695, 984, 1099,1165, 1284, 1362

Printz, Johan, 312, 316Pritchett, Jeremiah, 1006, 1006Privy Council (British), 530, 550, 568, 602,

640, 652, 700, 705, 709Proclamation Line of 1763, 788–90, 846Proclamation of Rebellion, 1231, 1264, 1267Proctor, John, 666Proctor, William, 941Prohibitory Act, 1352Proprietary, feudalist, 531, 534–38, 552,

686; joint, 526, 527

proprietary rule, 528–29, 557, 558, 560, 561,569, 574, 589–91, 599–01, 607, 700, 733

proprietors, resident, 545–50ff.proprietorship, 530, 548Protestants, 518, 539, 598, 610, 654, 664,

686Providence Gazette, 815, 817, 861, 874,

953, 1017pseudowarehouse receipts, 622, 623Prudden, Rev. Peter, 221Ptolemy, 21Pufendorf, Samuel, 522, 803, 813Pugh, James, 1008Pulaski, Count Casimir, 1234, 1426Pulaski, Count Joseph, 1234Puritan church, decline of, 518–19, 520,

521, 655; tax-supported, 518, 519, 523,666

Puritans, 516, 518, 523, 528, 553, 616, 656,664, 680, 681, 686

Puritan theocracy, 520, 654, 657Purviance, Samuel, 1206Putnam, Israel, 905, 1153, 1155, 1302,

1303, 1304, 1305, 1307, 1309, 1330Putnam, Joseph, 456Pyle, Col. John, 1449, 1450Pynchon, John, 233, 370n, 376, 381Pynchon, William, 219, 233, 252, 253, 269,

286

Quakers, 519, 523, 524, 551, 552, 555,557–61, 562, 563, 566, 567, 568, 569,570, 572, 573, 616, 636, 649, 650, 652,655, 664, 672–78, 696, 727, 732, 733,734, 741, 744, 745, 1183, 1192–93,1250, 1276, 1277, 1282; Society for thePromotion of the Abolition of Slavery,1250

Quaker Committee of Sufferings, 1070Quarles, Benjamin (The Negro in the Amer-

ican Revolution), 1573Quartering Act, 1039quartering troops, 570, 744, 749, 750, 751Quary, Robert, 502, 503, 504, 796Quebec, 1163–66, 1172Quebec Act, 1040–43, 1063

1606

16061606

Queen Anne’s War. See War of the SpanishSuccession

Queen’s Own Loyal Virginia Regiment, 1197Quincy, Josiah, Jr., 970, 1100quitrent, 531, 545, 546, 548, 552, 557, 568,

575, 576, 577, 581, 589, 590, 591, 592,593, 602, 603, 606, 607, 611, 613, 636,686, 700, 727, 729

Radical ideology school of history, 1119Raleigh, Sir Walter, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43Ramsay, David, 1114Rand, William, 695Randolph, Edmund, 1517Randolph, Edward, 139, 356, 357 358, 359,

361, 362, 363, 365,366, 367–72, 373,374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 412, 413,414, 416, 417, 420, 424, 426, 427, 460,463, 469, 479, 480, 481, 486, 491, 502,704

Randolph, John, 863Randolph, Peter, 896–97Randolph, Peyton, 824, 840, 863, 948,

1052, 1072–73, 1088Rankin, James, 1281Ratcliffe, Phillip, 182–83“Rationalis,” 911Rawdon, Lord, 1429, 1431, 1436, 1446,

1452–53, 1454Rawle, Francis, 636Rayner, Rev. Mr., 198, 247Reals, Corte, 25Read, George, 1282, 1385Reade, Charles, 823“Redressers,” 1006Reed, Joseph, 1047, 1276, 1279, 1281,

1304, 1306, 1376, 1397, 1501Reformed (Calvinist), 555, 556Regulator movement, North Carolina,

997–1009, 1088, 1106, 1109Regulator movement, South Carolina, 991–96Reid, John, 1110Reid, William, 1016–17Reich, Jerome, 435n, 475nRelating to Negroes, 673religious hatred, 553

religious liberty, 518, 519, 524–25, 574,609, 654, 666, 681, 696, 738, 740. Seealso freedom of religion

“Remonstrance and Petition” (N.Y. Assem-bly), 819

representation, legislative, 572–73, 593,600, 609, 637–38, 701–02

“Representation of the Clergy of theChurch of England,” 839

Restraining Act of June 1767, 924Reubens, Beatrice E. (“Preemptive Rights in

the Disposition of a Confiscated Estate:Philipsburg Manor, New York”),1546–47, 1572

Revenue Act. See American Revenue ActRevere, Paul, 173, 1031, 1043, 1045–46,

1061, 1065, 1085, 1092Revolution, American, 1092–93, 1098–99,

1113–14, 1116–20Reynolds, Donald E. (“Ammunition Supply

in Revolutionary Virginia”), 1457, 1471Reynolds, John, 617Rhett, William, 600, 601Rhoda, 828Rhode Island, 532, 616, 706, 711, 731, 748;

Assembly, 524, 525, 652, 732, 1180, 1185,1186, 1247; founding, 185–209, 700; edu-cation in, 524; militia, 524–25; money in,631, 632, 635, 636–37; newspapers in,652; postal service in, 641; prohibition ofslavery, 1550; religion in, 524–25, 654,662, 663, 684; slavery in, 532–33, 673,676; shift from liberty, 210–17; after Glo-rious Revolution, 478–81

Rhode Island College, 663Rhode Island Resolves, 890Ribiero, Samuel Nunez, 616rice, 532, 581, 595, 596, 616, 625, 704, 710Rich, Robert, 43Richards, John, 370, 371Richards, William, 885Richardson, Ebenezer, 962–63, 965Richardson, Richard, 996Richardson, Samuel, 410Richardson, Thomas, 954Richelieu, Cardinal, 234Richmond, Lord, 917, 942, 978

1607

16071607

Riemersma, Jelle C., 32nRights of the British Colonies Asserted and

Proved, The (Otis), 813Rights of the Colonies Examined (Hopkins),

816Riot Act, 1008Risbee, Col., 141Rising, Johan, 316Ritcheson, Charles R. (British Politics and

the American Revolution), 1234, 1575Rittenhouse, David, 1279, 1371, 1375, 1473Rivington, James, 1079–81Roan, John, 661Robbins, Caroline (The Eighteenth Century

Commonwealthman), 1263, 1352, 1556Roberdeau, Col. Daniel, 1279, 1281, 1491Roberts, Amos, 547, 548, 549Robinson, Beverly, 1389, 1543, 1546Robinson, Charles, 1002–03Robinson, Edward, 72Robinson, George, 538Robinson, Henry, 627Robinson, Isaac, 275Robinson, James, 582Robinson, Rev. John, 275, 726, 727, 728,

817, 827–29, 863, 864, 876–77, 881,939, 958, 965, 1016

Robinson, Samuel, 1105Robinson, Silas, 1106Robinson, William, 243, 245Robson, Eric (The American Revolution in

Its Political and Military Aspects), 1156,1571

Rochambeau, Comte de, 1394, 1459–60,1461

Rockingham, Marquis of, 794, 844,907–17, 919–20, 939–41, 953, 971,975, 978, 1028, 1040, 1231, 1468, 1475

Rodney, Ceasar, 1282–83, 1291, 1385Rodney, Adm. Sir George, 1400–01, 1460,

1475Rogers, Nathaniel, 962, 965, 983Rolfe, John, 62Roman Catholics, 525, 544, 552, 609, 654,

695, 738, 741, 763, 764, 1285, 1373,1388, 1554, 1565

Rome, George, 816

Roseman, Kenneth R. (Thomas Mifflin andthe Politics of the American Revolution),1573

Rosewell, William, 481Romney, 938–39Rossiter, Clinton, 1099, 1119rotten boroughs, 535, 701, 702Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 1100–03, 1235Rowe, Jacob, 652Rowe, John, 1031Royal Commission of Inquiry, 1018, 1022–23Royal Foresters, 1195Royce, John, 490Royle, Joseph, 865Rude, George (Wilkes and Liberty), 1232,

1575Rudyard, Thomas, 393, 394, 395Rugg, Winifred, 195Ruggles, Timothy, 814, 891–92, 1068, 1070Rule, Margaret, 458, 459Rush, Dr. Benjamin, 1282, 1337, 1339,

1344, 1359, 1361, 1374, 1492Russell, James, 370n, 414, 457Russell, Richard, 245Rutland, Robert A. (George Mason: Reluc-

tant Statesman), 1273, 1572Rutledge, Edward, 1054, 1061–62, 1073,

1290, 1291, 1382Rutledge, John (President), 973, 1015,

1055, 1066, 1073, 1206–07, 1230,1267, 1382, 1383, 1424, 1527, 1552

Sabbatarians, 525St. John, James, 602–03salutary neglect, 705, 721, 723, 749, 757,

765, 766Salter, Richard, 489, 491Saltonstall, Nathaniel, 370n, 376, 456Saltonstall, Rev. Gurdon, 482, 483Saltonstall, Sir Richard, 208, 234Saltonstall, Richard, Jr., 370nSalvadore (slave), 152Sandford, William, 490Sandiford, Ralph, 673–74Sandoval, Alonzo de, 75Sandy Creek Association, 663

1608

16081608

Sandys, Sir Edwin, 43, 54, 55, 60, 166Sassacus, 227, 229Saunders, Charles, 746Savage, Thomas, 370nSavannah Indians, 606Savile, George (Marquis of Halifax), 365, 366Saybrook Platform (1708), 523Saye and Sele, Lord, 166, 218Scarborough, Charles, 147Schuyler manor, 537, 541Schuyler, Peter, 435, 436, 465, 473, 476Scipio (slave), 152Scotch-Irish. See Ulster ScotsScott, Catherine, 196, 197, 216, 217, 241, 242Scott, John Morin, 322, 649Secker, Thomas, 680, 681Sedgwick, Robert, 236, 253, 269sedition, 617, 640seditious libel, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647,

649, 650, 652seigniorage, 622, 627Selyus, Rev. Mr., 446Separatists, 660Sequin, 228settlers, 526, 527–28, 531, 545–46, 575,

592, 602, 618Seven Years’ War. See French and Indian WarSewall, Samuel, 414, 417, 457, 459, 518,

637, 656Shaftesbury, Earl of, See Sir Anthony Ash-

ley CooperShattuck, Samuel, 246Shaw, Tom, 152Shawnee Indians, 745Shelton, Richard, 600Shepard, Rev. Thomas, 182, 248Sherlock, Thomas, 680–81Shirley, William, 638, 709, 713, 716–17,

718, 719–20, 725, 731, 732, 733,734–35, 738, 743, 744

Short, Capt., 460Shrimpton, Samuel, 414, 425Shute, Governor, 642Shy, John W. (“American Historians and

the Military History of the AmericanRevolution”), 1149

Sidney, Algernon, 686–88, 694

Sille, Micasius de, 324silver, 621, 622, 623, 625, 629, 630, 631,

633, 635, 636Sioux Indians, 587Sisbey, Capt., 72Skelton, Rev. Samuel, 174, 183Skene, Alexander, 601Skene, John, 400Slater, Edward, 392, 393, 489slave code, 532–33slavery, 516–18, 532–33, 584, 586, 587,

588, 599, 605, 606, 612, 714–15, 764;abolition of, 518, 533, 672–78. See alsoindividual colonies

slaves, 574, 711, 739; manumission of, 585;rebellion of, 517, 542–44, 585, 586,596–98; runaway, 517–18, 542, 585,597, 598, 607. See also Negro slaves

Sloughter, Henry, 437, 444, 445, 446, 447,461

Smith, Abbot E., 72nSmith, John, 59, 62Smith, Landgrave Thomas, 141Smith, Matthew, 571, 572Smith, Rev. Ralph, 183, 198Smith, Richard, 676Smith, Sir Thomas, 40, 41, 43, 44, 57, 65Smith, William, 445, 465, 468, 473, 475,

476, 537, 543, 556, 566, 568, 646, 649,650, 651–52, 670, 682

Smith, William, Jr., 475smuggling, 704, 722, 723, 748, 749, 751Sothel, Seth, 129, 130, 135, 136, 137Soto, Hernando de, 27South Carolina, 121–25, 135–38, 140–42,

552, 575, 587, 589, 591, 605–06, 611,615, 617, 730, 741, 742, 757; as royalprovince, 601, 602; Assembly, 596, 597,600, 601, 602, 603, 604; Council 102,601, 603; immigration to, 598; landgrants in, 602–04; militia, 597, 598,599, 601, 700; money in, 626, 631, 635,637; newspapers in, 652, 660; propri-etary rule in, 599–01, 602, 603, 605,606, 607, 631; religion in, 654, 662,663; slavery in, 595–98, 599, 606, 613

South Carolina Gazette, 660

1609

16091609

Southampton, Earl of, 65, 159Southeby, William, 672, 673Southwell, Sir Robert, 356, 426, 427Southwick, Lawrence, 240Spain, 558, 559, 597, 601, 605, 606, 607,

614–15, 616, 617, 621, 625, 626, 630, 644,654, 714, 752, 756, 758, 760, 763, 765

specie, 622, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 631,632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637

Spottswood, Alexander, 143, 574, 575, 585,587, 642, 652

squatters, 527, 545, 546, 549, 552, 560Squire, Samuel, 705Staats, Jochim, 436, 473St. Castine, Baron de, 421Standish, Miles, 163, 164, 233, 273Staple Act (1663), 704Stearns, Shubal, 663Steenwyck, Cornelius, 338Stevenson, Marmaduke, 243, 245Stewart, Lazarus, 571Stewart, John, 489Stileman, Elias, 363, 364Stoddard, Anthony, 269Stol, Joost, 434, 437, 446Stone, Capt., 227Stone, Rev. Samuel, 271Stone, William, 116, 117Stoughton, Israel, 172Stoughton, William, 368, 369, 370n, 372,

374, 376, 416, 421, 424, 425, 449, 453,454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 461, 463,466, 471, 472, 628

Stuyvesant, Balthazar, 324Stuyvesant, Peter, 235, 297, 308, 309, 310,

312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320,322, 323, 324, 332

Sugar Act (1739), 712supply and demand, 582, 623, 629Surez, Francisco, 56Swan, Matthew, 93Swann, Thomas, 93Sylvius, Aeneas, 23

“taking up land,” 553Talbot, John, 679

Talbot, Richard, 132Tarleton, Col. Banastre, 1428, 1429, 1432,

1436–37, 1440, 1441, 1443, 1444,1445, 1446, 1448

taxes, 525, 529, 536, 549, 550, 553, 555,565, 567, 568, 570, 574, 581, 585, 591,593, 594, 612, 629, 632, 637, 641, 644,680, 700, 704, 713, 719, 720, 730, 733,734, 750, 754, 761

Taylor, John, 668, , 962, 1069Taylor, William, 391Tea Act, 1026–27, 1029, 1036, 1039Tea tax, 977–78, 980, 986, 1024, 1035, 1115Tedyuschung, Chief, 570Temple, Earl, 757, 758, 760, 761, 790, 794,

845, 847, 913–14, 917, 942Temple, John, 806, 828–29, 882, 908Temple, Thomas, 270Ten Eyck, Henry, 1106tenants, manorial, 535, 536tenant uprisings, 537, 538, 539, 541,

546–47, 548–49Tennent, Gilbert, 658, 659Test Oath, 568, 569Thacher, Peter, 1085Thacher, Oxenbridge, 802, 813, 826,

867–68, 873, 893Thayer, Theodore (Nathanael Greene: Strate-

gist of the American Revolution), 1573Thomas, Gen. John, 1140, 1209Thompson, Gen. William, 1166Thomas, George, 558, 559, 560Thomlinson, John, Jr., 909–10Thomlinson, John, Sr., 909–10Thompson, David, 163, 224Thompson, Gen. William, 1166Thomson, Charles, 885, 982, 985,

1046–47, 1064Thornton, Timothy, 630Thorpe, Otto, 111, 112Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discon-

tents (Burke), 1098Three Rivers, 1166Throckmorton, John, 215Throckmorton, Rebecca, 217Thurston, Thomas, 365Tilghman, James, 885

1610

16101610

Tillotson, John, 671Tilton, Peter, 370nTimothy, Peter, 956, 973, 1054“To the Betrayed Inhabitants”

(McDougall), 967tobacco, 532, 574, 581–83, 584, 589, 595,

596, 621, 625, 626, 632, 704, 710“tobacco notes,” 632Tolles, Frederick B. (“The American Revo-

lution Considered as a Social Move-ment: A Re-evaluation”), 1575

“tomahawk right,” 553Tomkins, Mary, 91, 247Tony (slave), 120Torkillus, Rev. Reorus, 312Torrey, Rev. Samuel, 341, 457Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo, 23Tour, Claude de la, 234Tourtellot, Arthur (Lexington and Con-

cord), 1131, 1570Townshend Acts, 930–36, 938, 940, 942,

945, 947, 949–50, 960, 962, 977–81,983, 986–87, 1013, 1015, 1024, 1036,1044

Townshend, Charles, 790, 794, 796,805–06, 857, 912, 917, 924–25,930–31, 936, 976

Townsend, Harry, 319Townsend, Samuel, 648Treat, Robert, 429Treaty of Paris, 1478; United States-Great

Britain Treaty, 1477, 1478trade restrictions, 524, 721, 757Transylvania Company, 1365, 1402Trecothick, Barlow, 910–11, 914, 919, 941,

978Trenchard, John, 649, 681, 686, 690–93,

848, 1097, 1120Trent, William, 1364Trevelyan, George Otto (The American

Revolution), 1298, 1307“triangular trade,” 711Trott, George, 868Trott, Nicholas, 600, 601Truman, Thomas, 101Trueman, Thomas, 1080Turgot, 1561

Turnbull, Andrew, 763Turnbull, Col. George, 1431Turner, Nathaniel, 223Turner, Robert, 502Tuscarora Indians, 587, 588, 589, 590, 599Tyler, Moses Coit (Patrick Henry), 1268Tyler, Lyon G., 842Tyler, Royal, 644Twopenny Acts, 838–40, 842Tryon, William (Gov.), 897, 951, 999–1004,

1006–08, 1106–07, 1109–11, 1175,1189–90, 1296, 1315, 1316, 1394, 1396

Tyng, Edward, 376, 377, 415Tyng, Jonathan, 376, 377, 415, 421Tyng, William, 253Tyton, John, 811

Ulloa, Antonio de, 765Ulster Scots, 551–54, 555, 556, 558, 560,

567, 568, 569, 571, 572, 573, 594, 661,655, 661, 663

Uncas, 201, 344, 347Underhill, John, 192, 314, 326Unitarianism, 669, 694United Brethren. See MoraviansUnited States Constitution, 1357, 1385, 1388Upshall, Nicholas, 239, 241, 246Ury, Jphn, 543–44Usher, John, 376, 377, 415, 416, 424, 428,

429, 460, 464, 466, 467, 472, 473, 474 Usselincx, William, 296, 311Utrecht, Peace of (1713), 713, 714, 715,

736, 737

Van Alstyne, Richard W. (Empire and Inde-pendence: The International History ofthe American Revolution), 1574

Van Cortlandt, Augustus, 1105Van Cortlandt manor, 535, 536–37Van Cortlandt, 0.S., 374Van Cortlandt, Pierre, 927Van Cortlandt, Stephanus, 424, 425, 426,

427, 435, 455, 458, 463van der Capellen tot de Pol, J. D., 1235,

1562; An Address to the Netherlands Peo-ple, 1562

1611

16111611

Van der Donck, Adrien, 303van der Kemp, Reverend, 1562Van Dincklagen, Lubbertus, 292Van Every, Dale (A Company of Heroes: The

American Frontier, 1775–1783), 1415,1571

Van Meter, John, 576Van Nieuwenhuysen, Rev. Mr., 373Van Rensselaer, 927–28Van Rensselaer, Kiliaen, 291Van Rensselaer manor, 535, 536, 538, 539Van Rensselaer, Rev. Nicholas, 372, 373,

378, 455, 466Van Rensselaer, Robert, 1319, 1410Van Schaack, Henry, 888Van Schaack, Peter, 983Van Tenhoven, 295Van Twiller, Wouter, 291, 292Van Tyne, C. H. (The Loyalists in the Amer-

ican Revolution), 1541Venango, Fort, 785Vane, Sir Henry, 180, 181, 193, 200, 201,

202, 203, 204, 218, 267, 687Vassal, Samuel, 112Vassall, William, 263Vaughan, William, 351, 354, 418, 419, 724Vauquellin, Robert, 383Ver Steeg, Clarence L. (“The American

Revolution Considered as an EconomicMovement”), 1575; (Robert Morris, Rev-olutionary Financier: With an Analysis ofHis Earlier Career), 1573

Verin, Joshua, 178–79Vermilge, Johannes, 436Vermont, 531, 539Vernon, Samuel, 875–76Varnum, Gen. James, 1336, 1515, 1516Vergennes, Comte Charles Gravier de,

1226, 1227, 1346, 1348, 1349, 1474,1475, 1476, 1477

Vermont, 1296–97, 1530–33; constitution,1380–81, 1550; “Cow War,” 1530,1533; General Assembly, 1381, 1532;grants, 1380, 1532; negotiations withGreat Britain, 1531

Verrazano, Giovanni da, 17Vesey, Rev. William, 459, 465

Vespucci, Amerigo, 16, 19Vetch, Samuel, 736Vicars, Robert, 382, 383“Vindex,” 965Vindication of Natural Society, A (Burke), 1077Vindication of the British Colonies, A (Otis),

816Vines, Richard, 215Virginia, 552, 616, 652, 733, 741, 746;

after Bacon’s Rebellion, 134–43; Assem-bly, 574, 575, 585, 587, 734, 1194,1198, 1365, 1457, 1458, 1483, 1485;Committee of Safety, 1220; Council ofSafety, 1206, 1268; convention, 1198,1217, 1219, 1269, 1270, 1271–72,1273, 1363, 1501; Council, 574, 585,652, 727, 729, 783; General Court, 662;House of Delegates, 1540–41; Indianrelations, 85–92; land system, 575–77,725–28, 732; militia, 585, 586, 729,734; money in, 626, 627, 631, 632, 636;newspapers in, 652; planters, 57–58;postal service in, 641; proprietors in,574; religion in, 68–70, 574, 654, 661,662, 663, 664, 685; servants, 60–62;slavery in, 63–67, 574, 578, 581,584–86, 595, 673, 676; tobacco crop,581–83, 584, 595, 632; vote, right to,525, 574, 585, 764; voting freeholdproperty qualification for, 525, 533, 537,593, 702; religious test for, 518; royalgovernment, 71–76; secret ballot, 536,579

Virginia Association, 1053–54, 1063Virginia Company, 34, 35, 43–54, 55, 56,

73, 86, 150, 156, 161Virginia Declaration of Rights, 1272–73,

1293, 1373Virginia Gazette, 865, 895, 1053Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,

1457, 1571Virginia Resolves, 864–67, 889Vitoria, Francisco de, 18Voltaire, 1099–1101, 1235von Breymann, Lt. Col. Henrich, 1324, 1329von Knyphausen, Gen. Wilhelm, 1333,

1395, 1396, 1427

1612

16121612

von Riedesel, Maj. Gen. Baron, 1324, 1330von Steuben, Gen. “Baron,” 1338, 1339,

1344, 1449, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1525

Waddell, Hugh, 1006–08Wadsworth, Benjamin, 517, 518Wahanganoche, 90Wainscott, 828Waldo, Samuel, 709, 717, 718, 719, 720Waldron, Richard, III 343, 351, 352, 353,

354, 418, 419, 530Walker, Henderson, 131walking purchase, 558, 560, 570, 745Wallace, Willard M. (Appeal to Arms: A

Military History of the American Revolu-tion), 1093, 1159, 1570

Walpole family, 858Walpole, Horace, 1321, 1401, 1467Walpole, Horatio, 681Walpole, Robert, 680, 704–05, 712, 713,

715, 716, 721, 722, 728, 756, 759, 765,781, 793, 911

Wanton, Joseph, Jr., 817, 1018, 1185, 1247warehouse receipts, 622, 623, 632War of Jenkins’ Ear, 714, 715War of the Austrian Succession. See King

George’s WarWar of the Polish Succession, 714War of the Spanish Succession (Queen

Anne’s War), 539, 559, 575, 631, 706,715, 736

Ward, Artemas, 1132, 1133, 1140, 1146,1147, 1148, 1152, 1153, 1154–55,1156, 1206, 1209, 1506

Ward, Christopher (The War of the Revolu-tion), 1159, 1304, 1435, 1439, 1570

Ward, Henry, 890, 1022Ward, Joshua, 1383Ward, Rev. Nathaniel, 166Ward, Richard, 636Ward, Samuel, 817–18, 830, 877, 1051,

1060, 1185, 1240, 1244, 1247Warner, Edward, 327Warner, Seth, 1106, 1110–11Warner, Lt. Col. Seth, 1141, 1142, 1160,

1161–62, 1163, 1322, 1324, 1329

Warren, James, 1020, 1083Warren, Dr. Joseph, 944, 946, 970, 1020,

1030, 1044, 1061, 1083, 1085–86,1092–93, 1132, 1133, 1135, 1136,1140, 1144, 1146, 1154–55

Warrington, Thomas, 840, 842Warwick, Earl of, 54, 194Washburn, Wilcomb, 93nWashington family, 783, 789Washington, George, 728, 729, 730, 732,

734, 880, 899, 937, 948, 1037, 1053,1060, 1072, 1087–88, 1146, 1147,1148, 1149, 1152, 1153, 1157–59,1160, 1164, 1175, 1181, 1186, 1190,1205, 1206, 1208, 1209, 1211, 1213,1230, 1248, 1249, 1251, 1256, 1264,1269, 1270, 1287, 1295, 1296,1301–02, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306,1307, 1309–10, 1311–12, 1313, 1314,1315, 1316, 1317, 1323–24, 1327,1329, 1332, 1333–34, 1335, 1336,1337, 1338, 1339, 1341, 1342–43,1344, 1346, 1353, 1393, 1394, 1395,1396, 1397, 1398, 1408, 1409, 1410,1414, 1419, 1420, 1428, 1434, 1442,1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461,1478, 1479, 1480, 1492, 1493, 1502,1504, 1517, 1518, 1520, 1521, 1522,1525, 1526, 1532, 1533, 1553, 1557

Washington, John, 90, 103Washington, Lt. Col, William, 1443, 1444,

1445, 1448, 1450, 1451, 1453, 1462Waterhouse, Samuel, 957Watkins, Hezekiah, 648Watkins, May, 448Watson, Charles, 616–17Watson, Col. John, 1452, 1453Watson, Luke, 323Watson-Wentworth, Charles. See Marquis

of RockinghamWatts, John, 789Waugh, Dorothy, 309Way, John, 927Wayne, Gen. Anthony (“Mad Anthony”),

1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1341, 1342,1344, 1394, 1397, 1459, 1462

Weare, Nathaniel, 355, 418, 419

1613

16131613

Weatherhead, Mary, 309Weaver, Thomas, 464Webb, Philip Carteret, 845–46, 848Webber, John, 876–77Webb, Stephen Saunders (“Review of the

Browns’ Virginia 1705–86”), 1271Webster, Pelatiah, 1492–93, 1505Wedderburn, Alexander, 760, 761, 1075Weekly Post-Boy, 895Weigley, Russell F. (The Partisan War: The

South Carolina Campaign of1780–1782), 1444, 1571

Weiser, John Conrad, 540, 541, 559, 560Weld, Rev. Thomas, 183Wenham, Thomas, 465Wentworth, Benning, 530, 531, 710, 804,

909, 1051, 1104Wentworth family, 709–10Wentworth, John (Gov.), 530, 710, 909,

953, 1107, 1244, 1541Wertenbaker, Thomas Jefferson, 93n, 172Wesley, John, 659West Indies, 605, 625, 710, 711, 712, 713,

715, 716, 721, 748, 754, 755“Westminster Massacre,” 1112Western lands, 1362–63, 1364, 1365, 1366,

1367; skirmishes on, 1464–65, 1527,1548, 1558; Virginia’s claims to,1483–84, 1485–86

Westo Indians, 605, 606, 760West, John (Mass.), 402, 403, 405, 408, 414West, John (Va.), 72West, Robert, 207Weston, Anthony, 395Weston, Thomas, 150Weymouth, George, 30, 31, 32Weymouth, Viscount George, 942Wharton, Edward, 235, 237Wharton, Richard, 260, 279, 362, 363, 364,

366, 367, 368, 369, 403, 404, 405, 407Wharton, Samuel, 1485, 1527Wharton, Thomas, 1026, 1033, 1364,

1376, 1483Whately, Thomas, 853–55, 882Wheelwright, Nathaniel, 831Wheelwright, Rev. John, 180, 181, 188,

215, 216, 237

Whig Society, 1375Whigs, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1232, 1239,

1249, 1259, 1296, 1302, 1318, 1319,1320, 1321, 1339, 1348–35, 1350,1352, 1468, 1476, 1477–78, 1544; atti-tude toward the Revolution, 1135–36

Whitaker, Rev. Alexander, 69Whitby, Daniel, 668Whipple, Abraham, 1017White Oaks club, 884, 911White Pine Act, 801, 804; (of 1711), 708;

(of 1722), 708White, Alexander, 840, 842White, Fr. Andrew, 106White, John, 29, 30, 153, 158, 160Whitefield, George, 658–59, 660, 661, 663Whitehead, Isaac, 381, 477Whitehead, Samuel, 480Whitfield, Rev. Henry, 211Whitney, Peter, 1085Whittaker, Benjamin, 602Whyte, George, 1290Wickham, Benjamin, 817Wickes, John, 188, 189Wieland, Christopher M. (Der Teutsche

Merkur), 1236Wigglesworth, Edward, 656, 660Wilbur, Shadrach, 408Wilkes, John, 761, 762, 794, 844–88,

941–44, 968, 970–75, 978, 1015, 1135,1149, 1232

Wilkes movement, 807, 908, 941–44, 971,973, 977

Will (slave), 143Willard, Rev. Samuel, 446, 447, 449, 516,

518, 520Willcox, William B. (Portrait of a General:

Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Indepen-dence), 1571

Willer, Samuel, 480Willett, Marinus, 1175, 1325, 1326, 1414Willett, Thomas, 434, 435, 458William and Mary, College of, 556, 652,

838–39William and Mary of Orange, 121, 122,

139, 413, 415, 416, 417, 422, 423, 425,426, 428, 433, 435, 451, 457, 471, 488

1614

16141614

William and Mary Quarterly, 1236, 1303,1546, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1575

Williams, Abijah, 1057Williams, Ann, 207Williams, Col. Otho, 1448, 1449, 1450Williams, Elisha, 694, 695Williams, Israel, 1021Williams, John, 1005Williams, Jonathan, 1030Williams, Robert, 205, 207Williams, Roger, 172–79, 180, 183, 185,

187, 189, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198, 200,201, 202, 203, 304, 205, 206, 207, 218,219, 223, 238, 239, 243, 268, 269, 334,335, 336, 338, 339, 340, 341, 408, 525,546, 652, 684–85, 686

Williamsburg Committee of Safety, 1197Williamson, Gen. Andrew, 1423Williamson, Chilton (American Suffrage

from Property in Democracy,1760–1860), 1243, 1559–60, 1575

Willing, James, 1052–53, 1230, 1244,1274, 1278, 1281, 1290, 1291, 1359,1363, 1364, 1367, 1375, 1376, 1491,1501, 1519, 1521, 1527, 1415

Willing, Thomas, 1216, 1224–25, 1226,1275, 1291

Willocks, George, 477, 481Willoughby, Francis, 259Willys, Samuel, 419, 472Wilson, George, 81Wilson, Rev. John, 181, 182–83, 197, 231,

233, 234, 235, 248, 444Wing, Mehitabel, 928Winslow, Edward, 208, 263Winslow, Josiah, 266, 337, 338, 347Winthrop, Fitz-John, 326, 364, 366, 367,

369, 408, 409, 419, 433, 456, 471, 472Winthrop, John, Jr., 159, 160, 162, 166,

170, 171, 175, 180, 181, 182, 183, 190,191, 192, 220, 222, 224, 228, 230, 244,261, 332, 208, 209, 223, 254, 255, 256,268, 269, 270, 274, 326, 328, 364

Winthrop, John, Sr., 527, 627Winthrop, Lucy, 367Winthrop, Martha, 367Winthrop, Stephen, 261

Winthrop, Wait, 366, 367, 369, 414, 415,439, 453, 456, 457, 461, 462, 628

Wisconsin Magazine of History, 1271Wise, Rev. John, 406, 407, 446, 447, 519,

521–22, 631Wiswall, Rev. Ichabod, 408, 417Witherspoon, Reverend Dr. John,

1284–85, 1362, 1492Wolcott, Roger, 710Wolfe, James, 746, 747Wolff, Christian, 1099Wood, Abraham, 88Wood, Gordon S. (The Creation of the

American Republic, 1776–1787), 1574Wood, Robert, 757, 846, 942Wood, William, 811Woodbridge, John, 627Woodruff, John, 323Woodward, Professor Bezaleel, 1246, 1381Woolen Act (1699), 705–06, 801, 809Woolman, John, 674–75, 676Woodmason, Charles, 992, 994Woolsey, Maj. Melanchthon, 1410–11Wragg, William, 956Wright, Gov. Sir James, 887, 898, 1055,

1067, 1201–02, 1422, 1424, 1541Wright, James, 617Wright, Louis B., 59nWright, Robert, 603Writs of Assistance, 801–02, 804Wroth, Robert, 737Wyatt, Francis, 72Wyckoff, Simon, 547Wyoming Valley Massacre, 1406, 1408Wythe, George, 824, 840, 843, 863,

1217

Yale College, 523, 556, 657, 660, 661, 666,680, 1099

Yamassee Indians, 587, 599–600, 605, 606,607

Yates, Abraham, 1389–90Yeardley, George, 50, 87Yeates, Robert, 811Yeoman, Plain, 861–62York, Duke of, 641; See James II

1615

16151615

Yorke, Charles, 845, 858, 912, 915–16Yoshpe, Henry B. (The Disposition of Loyal-

ist Estates in the Southern District of theState of New York), 1572

Young, Dr. Thomas, 970, 1014, 1020–21,1108, 1279, 1280, 1371, 1375, 1380

Youngs, Rev. John, 212

Zenger, John Peter, 645–47, 648, 649, 650Zubly, John Joachim, 1216, 1230

1616

16161616

conceived in liberty vol 2

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