computer,history,generations,and its types

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2022年7年5年 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER HISTORY OF COMPUTER TYPES OF COMPUTER BY MUKHTIAR ROSHAN ALI

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Page 1: Computer,history,generations,and its types

2023 5 2年 月 日 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERGENERATIONS OF COMPUTERHISTORY OF COMPUTERTYPES OF COMPUTER

BY MUKHTIAR & ROSHAN ALI

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LOGOGOVT:PG JAHANZEB COLLEGE SAIDU-SHARIF SWAT

PRESENTATION TOPIC:COMPUTER GENERATIONSHISTORY OF COMPUTERTYPES OF COMPUTER

SCRIPTED BY: FROM GROUP A MUKHTIAR CLASS NO:-20ROSHAN ALI CLASS NO:-24

SUMBMITTED TO SIR: NAJIBULLAH SB

DEPARTMENT:ZOOLOGY 3RD SEMESTER

DATE:4/1/2016

C:\Users\ROSHANALI\Desktop\COMPUTER GENERATIONSSSSSSSSSSS.lnk

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COMPUTER

CONTENTS OF PRSENTAION TOPIC

•COMPUTER GENERATION

•TYPES OF COMPUTER

•HISTORY OF COMPUTER

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COMPUTER GENERATIONS

•2ND GENERATION (1956-1963)

•FIRST GENERATION (1940-1956)

•4TH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)

•3RD GENERATION (1964-1971)

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3 4

• 5TH GENERATION (PRESENT AND BEYOND)

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.1stgeneration

2nd generation

3rd generation

4th generation

5th generation

technologyvacuumtubes

transistorsintegratedcircus(multiple transistors)

microchips(millions of transistors)

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

size filled whole buildings

filled half a room

smaller, just occupy a small table

SMALLER THAN 3RD GENERATION

PALM OF HAND

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER GENERATIONSGENERATIONS

the history of computer is often reference to the d/f generation of computing devices.each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computer operate.most developments resulted in increasingly smaller,cheaper, more powerful and more efficient computing devices.

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FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERSFIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS(1940-1956)(1940-1956)

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.

They were often enormous and taking up entire room. First generation computers relied on machine language. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using

a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions

The first generation computers relied on machine language. input was based on punched card and paper tape,and outpu

was based on printouts. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-

generation computing devices.

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.

univac tube boardunivac tube board individual vacuum tubeindividual vacuum tube

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2ND GENERATION COMPUTERS (1956-1963)

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.

Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic.

High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.

These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory.

though the transistors still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage.

the first computers of this generation were developed for the"atomic energy industry."

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The main features of second generation are Use of transistors.

Reliable in comparison to first generation computers.

Smaller size as compared to first generation computers.

Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers.

Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers.

Faster than first generation computers.

Still very costly.

Supported machine and assembly languages.

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IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108

SOME COMPUTERS OF THIS GENERATION WERE:-

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THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS 1965-1971 The computers of third generation used integrated circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.

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IC used. More reliable in comparison

to previous two generations.

Smaller size. Generated less heat. Faster. Lesser maintenance. Still costly. Consumed lesser electricity. Supported high-level language.

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Some computers of this generation were:

IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series PDP(Personal Data Processor) IBM-370/168 TDC-316

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4TH GENERATION COMPUTERS1971-1980

The computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution. IN this generation time sharing, real time, networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.

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VLSI technology usedVery cheapPortable and reliableUse of PC'sVery small sizePipeline processingNo A.C. neededConcept of internet was introducedGreat developments in the fields of networksComputers became easily available

The main features of fourth generation are:

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Some computers of this generation were:

DEC 10 STAR 1000 PDP 11 CRAY-1(Super Computer) CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

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In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became UULSILSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. A I is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.

FIFTH GENERTION COMPUTERS1980-TILL DATE

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AI includes:

RoboticsNeural NetworksGame PlayingDevelopment of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations.Natural language understanding and generation.

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ULSI technology Development of true artificial intelligence Development of Natural language processing Advancement in Parallel Processing Advancement in Superconductor technologyMore user friendly interfaces with multimedia featuresAvailability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rate

.

The main features of fifth generation are:

TYPES

DESKTOP

LAPTOP

NOTEBOOK

ULTRABOOK

CHROMEBOOK

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HISTORY OF COMPUTER

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Before the 1500s, in Europe, calculations were made with an abacusInvented around 500BC, available in many cultures (China, Mesopotamia, Japan, Greece, Rome, etc.) In 1642, Blaise Pascal (French mathematician, physicist, philosopher) invented a mechanical calculator called the Pascaline In 1671, Gottfried von Leibniz (German mathematician, philosopher) extended the Pascaline to do multiplications, divisions, square roots: the Stepped Reckoner None of these machines had memory, and they required human intervention at each step

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CHARLES BABBAGEIn 1822 Charles Babbage (English mathematician, philosopher), sometimes called the “father of computing” built the Difference Engine

Machine designed to automate the computation (tabulation) of polynomial functions (which are known to be good approximations of many useful functions)

Based on the “method of finite difference”Implements some storage

In 1833 Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, but he died before he could build it

It was built after his death, powered by steam

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Lady Augusta AdaCountess of Lovelace

1815-1852 Lady Augusta Ada was a brilliant mathematician.Lady Augusta Ada wrote programs to be run on Babbage’s machines.For this, she is recognized as the first computer Programmer.

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Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper:- Harvard Mark I Computer

The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) Computer was created by IBM for Harvard University, which called it the Mark I. First universal calculator.

1944

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The Colossus Mark I & II are widely acknowledged as thefirst programmable electric computers, and were used atBletchley Park to decode German codes encrypted by theLorenz SZ40/42.

1943/1944 clossus mark-1 and mark-2

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John Eckert & John W. MauchlyENIAC 1 Computer

1946 ENIAC was short for

Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer. It was the first general purpose (programmable to solve any problem) electric computer. It contained over 17,000 vacuum tubes, weighed 27 tones and drew 150 kW of power to operate.

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1947-THE TRANSISTOR

Invented by William Shockley (seated) John Bardeen & Walter Brattain at Bell Labs.

The transistor replaces bulky vacuum tubes with a smaller, more reliable, and power saving solid sate circuit.

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1951-UNIVAC 25 feet by 50 feet in size

5,600 tubes, 18,000 crystal diodes300 relays

Internal storage capacity of 1,008 fifteen bit words was achieved using 126 mercury delay lines

First commercial computer - Between 1951 and 1958, UNIVAC- I computers were delivered.

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1953 IBM 701 EDPM COMPUTERIBM enters the market with its first large scale electronic computer.

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1984-APPLE MACINTOSHApple introduces the first successful consumer computer with a WIMP user interface (Windows Icons Mouse & Pointer),

Motorola 68000 @8Mhz128KB RamUS$1,995 to US$2,495

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“ a short summary''(first telegraph message sent by Samuel Morse, 1844, 1844)Electronic and computing technology quickly progressed—at an ever-accelerating pace—from vacuum tubes (Lee de Forrest, the audion, 1907, the audion, 1907)to transistors (William Shockley et al. 1947). 1947)to semiconductors (Jack Kilby & & Robert Noyce, 1958, 1958)to microprocessors (M.E. “Ted” Hoff, 1971, 1971)to networking and the Internet (Vinton Cerf & & Robert Kahn, 1982, 1982]to the World Wide Web (Tim Berners-Lee, 1991, 1991)and beyond…

Whatever next?…

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THERE ARE THREE MAIN TYPES OF COMPUTER:-analog computerdigital computerhybrid computer

TYPES OF COMPUTER

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ANALOG COMPUTER''a computer that represents data by measurablequantities, as voltages,or,formerly,the rotationof gears,in order to solve a problem,rather thanexpressing the data as numbers.''

this type of computer accept analog input and givesanalog outputs.most complex computer.use for scientific research and resaerch purposes.most fastest computer.

EXAMPLES:-•thermometer•analog clock•speedometer•tire pressure gauge

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DIGITAL COMPUTER''A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system of “0” and “1”.

these are the most commonly used computers

EXAMPLESIBM PCApple MacintoshCalculatorsDigital watches etc

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HYBRID COMPUTER ''A computer that processes both analog and digital data.''

''Hybrid computer is a digital computer that accepts analog signals, converts them to digital and processes them in digital form.” A hybrid computer may use or produce analog data or digital data. It accepts a continuously varying input, which is then converted into a set of discrete values for digital processing.

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EXAMPLES Hybrid computer is the computer used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patient. Devices used in petrol

pump. Hybrid Machines are

generally used in scientific applications or in controlling industrial processes.

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1 2 3 4

REFERENCES

SLIDESHARE.COM FROM MY COMPUTER COPY

http://edutry.blogspot.com www.mhhe.co

m/peternorton

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Thank You

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Thank You

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