computer system fundamental copyright @ genetic computer school 2008 1-1 introduction to computers...

Copyright @ Genetic Computer School 2008 1-1

COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

LESSON 1



LESSON OVERVIEW

DEFINITION OF COMPUTER

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

PARTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM

DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPUTERS



DEFINITION OF COMPUTERA computer may be defined as an electronic

machine, which accepts data from an

input device, processes it by performing

arithmetical and logical operations in

accordance with a program of instructions

and returns the results through an output

unit.



UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

IN COMPUTING Storage Speed Time Frequency

Unit

Symbol

Byte bit per second

second Hertz

B Bps s Hz



THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF STORAGE

The fundamental unit of storage is the byte (also called character).

When counting bytes we deal in powers of 2 such as

210 called a kilobyte (Kb) 220 called a megabyte (Mb) 230 called a gigabyte (Gb) 240 called terabyte (Tb)




Classification Of Computers By Purposes

Classification Of Computers According To Memory

Size And Cost

Classification Of Computers Based On General

Performance Levels

Classified Of Computers According To The Type Of

Data Processed

Classification Of Computers According To

Generations



CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS BY PURPOSES

A general-purpose computer

A special purpose computer



CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO MEMORY SIZE AND COST

Microcomputers

Minicomputers

Mainframe computers

Supercomputers




Computers can also be classified

based On General Performance

Levels.



CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF DATA PROCESSED

Analogue

Digital

Hybrid



CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO GENERATIONS

Generation

First By the use of vacuum tubes

Second By the use of transistors in their manufacture

Third By having greater reduction in size due to the use of integrated circuits

Fourth By having the entire processor on a chip through the use of very large scale integration (VLSI) in their manufacture

Fifth By the use of artificial intelligence, large capacity erasable optical discs, transputer based processing systems, and perhaps voice recognition as well.



PARTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM

People

Procedures

Software

Hardware

Data



DEVELOPMENTS OF COMPUTERS Connectivity / Internet Connectivity

Networking of computers

Convergence of computing and

communications

Applications of IT

Smaller but faster Computer

Cheaper in Price

Larger storage capacity



SOME APPLICATIONS

IN BUSINESS AND MANUFACTURING TradeNet

Computer Aided Design

Registry of Companies

Enquiry System



MAGNETIC STRIPE TECHNOLOGY is one of the most universal methods in Automatic

Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) industry. is used everywhere, credit cards, ID cards, ATM cards, security

control of selected rooms or buildings, time and attendance cards, factory floor data collection cards, driver's licenses, mass transits tickets, airline tickets and many more.

is known as a handy and cost-effective way of carrying a practical amount of rewritable and machine-readable data using magnetic storage technology.

uses magnetic material to store data. is printed on paper or plastic stores data instead of sound and images Is designed to be directly handled is often used for reading by manually swiping



ESSENTIAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE MAGNETIC RECORDING AND REPLAY PROCESS

The two most essential factors affecting the

magnetic recording and replay process are

head to medium partition and traveling speed

of the medium.



COERCIVITYCoercivity is defined as the strength of the

flux reversals in the magnet, or in other

words the resistance of the material to

demagnetization.



ADVANTAGES OF USING MAGNETIC STRIPE TECHNOLOGIES Data can be modified or rewritten High data capacity in relation to bar codes Add security since it is not in human readable form Immune to contamination with dirt, water, oil,

moisture, etc No moving components, physically robust Well established standards No consumables required for writing or rewriting



DISADVANTAGES OF USING MAGNETIC STRIPE TECHNOLOGY It doesn't work in a distance, thus requiring

close contact to the reader

Data can be damaged by stray magnetic fields

Since it's not in human readable form can be a

disadvantage in some applications



STANDARDS OF MAGNETIC STRIPE

Physical standards

Physical standards identify the locations of recording

track, encoding methods, data densities and

magnetic recording qualities.

Application standards

Application standards deal with content of data and

data format for different applications.



SMART CARD (TECHNOLOGY)The inside of a smart card usually contains an

embedded microprocessor.

The microprocessor is under a gold contact pad

on one side of the card for security. The host

computer and card reader actually "talk" to the

microprocessor. The microprocessor enforces

access to the data on the card. If the host

computer read and wrote the smart card's random

access memory (RAM). 1 of 4



SMART CARD (TECHNOLOGY)Smart cards typically hold 2,000 to 8,000 electronic

bytes of data (the equivalent of several pages of

data). Because those bytes can be electronically

coded, the effective storage capacity of each card

is significantly increased.

Smarts cards may have up to 8 kilobytes of RAM, 346

kilobytes of ROM, 256 kilobytes of programmable

ROM, and a 16-bit microprocessor. . 2 of 4



SMART CARD (TECHNOLOGY)The smart card uses a serial interface and receives its

power from external sources like a card reader. The

processor uses a limited instruction set for

applications such as cryptography.

Smart cards can be a carrier of multiple records for

multiple purposes.

Smart cards are secure, compact and intelligent data

carriers. 3 of 4



SMART CARD (TECHNOLOGY)Smart cards can be used with a smart-card reader

attachment to a personal computer to authenticate

a user. Web browsers also can use smart card

technology to supplement Secure Sockets Layer

(SSL) for improved security of Internet

transactions.

Smart-card readers can also be found in mobile

phones and vending machines. 4 of 4



THE MOST COMMON SMART CARD APPLICATION

Banking

Satellite TV

Credit cards

Electronic cash

Computer security systems

Wireless communication

Loyalty systems (like frequent flyer points)

Government identification



Image TechnologyIt is used in Computerize the identity cards Finger print scanner Security -video camera/recorder Bar code scanner Laser engravers Application of multimedia in learning

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