computer security and safety, ethics & privacy

Discovering Computers 2011

Living in a Digital World

Computers 2011

Objectives OverviewObjectives Overview

Define the term, i i k

Describe various types f I d k Discuss techniques tocomputer security risks,

and briefly describe the types of cybercrime

of Internet and network attacks, and identify ways to safeguard

Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized computer access and

useperpetrators against these attacks use

Identify safeguards against hardware theft

and vandalism

Explain the ways software manufacturers

protect against

Discuss how encryption works, and explain why

it is necessaryand vandalism p gsoftware piracy it is necessary

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11

2See Page 555 for Detailed Objectives

Objectives OverviewObjectives Overview

Discuss the types of Identify risks andDiscuss the types of devices available that

protect computers from system failure

Explain the options available for backing up computer resources

Identify risks and safeguards associated

with wireless communicationssystem failure communications

Recogni e issues relatedDiscuss ways to prevent health‐related disorders

and injuries due to

Recognize issues related to information accuracy, intellectual property

rights codes of conduct

Discuss issues surrounding information

privacyjcomputer use rights, codes of conduct,

and green computingprivacy


3See Page 555for Detailed Objectives

Computer Security RisksComputer Security Risks

• A computer security risk is any event or action that could cause a loss of or damage to computer hardware, software, data, information, or processing capability

• A cybercrime is an online or Internet‐based illegal act

Hackers Crackers Script Kiddies Corporate SpiesHackers Crackers Script Kiddies Corporate Spies

Unethical Employees Cyberextortionists Cyberterrorists


4Pages 556 ‐ 557

Computer Security RisksComputer Security Risks


5Pages 556 – 557Figure 11‐1

Internet and Network AttacksInternet and Network Attacks

• Information transmitted over networks has a higher degree of security risk than information kept on an organization’s premises

• An online security service is a Web site that evaluates your computer to check for Internet and e‐mail vulnerabilities

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Computer


6Page 558 Figure 11‐2

Emergency Response Team Coordination Center below Chapter 11


Computer Virus Worm Trojan Horse Rootkit

• Affects a computer

ti l b

• Copies itself repeatedly, i

• A malicious program that hid ithi

• Program that hides in a

tnegatively by altering the way the

using up resources and possibly

hides within or looks like a legitimate

computer and allows someone

computer works

shutting down the computer or

program from a remote location to p

network take full control


7Page 558

Video: Attack of the Mobile VirusesVideo: Attack of the Mobile Viruses

CLICK TO START


8

CLICK TO START


• An infected computer has one or more of the following symptoms:g y p

Operating system runs much slower

Available memory is less than Files become

corrupted

Screen displays unusual message

than usual expected corrupted or image

M i l P fil Unknown Music or unusual sound plays randomly

Existing programs and files disappear

Programs or files do not work properly

programs or files mysteriously

appear

System properties change

Operating system does not start up

Operating system shuts down


9Pages 558 ‐ 559

change does not start up unexpectedly



10Page 559Figure 11‐3


• Users can take several precautions to protect their home and work computers and mobile devices from these malicious infections


12Page 560 – 561Figure 11‐7


• A botnet is a group of compromised computers connected to a network

A compromised computer is known as a zombie– A compromised computer is known as a zombie

• A denial of service attack (DoS attack) disrupts computer access to Internet servicesInternet services– Distributed DoS (DDoS)

• A back door is a program or set of instructions in a program that p g p gallow users to bypass security controls

• Spoofing is a technique intruders use to make their network or Internet transmission appear legitimate

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation,


13Pages 562 ‐ 563

then click DoS Attacksbelow Chapter 11


• A firewall is hardware and/or software that protects a network’s resources from intrusionp



14Pages 563 ‐ 564Figure 11‐8

then click Firewallsbelow Chapter 11


Intrusion detection softwareA l ll t k t ffi• Analyzes all network traffic

• Assesses system vulnerabilitiesd ifi h i d i i• Identifies any unauthorized intrusions

• Notifies network administrators of suspicious behavior tt t b hpatterns or system breaches

Honeypotyp• Vulnerable computer that is set up to entice an intruder to break into itbreak into it


15Page 564

Unauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and Use

Unauthorized access is Unauthorized use is theUnauthorized access is the use of a computer or

network without

Unauthorized use is the use of a computer or its data for unapproved or

permission possibly illegal activities


16Page 564


O i i k• Organizations take several measures to help preventhelp prevent unauthorized access and useand use– Acceptable use policy– Disable file and printerDisable file and printer sharing

– Firewalls– Intrusion detection software




• Access controls define who can access a computer, when they can access it, and what p yactions they can take– Two‐phase processes called identification and– Two‐phase processes called identification and authentication

U– User name

– Password

– Passphrase

– CAPTCHACAPTCHA


18Pages 565 – 567Figure 11‐11


• A possessed object is any item that you must carry to gain access to a computer

• A biometric deviceauthenticates a person’s identity by translating again access to a computer

or computer facility– Often are used in

identity by translating a personal characteristic into a digital code that is

combination with a personal identification number (PIN)

gcompared with a digital code in a computer




then click Biometric Devicesbelow Chapter 11


• Digital forensics is the discovery, collection, and analysis of evidence found on computers and y pnetworks

• Many areas use digital forensics• Many areas use digital forensics

Law Criminal Military enforcement prosecutors

yintelligence

Insurance agencies

Information security

d t t


20Page 569

g departments

Hardware Theft and VandalismHardware Theft and Vandalism

Hardware theft is the Hardware vandalismHardware theft is the act of stealing

t i t

is the act of defacing or destroyingcomputer equipment or destroying

computer equipment


21Page 570

Hardware Theft and VandalismHardware Theft and Vandalism

• To help reduce the of chances of theft, companies and schools use a variety of security measuresy y

Physical access controls Alarm systems Cables to lock equipmentequipment

Real time location system

Passwords, possessed objects, and biometrics




then click RTLSbelow Chapter 11

Software TheftSoftware Theft

• Software theft occurs when someone:

Steals software Intentionally media

yerases programs

Ill llIllegally copies a

program

Illegally registers and/or

activates a


23Page 571

program


• A single‐user license agreement typically contains the following conditions:

Permitted toPermitted to• Install the software on one computerInstall the software on one computer• Make one copy of the software• Remove the software from your computer before giving it away or selling it

Not permitted toNot permitted to• Install the software on a network• Give copies to friends or colleagues while continuing to use the software• Export the softwareR l h f


24Page 571

• Rent or lease the software


• Copying, loaning, borrowing, renting, or distributing software can be a violation of copyright law

• Some software requires product activation to function fully



25Pages 571 – 572Figure 11‐16

then click Business Software Alliance below Chapter 11

Information TheftInformation Theft

• Information theft occurs when someone steals personal or confidential informationp

• Encryption is a process of converting readable data into unreadable characters to preventdata into unreadable characters to prevent unauthorized access


26Pages 572 ‐ 573Figure 11‐17


• A digital signature is an encrypted code that a person, Web site, or organization attaches to an p gelectronic message to verify the identity of the sendersender– Often used to ensure that an impostor is not participating in an Internet transactionparticipating in an Internet transaction

• Web browsers and Web sites use encryption techniques


28Page 574


• Popular security techniques include

Digital CertificatesDigital

CertificatesTransport Layer Security (TLS)Transport Layer Security (TLS)

Secure HTTPSecure HTTP VPNVPNClick to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation,


29Pages 574 ‐ 575

then click Digital Certificates below Chapter 11



30Pages 574 ‐ 575Figures 11‐19 – 11‐20

System FailureSystem Failure

• A system failure is the prolonged malfunction of a computerp

• A variety of factors can lead to system failure, including:including:– Aging hardware

– Natural disasters

– Electrical power problemsp p• Noise, undervoltages, and overvoltages

– Errors in computer programs– Errors in computer programsDiscovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World

Chapter 1131Page 575

System FailureSystem Failure

• Two ways to protect from system failures caused by electrical power variations include surge y p gprotectors and uninterruptable power supplies(UPS)(UPS)



32Page 576Figures 11‐21 – 11‐22

then click Surge Protectors below Chapter 11

Backing Up – The Ultimate SafeguardBacking Up The Ultimate Safeguard

• A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or disk that can be used if the original is lost, damaged, g gor destroyed– To back up a file means to make a copy of it– To back up a file means to make a copy of it

• Offsite backups are stored in a location separate from the computer site

Cloud Storage


33Page 577

Backing Up – The Ultimate SafeguardBacking Up The Ultimate Safeguard

• Two categories of backups:

• Three‐generation backup policy

– Full backup

– Selective backup Grandparent

Parent

Child


34Page 577

Wireless SecurityWireless Security

• Wireless access poses additional security risks– About 80 percent of wireless networks have no security protection

• War driving allows individuals to detect wireless networks while driving a vehicle through the area




then click War Drivingbelow Chapter 11

Wireless SecurityWireless Security

• In additional to using firewalls, some safeguards improve security of wireless networks:p y

A wireless access Change the defaultpoint should not broadcast an SSID

Change the default SSID

Configure a WAP so that only

certain devices can access it

Use WPA or WPA2 security standards


36Page 578

access it

Health Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer Use

• The widespread use of computers has led to health concerns– Repetitive strain injury (RSI)

• Tendonitis

• Carpal tunnel syndrome• Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

– Computer vision psyndrome (CVS)




• Ergonomics is an applied science devoted to incorporating comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of items in the workplace




• Computer addiction occurs when the computer consumes someone’s entire social life

• Symptoms of users include:

Craves computer

ti

Overjoy when at the

t

Unable to stop computer

ti ittime computer activity

I it bl h N l t P bl tIrritable when not at the computer

Neglects family and friends

Problems at work or school


40Page 581

computer friends school

Ethics and SocietyEthics and Society

• Computer ethics are the moral guidelines that govern the use of computers and information systems

• Information accuracy is a concern– Not all information on the Web is correct


41Pages 581 – 582Figure 11‐28


Intellectual property rights are the rights to which creators are entitled for their workare entitled for their work

• A copyright protects any tangible form of expressionpy g p y g p

An IT code of conduct is a written guideline that helps determine whether a specific computer action is ethical ordetermine whether a specific computer action is ethical or unethical



42Page 582

then click Digital Rights Management below Chapter 11


• Green computing involves reducing the electricity and environmental waste while using a computerg p


44Pages 583 – 584Figure 11‐30


• Information privacy refers to the right of individuals and companies to deny or restrict the p ycollection and use of information about them

• Huge databases store data online• Huge databases store data online

• It is important to safeguard your information


45Page 584


• When you fill out a form, the merchant that receives the form usually enters it into a database

• Many companies today allow people to specify whether they want their personal information distributed




• A cookie is a small text file that a Web server stores on your computer

• Web sites use cookies for a variety of reasons:

hhAllow for personalization

Allow for personalization

Store users’ passwordsStore users’ passwords

Assist with online

shopping

Assist with online

shoppingshoppingshopping

Track howTrack howTrack how often users visit a site

Track how often users visit a site

Target advertisements

Target advertisementsClick to view Web Link,

click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation,


48Pages 585 – 586

then click Cookiesbelow Chapter 11


S i li i d• Spam is an unsolicited e‐mail message or newsgroup postingnewsgroup posting

• E‐mail filtering blockse mail messages frome‐mail messages from designated sources

• Anti spam programs• Anti‐spam programsattempt to remove spam before it reachesspam before it reaches your inbox




Phi hi i i• Phishing is a scam in which a perpetrator sends an official looking e‐mailan official looking e mail message that attempts to obtain your personal and financial information

• Pharming is a scam hwhere a perpetrator

attempts to obtain your personal and financialpersonal and financial information via spoofing


51Pages 587 ‐ 588Figure 11‐35


• The concern about privacy has led to the enactment of federal and state laws regarding the g gstorage and disclosure of personal data– See Figure 11‐36 on page 589 for a listing of major U S– See Figure 11‐36 on page 589 for a listing of major U.S. government laws concerning privacy

Th 1970 F i C di R i A li i h• The 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act limits the rights of others viewing a credit report to only those with a legitimate business need


52Page 588


Social engineering is defined as gaining unauthorized access or obtaining confidentialunauthorized access or obtaining confidential information by taking advantage of trust and naivety

Employee monitoring involves the use of computers to observe record and review an employee’s use ofto observe, record, and review an employee s use of a computer



53Page 590

then click Social Engineeringbelow Chapter 11


C fil i i h• Content filtering is the process of restricting access to certain materialaccess to certain material on the Web

• Many businesses use ycontent filtering

• Internet Content Rating Association (ICRA)

• Web filtering softwarerestricts access to specified Web sites


54Pages 590 – 591Figure 11‐37

SummarySummary

Potential computer risks and Wireless security risks andPotential computer risks and the safeguards

Wireless security risks and safeguards

Ethi l i di

Computer‐related health

Ethical issues surrounding information accuracy,

intellectual property rights, pissues and preventions

p p y gcodes of conduct, green

computing, and information privacyprivacy


55Page 591

Discovering Computers 2011

Living in a Digital World

Computers 2011

Chapter 11 Complete

computer security and safety, ethics & privacy

Education