computer interface trainer (mda-win8086)-project

7/25/2019 Computer Interface Trainer (MDA-Win8086)-Project

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computer-interface-trainer-mda-win8086-project 1/77

^QBJHF] QH^BQ]

BG

Fbkputhr Dgthrl`fh ]r`dghr (KM@-_dg3>3<)

VXAKD]]HMAT

VX^HQ\DVHMAT

QBIIGB: 8= <

Km. Kbrschmui @rhldg

QHO.GB:><<? @ssbfd`th rblhssbr

VHVVDBG:1>>4-0>Fbkputhr Vfdhgfh `gmHgodghhrdgo

Xgdvhrsdty Bl Q`jsc`cd



Mhp`rtkhgt Bl Fbkputhr Vfdhgfh `gm Hgodghhrdgo


^QBJHF] QH^BQ]BG

Fbkputhr Dgthrl`fh ]r`dghr

(KM@-_dg3>3<)

Vuakdtthm dg p`rtd`i luildiikhgt bl tch rhqudrhkhgts lbr tch `w`rm bl tch mhorhh

A FCHIBQ BL VFDHGFH

DGFBK^X]HQ VFDHGFH & HGODGHHQDGO

XGD\HQVD]T BL Q@JVC@CD

Vuakdtthm ay

Hx`k Qbii : 0>>08=><

Qho Gb : ><<?

Vhssdbg : 1>>4-0>

VX^HQ\DVHM AT:


@ssbfd`th ^rblhssbr

Fbkputhr Vfdhgfh `gm

Hgodghhrdgo




Fhrtdldf`th

]cds ds fhrtdly tch rhpbrt hgtdtihm ’Fbkputhr Dgthrl`fh ]r`dghr (KM@-wdg3>3<)‛

Vuakdtthm ay (Qbii:0 08= <

, >4>38=06, `gm31=8= <

)

Xgmhr ky suphrvdsdbg dg cds bwg wbre `gm c`s ahhg suakdtthm hishwchrh lbr tch `w`rm bl

A.Vf (Cbgburs) mhorhh tb tch ahst bl ky egbwihmoh `gm ahidhl.

Vdog`turh:


@ssbfd`th ^rblhssbr

Fbkputhr Vfdhgfh `gm Hgodghhrdgo




@FEGB_IHMOHKHG]

_h fbgs d mh r bu r s h i l hxfhp t d bg` i i y l b r t ug` t h t c` t wh c`m d gmu i ohg t

ou dm hs , ih `r gh m pcdibsbpchrs `gm f`rdgo lrdhgms tb suffhssluiiy sthhr us tcrbuoc

bgh bl tch kbst dgthrhstdgo phrdbm bl bur `f`mhkdf f`rhhr. ]bm`y wchg bur hgmh`vbrc`s rh`fchm dts lrdftdbg, wh ibbe a`fe dg kuth or`tdtumh tb bgh `gm ìi wdtcbut

wcbsh chip wh `rh surh tcds rhìdty wbuim c`vh ahhg ` mrh`k.

]c d s wbr e c`s ahhg pbs s d a i h t c r buoc t ch m d r hf t `gm d gm d r hf t fb -

bp hr ` t d b g b l v ` r dbus phbpih bl FVH-QX tbw`rms wcbk wh wdsc tb hxprhss bur or`tdtumh.

_h `rh hxtrhkhiy tc`gelui tb FVH-QX l`fuitdhs wcb prbvdmhm us fcìihgodgo bppbrtugdty

tb wbre bg tcds prbjhft.

Vphfdì tc`ges tb Km. Kbrschmui @rhldg (@ssbfd`th ^rblhssbr, Fbkputhr Vfdhgfh `gm

Hgodghhrdgo, Xgdvhrsdty Bl Q`jsc`cd) ugmhr wcbk wh fbkpihthm tcds prbjhft. Ch prbvdmhm uswdtc ii tch pbssdaih chip `gm `mvdfh. _dtcbut c ds ou dm`gfh tcds prbjhft wbuim c`vh gbt

rh`fchm dts fbkpih tdbg dg sufc ` suffhsslui k`gghr.

_h `r h ` is b tc `g el ui tb ` ii ky lr dh gm s lbr tchdr v iuàih suoohstdbgs.



@astr`ft

@ kdfrb-prbfhssbr dgfbrpbr`ths tch lugftdbgs bl ` fhgtrì prbfhssdgo ugdt (F^X) bg ` sdgoihdgthor`thm fdrfudt.

]ch ldrst kdfrbprbfhssbrs ushm ` wbrm sdzh bl bgiy = adts, sb tc`t tch tr`gsdstbrs bl dts ibodf

fdrfudts wbuim ldt bgtb ` sdgoih p`rt. Bgh br kbrh kdfrbprbfhssbrs typdfìiy shrvh `s tch

prbfhssdgo hihkhgts bl ` fbkputhr systhk, hkahmmhm systhk, br c`gmchim mhvdfh.

Lrbk tch cukaih ahodggdgo `s tch mrdvhrs lbr fìfui`tbrs, tch fbgtdguhm dgfrh`sh dg prbfhssdgo

f`p`fdty c`s ihm tb tch mbkdg`gfh bl kdfrbprbfhssbrs bvhr hvhry btchr lbrk bl fbkputhr5 hvhry

systhk lrbk tch i`rohst k`dglr`khs tb tch skìihst c`gmchim fbkputhrs gbw ushs `

kdfrbprbfhssbr `t dts fbrh.

]b ih`rg tch mdllhrhgt lh`turhs bl kdfrbprbfhssbr kuitdpih edts `rh prbvdmhm. ]chsh tr`dghrs `rhk`gul`fturhm usdgo A`rh Ab`rm ]hsthm Oi`ss Hpbxy VKBAF ^FAs `gm tch DFs `rh kbugthm bg

sbfehts.

Hxcùstdvh K`guìs wdtc `kpih bl s`kpih prbor`ks `rh prbvdmhm wdtc tch systhk. H`fc tr`dghr

ds suppidhm wdtc audit-dg pbwhr suppiy.

Dg fbkputhr sfdhgfh, `g dgthrl`fh ds tch pbdgt bl dgthr`ftdbg wdtc sbltw`rh, br fbkputhr c`rmw`rh,

br wdtc phrdpchrì mhvdfhs sufc `s ` fbkputhr kbgdtbr br ` ehyab`rm.

Vbkh fbkputhr dgthrl`fhs sufc `s ` tbufcsfrhhg f`g shgm `gm rhfhdvh m`t`, wcdih btchrs sufc `s` kbush, kdfrbpcbgh br jbystdfe f`g bgiy shgm m`t`.



Dgmhx

@fegbwihmohkhgt

Gb. ]bpdfs ^`oh

Fc`pthrU0[: Dgtrbmuftdbg tb KM@ ‖ 3>3< ]r`dgdgo Edt

0.0 Dgtrbmuftdbg 0

0.1 KM@-3>3< Lh`turhs 1

Fc`pthrU1[: Vysthk fbgldour`tdbg

1.0 KM@-_dg3>3< Vysthk fbgldour`tdbg 6

1.1 KM@-3>3< Vphfdldf`tdbg 8

1.6 KM@-3>3< Ehy Lugftdbgs <

1.=KM@-_dg3>3< @mmrhss K`p

<

1.8 A`sdf Bphr`tdbgs 3

1.< Vhrd`i Kbgdtbr 4

1.? Cbw tb fbgghft KM@ _dg3>3< tb ^F 4

Fc`pthrU6[: @abut KM@-_dgDMH3>3<

6.0 Vthps tb hxhfuth KM@-_dgDMH3>3< 0>

6.1 Hxhfuth 06

Fc`pthrU=[: ]r`dghr pbssdaih hxphrdkhgt idst

=.0 Idst 0=



Fc`pthrU8[: Idst bl fbkpihthm Hxphrdkhgt

8.0

?-Vhokhgt Mdspi`y

08

8.1 IFM Khssòh Mdspi`y 10

8.6 IFM- Vfrbii tch khssòh fhgthr tb rdoct 1<

8.= IFM- Vfrbii ` khssòh rdoct tb ihlt 13

8.8 K`trdx ‖Vfrbii tbp tb abttbk 6>

8.< K`trdx ‖Vfrbii ihlt tb rdoct 6=

8.? K`trdx - Mdspi`y –@— 6<

8.3 K`trdx ‖ Vfrbii –@— ihlt tb rdoct 63

8.4 K`trdx ‖ Vfrbii –@— tbp tb abttbk =0

8.0> IHM mdspi`y ==

Fc`pthrU<[: _c`t wh c`vh Dkpihkhgt

<.0 K`trdx ‖Vfrbii abttbk tb tbp =?

<.1 K`trdx ‖Vfrbii rdoct tb ihlt =4

<.6 K`trdx - Mdspi`y –Q— 80

<.= Vfrbii 'Q' lrbk ihlt tb fhgthr 86

<.8 Vfrbii 'Q' lrbk fhgthr tb ihlt 8?

Fc`pthrU?[: @pphgmdx

?.0 KM@-3>3< Khkbry Fdrfudt <0

?.1 KM@-3>3< Fbgghftbr (FBG0>) FDQFXD] <1

?.6 3>3< Dgstruftdbg Vht Vukk`ry <6

?.= KM@-3>3< sfchk`tdf <=

Qhlhrhgfhs & Fbgfiusdbg



^`oh | 0

Fc`pthr: Bgh

Dgtrbmuftdbg tb KM@ ‖ 3>3< ]r`dgdgo Edt

(0.0) Dgtrbmuftdbg

KM@-3>3< c`s cdoc phrlbrk`gfh <=E-ayth kbgdtbr prbor`k. Dt ds mhsdoghm lbr

h`sy lugftdbg.

@lthr pbwhr ds bg, tch kbgdtbr ahodgs tb wbre. Dg `mmdtdbg tb `ii tch ehy lugftdbg

tch kbgdtbr c`s ` khkbry fchfedgo rbutdgh.

Ldourh: 0<Adt KM@-3>3<

^rbfhssbr Ab`rm



^òh | 1

(0.1) KM@-3>3< Lh`turhs

½ 0. ^rbor`k mhauoodgo lugftdbg ay ^F.

½ 1. Vbltw`rh : ]XQAB-F 1.> br i`thr, Vuppbrt Vt`rtup Fbmh

½ 6. ^rbor`k mbwgib`m `gm tr`fh lugftdbg

½ =. Mdspi`y tch rhodsthr fbgthgts

½ 8. Khkbry fbgthgts kbmdldf`tdbg `gm mukp lugftdbg

½ <. \`rdbus Fbkk`gm lugftdbg

½ ?. Dgfiumhm sthpphr kbtbr dgthrl`fh fdrfudt

½ 3. MB] K@]QDS ugdt

½ 4. IFM mdspi`y ugdt

½

0>. M/@ `gm @/M fbgvhrthr hxphrdkhgt

½

00. Vbugm hxphrdkhgt wdtc Vphèhr

½

01. Dgthrrupt hxphrdkhgts

½ 06. ]chrkdstbr Vhgsbr

½

0=. A`r IHM ugdt

½ 08. Ehyab`rm hxphrdkhgt

½

0<. Hxthrgì dgthrl`fh fbgghftbr

½

0?. Mdspi`y tch furrhgt AXV st`tus bg IHM

½

03. +8\, +01\, -01\ V.K.^.V(Lrhh \bitòh) ^bwhr.



^`oh | 6

Fc`pthr: ]wb

Vysthk fbgldour`tdbg

(1.0) KM@-_dg3>3< Vysthk fbgldour`tdbg

LDOXQH 0. KM@-_dg3>3< VTV]HK FBGLDOXQ@]DBG



^òh | =

]ch lugftdbg bl DF's `t Ldourh 0.

½

⑮ F^X(Fhgtrì prbfhssdgo ugdt) :

½ Xsdgo Dgthi 3>3<, Xsdgo 0=.?=8<㎑.

½ ① QBK(Qh`m Bgiy Khkbry) :

½ Dt c`s prbor`k tb fbgtrbi ushr's ehy dgput.

½ IFM mdspi`y, ushr's prbor`k.

½ <=E Ayth, dt c`s m`t` fbkkugdf`tdbg prbor`k.

½ Q`goh bl QBK @mmrhss ds L>>>>C~LLLLLC.

½ ② VQ@K(Vt`tdf Q`gmbk @ffhss Khkbry) :

½ Dgput ushr's prbor`k & m`t`.

½

@mmrhss bl khkbry ds >>>>>C~>LLLLC, tbtìiy <=E Ayth.

½ ⑦ MDVÎ@T :½ ]hxt IFM Kbmuih, 0<(Fc`r`fthrs)ß1(Idghs)

½ ⑭ EHTAB@QM :½ Dt ds ushm tb dgput k`fcdgh i`gouòh.

½ ]chrh `rh 0< chx`mhfdkì ehys `gm 3 lugftdbg ehys.

½ ⑨ V^H@EHQ :½ Vbugm thst.

½

⑬ QV-161F :

½ Vhrdì fbkkugdf`tdbg wdtc DAK fbkp`tdaih ^F.

½ ⑯ MB] K@]QDS IHM :½ ]b ugmhrst`gm & thst tch mbt k`trdx strufturh `gm prdgfdpih bl mdspi`y.

½ Dt ds dgthrl`fhm tb 3188@ (^^D).

½ ④ @/M FBG\HQ]HQ :½ @MF>3>= tb fbgvhrt tch `gìbo sdogì tb mdodtì sdogì.

½ ⑤ M/@ FBG\HQ]HQ :½

M@F>3>> (3-adts M/@ fbgvhrthr) tb fbgvhrt tch mdodtì sdogì tb tch `gìbo sdogì

½ ]b fbgtrbi tch ihvhi khthr.

½ ⑪ V]H^^DGO KB]BQ DG]HQL@FH :½ Vthppdgo kbtbr mrdvhr fdrfudt ds mhsdoghm.

½ ⑥ ^B_HQ :

½ @F 00>~11>\,

½ MF +8\ 6@, +01\ 0@, -01\ >.8@ VK^V.



^òh | 8

(1.1) KM@-3>3< Vphfdldf`tdbg

F^X 3>3<

K`dg Q@K <=EA(<118< x 1)

Kbgdtbr QBK <=EA(1?18< x 1)

Mdspi`y Xgdt IFM (0< S 1 Idgh)

D/B ^brt 3188@

Vhrdì ^brt 0=.?=8<KCz

Vysthk Fibfe 0=.?=8<KCz

Fibfe Ohghr`tbr 318= (Fibfe Ohghr`tbr)

Dgthrrupt Fbgtrbiihr 3184

]dkhr Fbgtrbiihr 3186Ihvhi Khthr CO0>0@

Mbt K`trdx 3 S 3 (1 fbibr)

Vbltw`rh 3>3< @sshkaihrVuppbrt F-I`gouòh hx`kpih fbmh

KM@-_dgDMH3>3< Dgthor`tdbg Mhvhibpkhgt

^rbor`k

Ehy Ab`rm 0< Chx`mhfdkì `gm 0> lugftdbg ehys

Vysthk AXV dgmdf`tbr IHM S 01

Hxthgmhm Fbgghftbr Vysthk AXV : <1 pdgs

Hxthrgì dgthrl`fh : 1> pdgs

Vthpphr kbtbr dgthrl`fh Mrdvhr ].Q S =

@/M, M/@ Fbgvhrthr @MF : @MF>3>=

M@F : M@F>3>>

^bwhr - Dgput : @F 38 ~ 1<=\

- Butput : MF +8\(1@), +01\(0@), -01\(8>>k@)

Ab`rm sdzh 60> x 1<8㎙

_bbm F`sh 0>>(C) x 6>>(M) x =6>(_)㎙

_hdoct =.8㎂



^`oh | <

(1.6) KM@-3>3< Ehy Lugftdbgs

KM@-_dg3>3< c`s cdoc phrlbrk`gfh <=E-ayth kbgdtbr prbor`k. Dt ds mhsdoghm lbr h`sy

lugftdbg. @lthr pbwhr ds bg, tch kbgdtbr prbor`k ahodgs tb wbre. Dg `mmdtdbg tb `ii tch ehy

lugftdbg tch kbgdtbr c`s ` khkbry fchfedgo rbutdgh. ]ch lbiibwdgo ds ` sdkpih mhsfrdptdbg bl tch

ehy lugftdbgs.

(1.=) KM@-_dg3>3< @mmrhss K`p

½

Khkbry k`p@MMQHVV KHKBQT MHVFQD^]DBG

>>>>>C ~ >LLLLC Q@K ^QBOQ@K & M@]@ KHKBQT

L>>>>C ~LLLLLC

QBK KBGD]BQ QBK

0>>>>C ~ HLLLLC XVHQ'V Q@GOH

Ldourh1: Vdkpih mhsfrdptdbg bl tch ehy lugftdbgs.



^`oh | ?

½

D/B `mmrhss k`p@MMQHVV D/B ^BQ] MHVFQD^]DBG

>>C ~ >?C IFM &

EHTAB@QM

IFM Mdspi`y

>>C : DGV]QXF]DBG QHODV]HQ

>1C : V]@]XV QHODV]HQ

>=C : M@]@ QHODV]HQ

EHTAB@QM

>0C : EHTAB@QM QHODV]HQ (Bgiyrh`m)>0C : EHTAB@QM LI@O (Bgiy wrdth)

0>C ~ 0?C 3184/V^H@EHQ 3184(Dgthrrupt fbgtrbiihr)

0>C : FBKK@GM QHODV]HQ01C : M@]@ QHODV]HQV^H@EHQ -7 00C : V^H@EHQ

>3C ~ >LC 3180 / 3186 3180(Xsdgo tb m`t` fbkkugdf`tdbg)

>3C : M@]@ QHODV]HQ

>@C : DGV]QXF]DBG / V]@]XVQHODV]HQ

3186(]DKHQ/FBXG]HQ)

>4C : ]DKHQ > QHODV]HQ>AC : ]DKHQ 0 QHODV]HQ

>MC : ]DKHQ 1 QHODV]HQ>LC : FBG]QBI QHODV]HQ

03C ~ 0LC 3188@-FV0/

3188@-FV1

3188@-FV0(MB] & @MF

DG]HQL@FH)

03C : @ ^BQ] M@]@ QHODV]HQ

0@C : A ^BQ] M@]@ QHODV]HQ

0FC : F ^BQ] FBG]QBI QHODV]HQ3188-FV1(IHM & V]H^^DGO

KB]BQ)

04C : @ ^BQ] M@]@ QHODV]HQ0AC : A ^BQ] M@]@ QHODV]HQ

0MC : F ^BQ] FBG]QBI QHODV]HQ

0LC : FBG]QBI QHODV]HQ

1>C ~ 1LC D/B HS]HGM FBGGHF]BQ

6>C ~ LLC XVHQ'V Q@GOH



^òh | 3

(1.8) A`sdf Bphr`tdbgs½ Bg ` pbwhr-up, lbiibwdgo khssòh wdii ah mdspi`yhm bg ` IFM.

½ Vysthk Qhsht Ehy

½

_chghvhr QHV ds prhsshm, tch mdspi`y ahfbkhs bgh bl tcds twb ldourhs.

½ ]b shihft tch K`fcdgh Fbmh `gm Vhrdì kbgdtbr kbmh wdtc ^0 swdtfc.

½ Vhrdì Kbgdtbr ds tch a`sdf kbgdtbr prbor`k tb mb m`t` fbkkugdf`th ahtwhhg KM@-3>3<

`gm fbkputhr.

QHV

Ldourh: 6 Ldourh: =

K`fcdgh Fbmh Vhrdì kbgdtbr



^òh | 4

(1.<) Vhrdì KbgdtbrVhrdì kbgdtbr ds tch a`sdf kbgdtbr prbor`k tb mb m`t` fbkkugdf`th ahtwhhg KM@-

_dg3>3< `gm ybur fbkputhr. ½ ]b shihft tch K`fcdgh Fbmh `gm Vhrdì kbgdtbr kbmh wdtc ^0 swdtfc.

½ Vhrdì Kbgdtbr ds tch a`sdf kbgdtbr prbor`k tb mb m`t` fbkkugdf`th ahtwhhg KM@-3>3<`gm fbkputhr.

(1.?) Cbw tb fbgghft KM@ _dg3>3< tb F⑮ Fbgghft tch KM@-_dg3>3< Edt tb ` sp`rh shrdì pbrt bg ybur ^F.

K`fcdgh Fbmh Vhrdì kbgdtbr

:8 :<



^`oh | 0>

Fc`pthr: ]crhh

@abut KM@-_dgDMH3>3<

(6.0) Vthps tb hxhfuth KM@-_dgDMH3>3<

V]H^0: Fidfe tch Vt`rt auttbg dg tch t`se a`r, tchg fidfe ’@ii ^rbor`ks‛ `gm KDM@V HGO.

]chg fidfe tch "KM@R_dgDMH3>3<" prbor`k dfbg, `gm tch "KM@-_dgDMH3>3<" wdgmbw wdii ah mdspi`yhm.

V]H^1: Bphg ` sburfh ldih lrbk tch Ldih-Bphg khgu.



^`oh | 00

V]H^6:

½ ⑮ Dg tch Ldihs bl typhs, shihft ` sburfh typh lrbk tch mrbp-mbwg idst, `s `g `sshkaih ldih

½

① Vhihft "Ihm.@VK" ldih.

½ ② Fidfe "Bphg" auttbg.

V]H^=: Vt`rt `sshkaidgo ybur t`roht `ppidf`tdbg wdtc tch "@sshkaih `gm Idge" auttbg.

V]H^8: Dl tchrh ds gb hrrbr, lbiibwdgo wdgmbw wdii ah mdspi`yhm.



^`oh | 01

V]H^<: Dl ybu fidfe "Ths" auttbg, ybur sburfh prbor`k wdii ah mbwgib`m lrbk ^F dgtb tcht`roht.

V]H^?: Dl ybu fidfe "Qug" auttbg, tch prbor`k wdii ah hxhfuthm.

V]H^3: IHM wdii ah scdlthm.



^òh | 06

(6.1) Hxhfuth

½

⑽ Qug

½

Fidfe auttbg br shihft "Qug" lrbk tch Qug khgu.

½

_h f`g ìsb typh 'O' `gm "Hgthr" ehy bg ]hrkdgì wdgmbw.

½

]ch Qug fbkk`gm dg tch wbre khgu st`rts hxhfutdbg bl tch prbor`k. ]ch

½

^rbor`k wdii ah hxhfuthm ugtdi dt ds stbpphm ay prhssdgo QHVH] EHT.

½ ⑸ ]r`fh

½ Fidfe auttbg br shihft "]r`fh" lrbk tch Qug khgu.

½

_h f`g ìsb typh ']' `gm "Hgthr" ehy bg ]hrkdgì wdgmbw.½ ]ch ]r`fh fbkk`gm dg tch wbre khgu hxhfuths bgh dgstruftdbg.



^`oh | 0=

Fc`pthr: Lbur

]r`dghr pbssdaih hxphrdkhgt idst(=.0) Idst

½ IHM Mdspi`y Hxphrdkhgt

½ LGM Mdspi`y Hxphrdkhgt

½ M@F Hxphrdkhgt

½ A`r IHM Mdspi`y Hxphrdkhgt

½

@MF Hxphrdkhgt

½ ^D]&DG] Hxphrdkhgt

½ 3186 Dgthrl`fh Hxphrdkhgt

½ Vbugm Hxphrdkhgt


½ 3S3 MB] K`trdx Mdspi`y Hxphrdkhgt


½ ]hxt IFM Mdspi`y Hxphrdkhgt

½ Ehyab`rm Dgthrl`fh Hxphrdkhgt



^òh | 08

Fc`pthr: Ldvh

Idst bl fbkpihthm Hxphrdkhgt

√ (8.0) ?-Vhokhgt Mdspi`y

½ @ shvhg-shokhgt mdspi`y (VVM), br shvhg-shokhgt dgmdf`tbr, ds ` lbrk bl hihftrbgdfmdspi`y mhvdfh lbr mdspi`ydgo mhfdkì gukhrìs.

½ Vhvhg-shokhgt mdspi`ys `rh wdmhiy ushm dg mdodtì fibfes, hihftrbgdf khthrs, `gm btchrhihftrbgdf mhvdfhs lbr mdspi`ydgo gukhrdfì dglbrk`tdbg.

½

Fbkpbshm bl shvhg hihkhgts.½ Dgmdvdmuìiy bg br bll, tchy f`g ah fbkadghm tb prbmufh sdkpidldhm rhprhshgt`tdbgs bl tch

gukhrìs.

Bajhftdvh

½ ]b oht l`kdid`r wdtc tch shvhg shokhgt mdspi`y `gm dts dgthrl`fdgo wdtc 3>3<

kdfrbprbfhssbr usdgo 3188@.

Hqudpkhgt½ ^F c`vdgo Dgthi kdfrbprbfhssbr, KM@-3>3< edt.

Dgtrbmuftdbg

½ Vhvhg shokhgt ds ` mdspi`y wcdfc k`y ah hdtchr fbkkbg `gbmh br fbkkbg f`tcbmh.

_cdfc ds BG hdtchr bg 0 br zhrb aut chrh wh ush tch lbrk`t –BG— bg zhrb.



^`oh | 0<

Dgthrl`fdgo bl 3188@ wdtc 3>3<:



^òh | 0?

@iobrdtck: Mdodt mrdvh p`tthrg.

½ Mdodt mrdvh p`tthrg bl ` shvhg shokhgt IHM mdspi`y ds sdkpiy tch mdllhrhgt ibodf

fbkadg`tdbgs bl dts thrkdgìs –`— tb –c— dg brmhr tb mdspi`y mdllhrhgt mdodts `gm fc`r`fthrs.

]ch fbkkbg mdodt mrdvh p`tthrgs (> tb 4) bl ` shvhg shokhgt mdspi`y `rh scbwg dg tchtàih ahibw.

Mdodt ` a f m h l o

> 0 0 0 0 0 0 >

0 > 0 0 > > > >

1 0 0 > 0 0 > 0

6 0 0 0 0 > > 0

= > 0 0 > > 0 0

8 0 > 0 0 > 0 0

< 0 > 0 0 0 0 0

? 0 0 0 > > > >

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 > 0 0



^`oh | 03

Libw Fc`rt: ?-shokhgt mdspi`y

Vht x 9- >

_rdth: pdgs 9- x

Mhi`y

Vt`rt K^X

Dgfrhkhgt x ay 0

S;0>2



^òh | 04

F Fbmh lbr ?-shokhgt IHM mdspi`y#dgfiumh"kmh3>3<.c"

dgt m`tÙ00[ ; { >xf>, >xl4, >x`=, >xa>, >x44, >x41, >x31, >xl3, >x3>, >x4>, >x>> }5

vbdm w`dt(ibgo mhi)

{

wcdih( mhi-- )5

}

vbdm k`dg(vbdm)

{

dgt *m`t`05

/* 3188 -0 Dgdtdìdz`tdbg */

butpbrta( ^^D0RFQ, >x3> )5

butpbrta( ^^D0RA, >xl> )5

butpbrta( ^D0RF, >x>> )5

//k`dg ibbp

mb {

m`t`0 ; m`t`5

wcdih( *m`t`0 !; >x>> )

{butpbrta( ^D0R@, *m`t`0 )5

w`dt(6>>>>)5

m`t`0++5

}

}wcdih(0)5

}



^`oh | 1>

Hxpi`g`tdbg

½ Dg fbkkbg-`gbmh ?-Vhokhgt IHM, ibodf > ds rhqudrhm tb turg bg ` shokhgt.

½ >xf>, ;00>>>>>>A ;>>000000(dgvhrsh)

½ >xl4,;00000>>0A ;>>>>>00>(dgvhrsh)

½

>x`=,;0>0>>0>>A ;>0>00>00(dgvhrsh)½ >xa>, ;0>00>>>>A ;>0>>0000(dgvhrsh)

½ >x44,;0>>00>>0A ;>00>>00>(dgvhrsh)

½ >x41,;0>>0>>0>A ;>00>00>0(dgvhrsh)

½ >x31,;0>>>>>0>A ;>00000>0(dgvhrsh)

½ >xl3, ;00000>>>A ;>>>>>000(dgvhrsh)

½

½ >x3>,;0>>>>>>>A ;>0000000(dgvhrsh)

½ >x4>, ;0>>0>>>>A ;>00>0000(dgvhrsh)



^òh | 10

√ (8.1) IFM Khssòh Mdspi`y

Bajhftdvh

½ ]b oht l`kdid`r wdtc IFM dts pdg fbgldour`tdbg, dgthrgì `rfcdthfturh `gm dts dgthrl`fh

wdtc ^^D 3188@.

Hqudpkhgt

½ ^F c`vdgo Dgthi kdfrbprbfhssbr, KM@-3>3< edt.

IFM

½ 0< FC@Q@F]HQV ß 1 IDGH KBMXIHV

0) ^CTVDF@I M@]@

Kbmuih sdzh 3>.>_ ß 6<.>C ß 4.6>M kk

Kdg. vdhw `rh` <8.<_ ß 06.3M kk

Fc`r`fthr fbgstruftdbg 8 ß ? mbts

Fc`r`fthr sdzh 1.38_ ß 6.3C kk

Fc`r`fthr ^dtfc 6.<8 kk

Mbt sdzh >.88_ ß >.8C kk



^`oh | 11

1) ^dg Fbgghftdbgs

DGV]QXF]DBGV



^`oh | 16

IFM DG]HQL@FH

]ch dgthrl`fh bl IFM wdtc ^^D 3188@ ds scbwg dg tch ldourh.



^`oh | 1=

Libw Fc`rt: IFM khss`oh mdspi`ys



^òh | 18

F Fbmh lbr IFM khssòh mdspi`y

#mhldgh RIFM#dgfiumh "kmh3>3<.c"

vbdm strdgo( fc`r *str )

{

wcdih( *str )

{

IFMRputfc( *str )5

str ++5

w`dt( 0>>>> )5

/* Mhi`y Bgh fc`r`fthr */

}

}

vbdm k`dg( vbdm )

{

IFMRdgdt5 /* IFM Dgdtdì */

strdgo( "Vhrdì kbgdtbr !" )5

IFMRIG105

strdgo( "KM@-_dg3>3< Edt!" )5

mb {

IFMRMDV^BLL5

w`dt( 1>>>> )5IFMRMDV^BG5

w`dt( 1>>>> )5

} wcdih(0)5

}



^`oh | 1<

√ (8.6) IFM- Vfrbii tch khss`oh fhgthr tb rdoct

Libw Fc`rt



^`oh | 1?

F Fbmh

#mhldgh RIFM#dgfiumh "kmh3>3<.c’

vbdm k`dg( vbdm )

{

dgt d5

IFMRdgdt5

mb {

IFMR@IIFIQ5

IFMRputs( "Vhrd`i kbgdtbr !" )5

IFMRIG105

IFMRputs( "KM@-_dg3>3< Edt!" )5

lbr( d ; >5 d 9 0<5 d ++ )

{

w`dt( 08>>> )5

IFMRQVcdlt5 /* Qdoct scdlt */

}

} wcdih(0)5

}



^`oh | 13

√ (8.=). IFM- Vfrbii ` khss`oh rdoct tb ihltLibw Fc`rt



^`oh | 14

F Fbmh

#mhldgh RIFM

#dgfiumh "kmh3>3<.c"

/* ]b tch IFM Butput Vtrdgo ( Mhi`y Bgh Fc`r fthr ) */

vbdm strdgo( fc`r *str )

{

wcdih( *str ) {

IFMRputfc( *str )5

str ++5

w`dt( 0>>>> )5

}

}

vbdm k`dg( vbdm )

{

IFMRdgdt5

IFMRDbut( >x>? ) /* Hgtry kbmh mhldgh*/

mb{

IFMRDbut( >x4> ) /* Fc r`fthr Butput ^bsdtdbg */

strdgo( "KM@-_dg3>3< ]r`dgdgo Edt" )5

} wcdih(0)5

}



^òh | 6>

MB] K@]QDS IHM

√ (8.8). K`trdx ‖Vfrbii tbp tb abttbk

Bajhftdvh

½ ]b oht l`kdid`r wdtc mbt k`trdx IHM—s `gm tchdr fbgghftdbgs.

Hqudpkhgt


Dgtrbmuftdbg

½ ]ch EKM M0133F ds 0.1< dgfc chdoct 6kk md`khthr `gm 3 ß 3 mbt k`trdx IHM

mdspi`ys. ]ch EKM M0133F `rh muì hkdttdgo fbibr typh bl rhm, orhhg fcdps `rh

fbgt`dghm dg ` mbt wdtc kdiey `gm wcdth ihgs fbibr.

Dgthrgì Fdrfudt Mdòr`k



^`oh | 60

MB]-K@]QDS IHM dgthrl`fh



^`oh | 61

Libw Fc`rt



^`oh | 66

F Fbmh


vbdm w`dt(ibgo mhi)

{

wcdih( mhi-- )5

}

vbdm k`dg(vbdm)

{

dgt mbt,d5

/* 3188 Dgdtd`idz`tdbg */


butpbrta( ^D1R@, >xll )5

butpbrta( ^D1RF, >xll )5

mb{

mbt ; >x?l5

lbr( d ; >5 d !; 35 d++ )

{

butpbrta( ^D1RA, mbt )5mbt 77; 05

mbt ; ( mbt | >x3> )5

w`dt(6>>>>)5

}

}wcdih(0)5

}



^`oh | 6=

√ (8.<). K`trdx ‖Vfrbii ihlt tb rdoct

Libw Fc`rt



^`oh | 6<

√ (8.?). K`trdx - Mdspi`y –@—

Libw Fc`rt



^`oh | 6?

F Fbmh


/* Butput Lbgt '@' */

dgt lbgtU3[ ; { >xll, >xf>, >xa?, >x??,

>x??, >xa?, >xf>, >xll }5

vbdm w`dt(ibgo mhi)

{

wcdih( mhi-- )5

}

vbdm k`dg(vbdm)

{

dgt *m`t`5

dgt fbkkbg, d5



mb{

m`t` ; lbgt5

fbkkbg ; >x>05lbr( d ; >5 d !; 35 d++ )

{

butpbrta( ^D1RF, fbkkbg )5

butpbrta( ^D1RA, *m`t` )5

w`dt(01>)5

m`t`++5

fbkkbg ; fbkkbg 99 05

}

}wcdih(0)5

}



^`oh | 63

√ (8.3). K`trdx ‖ Vfrbii –@— ihlt tb rdoct

Libw Fc`rt



^`oh | 64

F Fbmh



dgt lbgt0U3[ ; { >xll, >xll, >xll, >xll,

>xll, >xll, >xll, >xll }5

dgt lbgt1U3[ ; { >xf>, >xll, >xll, >xll,


dgt lbgt6U3[ ; { >xa?, >xf>, >xll, >xll,


dgt lbgt=U3[ ; { >x??, >xa?, >xf>, >xll,


dgt lbgt8U3[ ; { >x??, >x??, >xa?, >xf>,


dgt lbgt<U3[ ; { >xa?, >x??, >x??, >xa?,

>xf>, >xll, >xll, >xll }5

dgt lbgt?U3[ ; { >xf>, >xa?, >x??, >x??,

>xa?, >xf>, >xll, >xll }5

dgt lbgt3U3[ ; { >xll, >xf>, >xa?, >x??,

>x??, >xa?, >xf>, >xll }5

vbdm w`dt(ibgo mhi)

{

wcdih( mhi-- )5}

vbdm mdspi`y( dgt *m`t`0 )

{

dgt *m`t`5

dgt fbkkbg, d, e5

lbr( e ; >5 e !; 1>5 e++ ){

fbkkbg ; >x>05

m`t` ; m`t`05



^`oh | =>

lbr( d ; >5 d !; 35 d++ ) {



w`dt(01>)5

m`t`++5


}

}

}

vbdm k`dg(vbdm)

{



mb{

mdspi`y(lbgt0)5

mdspi`y(lbgt1)5

mdspi`y(lbgt6)5

mdspi`y(lbgt=)5

mdspi`y(lbgt8)5

mdspi`y(lbgt<)5mdspi`y(lbgt?)5

mdspi`y(lbgt3)5

mdspi`y(lbgt3)5

mdspi`y(lbgt3)5

} wcdih(0)5

}



^`oh | =0

√ (8.4). K`trdx ‖ Vfrbii –@— tbp tb abttbk

Libw Fc`rt



^`oh | =1

F Fbmh



dgt lbgt0U3[ ; { >xLl, >x?l, >xll, >xll,

>xll, >xll, >x?l, >xll }5

dgt lbgt1U3[ ; { >xll, >x6l, >xll, >xll,

>xll, >xll, >x6l, >xll }5

dgt lbgt6U3[ ; { >xll, >x0l, >xll, >xll,

>xll, >xll, >x0l, >xll }5

dgt lbgt=U3[ ; { >xll, >x>l, >x?l, >x?l,

>x?l, >x?l, >x>l, >xll }5

dgt lbgt8U3[ ; { >xll, >x>?, >xal, >xal,

>xal, >xal, >x>?, >xll }5

dgt lbgt<U3[ ; { >xll, >x>6, >xml, >xml,

>xml, >xml, >x>6, >xll }5

dgt lbgt?U3[ ; { >xll, >x30, >x<l, >xhl,>xhl, >x<l, >x30, >xll }5

dgt lbgt3U3[ ; { >xll, >xf>, >xa?, >x??,

>x??, >xa?, >xf>, >xll }5

vbdm w`dt(ibgo mhi)

{

wcdih( mhi-- )5

}


{

dgt *m`t`5

dgt fbkkbg, d, e5

lbr( e ; >5 e !; 1>5 e++ ){

fbkkbg ; >x>05

m`t` ; m`t`05

lbr( d ; >5 d !; 35 d++ ) {




^`oh | =6


w`dt(01>)5

m`t`++5


}

}

}

vbdm k`dg(vbdm)

{



mb{

mdspi`y(lbgt0)5

mdspi`y(lbgt1)5

mdspi`y(lbgt6)5

mdspi`y(lbgt=)5

mdspi`y(lbgt8)5

mdspi`y(lbgt<)5

mdspi`y(lbgt?)5

mdspi`y(lbgt3)5mdspi`y(lbgt3)5

mdspi`y(lbgt3)5

}wcdih(0)5

}



^òh | ==

3188@ DG]HQL@FH (IHM)

√ (8.0>). IHM mdspi`y

Bajhftdvh

½ Oibw bl IHMV bg tch KM@-3>3< edt usdgo pbrt A bl ^^D 3188.

Hqudpkhgt


Dgtrbmuftdbg

½ 3188 ds ` prbor`kkàih phrdpchrì dgthrl`fh. Dt ds fbkp`tdaih tb Dgthi `gm btchr

kdfrbprbfhssbrs. Dt c`s 6 D/B pbrts g`khm `s pbrt @, A, F `gm c`s 1= pdgs lbr D/B tc`t

`rh prbor`kkàih dg orbup bl 01 pdgs, c`s orbups tc`t bphr`th dg tcrhh mdstdgft kbmhs

bl bphr`tdbg.

Dgthrl`fdgo bl 3188@ wdtc 3>3<



^`oh | =8

Libw Fc`rt



^`oh | =<

F Fbmh


vbdm w`dt( ibgo mhi )

{

wcdih( mhi-- )5

}

vbdm k`dg( vbdm )

{

ugsdoghm fc`r ihm5


butpbrta( ^D0RA, >xll )5


butpbrta( ^^D0RF, >S1> )5

ihm ; >xl05

mb {

butpbrta( ^^D0RA, ihm )5

ihm ; ihm 99 05

dl( ihm & >x0> )ihm ; >xl05

w`dt( 0>>>> )5

} wcdih( 0)5

}



^`oh | =?

Fc`pthr: Vdx

_c`t wh c`vh Dkpihkhgt

(<.0). K`trdx ‖Vfrbii abttbk tb tbp

Libw Fc`rt



^`oh | =3

F Fbmh


vbdm w`dt(ibgo mhi)

{

wcdih( mhi-- )5

}

vbdm k`dg(vbdm)

{

dgt mbt,d5

/* 3188 Dgdtd`idz`tdbg */


butpbrta( ^^D1R@, >xll )5

butpbrta( ^^D1RF, >xll )5

mb{

mbt ; >xlh5lbr( d ; >5 d !; 35 d++ )

{

butpbrta( ^^D1RA, mbt )5

mbt 99; 05

mbt ; ( mbt | >x>0 )5

w`dt(6>>>>)5

}

}wcdih(0)5

}



^`oh | =4

(<.1). K`trdx ‖Vfrbii rdoct tb ihlt

Libw Fc`rt



^`oh | 8>

F Fbmh


vbdm w`dt(ibgo mhi)

{

wcdih( mhi-- )5

}

vbdm k`dg(vbdm)

{

dgt mbt,d5

/* 3188 Dgdtd`i */


butpbrta( ^D1R@, >x>> )5

butpbrta( ^D1RA, >x>> )5

mb{

mbt ; >x3>5

lbr( d ; >5 d !; 35 d++ )

{

butpbrta( ^D1RF, mbt )5mbt 77; 05

w`dt(6>>>>)5

}

}wcdih(0)5

}



^`oh | 80

(<.6). K`trdx - Mdspi`y –Q—

Libw Fc`rt



^`oh | 81

F Fbmh


/* Butput Lbgt 'Q' */

dgt lbgtU3[ ; { >xll, >x3>, >x??, >x??,

>x?6, >xa8, >xfh, >xll }5

vbdm w`dt(ibgo mhi)

{

wcdih( mhi-- )5

}

vbdm k`dg(vbdm)

{

dgt *m`t`5

dgt fbkkbg, d5



mb{

m`t` ; lbgt5

fbkkbg ; >x>05lbr( d ; >5 d !; 35 d++ ) {



w`dt(01>)5

m`t`++5


}

}wcdih(0)5

}



^`oh | 86

(<.=). Vfrbii 'Q' lrbk ihlt tb fhgthrLibw Fc`rt



^`oh | 8=

F Fbmh





dgt lbgt1U3[ ; { >xfh, >xll, >xll, >xll,


dgt lbgt6U3[ ; { >xa8, >xfh, >xll, >xll,


dgt lbgt=U3[ ; { >x?6, >xa8, >xfh, >xll,


dgt lbgt8U3[ ; { >x??, >x?6, >xa8, >xfh,


dgt lbgt<U3[ ; { >x??, >x??, >x?6, >xa8,

>xfh, >xll, >xll, >xll }5

dgt lbgt?U3[ ; { >x3>, >x??, >x??, >x?6,



^`oh | 88

>xa8, >xfh, >xll, >xll }5

dgt lbgt3U3[ ; { >xll, >x3>, >x??, >x??,

>x?6, >xa8, >xfh, >xll }5

vbdm w`dt(ibgo mhi)

{

wcdih( mhi-- )5

}


{

dgt *m`t`5

dgt fbkkbg, d, e5

lbr( e ; >5 e !; 1>5 e++ ){

fbkkbg ; >x>05

m`t` ; m`t`05

lbr( d ; >5 d !; 35 d++ ) {



w`dt(01>)5

m`t`++5




^`oh | 8<

}

}

}

vbdm k`dg(vbdm)

{



mb{

mdspi`y(lbgt0)5

mdspi`y(lbgt1)5

mdspi`y(lbgt6)5

mdspi`y(lbgt=)5

mdspi`y(lbgt8)5

mdspi`y(lbgt<)5

mdspi`y(lbgt?)5

mdspi`y(lbgt3)5

mdspi`y(lbgt3)5

mdspi`y(lbgt3)5

} wcdih(0)5

}



^`oh | 8?

(8). Vfrbii 'Q' lrbk fhgthr tb ihlt

Libw Fc`rt



^`oh | 83

F Fbmh





dgt lbgt?U3[ ; { >xfh, >xll, >xll, >xll,


dgt lbgt<U3[ ; { >xa8, >xfh, >xll, >xll,


dgt lbgt8U3[ ; { >x?6, >xa8, >xfh, >xll,


dgt lbgt=U3[ ; { >x??, >x?6, >xa8, >xfh,


dgt lbgt6U3[ ; { >x??, >x??, >x?6, >xa8,

>xfh, >xll, >xll, >xll }5

dgt lbgt1U3[ ; { >x3>, >x??, >x??, >x?6,



^`oh | 84

>xa8, >xfh, >xll, >xll }5

dgt lbgt0U3[ ; { >xll, >x3>, >x??, >x??,

>x?6, >xa8, >xfh, >xll }5

vbdm w`dt(ibgo mhi)

{

wcdih( mhi-- )5

}


{

dgt *m`t`5

dgt fbkkbg, d, e5

lbr( e ; >5 e !; 1>5 e++ ){

fbkkbg ; >x>05

m`t` ; m`t`05

lbr( d ; >5 d !; 35 d++ ) {



w`dt(01>)5

m`t`++5




^`oh | <>

}

}

}

vbdm k`dg(vbdm)

{



mb{

mdspi`y(lbgt0)5

mdspi`y(lbgt1)5

mdspi`y(lbgt6)5

mdspi`y(lbgt=)5

mdspi`y(lbgt8)5

mdspi`y(lbgt<)5

mdspi`y(lbgt?)5

mdspi`y(lbgt3)5

mdspi`y(lbgt3)5

mdspi`y(lbgt3)5

} wcdih(0)5

}



^`oh | <0

Fc`pthr: Vhvhg

@pphgmdx(?.0) KM@-3>3< Khkbry Fdrfudt



^`oh | <1

(?.1) KM@-3>3< Fbgghftbr (FBG0>) FDQFXD]

6. 3>3< ^dg fbgldour`tdbg.



^`oh | <6

(?.6) 3>3< Dgstruftdbg Vht Vukk`ry

3>3< QHODV]HQ KBMHI



^`oh | <=

(?.=) KM@-3>3< sfchk`tdf



^`oh | <8



^`oh | <<



^`oh | <?



^`oh | <3



^`oh | <4



Qhlhrhgfhs

Kdfrbprbfhssbr @rfcdthfturh, ^rbor`kkdgo, `gm @ppidf`tdbg wdtc tch 3>38

-Q`khsc O`bge`r

Kdfrbprbfhssbr `gm Dgthrl`fdgo

-M.\ C`ii

Kdfrbfbkputhr Vysthks: 3>3</3>33 L`kdiy

-T. Idu `gm O.@ Odasbg

]ch 3>33 `gm 3>3< Kdfrbprbfhssbrs: ^rbor`kkdgo, Dgthrl`fdgo, Vbltw`rh, C`rmw`rh, `gm

@ppidf`tdbgs

- _`ithr @. ]rdhahi

www.wdedphmd`.bro

www.obboih.fbk

www.kdm`shgo.fbk

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