Computer Components

Computer Components

Hardware Software Database systems Emerging technologies

Hardware

Hardware

Any machinery that assists in the input, processing, storage, and output activities of an information system

When making hardware decisions, businesses must consider how the hardware can support Objectives of the information system Goals of the organization

Computer Hardware

Processor Memory Secondary storage Input/Output device Networking

Computer Hardware (Contd.)

Source: Reynolds, 200x, Management Information Systems, 6th Edition, Course Technology

Moore’s Law

Transistor densities on a single chip double every two years In 2009, the size of transistor is 11 nm.; A single

chip contains 4 billion transistors In 2029, the size of transistor would likely to be 1

nm; A single chip would contain 4,096 transistors

Year 2029?

MS Windows System Requirement

3.0 95 98 XP Vista 7Year 1990 1995 1998 2001 2006 2010

CPU 6MHz 16MHz 50MHz 233MHz 1GHz 1GHz

Memory 640KB 4MB 16MB 64MB 1GB 512MB

Storage 6-7MB 35-55MB 120-355MB 1.5GB 15GB 20GB

Video Card CGA, EGA, VGA

VGA, SVGA VGA, SVGA SVGA SVGA SVGA

OS MS Dos 3.1 - - - - -

PC Price N/A $1,926 $1,619 $1,163 $801 $300

Laptop Price

N/A $2,819 $2,395 $1,876 $1,256 $600

Processor

Also called Central Processing Unit (CPU) An electronic circuit that can execute

computer programs Often measured in:

Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second

Memory

Main memory Located physically close to the CPU, but not on

the CPU chip itself Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU

Storage Capacity Eight bits together form a byte (B)

Memory (Contd.)

Random access memory (RAM) Temporary and volatile

Types of RAM Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM)

Static RAM (SRAM)

Memory (Contd.)

Read-only memory (ROM) Nonvolatile Provides permanent storage for data and

instructions that do not change Store Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)

Cache memory High-speed memory that a processor can access

more rapidly than main memory

Secondary Storage

Compared with memory, offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economy

On a cost-per-megabyte basis Most forms of secondary storage are considerably

less expensive than primary memory Storage media that allow faster access

Generally more expensive than slower media

Secondary Storage (Contd.)

Magnetic tapes Magnetic disks RAID Virtual tape Optical disks

Secondary Storage (Contd.)

Solid state drive

Secondary Storage (Contd.)

RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) RAID 0 (Striped disks)

Distributing data across several disks to improve speed RAID 1 (Mirror disks)

Mirroring data RAID 10 or RAID 1+0

Strip + Mirror

RAID (Contd.) RAID 5 (Striped disks with parity)

Combining 3+ disks to protect against the loss of one disk

RAID 6 (Striped disks with dual parity) Combining 4+ disks to protect against the loss of two

disk

Secondary Storage (Contd.)

Secondary Storage (Contd.)

Enterprise storage options Direct-attached storage (DAS) Network-attached storage (NAS) Storage area network (SAN)

Secondary Storage (Contd.)

NAS SAN

Wires TCP/IP Networks, Ethernet, FDDI, ATM

Fiber channel

Protocols TCP/IP, NFS/CIFS/HTTP Encapsulated SCSI

Compatibility Any machine that can connect to LAN

Server class devices with SCSI

FS Mgmt. FS is managed by NAS head unit FS is managed by servers

Usability Easier to understand and manage Harder to understand and manage (Fiber channel, hardware issues, etc.)

Tape Backup Harder and slower Easier and faster (image backup)

Upper limit Lower Higher

Costs Cheaper (Existing equipments) More expensive (Fiber channel)

Input Devices

Personal computer input devices Keyboard Mouse

Speech-recognition technology Digital cameras Terminals Scanning devices Optical data readers Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices

Input Devices (Contd.)

Magnetic stripe card Point-of-sale devices Automated teller machine (ATM) devices Pen input devices Touch-sensitive screens Bar-code scanners Radio frequency identification (RFID) Quick Response (QR) Code scanners

Output Devices

Display monitors Plasma displays Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) Organic light-emitting diodes Printers and plotters Digital audio player

Quick Assignment #1

Quick Assignment #1

15 minutes Form two groups of 4-5 people Quote for cost of a laptop (hardware only)

which can run SAP Business ByDesign client efficiently

Strive for the lowest cost!

SAP System Requirements

Source: http://www.sap.com/solutions/technology/cloud/business-by-design/

implement/requirements.epx

Recommended System CPU: Intel Core 2 Duo (2.4 GHz) Memory: 2 GB

Sample System

Source: http://www.chichang.com

ACER Aspire 4752G-52454G75Mncc CPU: Intel Core i5-2450M (2.50 GHz) Memory: 4GB DDR3 HDD: 750 GB Monitor: 14” Price: 21,900 THB

Software

Types of Software

System software Application software

Types of Software (Contd.)

System software Controls operations of computer hardware Supports application programs’ problem-solving

capabilities Examples

Operating systems Utility programs Middleware

Types of Software (Contd.)

Application software Interact with systems software Help performing common tasks, such as:

Creating and formatting text documents Performing calculations Managing information

Examples Word processing & spreadsheet Database Email Etc

System Software: Operating Systems

Set of programs that controls computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs

Tasks performed by OS Common computer hardware functions User interface and input/output management Task processing and management System memory and resource management File management Networking

System Software: Operating Systems (Contd.)

System Software: Operating Systems (Contd.)

Personal Workgroup Enterprise

Windows 8, Windows Mobile

Windows Server 2012 Windows Server 2012

Mac OS X, iOS 6 Mac OS X Server

UNIX UNIX UNIX

Solaris Solaris Solaris

Linux, Meego Linux Linux

Chrome OS, Android OS

IBM i7.1/OS and IBM z/OS IBM i7.1/OS and IBM z/OS

HP-UX 11i v3 HP-UX 11i v3

System Software: Operating Systems: Market Share 2012

Source: http://netmarketshare.com (February 2012)

System Software: Operating Systems: Market Share 2012: Mobile

Source: International Data Corporation (June 2012)

System Software: Operating Systems: Trends: Mobile

Source: 25labs.com (September, 2011)

System Software: Utility Programs

Hardware utilities Security Utilities File-compression utilities Spam and pop-up blocker utilities Network and Internet utilities Server and mainframe utilities Other utilities

Manages and protects corporate documents Helps people with visual disabilities use the Internet Monitors employees Searches for files and documents

System Software: Middleware

Software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data

Can also be used as an interface between the Internet and older legacy systems

Application Software

Mode of application software Proprietary software Off-the-shelf software

Application Software: Modes

Proprietary software One-of-a-kind program for a specific application,

usually developed and owned by a single company Off-the-shelf software

Generally software, that are ready-made and available for sale, lease, or license to the general public

Application Software: Types

Types of application software Personal application software Workgroup application software Enterprise application software

Application Software: Personal

Personal Application Software Word processing Spreadsheet analysis Presentation software Database applications Graphics program Personal information managers Software suites and integrated software packages Other personal application software

Application Software: Workgroup

Workgroup Application Software Support teamwork, whether people are in the same location or

dispersed around the world Groupware

Software that helps groups of people work together more efficiently and effectively

Example Online chat Instant messaging Telephony Videoconferencing Application sharing

Application Software: Enterprise

Enterprise Application Software Software that benefits an entire organization Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software

Set of integrated programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization

Example SAP R/3 Maximo (MRO) Oracle e-Business Suite QAD Enterprise Applications Visual Enterprise

Programming Language

Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements By which humans can communicate instructions to be

executed by a computer Program code

Set of instructions that signal the CPU to perform circuit-switching operations

Syntax Set of rules associated with a programming language

History of Programming Languages

The Evolution of Programming Languages

Generation Language Development Date

Sample of Statement or Action

First Machine language 1940s 00101001

Second Assembly language 1950s ADDCC %R1, %R2, %R4

Third High-level language 1960s READ GRADE

Fourth Query and database languages

1970s SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE GRADE = F

Beyond Fourth

Natural and intelligent languages

1980s IF score is lower than 80, THEN assign grade F

Copyrights and Licenses

Most software products are protected by law using copyright or licensing provisions In some cases, you are given unlimited use of

software on one or two computers In other cases, you pay for your usage - if you use

the software more, you pay more Some software now requires that you register

or activate it before it can be fully used or cracked?

Open-Source Software

Software freely available to anyone in a form that can be easily modified

More reliable and secure than commercial software

Can contain hidden costs, particularly for user support or solving problems with the software

Open-Source Licenses

GPL (GNU General Public License) LGPL (GNU Lesser General Public License) BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) Jabber W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) Others

Apple Public Artistic 2.0 Common Public MIT (X11) MPL

Python QPL Sleepycat Sun Public

Open-Source Licenses (Contd.)

GPL BSD

Proprietary software linking

Not allowed (since the linked software is considered a whole)

Allowed

Distribution of “the Work”

Not allowed with software whose license is not GNU GPL compatible

Allowed

Redistribution of the code with changes

Only if the derivative is GNU GPL Allowed

Compatible with GNU GPL

Yes Only the modified BSD license is compatible with GPL. The original BSD license is not compatible because it includes a weird advertising clause

Commercial VS Open-Source

Software Commercial Open-Source

Operating System MS Windows Linux

Application Software MS Office Open Office

Database Oracle MySQL

Internet Browser Internet Explorer Firefox

Photo Editing Adobe Photoshop Gimp

Project Management MS Project Openproj

Personal Accounting Baan Grisbi

E-mail MS Outlook Thunderbird

Database Systems

Database Management

Without data and the ability to process it an organization could not successfully complete most business activities

For data to be transformed into useful information, it must first be organized in a meaningful way

The Hierarchy of Data

Bit Circuit that is either on or off

Byte Eight bits = one byte

Character Basic building block of information

Word A combination of characters or bytes

Field Name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect

of a business object or activity

The Hierarchy of Data (Contd.)

Record Collection of related data fields

File Collection of related records

Database Collection of integrated and related files

Hierarchy of data Bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases

The Hierarchy of Data (Contd.)

Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys (Contd.)

Manipulating Data

Selecting Eliminates rows according to criteria

Projecting Eliminates columns in a table

Joining Combines two or more tables

Linking Combines two or more tables using common data

attributes

Database Management Systems (DBMS)

Group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or a database and the user

Used to manage all kinds of data for all kinds of purposes

Database Management Systems (Contd.)

Selecting a Database Management System

Important characteristics of databases: Database size Database cost Concurrent users Performance Integration Vendor

Comparisons of Popular Databases

MS Access MS SQL Server

Oracle MySQL PostgreSQL

Maintainer Microsoft Microsoft Oracle Corporation Sun Microsystems PostgreSQL Glob. Dev. Grp.

License Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary GPL BSD

OS Windows Windows Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, UNIX

Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, BSD, UNIX, Symbian

Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, BSD, UNIX

Interface GUI & SQL GUI & SQL SQL SQL SQL

Max DB size 2 GB 524,258 TB Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited

Max table size 2 GB 524,258 TB 4 GB * block size 2 GB (FAT32) to 16 TB (Solaris)

32 TB

Max columns per row

255 30,000 1,000 4,096 250-1,600 (vary by type)

Union/Intersect/Except

Y/?/? Y/Y/Y Y/Y/Y Y/N/N Y/Y/Y

Telecommunication and Networking

Telecommunications in Business

Better business communication e-mail, voice mail, instant messaging, faxing, file transfer,

mobile telephony, and teleconferencing Greater efficiency

Information delivery is immediate and not constrained by geographical distance

Better distribution of data Central storage with both local and remote access

Yet, security in telecommunications is a challenge

Telecommunications in Daily Use

Cellular phones Videoconferencing Wireless payments and warehousing Peer-to-peer file sharing Web-empowered commerce

Telecommunications Channel Characteristics

Simplex channel Transmits data in only one direction

Half-duplex channel Transmits data in either direction, but not

simultaneously Full-duplex channel

Permits data transmission in both directions at the same time

Bandwidth

Bandwidth Speed at which data is communicated Also called transmission rate or bit rate

Bits per second (bps) Unit of measure for bandwidth

Baseband Communications medium that can carry only one

transmission at a time Broadband

Communications medium that can carry multiple transmissions simultaneously

Bandwidth (Contd.)

Media

Several types of communications media Tangible media includes:

Twisted pair cable Coaxial cable Optical fiber

Intangible media includes: Microwave radio technologies

Comparison of Networking Media

Medium Availability Bandwidth Vulnerability to Electromagnetic Interference

Twisted pair High Low to medium High

Radio waves High Medium to high Low (but vulnerable to radio frequency interference)

Microwave Low High Low

Coaxial cable High High Low

Optical fiber Moderate but growing Highest Nonexistent

Networking

A combination of devices (or nodes) connected through a communication media

Any compatible device that can transmit and receive on a network can be part of a network

Types of Networks

Computer networks are classified by reach and complexity

Basic types of networks LANs, MANs, and WANs

Other types of networks WLANs

Types of Networks (Contd.)

LAN WAN

Networking Hardware

Network interface card (NIC) Connects a device to a hub, switch, bridge, or

router, which connects to a LAN or WAN Switch

A hub that sends communications only to designated devices on the network

Router Routes data packets to the next node on the path

to the final destination

Networking Software

Network operating system (NOS) Systems software that controls the computer

systems and devices on a network Network management software

Protects software from being copied, modified, or downloaded illegally

Locate errors and potential network problems

TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol TCP ensures packets arrive accurately and in

proper order IP ensures efficient delivery of packets from node

to node DNS (Domain Name Service)

Associates a character-based name with an IP address

TCP/IP (Contd.)

IP number Unique numerical identification for a network device

Static IP address A permanent address assigned to a device

Dynamic IP address Temporary IP number assigned to a device for the

duration of the connection Provides flexibility when the number of IP addresses is

limited

TCP/IP (Contd.)

IPv6 Shorthand notation based on the Hex system Example of an IPv6 address in Hex shorthand

notation: FDDC:AC10:8132:BA32:4F12:1070:DD13:6921

Wireless Protocols

IEEE 802.11 A family of wireless protocols known as Wi-Fi

(Wireless Fidelity) Supports wireless communication within 100

meters of router 802.11 subtypes support various distances and

speeds up to 248 Mbps

Wireless Protocols (Contd.)

Protocol Max Range Max Speed Main Use

802.11a 75 m 54 Mbps LAN

802.11b 100 m 11 Mbps LAN

802.11g 100 m 54 Mbps LAN

802.11n 160 m 248 Mbps LAN

802.15 Bluetooth 10 m 1 Mbps PAN

802.16 WiMax 50 km 100 Mbps MAN

802.20 MBWA Global 4 Mbps Mobile voice, data, Internet

Generations in Mobile Communications

Networking professionals refer to generations of mobile communication technologies First generation (1G: 1980s)

Analog Second generation (2G: 1991)

Used digital voice encoding Third generation (3G: 2001)

Increased speeds that support video, videoconferencing, Internet access

Fourth Generation (4G: 2010) Digital only, with packet switching and tighter security

Emerging Technologies

Parallel Computing

Parallel computing Simultaneous execution of the same task on

multiple processors to obtain results faster Massively parallel processing

Systems with thousands of such processors Grid computing

Use of a collection of computers to work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem

Cloud Computing

Uses giant cluster of computers, that serves as a host, to run applications that require high-performance computing

Supports a wider variety of applications than grid computing

Pools computing resources so they can be managed primarily by software rather than people

Green Computing

The study and practice of using computing resources efficiently

To account for the triple bottom line Triple bottom line

People, Planet, Profit Social, Ecological, Economic success

Processes Reduce the use of hazardous materials Maximize energy efficiency Promote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct

products and factory waste

Server Consolidation

An approach to the efficient usage of computer server resources in order to reduce the total number of servers or server locations that an organization requires

Augmented Reality

Enhancing personal perception by augmenting media onto reality.

Quick Assignment #2

Quick Assignment #2

15 minutes Form two groups of 4-5 people Quote for cost of an office computer with an

ERP package Strive for the lowest cost!

Sample Software

Software Product Price (Baht)

Operating System Linux 0.00

Word Processor Open Office 0.00

PDF Reader Foxit Reader 0.00

Graphic Editor Gimp 0.00

Media Player VLC Media Player 0.00

ERP Open Bravo 0.00

Total Free!

Capstone Exercise