computer architecture
TRANSCRIPT
C0MPUTER ARCHITECTURE
PRESENTATION TOPICS
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE HISTORYCOMPONENTS OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTUREVON NEUMANN ARCHITECTUREHARWARD ARCHITECTURECPUMEMORY
HISTORY
• One of the first computing devices to come out was...
The ABACUS!
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS FIRST GENERATION (1945-1955)
• Used Vacuum tubes• Bigger, slower, less efficient• Used punch cards• Not commercially used• Eg UNIVAC 1, IBM
SECOND GENERATION(1955-1965)
• Used Transistors• Faster and Smaller than previous generation• Worked with higher level languages• Eg IBM 1620
THIRD GENERATION(1965-1971)• Used Integrated circuits• Flexible and Smaller• Well suited for commercial applications• Known as mini computers• Eg IBM 360, PDP 8, PDP 11
FOURTH GENERATION (1971-1980)
• Used very large scale Integrated circuits• (VLSI) Interactive general purpose machines• Allow rapid application development• Easier to use for personal application• Can be easily used in network • Eg IBM PC, Apple II, Super Computers
FIFTH GENERATION• Portable and sophisticated• Superior in processing speed user• Friendliness and Connectivity to network• Supports artificial intelligence techiniques• Eg IBM notebook, Pentium PCs, PARAM
10000
Progression of the Architecture
• Vacuum tubes -- 1940 – 1950
• Transistors -- 1950 – 1964
• Integrated circuits -- 1964 – 1971
• Microprocessor chips -- 1971 – present
Components
ISA
MICROARCHITECTURE
Hardwarecomponents
Instruction Set Architecture
• Analogous to human language• Allow communication between H/W and S/W• Collection of commands Opcode or Operation Code: MOV, ADD,
SUB,LOAD RISC MISC
CISC ZISC
Microarchitecture
• Interconnection Technique• Defines data paths, data processing, and
storage elements• Define interconnection between Control Unit Registers ALU Instruction Memory Data Memory
Von Neumann
CPU
Instruction&
Memory
I/O
Harward
DataMemory
CPU
InstructionMemory
I/OALU
Hardware Components
• Are Optional
• System design, Performance and Cost flexibility
• RAM, ROM Input and Output ports and peripherals
CPU• Central Processing Unit• Contain IC• Components Arithmetic Logic Unit processor Register Control Unit
Current CPU Architecture
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU)manipulation and controlMain Memory(Mm) Storage for instruction and data for currently executing programsInput / Output Subsystem(I/O) Controller which communicate with “external” deviceo Secondary memoryo Display deviceso Networks
CPU Mm I/O
Basic CPU overview
Single Bus
MEMORY
MEMORY
PrimaryMemory
SecondaryMemory
RAMROM
Hard DriveFloppy DiskOptical Disk
RAM• Random Access Memory• Volatile• DRAM (Dynamic RAM)– Most common, cheap– Volatile: must be refreshed (recharged with power)
1000’s of times each second• SRAM (Static RAM)– Faster than DRAM and more expensive than DRAM– Volatile– Frequently small amount used in cache memory for
high-speed access used
ROM• Read Only Memory• Non-volatile memory to hold software that is not
expected to change over the life of the system• Magnetic core memory• EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM– Slower and less flexible than Flash ROM
• Flash ROM – Faster than disks but more expensive– Uses• BIOS: initial boot instructions and diagnostics• Digital cameras
PRESENTED BY
Amit Kumar
THANKS