computational science and modeling

12

Upload: zahur

Post on 12-Jan-2016

33 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

DESCRIPTION

Computational Science and Modeling. What is computational science and modeling (CSM)?. Using computers to help gain scientific understanding Using computers to run calculations of complex situations and create representative models Used in many, if not all, science fields - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Computational Science and Modeling
Page 2: Computational Science and Modeling

Using computers to help gain scientific understanding

Using computers to run calculations of complex situations and create representative models

Used in many, if not all, science fields ◦ Biology, chemistry, meteorology, geology,

physics, engineering, computer science, math, nursing, psychology

◦ Also military and commercial uses

Page 3: Computational Science and Modeling

Before computers… ◦ meteorologists solved

mathematical equations by hand to predict weather conditions

◦ This was slow and tedious This changed with the

development of electronic computers in the 1940’s

One of the first computers was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)

ENIAC used in 1950 to solve meteorological equations relatively quickly (24 hr. calculations)

Computers now solve complex equations for forecast models

P. Lynch, The origins of computer weather prediction and climate modeling, J. Comput. Phys. (2007),doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2007.02.034

Picture from http://weather.unisys.com/

Page 4: Computational Science and Modeling

Study of traffic flow using computers began in 1990’s

Used for city planning and to prepare for emergency events

Integrates statistics, physics, and psychology◦ Density of traffic, braking

mechanism, drivers’ anticipated reactions

Minkel, J. R. (2004). The Computer Minds the Commuter. Physical Review: Focus, 13. Retrieved from

http://focus.aps.org/story/v13/st26#author

Lee, H. K., Barlovic, R., Schreckenberg, M., Kim, D,. (2004) Mechanical Restriction Versus Human Overreaction Triggering Congested Traffic

States, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 238702

Picture from http://oumits.olemiss.edu/research_traffic_count.htm

Page 5: Computational Science and Modeling

1978—computers recognized as key tool for sequencing DNA

1990—Human Genome Project (HGP) began

1998—Increased computer power allowed a new method to solve genome sequence much faster

Computational study of genome sequences has led to a whole new field called bioinformatics

Pillsbury, E., A History of Genome Sequencing http://bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/course/projects/final-4/

Danchin, A., A Rattling Good History: The Story of the Human Genome Project

http://www.normalesup.org/~adanchin/populus/hgp.html

Pictures from http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/news/2003/02/57674?currentPage=allhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module2/dna_structure/DNA_files/History%20of%20DNA%20research_files/cell-to-DNA.jpg

Page 6: Computational Science and Modeling

Of gases, liquids, heat, sound, blood, stars, galaxies --anything that flows

Used in design of extraordinary array of devices◦ Aerodynamics: airplanes, cars,

sprinters, cyclists◦ Hydrodynamics: boats, racing suits◦ Earthquakes: buildings, bridges◦ Combustion: engines, power plants◦ Many others

Integrates physics, chemistry, and engineering

Aeronautical Research and Test Institute (2009) http://www.vzlu.cz/en/activities/aerodynamics-computing/computer-fluid-dynamics

What is Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), ANSYS Inc.

http://www.fluent.com

Page 7: Computational Science and Modeling

NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS) at the Goddard Space Flight Center (and others)

Computers take into account pollution, humidity, temperature gradients, energy, sources and sinks

Model changes in arctic sea ice thickness, tide height, and the ozone layer

Schmunk, R. B., Global Climate Modeling , (2009) Goddard Space Flight Institute http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/modeling/gcms.html

Pictures from: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Scientific Visualization Studio http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a001000/a001075/index.htmlhttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a010500/a010563/index.htmlhttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a010500/a010568/index.html

Page 8: Computational Science and Modeling

Computers used to understand the causes of and spreading of diseases and to develop methods of intervention

More people and factors can be studied with computers than by hand models

Integrating factors such as population structure, biology, age of individuals, climate, diet, and other real world situations

Diseases such as cancers, AIDS, Alzheimer’s, avian influenza, measles, Foot-and-Mouth disease, and pneumonia

Duke-Sylvester, S. M., Perencevich, E. N., Furuno, J. P., Real, L. A., Gaff, H. (2008) Advancing Epidemiological science through computational modeling: a review with novel examples. Ann. Bot. Fennici 45, 385-401 http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anz45-free/anz45-385.pdfDivision of International Epidemiology and Population Studies (DIEPS), U.S. NIH John E. Fogarty International Center for Advanced Study in the Health Sciences http://www.fic.nih.gov/epipopstudies.htm

Page 9: Computational Science and Modeling

First used in a film called Westworld (1973)

Toy Story (1995) was the first animated film using all CGI

Animusic– Animations set to music◦ Idea began in 1982 by Wayne Lytle

Artists create the characters/ objects and control lighting while the computer automatically adds shadows and multiple views Yaeger, L. S. (2002). A Brief, Early History of Computer Graphics in Film

http://www.beanblossom.in.us/larryy/cgi.html

History, Animusic: Computer Animated Musichttp://www.animusic.com/company/history.php

What is a Computer Generated Image? (2003). The Sketch Farm http://www.sketchfarm.com/cgi_page.html

Pictures from http://www.animusic.com/news/index.phphttp://disneybooks.disney.go.com/books/1423129679.html

Page 10: Computational Science and Modeling

Model musculoskeletal movement

Predict causes of birth defects

Model tumor growth Help surgeons practice and

plan before the surgery Predict outcomes of

treatments for spinal deformities

PSRG Projects: Patient-specific biomechanical modelling for improved treatment of spinal deformity, (2009) Queensland University of

Technologyhttp://www.bee.qut.edu.au/research/themes/medicalengineering/paediatrics/projects.jsp

Guyuron, B, Ross, R. J., (1989) Computer-generated model surgery: An exacting approach to complex craniomaxillofacial disharmonies. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 17, 101-

104

Hollmer, M. Computer Model Predicts Brain Tumor Growth And Evolution (2009) Medical News Today http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150666.php

Fisher, J. C., and Bodenstein, L. (2006) Computer simulation analysis of normal and abnormal development of the mammalian diaphragm. Theoretical Biology and Medical

Modelling 3, 1-17 http://www.tbiomed.com/content/3/1/9

Musculoskeletal Modeling Dynamic Simulations: Jumping (1996) Goddard Space Flight Center: Scientific Visualization Studio

http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a000000/a000094/index.html

Page 11: Computational Science and Modeling

Predicting cost, time constraints, potential difficulties, and the best mode of transportation in the deployment of troops

Simulating events and circumstances for training

Modeling human behavior to improve military simulations for training

Forecasting the cost of maintaining weapons systems and aircraft

Uǧur Z. Yildirim , I. Sabuncuoǧlu , Barbaros Tansel, A simulation model for military deployment, Proceedings of the 39th conference on Winter simulation: 40 years!

The best is yet to come, December 09-12, 2007, Washington D.C.

Smith, Roger. "Military Modeling". CRC Handbook of Dynamic System Modeling. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2007.

Pew, Richard, and Anne Mavor. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington: National Academy Press, 1998.

"Become Confident in Your Forecast of Weapon System Support Requirements". LMCI Consulting. 7-20-10 <http://logmodctr.com/forecasting/>.

"Virtual Warriors Push Envelope at 9th Annual MOVES Research Summit". Navel Postgraduate School. 7-20-10 <http://www.nps.edu/About/News/Virtual-Warriors-

Push-Envelope-at-9th-Annual-MOVES-Research-Summit-.html>.

Page 12: Computational Science and Modeling

The Society for Modeling & Simulation International http://www.scs.org/