computational neuroscience -...

Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok /Modellek az idegrendszer-kutatásban - ELTE TTK, 2002 tavaszi félévhttp://www.rmki.kfki.hu/~lmate/kurz/

Computational Neuroscience

BSCS 2012

Zoltán Somogyvári

senior research fellow

Wigner Research Institute for Physics, Theoretical Department

Supporting materials: http://www.kfki.hu/~soma/BSCS/


Computational Neuroscience

Structure – Dynamics – Implementation – Algorithm – Computation - Function

Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok /Modellek az idegrendszer-kutatásban - ELTE TTK, 2002 tavaszi félévhttp://www.rmki.kfki.hu/~lmate/kurz/ 3

The brain and the computer


Hierarchy of description

Mind

Brain

Body

Nervous System

Peripheral Central

Spinal Cord

Neurons Glial cells

Membrane potential Chemistry

Under treshold Action potential

Frequency Time patterns

?


Brain of vertebrates (mammals)as visible with naked eye

human

rat

1. medulla oblongata2. pons3. cerebellum4. mesencephalon5. metencephalon

thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus

6. telencephalon ganglia basalis cortex

paleocortex archicortex

➢hippocampus, ... neocortex

➢lobus frontalis➢lobus parietalis➢lobus occipitalis➢lobus temporalis

1

2 34

5

6

5


The neocortex

The archicortex


Elementary unit of the nervous system: The neuron

Parts of the neuron:dendritesoma

nucleusaxon

initial segmentterminal

synapse

gliamyelin sheath

Ranvier-nodes

7

Function:receptionintegration

reproductiontransmission

encodingoutput

communication

backgroundspeed up

amplifcation


Types of neurons Pyramidal cell

in the cerebralcortex

Purkinje cellin thecerebellum

Bipolar cellin the retinal

Mitral cellin theolfactory bulbReticular cell

in the thalamus


The cellwith electronmicroscope

nucleuscytoplasmmembrane

lipid bilayerproteins

integralperipheral

extracellular space (EC)intracellular space (IC)

9


Trough the cell membrane

Diferent permeability, for diferent ions and molecules

Forces of ion transport

Membrane transport, trough proteins• pumps (+energy!)• channels• transporters

10


Discovery of the electricity in animals

11

Galvani, De Viribus - Electricitatis in Motu Musculari. 1792.


The electric neuron: resting potentialwith electrode

The phenomenon:Potential diference between the two sideEC and IC of the membrane

Reason:on the two diferent sides of the membrane: • diferent concentrations of ions on • the two side of the membrane• diferent permeability for diferent• ions 12


The generation of the resting potential

13


The electric neuron: action potentialwith electrode

What is the action potential?A short change in the membranepotential Time: 0 ms

Time: 1 ms

Time: 2 ms

Traveling action potential

The action potential is an 'all or none' phenomenon

fring threshold potentialresting potential

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Between two neuron: The synapse

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Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

Ionotrophic (A) andmetabotrophic (B,C)receptors


Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmittersGlutamat(information transmission)

Serotonin (mood, wake/sleep)

Acetlicholin(neuromuscular junction)

Noradneraline(arousal)

Dopamine (reward system, Parkinson disease,schizophrenia)

GABA-gamma aminobutyric acid(in the central neural system)

Glycine(in the periphery)

computational neuroscience -...

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