compendium on pesticide use in vegetables.pdf

8/16/2019 Compendium on Pesticide Use in Vegetables.pdf

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Extension Bulletin No. 50

M.H. KodandaramSujoy Saha

A.B. Rai

Prakash S. Naik

ompendium on PesticideUse in Vegetables

Compendium on PesticideUse in Vegetables

Indian Institute of Vegetable Research

Varanasi - 221 305 (Uttar Pradesh)(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)

Selectivity & Efficacy

L a b e l

C l a i m

F o o

d s a

f e t y

RationalPesticide

Use


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Extension Bulletin No. 50

Compendium on PesticideUse in Vegetables

M.H. KodandaramSujoy SahaA.B. Rai

Prakash S. Naik

Indian Institute of Vegetable Research(Indian Council for Agriculture Research )Varanasi – 221 305, Uttar Pradesh, India


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IIVR Extension Bulletin No. 50

Printed: March 2013, 500 copies

Correct citationKodandaram, M.H., Sujoy Saha, A.B. Rai and Prakash S. Naik 2013.

Compendium on pesticide use in vegetables. IIVR Extension BulletinNo. 50, IIVR, Varanasi, pp. 133

Published by

Dr. Prakash S. NaikDirector Indian Institute of Vegetable ResearchPost Bag No. 01, Post Office: Jakhini (Shahanshahpur)Varanasi – 221 305, UPE-mail: [email protected]

Printed at

Nirmal Vijay Printer, New Delhi - 110 028Ph. : 45576780, M. : 98110 53617, E-mail: [email protected]


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Foreword

Vegetables are rich sources of dietaryfibre, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants,

phytochemicals and are important for foodand nutritional security of the country. Areaunder vegetable crops is expandingcontributing to increase in per capita incomeof the farmers and health benefits to thesociety. Presently, India produces about 156.33

million tonnes of vegetables from an area of 8.99 million hectares

with an average productivity of 17.4 t/ha.

The crop losses in the country due to various pests range from 10to 30 percent. Pesticides play an important role in sustainingvegetable production in keeping pest population below economicthreshold. Per hectare consumption of pesticide in India is 381 g a.i.,which is much less compared to the world average of 500 g a.i.

However, comprehensive information on selection of pesticide, labelclaims and safe use of pesticides is not available at a single placeleading to non-judicious and indiscriminate use of pesticides invegetables resulting to several pesticide hazards including harmfulresidues.

The publication titled, “Compendium on Pesticide Use in Vegetables”

brought out by the Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasiis commendable effort in this direction. This compendium containscomplete information on pesticide use/status in vegetables,classification based on chemistry/mode of action, label claim,dosage, pre-harvest interval (PHI) and maximum residual limit(MRL).


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The compilation will be very useful to the scientists, subject matterspecialists (SMS) of KVK, agricultural extension officers, farmersand policy makers.

The efforts made by the Indian Institute of Vegetable Research,Varanasi deserve appreciation in bringing out such a usefulpublication.

(N.K. Krishna Kumar)

Deputy Director General (Horticulture)Indian Council of Agricultural Research

New Delhi-110012


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Preface

Pesticides are the most essential agricultural inputs for protectingcrop plants and increasing agricultural production. In India, 241pesticides and 41 combination products are registered as on datefor use in agriculture. Out of these 62 insecticides, 40 fungicidesand 7 plant growth promoters have been registered for use only invegetable crops. The average pesticide consumption in India isaround 0.381 kg a.i./ha as compared to world average of 0.5 kg a.i./ha.Around 13-14 per cent of pesticides are used in the country areapplied on vegetables, maximum use is in chilli (5.13%) followed

by brinjal (4.6%).

The information on status and safe use of pesticides on vegetablecrops is scattred in various documents and is not readily availableat one platform. This bulletin is inspired by the disscusionsregarding safe use of pesticides in agriculture on various platforms.It has been designed to serve as ready reference on different aspectsof pesticide use in vegetable pest management and contains usefulinformation on the different groups/classes of pesticides, IRAC/FRAC classification, mode of action, registered and banned

pesticides and their formulations in India, dosage, target pests, labelcalims, permitted MRL values and their safe use.

The authors express deep sense of gratitude to Dr. N.K. KrishnaKumar, Deputy Director General (Horticulture), ICAR, New Delhifor his valuable suggestions and encouragement. We hope that this

bulletin will be useful for researchers, extension functioneries,students, farming community, policy makers and all the stakeholders.

Authors


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Abbreviations

a.i. Active ingredientAChE AcetylcholinesteraseAE Aerosol dispenserAPEDA Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export

Development AuthorityATP Adenosine triphosphateBB Block BaitCAC Codex Alimentarius CommissionCB Bait ConcentrateCG Encapsulated Granule

CIB & RC Central Insecticide Board and RegistrationCommittee.CS Capsule SuspensionDAC Department of Agriculture and CooperationDBM Diamond Back MothDC Dispersible ConcentrateDDT Dichloro Diphenyl TrichloroethaneDP Dustable Powder

DS Powder of Dry SeedEC Emulsifiable ConcentrateES Emulsion for Seed TreatmentEU European UnionEW Emulsion, oil in waterFAO Food and Agricultural OrganisationFRAC Fungicide Resistance Action CommitteeFS Flowable Concentrate for Seed TreatmentFSB Fruit and Shoot BorerFSSA Food Safety and Standards ActFSSAI Food Safety and Standards Authority of Indiag GramsGABA Gamma-aminobutyric acidGB Granular Bait


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GluCl Glutamate-gated chloride channelsGR Granuleha HectareIGR Insect Growth RegultaorIPM Integrated Pest ManagementIRAC Insecticide Resistance Action CommitteeIRM Insecticide Resistance ManagementKg Kilograml Litreml MililitreMoA Mode of ActionMRL Maximum Residue LimitsnAChR Nicotinic acetylcholine receptorNHB National Horticultutre BoardNPOP National Programme for Organic ProductionOD Oil DispersionPAM PralidoximePFA Prevention of Food AdulterationPGR Plant growth regulatorsPHI Pre-harvest Intervalppm Parts per millionRB Bait (ready for use)SC Suspension Concentrate

SE Suspension EmulsionSG Water Soluble GranuleSL Soluble ConcentrateSP Water Soluble Powdert TonnesULV Ultra Low VolumeUV Ultra VioletWG Water Dispersible GranulesWHO World Health OrganisationWP Wettable PowderWS Water Dispersible Powder for Slurry Treatment


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Contents

Foreword

Preface

Abbreviations

1. Status of pesticide use in India 1

2. Classification of pesticides 7

3. Pesticides registered for use in India 33

4. Label claim of pesticides in different vegetable crops 79

5. Maximum residual limits (MRLs) for vegetable crops 996. Selection of eco-friendly pesticides for protecting 110

honey bees/pollinators

7. Guidelines for pest management in organic vegetable 115production

8. Pesticide doses calculations 120

9. Safe use of pesticides and standard guidelines for 124handling pesticide poisoning

10. References 132


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1

Compendium on Pesticide Use in Vegetables

1. Status of Pesticide Use in India

Vegetables are important component of Indian agriculture.Diverse agroclimatic conditions of the country permit growing ofseveral vegetables round the year. Among these potato, tomato,onion, brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower and okra are most importantand they have major share in vegetable production (Figure 1).

Presently, India produces about 156.33 million tonnes of vegetablesfrom an area of 8.99 million hectares with an average productivityof 17.4 t/ha. Though there has been phenomenal increase in area(2.99 folds), production (8.88 folds) and productivity (2.96 folds) ofvegetables in our country during the last 6 decades, still there ishuge gap between present production and future requirements.Thisnecessitates enhancing vegetable production for meeting currentand future needs.

Figure 1: Production share (%) of major vegetable crops in India(NHB 2010-11)

One of the major constraints in vegetable production is pest

problem and crop losses in the country due to various pests rangefrom 10 to 30 percent each year depending upon the severity ofpest attack (Figure 2). The estimated loss due to pests in horticulturalcrops is approximately Rs. 40,000-50,000 crores. Pest control by useof chemicals has been playing a vital role in sustainable increase inthe vegetable production. Farmers use pesticides as first line ofdefense for the management of pests and frequently resort to


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indiscriminate and non-judicious use of pesticides, which leads toseveral problems such as resistant development in insects /pathogens, resurgence of pests due to destruction of naturalenemies, toxic hazards due to pesticide residues on the edibleproducts and deficient pollination due to destruction of pollinatorsresulting in non setting of fruits and low yields.

Pesticide consumption in India and other countriesIn developed countries like USA, Europe, Japan, China, etc.,

pesticide use is 20 times more than in India. Per hectare consumptionof pesticide in India is 381 g a.i./ha which is lower than the worldaverage of 500 g a.i/ha (Figure 3). Lower consumption of pesticides

Figure 2: Losses caused by different pests

Figure 3: Pesticide consumption (a.i.kg/ha) in different countries


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in India can be attributed to the fragmented land holdings,dependence on monsoons, inadequate awareness among farmersand low investment capabilities of small and marginal farmers.Only 25-30 percent of the total cultivated area in the country isunder pesticide cover.

In India, annual consumption of pesticides showed a rising trendfrom 1955-56 to 1990-91 and thereafter it started declining (Table 1).The present consumption of technical grade pesticides in thecountry during year 2010-11 is around 55,542 tonnes. India’sconsumption of pesticides is only 2 percent of the total worldconsumption. Several reasons could be ascribed to this trendincluding the new eco-friendly novel molecules, where thequantities of newer pesticide molecules required per unit area arealmost 8-100 times less than the conventional molecules(Bambawale 2007).

Table 1: Consumption of Pesticides in India

Year Consumption Year Consumption Year Consumption(Tonnes Tech. (Tonnes Tech. (Tonnes Tech.

Grade) Grade) Grade)

1955-56 2353 1995-96 61,260 2004-05 40,6721965-66 14,630 1996-97 56,114 2005-06 39,7731975-76 45,613 1997-98 52,240 2006-07 41,5101985-86 61,881 1998-99 49,160 2007-08 44,7701990-91 75,033 1999-00 46,200 2008-09 43,8601991-92 72, 133 2000-01 43,584 2009-10 41,8241992-93 70,794 2001-02 47,020 2010-11 55,5421993-94 63,651 2002-03 48,3001994-95 61,360 2003-04 41,000

(Source: Anonymous, 2002 and 2012)

Among different classes of pesticides used in India the percentshare of insecticides (60%) is high followed by fungicides (19%),herbicides (16%), biopesticides (3%) and others (3%) (Figure 4). Itis estimated that around 13-14 % of total pesticides used in thecountry are applied on vegetables, of which insecticides account


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for two-thirds of total pesticides used in vegetables (Figure 5).Among different vegetable crops the maximum pesticide usage isin chilli (5.13 a.i kg /ha) followed by brinjal (4.60 a.i kg /ha), colecrops (3.73 a.i kg /ha) and okra (2-3 a.i kg /ha) (Figure 6). Theglobal agro-chemical consumption on the other hand, is dominated

by fruits and vegetables, which account for 25% of the total market.

Figure 4: Share (%) of different classes of pesticides used in India

Figure 5: Consumption of pesticides (%) in different crops

Role of novel molecules in pest managementDuring last two decades the focus on insecticide research shifted

to search and develop new green chemistries or newer bio-rationalor “low risk” pesticides having novel modes of action, which havereplaced many old and conventional pesticides. Biorational or


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“reduced risk” insecticides are synthetic or natural compounds thateffectively control insect pests, but have low toxicity to nontargetorganisms and the environment (Hara, 2000). In India, around 27new insecticides and their different formulations belonging to newchemistry with unique mode of action have been registered sincelate 1990s to early 2010, for insect control in vegetables. These newclasses of insecticides belong to neonicotinoids, oxadiazines,diamides, tetramic/tetronic acid derivatives, phenylpyrazoles,pyridine, avermectins, spinosyns, pyrroles and insect growthregulators (IGRs). Most of the newer insecticides have severaladvantages over conventional insecticides like:

• greater specificity to target pests• excellent efficacy at low rates or dosage• high level of selectivity• non persistance in the environment• low mammalian toxicity• less harmfull to natural enemies than other broad spectrum

insecticides• less likely to cause outbreaks of secondary pests that are well

controlled by natural enemies• extremely helpful for delaying development of resistance in

key pests and have no cross-resistance with the old and alreadyestablished insecticides.

Figure 6: Pesticide consumption (a.i. kg/ha) in major vegetable crops


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All these advantages make many of the new insecticides safer,highly suitable and fit well into integrated pest management (IPM)or insect resistance management (IRM) programs. As growers andpest control advisors become familiar and aware of uniquecharacteristics, novel mode of action, usage rates, their target pestspectrum and selectivity of these new insecticides, their adoptionand judicious use is likely to increase.


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2. Classification of Pesticides

(A) Classification of Insecticides

(i) Based on chemistry

Insecticide Group IRAC Examplesmode of

actionclass

Synthetic insecticides

1 Organochlorines 2A Dicofol, Endosulfan

2 Organophosphates 1B Acephate, Chlorpyrifos, Ethion,Quinolphos, Triazophos, Dimethoate,Malathion etc.

3 Carbamates 1A Carbaryl, Carbofuran, Carbosulfan,Methomyl etc.

4 Synthetic pyrethroids 3A Bifenthrin, Deltamethrin, Cypermethrin,Lamda cyhalothrin, Fenvalrate,Fenpropathrin etc.

5 Neonicotinoids 4A Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid,Thiamethoxam, Thiacloprid,Clothianidin, Dinotefuran, Nitenpyram

6 Phenylpyrazoles 2B Fipronil, Ethiprole

7 Pyridine 9A Pymetrozine

8 Oxadiazines 22A Indoxacarb

9 METI acaricides 21A Pyridaben, Fenzaquin, Fenpyroximate

10 Nereistoxin 14A Bensultap, Thiocyclam, Thiosultap-sodium

11 Formamidines 19A Chlordimeform and Amitraz

12 Ketoenols 23A Spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen,Spirotetramat

13 Diamides 28A Flubendamide, Chlorantraniliprole,Cyantraniliprole


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Insecticide Group IRAC Examplesmode of

actionclass

Insecticides derived from soil microorganisms /macrocyclic lactones

1 Avermectins 6A Abamectin, Emamectin Benzoate,Ivermectin

2 Milbemycins 6A Milbemectin, Milbemycin D

3 Spinosyns 5A Spinosad, Spinetoram

4 Pyrrole Insecticides 13A Chlorfenapyr

Insect growth regulators

1 Chitin Synthesis 15A Diflubenzuron, Chlorofluazuron,Inhibitors Teflubenzuron, Hexaflumuron,(for lepidopterans) Novaluron, Lufenuron, and

Flufenoxuron

2 Chitin Synthesis 16A BuprofezinInhibitors(for Homoptera)

3 Chitin Synthesis 17A CryomazineInhibitors (for dipterans)

4 Ecdysone Agonists 18A Methoxyfenozide, Tebufenozide,and Diacylhdrazines Halofenozide, Methofenozide

5 Juvenile Hormone 17A Pyriproxifen, Fenoxycarb, Diofenolan,Mimics Hydroprene, Methoprene and

Kinoprene

(Source: Kodandaram et al., 2010)


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( i i ) B a s e d o n m o

d e o f a c

t i o n

M a i n

G r o u p a n

d P r i m a r y

C h e m

i c a l

S u b - g r o u p

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t s

S i t e o f

A c t

i o n

o r e x e m p l

i f y i n g

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t

G r o u p

1 : A c e

t y l c h o l i n e s

t e r a s e

1 A

A l a n y c a r b , A

l d i c a r b , B e n d i o c a r b , B e n f u r a c a r b ,

( A C h E ) i n h i b i t o r s

C a r

b a m a t e s

B u t o c a r b o x

i m ,

B u t o x y c a r b o x

i m ,

C a r

b a r y

l ,

N e r v e a c t i o n

C a r b o f u r a n , C a r b o s u l f a n

, E t h i o f e n c a r b ,

F e n o b u c a r b ,

I n h i b i t A C h E

, c a u s i n g h y p e r e x c i t a t i o n .

F o r m e t a n a t e , F u r a t h i o c a r b ,

I s o p r o c a r b ,

M e t h i o c a r b ,

A C h E i s t h e e n z y m e t h a t t e r m i n a t e s t h e

M e t h o m y l , M e t o l c a r b , O x a m y l , P

i r i m i c a r b ,

a c t i o n o f t h e e x c i t a t o r y n e u r o t r a n s m i t t e r

P r o p o x u r , T

h i o d i c a r b , T h i o f a n o x , T

r i a z a m a t e ,

a c e t y l c h o l i n e a t n e r v e s y n a p s e s .

T r i m e t h a c a r b , X

M C

, X y l y l c a r b

1 B

A c e p h a t e , A z a m e t h i p h o s , A z i n p h o s - e t h y l ,

O r g a n o p h o s p h a t e s

A z i n p h o s - m e t h y l , C h l o r f e n v i n p h o s ,

C h l o r p y r i f o s ,

C h l o r p y r i f o s - m e t h y l , C o u m a p h o s , C y a n o p h o s ,

D e m e t o n - S - m e t h y l , D i a z i n o n , D

i c h l o r v o s / D D V P ,

D i c r o t o p h o s ,

D i m e t h o a t e

, D i m e t h y l v i n p h o s ,

D i s u l f o t o n , E P N

, E t h i o n

, E t h o p r o p h o s ,

F a m p h u r , F e n a m

i p h o s , F e n

i t r o t

h i o n , F e n

t h i o n ,

F o s t h i a z a t e , I s o f e n p h o s , I s o x a t h i o n ,

M a l a t h i o n ,

M e c a r b a m ,

M e t h a m i d o p h o s , M e t h i d a t h i o n ,

M e v i n p h o s , M o n o c r o t o p h o s , N a l e d , O m e t h o a t e ,

O x y d e m e t o n - m e t h y l , P a r a t h i o n , P a r a t h i o n - m e t h y l ,

P h e n t h o a t e

, P h o r a t e

, P h o s a l o n e , P h o s m e t ,

P h o s p h a m i d o n , P

h o x i m , P i r i m i p h o s - m e t h y l ,

P r o f e n o f o s ,

P r o p e t a m p h o s ,

P r o t h i o f o s ,

P y r i d a p h e n t h i o n , Q u i n a l p h o s , S u l f o t e p ,

T e b u p i r i m f o s , T e m e p h o s

, T e t r a c h l o r v i n p h o s ,

T h i o m e t o n , T r i a z o p h o s , T r i c h l o r f o n


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10


M a i n

G r o u p a n

d P r i m a r y

C h e m

i c a l

S u b - g r o u p

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t s

S i t e o f

A c t

i o n

o r e x e m p l

i f y i n g

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t

G r o u p

2 : G A B A - g a t e

d

2 A

E n d o s u l f a n

c h l o r i

d e c h a n n e

l a n t a g o n

i s t s

C y c l o d i e n e


O r g a n o c h l o r i n e s

B l o c k t h e G A B A - a c t i v a t e d

c h l o r i d e c h a n n e l , c a u s i n g h y p e r - e x c i t a t i o n

2 B

E t h i p r o l e , F i p r o n i l

a n d c o n v u l s i o n s . G A B A i s t h e m a j o r

P h e n y l p y r a z o l e s

i n h i b i t o r y n e u r o t r a n s m i t t e r i n i n s e c t s

G r o u p

3 : S o d i u m c h a n n e

l

3 A

A c r i n a t h r i n

, A l l e t h r i n , d - c i s - t r a n s A l l e t h r i n , d - t r a n s

m o d u l a t o r s

P y r e t h r o i d s a n d

A l l e t h r i n , B i f e n t h r i n

, B i o a l l e t h r i n , B i o a l l e t h r i n S -


P y r e t h r i n s

c y c l o p e n t e n y l i s o m e r , B i o r e s m e t h r i n

, C y c l o p r o t h r i n

,

K e e p s o d i u m c h a n n e l s o p e n , c a u s i n g

C y f l u t h r i n , b e t a - C y f l u t h r i n

,

h y p e r e x c i t a t i o n a n d , i n s o m e c a s e s ,

C y h a l o t h r i n

, l a m b d a - C y h a l o t h r i n

, g a m m a - C y h a l o t h r i n

,

n e r v e b l o c k . S o d i u m c h a n n e l s a r e

C y p e r m e t h r i n

, a l p h a - C y p e r m e t h r i n

, b e t a -

i n v o l v e d i n t h e p r o p a g a t i o n o f a c t i o n

C y p e r m e t h r i n , t

h e t a - c y p e r m e t h r i n

, z e t a -

p o t e n t i a l s a l o n g n e r v e a x o n s .

C y p e r m e t h r i n

, C y p h e n o t h r i n [ ( 1 R ) - t r a n s - i s o m e r s ] ,

D e l t a m e t h r i n

, E m p e n t h r i n [ ( E Z ) - ( 1 R ) - i s o m e r s ] ,

E s f e n v a l e r a t e , E t o f e n p r o x , F e n p r o p a t h r i n ,

F e n v a l e r a t e , F l u c y t h r i n a t e

, F l u m e t h r i n

, t a u -

F l u v a l i n a t e , H a l f e n p r o x , I m i p r o t h r i n , K a d e t h r i n

,

P e r m e t h r i n

, P h e n o t h r i n [ ( 1 R ) - t r a n s - i s o m e r ] ,

P r a l l e t h r i n , P y r e t h r i n s ( p y r e t h r u m ) , R e s m e t h r i n

,

S i l a f l u o f e n ,

T e f l u t h r i n , T e t r a m e t h r i n

, T e t r a m e t h r i n

[ ( 1 R ) - i s o m e r s ] ,

T r a l o m e t h r i n

, T r a n s f l u t h r i n

3 B D D T

D D T

M e t h o x y c h l o r

M e t h o x y c h l o r


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11


M a i n

G r o u p a n

d P r i m a r y

C h e m

i c a l

S u b - g r o u p

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t s

S i t e o f

A c t

i o n

o r e x e m p l

i f y i n g

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t

G r o u p

4 : N i c o t

i n i c a c e

t y l c h o l i n e r e c e p t o r

4 A

( n A C h R ) a g o n

i s t s

N e o n i c o t i n o i d s

A c e t a m i p r i d , C l o t h i a n i d i n

, D i n o t e f u r a n ,


I m i d a c l o p r i d

, N i t e n p y r a m ,

M i m i c t h e a g o n i s t a c t i o n o f a c e t y l c h o l i n e

T h i a c l o p r i d

, T h i a m e t h o x a m

a t n A C h R s , c a u s i n g h y p e r e x c i t a t i o n .

A c e

t y l c h o l i n e

i s t h e m

a j o r e x c i

t a t o r y

4 B

n e u r o t r a n s m i t t e r i n t h e i n s e c t c e n t r a l

N i c o t i n e

N i c o t i n e

n e r v o u s s y s t e m .

G r o u p

5 : N i c o t

i n i c

5 A

a c e t y l c h o l

i n e r e c e p

t o r

S p i n o s y n s

S p i n o s a d ,

S p i n e t o r a m

( n A C h R ) a l

l o s t e r

i c

a c t i v a

t o r s


A l l o s t e r i c a l l y a c t i v a t e

n A C h R s ,

c a u s i n g h y p e r e x c i t a t i o n o f t h e n e r v o u s s y s t e m .

A c e t y l c h o l i n e i s t h e m

a j o r e x c i t a t o r y n e u r o -

t r a n s m i t t e r i n t h e i n s e c t c e n t r a l n e r v o u s s y s t e m .

G r o u p

6 : C h l o r

i d e c

h a n n e l a c

t i v a

t o r s

6 A

N e r v e a n d m u s c l e a c t i o n

A v e r m e c t i n s ,

A b a m e c t i n

, E m a m e c t i n b e n z o a t e

, L e p i m e c t i n

,

A l l o s t e r i c a l l y a c t i v a t e

g l u t a m a t e - g a t e d c h l o r i d e

M i l b e m y c i n s

M i l b e m e c t i n

c h a n n e l s ( G l u C l s ) , c a u s i n g p a r a l y s i s . G l u t a m a t e

i s a n i m p o r t a n t i n h i b i t o r y n e u r o t r a n s m i t t e r i n

i n s e c t .


23/146

12


M a i n

G r o u p a n

d P r i m a r y

C h e m

i c a l

S u b - g r o u p

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t s

S i t e o f

A c t

i o n

o r e x e m p l

i f y i n g

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t

G r o u p

7 : J u v e n

i l e h o r m o n e m

i m i c s

7 A

H y d r o p r e n e , K i n o p r e n e ,

M e t h o p r e n e

G r o w t h r e g u l a t i o n

J u v e n i l e h o r m o n e

A p p l i e d i n t h e p r e - m e t a m o r p h i c i n s t a r ,

a n a l o g u e s

t h e s e c o m p o u n d s d i s r u p t a n d

7 B

p r e v e n t m e t a m o r p h o s i s .

F e n o x y c a r b

F e n o x y c a r b

7 C P y r i p r o x y f e n

P y r i p r o x y f e n

G r o u p

8 : M i s c e

l l a n e o u s n o n - s p e c

i f i c

8 A

( m u l

t i - s

i t e ) i n h i b i t o r s

A l k y l h a l i d e s

M e t h y l b r o m i d e a n d o t h e r a l k y l h a l i d e s

8 B C h l o r o p i c r i n

C h l o r o p i c r i n

8 C S u l f u r y l f l u o r i d e

S u l f u r y l f l u o r i d e

8 D B o r a x

B o r a x

8 E T a r t a r e m e t

i c

T a r t a r e m e t

i c

G r o u p

9 : S e l e c t

i v e h o m o p

t e r a n

f e e d

i n g

9 B

b l o c

k e r s

P y m e t r o z i n e

P y m e t r o z i n e

I n c o m p l e t e l y d e f i n e d M o A c a u s i n g s e l e c t i v e

9 C

i n h i b i t i o n o f a p h i d a n d w h i t e f l y f e e d i n g

F l o n i c a m i d

F l o n i c a m i d


24/146

13


M a i n

G r o u p a n

d P r i m a r y

C h e m

i c a l

S u b - g r o u p

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t s

S i t e o f

A c t

i o n

o r e x e m p l

i f y i n g

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t

G r o u p

1 0 : M

i t e g r o w

t h i n h i b i t o r s

1 0 A


C l o f e n t e z i n e

C l o f e n t e z i n e , H e x y t h i a z o x ,

D i f l o v i d a z i n

I n c o m p l e t e l y d e f i n e d M o A l e a d i n g t o

H e x y t h i a z o x

g r o w t h i n h i b i t i o n

D i f l o v i d a z i n

1 0 B

E t o x a z o l e

E t o x a z o l e

G r o u p

1 1 : M

i c r o

b i a l d i s r u p

t o r s o f

i n s e c t

B a c i l l u s t h u r i n g i e n s i s o r

B a c i l l u s t h u r i n g i e n s i s s u b s p . i s r a e l e n s i s

m i d g u

t m e m

b r a n e s

B a c i l l u s s p h a e r i c u s a n d

B a c i l l u s s p h a e r i c u s

P r o t e i n t o x i n s t h a t b i n d t o r e c e p t o r s o n t h e

t h e i n s e c t i c i d a l p r o t e i n s

B a c i l l u s t h u r i n g i e n s i s s u b s p . a

i z a w a i

m i d g u t m e m b r a n e a n d i n d u c e p o r e f o r m a t i o n ,

t h e y p r o d u c e

B a c i l l u s t h u r i n g i e n s i s s u b s p . k u r s t a k i

r e s u l t i n g i n i o n i c i m b a l a n c e a n d s e p t i c e m i a

.

B a c i l l u s t h u r i n g i e n s i s s u b s p . t e n e b r i o n i s B t c r o p

p r o t e i n s : C r y 1 A b , C r y 1 A c , C r y 1 F a , C r y 2 A b , m C r y 3 A ,

C r y 3 A b , C r y 3 B b , C r y 3 4 / 3 5 A b 1

G r o u p

1 2 : I n h

i b i t o r s o f m

i t o c

h o n d r i a l

1 2 A

A T P s y n t

h a s e

D i a f e n t h i u r o n

D i a f e n t h i u r o n

E n e r g y m e t a b o l i s m

1 2 B

I n h i b i t t h e e n z y m e t h a t s y n t h e s i z e s A T P

O r g a n o t i n m i t i c i d e s

A z o c y c l o t i n

, C y h e x a t i n , F e n b u t a t i n o x i d e

1 2 C

P r o p a r g i t e

P r o p a r g i t e

1 2 D

T e t r a d i f o n

T e t r a d i f o n


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14


M a i n

G r o u p a n

d P r i m a r y

C h e m

i c a l

S u b - g r o u p

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t s

S i t e o f

A c t

i o n

o r e x e m p l

i f y i n g

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t

G r o u p

1 3 : U n c o u p l e r s o f o x

i d a t

i v e p h o s p h o -

1 3 A

r y l a t i o n v i a

d i s r u p

t i o n o f

t h e p r o t o n g r a d

i e n t

C h l o r f e n a p y r

C h l o r f e n a p y r


D N O C

D N O C

P r o t o n o p h o r e s t h a t s h o r t - c i r c u i t t h e

S u l f l u r a m i d

S u l f l u r a m i d

m i t o c h o n d r i a l p r o t o n

g r a d i e n t s o t h a t

A T P c a n n o t b e s y n t h e s i z e d .

G r o u p

1 4 : N

i c o t

i n i c

a c e t y l c h o l

i n e r e c e p t o r

1 4 A

( n A C h R ) c h a n n e

l b l o c

k e r s

N e r e i s t o x i n a n a l o g u e s

B e n s u l t a p , C a r t a p h y d r o c h l o r i d e

, T h i o c y c l a m ,


T h i o s u l t a p - s o d i u m

B l o c k t h e n A C h R i o n

c h a n n e l , r e s u l t i n g i n

n e r v o u s s y s t e m b l o c k

a n d p a r a l y s i s .

A c e t y l c h o l i n e i s t h e m

a j o r e x c i t a t o r y

n e u r o t r a n s m i t t e r i n t h e i n s e c t c e n t r a l

n e r v o u s s y s t e m .

G r o u p

1 5 : I n h

i b i t o r s o f c h

i t i n b i o s y n

t h e s

i s ,

1 5 A

t y p e

0

B e n z o y l u r e a s

B i s t r i f l u r o n , C h l o r f l u a z u r o n , D i f l u b e n z u r o n ,


F l u c y c l o x u r o n , F l u f e n o x u r o n ,

H e x a f l u m u r o n ,


L u f e n u r o n , N o v a l u r o n ,

N o v i f l u m u r o n ,

i n h i b i t i o n o f c h i t i n b i o s y n t h e s i s .

T e f l u b e n z u r o n ,

T r i f l u m u r o n

G r o u p

1 6 : I n h

i b i t o r s o f c h

i t i n b i o s y n

t h e s

i s ,

1 6 A

t y p e

1

B u p r o f e z i n

B u p r o f e z i n


i n h i b i t i o n o f c h i t i n b i o s y n t h e s i s i n a n u m b e r

o f i n s e c t s , i n c l u d i n g w h i t e f l i e s


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15


M a i n

G r o u p a n

d P r i m a r y

C h e m

i c a l

S u b - g r o u p

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t s

S i t e o f

A c t

i o n

o r e x e m p l

i f y i n g

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t

G r o u p

1 7 : M o u

l t i n g

d i s r u p

t o r ,

D i p t e r a n

1 7 A


C y r o m a z i n e

C y r o m a z i n e

I n c o m p l e t e l y

d e f i n e d

M o A

t h a t

l e a d s

t o

m o u

l t d i s r u p

t i o n .

G r o u p

1 8 : E c d y s o n e r e c e p t o r a g o n

i s t s

1 8 A


D i a c y l h y d r a z i n e s

C h r o m a f e n o z i d e , H a l o f e n o z i d e

, M e t h o x y f e n o z i d e ,

M i m i c t h e m o u l t i n g h o r m o n e , e c d y s o n e ,

T e b u f e n o z i d e

i n d u c i n g a p r e c o c

i o u s m o u

l t

G r o u p

1 9 : O c t o p a m i n e r e c e p t o r a g o n

i s t s

1 9 A


A m i t r a z

A m i t r a z

A c t i v a t e o c t o p a m i n e r e c e p t o r s , l e a d i n g t o

h y p e r e x c i t a t i o n . O c t o p a m i n e i s t h e i n s e c t

e q u i v a l e n t o f a d r e n a l i n e , t h e f i g h t - o r - f l i g h t

n e u r o h o r m o n e

G r o u p

2 0 : M

i t o c h o n

d r i a l c o m p l e x

I I I e l e c

t r o n

2 0 A

t r a n s p o r

t i n h i b i t o r s

H y d r a m e t h y l n o n

H y d r a m e t h y l n o n


2 0 B

I n h i b i t e l e c

t r o n

t r a n s p o r t c o m p l e x

I I I ,

A c e q u

i n o c y l

A c e q u

i n o c y l

p r e v e n t i n g t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f e n e r g y b y c e l l s

.

2 0 C

F l u a c r y p y r i m

F l u a c r y p y r i m

G r o u p

2 1 : M

i t o c

h o n d r i a l c o m p l e x

I e l e c

t r o n

2 1 A

t r a n s p o r


M E T I a c a r i c i d e s a n d

F e n a z a q u i n

, F e n p y r o x i m a t e , P y r i m i d i f e n ,


i n s e c t i c i d e s

P y r i d a b e n , T e b u f e n p y r a d , T o l f e n p y r a d

I n h i b i t e l e c

t r o n

t r a n s p o r t c o m p l e x

I , p r e v e n

t i n g

2 1 B

t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f e n e r g y b y c e l l s

.

R o t e n o n e

R o t e n o n e ( D e r r i s )


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16


M a i n

G r o u p a n

d P r i m a r y

C h e m

i c a l

S u b - g r o u p

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t s

S i t e o f

A c t

i o n

o r e x e m p l

i f y i n g

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t

G r o u p

2 2 : V o l

t a g e - d e p e n

d e n t s o

d i u m c h a n n e l

2 2 A

b l o c

k e r s

I n d o x a c a r b

I n d o x a c a r b


2 2 B

B l o c

k s o

d i u m c h a n n e

l s , c a u s i n g n e r v o u s

M e t a f

l u m

i z o n e

M e t a f

l u m

i z o n e

s y s t e m s h u t d o w n a n d p a r a l y s i s .

S o d i u m c h a n n e l s a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e

p r o p a g a t

i o n o f a c

t i o n

p o t e n t

i a l s a l o n g n e r v e

a x o n s .

G r o u p

2 3 : I n h

i b i t o r s

o f a c e t y l

C o A

2 3 A

c a r b o x y l a s e . L i p i d s y n t h e s i s & g r o w t h

T e t r o n i c a n d T e t r a m i c

S p i r o m e s i f e n , S p i r o d i c l o f e n , S p i r o t e t r a m a t

r e g u l a t i o n

a c i d d e r i v a t i v e s

I n h i b i t a c e t y l c o e n z y m e A c a r b o x y l a s e , p a r t

o f t h e f i r s t s t e p i n l i p i d b i o s y n t h e s i s

, l e a d i n g

t o i n s e c t d e a t h .

G r o u p

2 4 : M

i t o c

h o n d r i a l c o m p l e x

I V

2 4 A

e l e c

t r o n

t r a n s p o r


P h o s p h i n e

A l u m i n i u m p h o s p h i d e , C a l c i u m P h o s p h i d e ,


P h o s p h i n e , Z i n c p h o s p h i d e

I n h i b i t e l e c t r o n t r a n s p o r t c o m p l e x I V

,

2 4 B


.

C y a n i d e

C y a n i d e

G r o u p

2 5 : M

i t o c h o n

d r i a l c o m p l e x

I I e l e c

t r o n

2 5 A

t r a n s p o r


B e t a - k e t o n i t r i l e

C y e n o p y r a f e n , C y f l u m e t o f e n


d e r i v a t i v e s

I n h i b i t e l e c t r o n t r a n s p o r t c o m p l e x I V

,


.


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17


M a i n

G r o u p a n

d P r i m a r y

C h e m

i c a l

S u b - g r o u p

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t s

S i t e o f

A c t

i o n

o r e x e m p l

i f y i n g

A c t

i v e

I n g r e d

i e n t

G r o u p

2 8 : R y a n o

d i n e r e c e p t o r m o d u l a t o r s

2 8 A

N e r v e a n d m u s c l e a c t i o n

D i a m i d e s

F l u b e n d i a m i d e , C h l o r a n t r a n i l i p r o l e ,

A c t i v a t e m u s c l e r y a n o d i n e r e c e p t o r s , l e a d i n g

C y a n t r a n i l i p r o l e

t o c o n t r a c t i o n a n d p a r a l y s i s . R y a n o d i n e

r e c e p t o r s m e d i a t e c a l c i u m r e l e a s e i n t o t h e

c y t o p l a s m f r o m i n t r a c e l l u l a r s t o r e s

U N C o m p o u n

d s o f u n k n o w n o r u n c e r t a i n

A z a

d i r a c h

t i n

A z a

d i r a c h

t i n

M o A

2

B e n z o x i m a t e

B e n z o x i m a t e

( T a r g e t p r o t e i n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r b i o l o g i c a l

B i f e n a z a t e

B i f e n a z a t e

a c t i v i t y i s u n k n o w n , o r u n c h a r a c t e r i z e d )

B r o m o p r o p y l a t e

B r o m o p r o p y l a t e

C h i n o m e t h i o n a t

C h i n o m e t h i o n a t

C r y o l i t e

C r y o l i t e

C y f l u m e t o f e n

C y f l u m e t o f e n

D i c o f o l

D i c o f o l

P y r i d a l y l

P y r i d a l y l

( S o u r c e : I n s e c t i c i d e s R e s i s t a n c e A c t i o n C o m m i t t e e , I

R A C A p r i l 2 0 1 2 V e r s i o n 7 . 2 )


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(B) Classification of fungicides(i) Based on chemistry

Chemical group Sub group FRAC FungicidesCode

Aliphatic nitrogen Quinones M9 Cymoxanilfungicides (anthraxquinones)Amide Thiophene 38 Silthiofam, Carpropamid,Fungicides carboxamides Fenoxanil,

Mandipropamid,Metominostrobin,Prochloraz

Acylamino acid 4 Benalaxyl, Metalaxyl,Metalaxyl M, Valifenalate.

Anilide fungicides 4 Boscalid, Carboxin,Fenhexamid, Fluxapyroxadisotianil, Oxycarboxin,Thifluzamide, Tiadinil

Benzanilide fungicides 7 FlutolanilFuranilide fungicides 7 Furalaxyl, FurcarbanilSulfonanilide fungicides 36 FlusulfamideBenzamide fungicides 43 FluopicolideToluamides 22 ZoxamideValinamide fungicides 40 Benthiavalicarb, Iprovalicarb

Antibiotic Hexopyranosyl antibiotic 24 Kasugamycinfungicides Glucopyranosyl antibiotic 25 Streptomycin

Glucopyranosyl antibiotic 26 ValidamycinStrobilurin Methoxyacrylate 11 Azoxystrobinfungicides Methoxycarbanilate 11 Pyraclostrobin,

PyrametostrobinMethoxyiminoacetamide 11 Dimoxystrobin,

Fenaminstrobin,Metominostrobin

Methoxyiminoacetate 11 Kresoxim-methyl,Trifloxystrobin

Aromatic Chloronitriles M5 Chlorothalonilfungicides (phthalonitriles)

Benzophenone U8 Metrafenone,Benzimidazole Benzimidazoles 1 Benomyl, Carbendazim,fungicidesBenzimidazole Thiophenates 1 Thiophanate-methylprecursorfungicides


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Chemical group Sub group FRAC FungicidesCode

Carbamate Vanilamides 40 Iprovalicarbfungicides Carbamates 28 Propamocarb

Carbanilate fungicides 10 DiethofencarbConazole fungicides 3 Difenoconazole,(triazoles) Diniconazole, Epoxiconazole,

Flusilazole, Hexaconazole,Ipconazole, Myclobutanil,Penconazole, Propiconazole,Simeconazole, Tebuconazole,Tetraconazole, Triadimefon.

Copper fungicides - Bordeaux mixture, Basiccopper hydroxide

Dicarboximide Phthalimide fungicidesx 11 Famoxadonefungicides M4 CaptanDinitrophenol Dinitrophenol 29 DinocapfungicidesDithiocarbamate Dithiocarbamate M3 Thiram, ziramfungicides Polymeric dithiocarbamate M3 Mancopper, Mancozeb,

fungicides Maneb, Metiram, Propineb,Zineb

Dithiolane Dithiolanes 6 Isoprothiolanefungicides Imidazolinones 11 Fenamidone

Dicarboximides 2 IprodioneConazole fungicides 3 Prochloraz, Triflumizole(imidazole)

Mercury fungicides Inorganic mercury - Mercuric chloridefungicidesOrganomercury fungicides - 2-methoxyethylmercury

chlorideMorpholine - 5 Dimethomorph, Flumorph,fungicides Tridemorph

Organophosphorus Phosphoro-thiolates 6 EdifenphosfungicidesOxathiin fungicides Oxathin-carboxamides 7 Carboxin, OxycarboxinPyrimidine - 3 FenarimolfungicidesTriazolopyrimidine - 45 AmetoctradinfungicidesUrea fungicides Phenylureas 20 Pencycuron, QuinazamidUnclassified Benzo- thiadiazole P Acibenzolar-s-methylfungicides

(Source: Fungicides Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) 2012)


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20


( i i ) B a s e d o n m o

d e o

f a c

t i o n

M O A

T a r g e t

S i t e

G r o u p

N a m e

C h e m

i c a l

G r o u p

C o m m o n

N a m e

A n d

C o d e

A : N u c

l e i c a c

i d

A 1 : R N A

P A – f u n g i c i d e s

A c y l a l a n i n e s

B e n a l a x y l , B e n a l a x y l - M

s y n t

h e s i s

p o l y m e r a s e I

( P h e n y l A m i d e s )

( = k i r a l a x y l ) , F u r a l a x y l ,

I n h i b i t s R N A

M e t a l a x y l ,

M e t a l a x y l - M

p o l y m e r a s e I a n d

( = m e f e n o x a m )

D N A t o p o i s o m e r a s e

t y p e I I ( g y r a s e )

O x a z o l i d i n o n e s

O x a d i x y l

e n z y m e s r e q u i r e d

f o r t h e s y n t h e s i s o f

B u t y r o l a c t o n e s

O f u r a c e

n u c l e i c a c i d s

A 2 : A d e n o s i n

H y d r o x y - (

2 - a m

i n o -

)

H y d r o x y - (

2 - a m

i n o -

B u p i r i m a t e ,

D i m e t

h i r i m o l ,

d e a m

i n a s e

p y r i m

i d i n e s

p y r i m

i d i n e s

)

E t h i r i m o l

A 3 : D N A / R N A

H e t e r o

I s o x a z o l e s

H y m e x a z o l e

s y n t h e s i s

a r o m a t i c s

I s o t h i a z o l o n e s

O c t h i l i n o n e

A 4 : D N A

C a r b o x y l i c a c i d

C a r b o x y l i c a c i d s

O x o l i n i c a c i d

t o p o i s o m e r a s e

t y p e I I ( g y r a s e )

B : M

i t o s i s a n

d c e

l l

B 1 : ß - t u b u l i n e

M B C - f u n g i c i d e s

B e n z i m i d a z o l e s

B e n o m y l ,

d i v i s i o n

a s s e m b l y i n m i t o s i s

( M e t h y l

C a r b e n d a z i m

,

I n h i b i t s ß - t u b u l i n

B e n z i m i d a z o l e

F u b e r i d a z o l e

a s s e m b l y i n m i t o s i s .

C a r b a m a t e s )

T h i a b e n d a z o l e


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21


M O A

T a r g e t

S i t e

G r o u p

N a m e

C h e m

i c a l

G r o u p

C o m m o n

N a m e

a n d C o d e

C a u s e s s e v e r a l t a r g e t

T h i o p h a n a t e s

T h i o p h a n a t e

s i t e m u t a t i o n s , m o s t l y

T h i o p h a n a t e - m e t h y l

E 1 9 8 A E 1 9 8 / G / K

, F 2 0 0 Y

i n b - t u b u l i n g e n e .

B 2 : ß - t u b u l i n

N - p h e n y l

N - p h e n y l

D

i e t h o f e n c a r b

A l s o c a u s e s

a s s e m

b l y

c a r b a m a t e s

c a r b a m a t e s

d e l o c a l i s a t i o n o f

i n m i t o s i s

s p e c t r i n - l i k e p r o t e i n s

B 3 : ß - t u b u l i n

B e n z a m i d e s

T o l u a m i d e s

Z

o x a m i d e

a s s e m b l y

i n m

i t o s i s

B 4 : C e l l d i v i s i o n

P h e n y l u r e a s

P h e n y l u r e a s

P e n c y c u r o n

( p r o p o s e d )

B 5 : D e l o c a l i s a t i o n o f

B e n z a m i d e s

P y r i d i n y l m e t h y l -

F l u o p i c o l i d e

s p e c t r i n - l i k e p r o t e i n s

b e n z a m i d e s

C . R

e s p i r a

t o r y e n z y m

e

C 1 : C o m p l e x I

P y r i m i d i n a m i n e s

P y r i m i d i n a m i n e s

D

i f l u m e t o r i m

i n h i b i t o r s

N A D H

I n h i b i t s s e v e r a l

O x i d o - r e d u c t a s e

e n z y m e s i n v o l v e d i n

p a t h o g e n r e s p i r a t i o n

C 2 : C o m p l e x I I :

S D H I

P h e n y l - b e n z a m i d e s

B e n o d a n i l , F l u t o l a n i l ,

e . g . I N A D H O x i d o -

s u c c i n a t e -

( S u c c i n a t e

M

e p r o n i l

r e d u c t a s e

d e h y d r o g e n a s e

d e h y d r o g e n a s e

P y r i d i n y l - e t h y l -

F l u o p y r a m

( p y r i m i d i n a m i n e s ) ;

i n h i b i t o r s )

b e n z a m i d e s

s u c c i n a t e - d e h y d r o -

F u r a n - c a r b o x a m i d e s

F e n f u r a m

g e n a s e S D H I

O x a t h i i n - c a r b o x a m i d e s C

a r b o x i n O x y c a r b o x i n


33/146

22


M O A

T a r g e t

S i t e

G r o u p

N a m e

C h e m

i c a l

G r o u p

C o m m o n

N a m e

a n d C o d e

( S u c c i n a t e

T h i a z o l e - c a r b o x a m i d e s

T h i f l u z a m i d e

D e h y d r o g e n a s

P y r a z o l e - c a r b o x a m i d e s

B e n z o v i n d i f l u p y r , B i x a f e n ,

i n h i b i t o r s ) w i t h t a r g e t

F l u x a p y r o x a d ,

F u r a m e t p y r ,

s i t e m u t a t i o n s i n s d h

I s o p y r a z a m ,

P e n f l u f e n ,

g e n e , e . g . H

/ Y ( o r H / L )

P e n t h i o p y r a d ,

S e d a x a n e

a t 2 5 7 , 2 6 7 , 2 7 2 o r

P y r i

d i n e - c a r

b o x a m

i d e s

B o s c a l

i d

P 2 2 5 L , d e p e n d e n t o n

C 3 : C o m p l e x I I I :

Q o I - f u n g i c i d e s

M e t h o x y - a c r y l a t e s

A z o x y s t r o b i n ,

f u n g a l s p e c i e s ;

c y t o c h r o m e b c 1

( Q u i n o n e o u t s i d e

C o u m o x y s t r o b i n

,


( u b i q u i n o l o x i d a s e )

I n h i b i t o r s )

E n o x a s t r o b i n

,

( u b i q u

i n o l o x

i d a s e ) a

t

a t Q s i

t e ( c y t

b g e n e )

F l u f e n o x y s

t r o b

i n ,

Q o s i t e ( c y t b g e n e )

P i c o x y s t r o b i n ,

w i t h t a r g e t s i t e

P y r a o x y s t r o b i n

m u t a t i o n s i n c y t b g e n e

M e t h o x y - c a r b a m a t e s

P y r a c l o s t r o b i n

,

( G 1 4 3 A

, F 1 2 9 L ) ;

P y r a m e t o s t r o b i n

c y t o c h r o m e b c 1 t

O x i m i n o a c e t a t e s

K r e s o x i m - m e t h y l

Q i s i t e

. a l s o i n h i b i t s

T r i f l o x y s t r o b i n

o x i d a t i v e p h o s -

O x i m i n o - a c e t a m i d e s

D i m o x y s t r o b i n

,

p h o r y l a t i o n a n d A T P

F e n a m i n o s t r o b i n

s y n t h a s e

M e t o m i n o s t r o b i n

,

O r y s a s t r o b i n

O x a z o l i d i n e - d i o n e s

F a m o x a d o n e

D i h y d r o - d i o x a z i n e s

F l u o x a s t r o b i n

I m i d a z o l i n o n e s

F e n a m i d o n e

B e n z y l - c a r b a m a t e s

P y r i b e n c a r b


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23


M O A

T a r g e t

S i t e

G r o u p

N a m e

C h e m

i c a l

G r o u p

C o m m o n

N a m e

a n d C o d e


Q i I - f u n g i c i d e s

C y a n o - i m i d a z o l e

C y a z o f a m i d

c y t o c h r o m e

( Q u i n o n e i n s i d e

S u l f a m o y l - t r i a z o l e

A m i s u l b r o m

b c 1 ( u b i q u i n o n e


r e d u c t a s e )

a t Q i s i t e

C 5 : U n c o u p l e r s o f

-

D i n i t r o p h e n y l -

B i n a p a c r y l ,

M e p t y l d i n o c a p ,


c r o t o n a t e s

D i n o c a p

p h o r y l a t i o n

2 , 6 - d i n i t r o - a n i l i n e s

F l u a z i n a m

P y r - h y d r a z o n e s

F e r i m z o n e

C 6 : I n h i b i t o r s o f

O r g a n o t i n

T r i p h e n y l t i n

F e n t i n a c e t a t e ,


c o m p o u n d s

c o m p o u n d s

F e n t i n c h l o r i d e

,

p h o r y l a t i o n , A T P

F e n t i n h y d r o x i d e

s y n t h a s e

C 7 : A T P p r o d u c t i o n

T h i o p h e n e -

T h i o p h e n e -

S i l t h i o f a m

( p r o p o s e d )

c a r b o x a m i d e s

c a r b o x a m i d e s


Q x I – f u n g i c i d e

T r i a z o l o -

A m e t o c t r a d i n


( Q u i n o n e x

p y r i m i d y l a m i n e

( u b i q u i n o n e

I n h i b i t o r )

r e d u c t a s e ) a t

Q x ( u n k n o w n )

s i t e


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24


M O A

T a r g e t

S i t e

G r o u p

N a m e

C h e m

i c a l

G r o u p

C o m m o n

N a m e

a n d C o d e

D : A m

i n o a c

i d a n

d

D 1 : M e t h i o n i n e

A P - f u n g i c i d e s

A n i l i n o - p y r i m i d i n e s

C y p r o d i n i l

p r o t e i n s y n t

h e s i s

b i o s y n

t h e s

i s

( A n i

l i n o -

P y r i m

i d i n e s )

M e p a n

i p y r

i m

I n h i b i t s m e t h i o n i n e

( p r o p o s e d )

P y r i m e t h a n i l

b i o s y n t h e s i s ( c g s g e n e )

( c g s g e n e )

a n d p r o t e i n s y n t h e s i s

D 2 : P r o t e i n s y n t h e s i s

E n o p y r a n u r o n i c

E n o p y r a n u r o n i c

B l a s t i c i d i n - S

a c i d a n t i b i o t i c

A c i d a n t i b i o t i c


H e x o p y r a n o s y l

H e x o p y r a n o s y l

K a s u g a m y c i n

a n t i b i o t i c

a n t i b i o t i c


G l u c o p y r a n o s y l


S t r e p t o m y c i n

a n t i b i o t i c

a n t i b i o t i c


T e t r a c y c l i n e

T e t r a c y c l i n e

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

a n t i b i o t i c

a n t i b i o t i c

E : S i g n a l

t r a n s d u c

t i o n

E 1 : S i g n a l

A z a - n a p h t h a l e n e s

A r y l o x y q u i n o l i n e

Q u i n o x y f e n

I n h i b i t s G - p r o t e i n s i n

t r a n s d u c t i o n

Q u i n a z o l i n o n e

P r o q u i n a z i d

e a r l y c e l l s i g n a l l i n g .

( m e c h a n i s m

H i s t i d i n e - K i n a s e i n

u n k n o w n )

o s m o t i c s i g n a l

E 2 : M A P / H i s t i d i n e -

P P - f u n g i c i d e s

P h e n y l p y r r o l e s

F e n p i c l o n i l

t r a n s d u c t i o n

K i n a s e i n o s m o t i c

( P h e n y l P y r r o l e s )

F l u d i o x o n i l

s i g n a l t r a n s d u c t i o n

( o s - 2 , H O G 1 )

E 3 : M A P / H i s t i d i n e -

D i c a r b o x i m i d e s

D i c a r b o x i m i d e s

C h l o z o l i n a t e

K i n a s e

i n o s m o t

i c

I p r o

d i o n e

s i g n a l t r a n s d u c t i o n

P r o c y m i d o n e

( o s - 1 , D a f 1 )

V i n c l o z o l i n


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M O A

T a r g e t

S i t e

G r o u p

N a m e

C h e m

i c a l

G r o u p

C o m m o n

N a m e

a n d C o d e

F : L i p i

d s y n t

h e s i s a n

d

F 1 : -

F o r m e r l y

m e m

b r a n e

i n t e g r

i t y

d i c a r b o x

i m i d e s

I n h i b i t s p h o s p h o

F 2 : P

h o s p

h o l i p i d

P h o s p h o r o -

t h i o l a t e s

P h o s p h o r o -

t h i o l a t e s

E d i f e n p

h o s ,

I p r o

b e n f o s

( I B P )

,

l i p i d b i o s y n

t h e s

i s , b y

b i o s y n

t h e s

i s ,

P y r a z o p h o s

i n a c t i v a t i n g m e t h y l

m e t h y l t r a n s - f e r a s e

D i t h i o l a n e s

D i t h i o l a n e s

I s o p r o t h i o l a n e

t r a n s f e r a s e e n z y m e s

F 3 : L

i p i d p e r o x i

d a t i o n

A H - f u n g i c i

d e s

A r o m a t

i c

B i p h e n y l ,

C h l o r o n e b ,

o r l i p i d p e r o x i d a t i o n

.

( p r o p o s e d )

( A r o m a t i c

h y d r o c a r b o n s

D i c l o r a n , Q u i n t o z e n e

H a m p e r s t h e c e l l

H y d r o c a r b o n s )

( P C N B )

, T e c n a z e n e

m e m b r a n e

( c h l o r o p h e n y l s

( T C N B )

, T o l c l o f o s - m e t h y l

p e r m e a b i l i t y a n d

n i t r o a n i l i n e s )

d i s r u p t s c e l l w a l l

H e t e r o a r o m a t i c s

1 , 2 , 4 - t h i a d i a z o l e s

H t r i d i a z o l e

d e p o s i

t i o n

F 4 :

C e l

l m e m

b r a n e

C a r

b a m a t e s

C a r

b a m a t e s

I o d o c a r b

p e r m e a b i l i t y ,

P r o p a m o c a r b

f a t t y a c i d s ( p r o p o s e d )

P r o t h i o c a r b

F 5 : -

F o r m e r l y C A A -

-

-

f u n g i c i d e s

F 6 : M i c r o b i a l

M i c r o b i a l

B a c i l l u s s u b t i l i s a n d

B a c i l l u s s u b t i l i s

d i s r u p t e r s o f

( B a c i l l u s s p . )

t h e f u n g i c i d a l

s t r a i n Q S T 7 1 3

p a t h o g e n c e l l

l i p o p e p t i d e s

B a c i l l u s s u b t i l i s

m e m b r a n e s

p r o d u c e d

s t r a i n F Z B 2 4

F 7 : C e l l m e m b r a n e

P l a n t e x t r a c t

T e r p e n e h y d r o c a r b o n

E x t r a c t f r o m

d i s r u p t i o n ( p r o p o s e d )

S a n d t e r p e n e a l c o h o l s M

e l a l e u c a a l t e r n i f o l i a

( t e a t r e e )


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M O A

T a r g e t

S i t e

G r o u p

N a m e

C h e m

i c a l

G r o u p

C o m m o n

N a m e

a n d C o d e

G : S

t e r o

l b i o s y n

t h e s i s

G 1 : C 1 4 - d e m e t

h y l a s e

D M I - f u n g

i c i d e s

P i p e r a z i n e s

T r i f o r i n e

i n m e m

b r a n e s

i n s t e r o l b i o s y n t h e s i s

( D e M e t h y l a t i o n

P y r i d i n e s

P y r i f e n o x , P y r i s o x a z o l e

I n h i b i t s C 1 4 -

( e r g 1 1 / c y p 5 1 )


P y r i m i d i n e s

F e n a r i m o l ,

N u a r i m o l

d e m e t h y l a s e i n s t e r o l

( S B I : C l a s s I )

I m i d a z o l e s

I m a z a l i l , O x p o c o n a z o l e ,

b i o s y n t h e s i s

P e f u r a z o a t e , P r o c h l o r a z

( e r g 1 1 / c y p 5 1 )

T r i a z o l e s

A z a c o n a z o l e

, B i t e r t a n o l ,

( D e M e t h y l a t i o n

T r i a z o l i n t h i o n e s

B r o m u c o n a z o l e ,

I n h i b i t o r s

) o r

C y p r o c o n a z o

l e ,

∆ 1 4 R e d u c t a s e a n d

D i f e n o c o n a z o l e

,

∆ 8 → ∆ 7 I s o m e r a s e i n

D i n i c o n a z o l e , E p o x i c o n a z o l e

,

s t e r o l b i o s y n t h e s i s o r

E t a c o n a z o l e , F e n b u c o n a z o l e ,

3 - k e t o r e d u c - t a s e , o r

F l u q u i n c o n a z o l e ,

s q u a l e n e - e p o x i d a s e

F l u s i l a z o l e

, F l u t r i a f o l ,

H e x a c o n a z o l e ,

I m i b e n c o n a z o l e

, I p c o n a z o l e ,

M e t c o n a z o l e

, M y c l o b u t a n i l ,

P e n c o n a z o l e , P r o p i c o n a z o l e ,

S i m e c o n a z o l e , T e b u c o n a z o l e

,

T e t r a c o n a z o l e , T r i a d i m e f o n ,

T r i a d i m e n o l ,

T r i t i c o n a z o l e ,

P r o t h i o c o n a z o l e

G 2 : ∆ 1 4 R e d u c t a s e

A m i n e s

M o r p h o l i n e s

A l d i m o r p h ,

D o d e m o r p h ,

a n d ∆ 8 → ∆ 7

( M o r p h o l i n e s )

F e n p r o p i m o r p h ,

I s o m e r a s e i n

( S B I : C l a s s I I )

T r i d e m o r p h

s t e r o l b i o s y n t h e s i s

P i p e r i d i n e s

F e n p r o p i d i n , P i p e r a l i n

( e r g 2 4

, e r g 2 )

S p i r o k e t a l - A m i n e s

S p i r o x a m i n e


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M O A

T a r g e t

S i t e

G r o u p

N a m e

C h e m

i c a l

G r o u p

C o m m o n

N a m e

a n d C o d e

G 3 : 3 - k e t o r e d u c - t a s e

,

H y d r o x y a n i l i d e s

H y d r o x y a n i l i d e s

F e n h e x a m i d

C 4 - d e - m e t h y l a t i o n

( S B I : C l a s s I I I )

( e r g 2 7 )

G 4 : s q u a

l e n e -

( S B I c l a s s

I V )

T h i o c a r b a m a t e s

P y r

i b u t

i c a r

b

e p o x

i d a s e

i n s t e r o l

A l l y l a m

i n e s

N

a f t i f i n e ,

T e r b

i n a f

i n e

b i o s y n t h e s i s ( e r g 1 )

H : C e l

l w a l

l

H 3 : t r e h a l a s e a n d



V

a l i d a m y c i n

b i o s y n

t h e s

i s

i n o s i t o l - b i o s y n t h e s i s

a n t i b i o t i c

a n t i b i o t i c

I n h i b i t s t r e h a l a s e a n d

H 4 : C h i t i n S y n t h a s e

P o l y o x i n s

P e p t i d y l

P o l y o x i n

i n o s i t o l - b i o s y n t h e s i s

P y r i m i d i n e

N u c l e o s i d e

H 5 : C e l l u l o s e s y n t h a s e C A A - f u n g i c i d e s

C i n n a m i c A c i d

D

i m e t h o m o r p h ,

F l u m o r p h

( C a r b o x y l i c

A m i d e s

A c i d A m i d e s )

V a l i n a m i d e

B e n t h i a v a

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