compedium book 2014

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE On Strengthening Climate Justice Initiatives: Livelihood Challenges at Local Level with a

Focus on Farmers November 8 - 9, 2014, Ahmedabad

i

: Edited by :

Ms. Hetal Seju, Ms. Nisha Shah, Prof. Ravi Saxena &

Mr. Piyush Chauhan

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

On

Strengthening Climate Justice Initiatives:

Livelihood Challenges at Local Level with a Focus on Farmers

November 8 - 9, 2014

Institute of Law, Nirma University Ahmedabad

Institute of Law,

Nirma University

National Council for Climate Change,

Sustainable Development and

Public Leadership

Organized by :



ii

GROW GREEN

International Conference on



November 8 - 9, 2014

Institute of Law, Nirma University, S. G. Highway, Ahmedabad

Organized by:

National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development

and Public Leadership (NCCSD) and

Institute of Law, Nirma University

This compendium is a compilation of the abstracts

of papers to be presented in the International Conference on

Strengthening Climate Justice Initiatives :


The abstract have been directly adapted from the Authors submissions.

And views mentioned there in are that of the Authors.

The publishers are not responsible for errors if there are any.

Conference Secretary:

Prof. Ravi Saxena

Asst. Prof., Political Science,


S.G.Highway, Ahmedabad

Gujarat, PIN: 382481

Publisher:

DR. KIRIT N SHELAT, IAS (RETD)

Executive Chairman,

National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership (NCCSD),

Phone/Fax No. (00 91 79) 26421580

Email:- [email protected], [email protected]

First Printing : November, 2014

Printed By:

Sahitya Mudranalaya Pvt. Ltd.,

City Mill Compound, Kankaria Road,

Ahmedabad - 380 022

All Rights Reserved



iii

CONTENTS

Sr. No. TITLE Page No.

1 Conference Programme iv

2 Foreword ix

3 From Chairman’s Desk xi

4 Preface xii

5 Messages xiii

6 The Organizers xxvii

7 The Knowledge Partners xxix

8 The Supporters xxxv

9 Key Speakers xlii

10 Key Papers 1

11 Abstracts 36

12 Case Studies 122

13 Student Organising Committee 126



iv

CONFERENCE PROGRAMME



v

10.0 - 11.30 A.M - H.E. The Governor of Gujarat and the Hon'ble Chief Justice of India are received

by Justice B. P. Singh – President of NCCSD and Dr. Anup Singh-Vice Chancellor

of Nirma University

- The Dignitaries will be conducted to the Dais

- Ganesh Stuti

- Welcome Address by - Dr. Gopichandran-Director, Vigyan Prasar, New Delhi

- Dignitaries will be presented Flower bouquet and Mementoes.

- Lightening of Lamp

- Address - Justice B. P. Singh-Formerly Judge, Supreme Court of India & President

of NCCSD

- Address - Hon'ble Shri Bhuprendra Singh Chudasama-Minister of Education,

Government of Gujarat

- Address -Hon'ble Mr Justice V.M. Sahai- the Chief Justice of Gujarat High Court,

Gujarat

- Address - Hon'ble Mr. Justice H.L. Dattu, the Chief Justice of India, New Delhi.

- Book "Climate Smart Agriculture-The Indian Perspective" and Pre-Compendium

release

- Presidential Address by- Shri Om Prakash Kohli- H.E the Governor Gujarat

- Vote of Thanks by - Prof. (Dr.) Purvi Pokhariyal, Director & Dean, Institute of Law,

Nirma University

- National Anthem

INAUGURAL FUNCTION

Date : 8th November, 2011

Venue: NIM Auditorium, Nirma University, S. G. highway, Ahmedabad



vi

VALEDICTORY FUNCTION

Date : 9th November, 2011

Venue: NIM Auditorium, Nirma University, S. G. highway, Ahmedabad

13.00-Onward - Ganesh Stuti

- Welcome Speech- Ravi Saxena-Asst. Prof. Nirma University

- Felicitation

- Presentation of Memento and Bouquet

- Overall conclusion of Seminar --: Dr. Gopichandran

- Way Forward-Dr. Kirit Shelat

- Address by Guest of Honour -Shri Parshottam Rupala

- Valedictory Address- Valedictory Address by Shri Babubhai B. Bokhiriya - Hon'ble

Minister of Agriculture & Water Resources, Government of Gujarat.

- Presidential Address by- Justice B. P. Singh, Formerly Judge of Supreme Court of

India / President of NCCSD

- Vote of thanks- Narayanbhai Patel-NCCSD



vii

DETAILED PROGRAMME SCHEDULE


Strengthen Climate Justice Initiatives at the local level with

for sustainable livelihood with a focus on farmers"

On 8th to 9th November, 2014

At, Institute of Law, NIRMA University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Date:- 08-11-2014

8.30 - 10.00 Registration

10.00 - 11.30 Inaugural Session

11.30 - 12.00 High Tea

12.00 - 13.30 Plannery-1

• Opening of Theme - Dr K.N.Shelat with Dr.Gopi Chandran

• Key note speech - Dr. Anthony Whitbread-ICRISET-Hyderabad

• Dr. Govind Hariharan, Chair and Professor, Coles College of Business, Kennesaw

State University, Kennesaw, USA

• Dr. Ch. Srinivasa Rao , Director, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture

(CRIDA)

• Dr Arunachalam - Principal Scientist -NRM -ICAR

• Dr. Robert Jordan, -U.K

13.30 - 14.15 Lunch

Parallel Sessions

14.15 - 16.30 Technical Sessions - Paper Presentation (3)

14.15 - 16.30 Farmer Interaction

14.15 - 16.30 Round Table Meet-"Legal Framework for Climate Justice"`.

16.30 - 17.00 Tea break

17.00 - 19.00 Plenary Session II

• Climate Smart Agriculture"

• Abena Ojetayo -Florida A.& M University

• Dr Kinkini Dasgupta Misra, Vigyan Prasar

• Dr. Jagdish Dagar- Former, ADG (ICAR), Emeritus Scientist, Central Soil Salinity

Research Institute, Karnal

• Dr K.Muthuchelian-MADURAI.V.C Agriculture University

• Dr. Dipayan Dey- Chair, South Asian Forum for Environment (SAFE), West Bengal.

• Dr. Sanjay Deshmukh-Prof. Life Science Department, Mumbai

19.00 - 21.30 Dinner with Cultural Programme



viii

Date:- 09-11-2014

Parallel Sessions

9.30 - 10.30 Technical Session - "Paper presentation"

9.30 - 10.30 Farmers presentation and views-

1 Kutcch Farmers -Farmers from Arid area

2 Chhota Udaipur -------Shroff Foundation Trust-Tribal Farmers

3 RUHA-Maharashtra farmers

4 Kolkata-West Bengal Farmers

5 Bihar Farmers

6 North-East Farmers

9.30 - 10.30 "Women Expert Meet"

10.30 - 11.00 Tea break

11.00 - 13.00 Plenary Session III presentation of recommendations made in

• Plenary Session-I

• Plenary Session-II

• Plenary Session-III

• Experts Meet-

• Round Table Meet-

• Farmers Views-

• Recommendations of technical session-1




13.00-Onward Concluding session - Valediction

Lunch



ix

FOREWORD

Justice B. P. Singh

Formerly Judge of Supreme Court of India / President of NCCSD

I wish to start by congratulating Dr. Karsanbhai K Patel, President of Nirma University and Dr. Purvi Pokhariya,

Director, Institute of Law, Nirma University taking the initiative to jointly organize the International Conference

with NCCSD.

Global climate change is of major concern among the developed as well as developing countries. The impact

of climate change on our ecosystems, water, land- soil, agriculture, forestry etc., have already become issues

of concern both nationally and internationally but more so at local level where its impacts are felt. There has

been a noticeable increase in extreme weather events during last decade particularly rise in temperature

aberration in rainfall leading to frequent floods and drought events and cyclones.

Although global warming an international phenomena - its adverse impact is at local - village level. The

rural livelihood is increasingly getting affected in that the most vulnerable is the agricultural activity where

productivity of farms, livestock and fisheries is affected. The direct effect is on economic condition of small

holders. The agriculture has become a risky profession. The agriculturist is becoming poorer day by day. As

per survey of NSSO, 60% farmers do not like farming.

We are all aware that our Constitution has specific framework for social responsibility with focus on poor

families under its Directive Principles. The government - both Central and States have come out with range

of schemes, programmes for poor families of urban and rural areas. Some of very important programmes which

are made statutory responsibility are Employment Guarantee Scheme and Food Security.

But in arena of climate change, farmer is increasingly becoming insecure. There is crop insurance and cattle

insurance scheme but payment take years when famers needs liquidity to buy new inputs as soon as his crop

and cattle is lost. There are increases in price of agricultural commodities, but farmer can not avail of this

as Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Act compels him to sell his product to local APMC only

where price gets cartelized. Hence, when market price of onion is Rs. 80/- per k.g. farmer get only Rs. 10

or 15 per k.g. Similar glaring example is under Town Planning Act - new township get added in rural areas

to convert villages to become town but animal holders "Community Grazing Land - Gauchar" vanishes for other

public purpose ! cattle start moving in the street !

The objective of this conference is therefore to voice such iniquities in an overall positive atmosphere where

all stakeholders, the Government, the Public Leadership, Civil Society, Judicial System, Public Administration

even Corporate Houses are geared towards social responsibility and determined to remove poverty and inequity

from our country.

I am sure deliberation in the conference will come out with some very useful policy framework and

suggestions of cutting obstacles red- tappism after understanding ground truth from farmers themselves.

Justice B. P. Singh



x

I take this opportunity to thank the Hon'ble Chief Justice of Supreme Court of India Justice H Dattu, Hon'ble

Chief Justice of Gujarat High Court Justice V M Sahai who agreed to grace and H. E. the Governor of Gujarat

Shri Om Prakash Kohli for their keen interest in this initiative and agreeing to grace the conference.

I am also thankful Hon’ble Minister of Government of Gujarat Sarvshri Bhupendrasinhji Chudasama and

Babubhai Bokhiria for their patronage to the conference. We are delighted to have this cooperative efforts

with Nirma University led by its President Dr. Karsanbhai K. Patel.

Thanks also due to the experts for the initiative to strengthen this process reflected in the diversity of

subjects and expertise in conjunction with the growing recognition of the issues associated with the phenomenon

of climate change with respect to agriculture.

I also thank to the Chairman & Managing Director of NABARD to support this Compendium

New Delhi, (Justice B. P. Singh)

Dt. : 31-10-2014



xi

From Chairman’s Desk

Dr. Karsanbhai K. Patel

President

This is a welcome initiative by National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public

Leadership (NCCSD) and Institute of Law, Nirma University to hold an International Conference on such a topic

that seems relevant to our society today than ever before. As a global society, with the kind of sharp scientific

and technological advancement we come across each day bringing human comfort, we have also started

experiencing the climate change and its hazardous impact over human life. This conference is a very timely

and apt initiative to bring forth a collective research - based knowledge to deal with the ill-impact of climate

change, specially its effect over the farmers. As it is also observed in our traditional knowledge that education

must render good to the weak and affected, I wish that this international conference will be a success in dealing

with the issues of climate change and generating a knowledge- based set of principles of climate justice.

I wish the conference a great success.

(Dr. Karsanbhai K. Patel)

Nirma University of Science and Technology



xii

Preface

Climate is an integral part of ecosystems and organisms have adapted to their regional climate over time.

Climate change is a factor that has the potential to alter ecosystems and the many resources and services

they provide to each other and to society. Human societies depend on ecosystems for the natural, cultural,

spiritual, recreational and aesthetic resources they provide.

In various regions across the world, some high-altitude and high-latitude ecosystems have already been

affected by changes in climate. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reviewed relevant published

studies of biological systems and concluded that 20 percent to 30 percent of species assessed may be at risk

of extinction from climate change impacts within this century if global mean temperatures exceed 2-3 °C (3.6-

5.4 °F) relative to pre-industrial levels.

A climate justice approach amplifies the voices of those people who have done least to cause climate

change, but who are affected most severely by it. It includes the poorest and most marginalized people world-

wide who already suffer most from poverty, hunger, ill-health and injustice. Thus climate justice needs to

incorporate a strong gender perspective. Gender inequities alone can motivate more women to lead in taking

action, but women's leadership must address the entire range of climate issues as well as bringing a gender

perspective to each of them.

It was in this context; we thought it is important to interact on this issue by organizing an International

Conference on "Strengthening Climate Justice Initiatives: Livelihood Challenges at Local Level with a Focus on

Farmers". We considered that climate justice and community education has key role to play and create a win

- win situation. It is in this background we are organizing this conference in collaboration with Institute of

Law, Nirma University.

We have received overwhelming response from all over India and World. There are more than 400

participants in this conference. We will benefit from the thought provoking ideas of very eminent key speakers

who are from India and abroad and have spared their valuable time to be with us and agrees to join and

participate in this effort to come out with some concrete solution. We have more than 120 research papers

on various aspects. We therefore thought it is important to bring out publication at the time of conference

so that participants can have access to the key speaker's papers along with abstracts of research papers.

We must mention that views expressed in this abstract of papers and their authenticity are of authors'

and not that of publishers.

We would like to thank all the knowledge partners and supporters for making the entire event a grand

success.

We would also like to give special thanks to Ms. Ms. Hetal Seju, Ms. Nisha Shah, Prof. Ravi Saxena, Mr.

Piyush Chauhan and the Director & Dean of Institute of Law, Nirma University Dr. Purvi Pokhariyal who has

taken up this difficult task to bring out the publication within the time limit.

Dt. : 31-10-2014 (Dr. Kirit N. Shelat)

Executive Chairman, NCCSD



xiii

MESSAGES



xiv



xv



xvi



xvii



xviii



xix



xx



xxi



xxii



xxiii

Message

I am happy that the National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and public Leadership

is organizing an International Conference on Strengthening Climate Justice Initiatives in partnership with the

Institute of Law, NIRMA University. I am particularly happy that the focus will be on farm families, since 2014

has been designated by the UN as the International Year of Family Farming. Climate change is a mega threat which

will affect every segment of human economic activity. Therefore I hope the conference will provide a roadmap

for enhancing the coping capacity of local communities under conditions of unfavorable changes in temperature,

precipitation and sea level. I wish the conference great success.

The world is passing through unpredictable changes weather it is cyclone or heavy rain or drought or

extraordinary snowfall. All these have already affected livelihood means of farmers who are at receiving end. There

is main threat to food security and food for hungry millions. Strategies are needed how can overcome this challenge

through strategic changes in developmental framework, policies and modern advanced technology with backup

a legal framework which provides redressal if existing programme and rule framework either fail or do not reach

out to them within time limit prescribed.

On this occasion, I extend my greetings and felicitations to the organizers and participants and wish the

Conference every success.

(Prof. M. S. Swaminathan)

Prof. M. S. Swaminathan

Founder, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai



xxiv

Message

Let me greet all participants and sponsors of the International Conference on Strengthening Climate Justice

Initiatives at local level for sustainable livelihood with a focus on farmers, organized by the Nirma Institute of

Law, Nirma University, Ahmadabad on 8th and 9th November 2014.

Climate change is exerting tremendous pressure upon agriculture to produce more food by as much as 70%

by 2050. Warming temperatures, drought, floods, increasing land degradation and desertification, loss of biodiversity,

rising food prices, zooming energy demand and population explosion: their confluence, if unabated, will lead to

a "Perfect Storm"!

Climate change can create cereal yield reductions of up to 50% in many African countries, and up to 30%

in Central and South Asia by 2080s. The impact of climate change will be most disastrous in the semi-arid tropics,

home to 2 billion people and most of the world's poor. Models indicate that there will be a 10% increase of dryland

areas of the world with climate change.

The challenge to achieve food security for 9 billion people naturally shifts the development focus on

agriculture. Today, eighty per cent of global agriculture is in the drylands which remain to be the hot spots of

poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition. At the same time, the drylands are vulnerable to drought, land

degradation and the adverse impacts of climate change. Some 644 million of the poorest of the world's poor

barely thrive in the drylands and are struggling to survive and improve their livelihoods in marginal environments.

Still, dryland agriculture has vast untapped potential.

ICRISAT's mandate legume crops - chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut - are rich in protein and crucial for

ending global malnutrition. They are consumed by 1.2 billion people and nearly 100 million smallholder farmers

are cultivating these legumes in sub-Saharan Africa and South and Southeast Asia.

ICRISAT's work on dryland cereals - sorghum and millets - provides food security to the poorest people on

earth. Grown by more than 33 million smallholder households in the drylands, they are vital to the sustainability

of mixed crop-livestock farming, and provide genetic resources for adaptation to harsh, marginal environments.

In the face of the growing global hunger and poverty and the effects of climate change, ICRISAT's work on dryland

cereals will help ensure nutritious, drought-resilient crops for the dryland poor.

William D Dar

Director General, ICRISAT



xxv

Current farmers' yields are lower by two to five times those of achievable potential yield. Using the latest

science and technology tools and management practices to enhance water and land use efficiency, this gap can

and must be closed to benefit in particular the smallholder farmers of the drylands using the synergies created

by partnerships and collaboration among many stakeholders.

ICRISAT's strategic framework of Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD) envisions a path to end

poverty, not just alleviate it. This concept relies on unleashing the energies of the poor by enabling them with

diverse, purposeful, innovative and action-oriented partnerships, more productive and resilient technologies, and

supportive policies.

ICRISAT is the only global agricultural institute dedicated to serving the smallholder farmers and the poor in

Asia and Africa. It is part of the CGIAR system of 15 international agricultural research institutes. It is committed

to make agriculture climate resilient particularly in the semi-arid tropics.

Considering this, we have a keen interest in how climate change is studied and understood including as an

ethical issue that impacts people and communities. This conference is therefore timely and relevant in considering

how the causes and effects of climate change relate to concepts of justice. After all, those most adversely affected

by climate change - the poorest of the poor who live mostly in the drylands of developing countries - contribute

least to the causes of climate change. Justice dictates that those who have least in life must have more in law.

We wish this conference much success and look forward to learning from the wisdom and insights shared

in order to contribute more towards the upliftment of the conditions of the smallholder farmers particularly in

the drylands of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.



xxvi

September 24, 2014

The concept of climate justice is extremely pertinent to the drylands of the world. This is because drylands

are home to the poorest people in the world and because they are expected to be hardest hit by climate change

as temperatures rise and more heat waves and less but more intense rainfall are experienced. According to the

IPCC, communities who live in the drylands will experience more frequent droughts and an increased risk of severe

flooding which will undermine development agendas, especially agendas that seek to reduce poverty, increase

food production and advance food and water security.

The capacity of the people in the drylands to cope with climate change will depend, primarily, on their social

and economic status such as wealth, social status, gender, race, ethnicity and age. It will also depend on their

capacity to actively engage in decisions about the challenges and opportunities they face in adapting and becoming

more resilient to climate change as well as their capacity to access and use natural resources, credit, insurance,

markets, information, science and innovation.

The Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), which has been working in the dry areas for

more than 35 years-- recognizes the differential impact of climate change on dryland farming by focusing its

research- for- development agenda on;

1. Small-holder farmers, who are most at risk to climate change effects and on

2. Sustainable approaches which by definition includes social equity as an essential component.

ICARDA works to identify and develop resilient, diversified and more productive combinations of crop, livestock

and rangelands systems that reduce hunger and mal-nutrition and improve the quality of life among the rural

poor with a keen eye and nuanced understanding of the needs of the marginalized groups and individuals that

constitute the poor. For example, women in the drylands are active producers, traders, processors, laborers and

entrepreneurs. ICARDA works with women farmers, women associations and women cooperatives all over the

dry areas to provide them with new seed varieties and new crop and livestock management options, value added

products and access to markets to empower women and support them to become more effective actors in adapting

to climate change.

ICARDA wishes the National Council for Climate Change Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

(NCCSD) a successful International Conference on "Strengthening Climate Justice Initiatives at local level for

sustainable livelihood with a focus on farmers" in collaboration with Nirma Institute of Law, Nirma University,

Ahmedabad on 8th and 9th November, 2014 at Nirma University, Ahmadabad. We look forward to receiving the

important results of this conference which will no doubt inform the international community about the need to

consider climate change in the context of human rights and social justice to help safeguard the rights of the most

vulnerable by sharing the burdens and benefits of climate change.

(Dr. Mahmoud Solh)

Dr. Mahmoud Solh,

Director General

The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

(ICARDA)



xxvii

THE ORGANIZERS

An International Conference on "Global Warming, Agriculture, Sustainable Development & Public Leadership"

was organized at the Gujarat Vidyapeeth - Ahmedabad in March 2010 by the International School for Public

Leadership along with other organizations. This was in response to a felt need to strengthen agriculture's niche

as an integrated intervention to tackle mitigation and adaptation challenges while complementing other sustain-

able development initiatives. The Conference had the benefit of significant insights from about 400 participants

including some eminent public leaders, agricultural scientists, teachers, students, farmers, NGOs, Industry,

Government officials and representation from national and international organizations. The outcome of this

conference is known as the "Ahmedabad Declaration 2010". The Ahmedabad Declaration articulated an action

plan to promote sustainable livelihood and simultaneously mitigate impacts of global warming through appropriate

use of agriculture; involving public leadership in that task.

This was followed by a meeting of a "Think Tank" on these aspects in New Delhi in April 2010. Representatives

from international organizations, Officers from Govt. of India, distinguished scientists and representatives of the

civil society organizations further deliberated on these and related issues. During this meet, it was decided to

constitute a voluntary organization to facilitate action and implement activities that are strategically important

to enable sustainable development in addition to mainstreaming agriculture as a mitigation option. The Interna-

tional School for Public Leadership (ISPL) Ahmedabad, Puri Foundation for Education in India, Gandhinagar, Shroff

Family Voluntary Organization Consortium (SFVOC), Mumbai and The Environmental & Consumer Protection

Foundation (ECPFO), New Delhi, jointly agreed to promote the new organization. Accordingly, Justice B.P. Singh,

President of Environmental & Consumer Protection Foundation (ECPFO), New Delhi, announced the setting up

of the "National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership" (NCCSD)".

E-mail :- [email protected]

Website :- www.nccsdindia.org

NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC

LEADERSHIP (NCCSD)



xxviii

NIRMA UNIVERSITY

Nirma University has been established in the year 2003 as a statutory university under Gujarat State Act at

the initiative of the Nirma Education & Research Foundation (NERF). The University is also recognized by the

University Grants Commission (UGC) under section 2(f) of UGC Act. Nirma University has been accredited by NAAC

in March 2010. Nirma University is a member of Commonwealth University Association and also of Association

of Indian Universities (AIU). Dr. Karsanbhai K. Patel (Padmashree), Chairman, Nirma Group of Companies and

Chairman, NERF is the President of Nirma University, Ahmedabad.

INSTITUTE OF LAW

Institute of Law (www.nirmauni.ac.in/law) was established with a vision to promote excellence and set up

high standards in the field of Legal education. The Institute emphasizes on the all-round development of its students

and it aims at not only producing good professionals, but also good and worthy citizens of a great country aiding

in its overall progress and development.

It endeavours to treat every student and individual, to recognize their potential and to ensure that they receive

the best preparation and training for achieving their career ambition. It offers three different five-year integrated

undergraduate law programmes, L.L.M. programme with specialization in Business Law, Legal Pedagogy and

Science, Technology and Law, and Doctrinal Research (Ph.D.) programmes.

To make the Institute a centre of excellence on the legal education map of India, it aims at providing world

class facilities to impart training and conduct research in the field of Law. Currently the Institute has seven centres

in the field of Law and Governance, Humanitarian Law, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Environmental Law,

Corporate Research, Criminal Law and Justice and Intellectual Property Rights.

Website :- www.nirmauni.ac.in/law



xxix

THE KNOWLEDGE PARTNERS



xxx

National Bank for Agriculture &

Rural Development (NABARD)

Indian Council of Agricultural

Research (ICAR)

Junagadh Agericulture University

(JAU)

Navsari Agriculture University

(NAU)

National Environmental Science

Academy (NESA)

Planning Commission of India

YES Bank

Anand Agriculture University (AAU)

Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada

Agricultural University (SDAU)

Vivekanand Research & Training

Institute (VRTI)

Agriculture Technology

Management Agency (ATMA)Kamdhenu University

Planning CommissionGovernment of India



xxxi

National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development (NABARD):

NABARD is set up as an apex Development Bank with a mandate for facilitating credit flow for promotion

and development of agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and other rural

crafts. It also has the mandate to support all other allied economic activities in rural areas, promote integrated

and sustainable rural development and secure prosperity of rural areas. In discharging its role as a facilitator for

rural prosperity NABARD is entrusted with 1. Providing refinance to lending institutions in rural areas 2. Bringing

about or promoting institutional development and 3. Evaluating, monitoring and inspecting the client banks besides

this pivotal role, NABARD also:

• Acts as a coordinator in the operations of rural credit institutions

• Extends assistance to the government, the Reserve Bank of India and other organizations in matters relating

to rural development

• Offers training and research facilities for banks, cooperatives and organizations working in the field of rural

development

• Helps the state governments in reaching their targets of providing assistance to eligible institutions in

agriculture and rural development

• Acts as regulator for cooperative banks and RRBs

• Extends assistance to the government, the Reserve Bank of India and other organizations in matters relating

to rural development

• Offers training and research facilities for banks, cooperatives and organizations working in the field of rural

development

• Helps the state governments in reaching their targets of providing assistance to eligible institutions in

agriculture and rural development

• Acts as regulator for cooperative banks and RRBs

Some of the milestones in NABARD's activities are:

• Total production credit disbursed at end March 2011 was 34196 crore.

• Refinance disbursement under Investment Credit to commercial banks, state cooperative banks, state

cooperative agriculture and rural development banks, RRBs and other eligible financial institutions during

2010-11 aggregated 13485.87 crore.

• Through the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) 12060.04 crores were disbursed during 2010-

11. A cumulative amount of 121488.40 crore has been sanctioned for 444162 projects as on 31 March

2011 covering irrigation, rural roads and bridges, health and education, soil conservation, drinking water

schemes, flood protection, forest management etc.

• Under Watershed Development Fund which has a balance of 1847.69 crore as on 31 March 2011, 579

projects in districts of 14 states have benefited.

• Farmers now enjoy hassle free access to credit and security through 1009.30 lakh Kisan Credit Cards that

have been issued through a vast rural banking network. During 2010-11, 72.6 lakh KCC were issued by banks

with a sanctioned limit of 43370 crore.

• Under the Farmers' Club Programme, during the year 21903 clubs were launched, taking the total to 76708

clubs as on 31 March 2011 helping farmers get access to credit, technology and extension services.



xxxii

• Village Development Programme (VDP) is being implemented in 801 villages across 25 states.

• Under Tribal Development Fund, cumulative sanction amounted to 917.60 crore for 317 projects covering

2.5 lakh families. During 2010-11 financial assistance of 373.97 crore was sanctioned for 126 projects

benefiting 94,163 tribal families.

• Under Farm Innovation and Promotion Fund (FIPF), cumulatively 123 projects in various states, involving

financial support of 11.65 crore were sanctioned as on 31 March 2011.

• Farmers Technology Transfer Fund (FTTF) - 512 innovative projects in 27 states with grant assistance of 44.97

crore were sanctioned during 2010-11.

• There were more than 69.53 lakh savings linked SHGs and more than 48.51 lakh credit linked SHGs covering

9.7 crore poor households as on 31 March 2011, under the microfinance programme.

Planning Commission of India:

The Planning Commission was set up by a Resolution of the Government of India in March 1950 in pursuance

of declared objectives of the Government to promote a rapid rise in the standard of living of the people by efficient

exploitation of the resources of the country. It plays an integrative role in the development of a holistic approach

to the policy formulation in critical areas of human and economic development. The key to efficient utilization

of resources lies in the creation of appropriate self-managed organizations at all levels. Planning Commission

attempts to play a systems change role and provide consultancy within the Government for developing better

systems.

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR):

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India is an autonomous organisation under

the Department of Agricultural Research and Education, Ministry of Agriculture, government of India. Formerly

known as the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, it was established in 1929 as a registered society under

the Societies Registration Act, 1860 in pursuance of the report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture. ICAR has

its headquarters at New Delhi.

The Council is the apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing research and education in agriculture

including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the country. It has 99 ICAR institutes and 53 agricultural

universities spread across the country.

The ICAR has played a role in enabling the country to increase the production of foodgrains by four,

horticultural crops by six, fish by nine (marine five and inland 17, milk six times and eggs 27 times since 1950.

YES Bank:

YES BANK, India's fourth largest private sector Bank, is the outcome of the professional & entrepreneurial

commitment, vision & strategy of its Founder Rana Kapoor and his top management team, to establish a high

quality, customer centric, service driven, private Indian Bank catering to the Future Businesses of India.

YES BANK has adopted international best practices, the highest standards of service quality and operational

excellence, and offers comprehensive banking and financial solutions to all its valued customers. YES BANK has

a knowledge driven approach to banking, and a superior customer experience for its retail, corporate and emerging

corporate banking clients. YES BANK is steadily evolving its organizational character as the Professionals' Bank of

India with the uncompromising Vision of "Building the Best Quality Bank of the World in India by 2020.



xxxiii

Junagadh Agricultural University (JAU):

The agricultural education in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State started way back in 1960 with the establish-

ment of College of Agriculture in a palatial building at Sardarbaug, Junagadh. The college was affiliated to Gujarat

University, Ahmedabad from its outset till the year 1967.

Subsequently, on inception of Saurashtra University in 1968 at Rajkot, the affiliation was transferred to it.

With the establishment of Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU) as an autonomous body in 1972, it was transferred

to the Gujarat Agricultural University with all the activities so far carried out by the Department of Agriculture.

It thus, became a constituent college of the Gujarat Agricultural University. Under the faculty of Agricultural

Engineering & Technology, the College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology came into existence in 1984

at Junagadh Campus of Gujarat Agricultural University. Similarly, the College of Fisheries Science started in 1991-

92 at Veraval. Junagadh Agricultural University was carved out of GAU with its splitting in to four universities on

May 01, 2004. Consequently, these colleges became the constituent colleges of Junagadh Agricultural University.

ICAR has accredited the University and its three constituent collegesviz., Agriculture, Agril. Engg.& Tech. and

Fisheries Science for five years from 25th June, 2009.

The jurisdiction of this University is seven districts viz., Junagadh, Rajkot, Jamnagar, Porbandar, Amreli,

Bhavnagar and Surendranagar of Saurashtra region comprising nearly 32.82 per cent (6.43 million ha) area of the

Gujarat State (19.60 million ha).

Anand Agricultural University (AAU):

Anand Agricultural University, Anand is one of the premier institutions with the mission provide teaching,

research and extension services related to agriculture and allied sciences to develop excellent human resources

and innovative technologies for services to the farming community with the main motto of making Gujarat and

India agriculturally prosperous. The University is offering six UG degree programmes and post graduate programmes

in various disciplines of agricultural sciences besides MBA in International Agri-Business Management and five

certificate courses in polytechnics. Students have also brought laurels to the university by bagging several individual

and team awards at State and National levels in various sports, cultural and literary competitions. Recently the

university has been accredited by ICAR's Peer Review Team for five years.

Navsari Agricultural University (NAU):

Commencing with a college of agriculture established in 1965, the Navsari campus gained the status of a

separate agricultural university with effect from May 1, 2004. The university caters to the needs of the farmers

of the plantation crops in the heartland of Gujarat; the Kanam zone of cotton, sorghum and pigeon pea and hill

millets of tribal belt. Besides the above, this area is also well known for its forest tree species like teak, Khair,

Kalam and bamboo. To provide technological backup for the agricultural development in its domain (Map of

Districts Covered) the Navsari Agricultural University has four fully developed faculties of agriculture, horticulture,

forestry and Veterinary, 2 Zonal Research Stations (Navsari and Bharuch), three main crop based research station

(cotton, sorghum and mango), 3 regional research station (Waghai, Vyara and Gandevi) and 6 verification/testing

centers.

The extension component includes three Krushi Vigyan Kendras (Waghai, Vyara and Navsari), one Sardar Smruti

Kendra (Navsari), and a T & V scheme. This university also offers vocational courses in horticulture at Navsari,

home science at Vyara, agriculture at Waghai and Bharuch as well as Livestock Management, Bakery and Mali

and extension education trainings at Navsari.



xxxiv

Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University (SDAU):

Government of Gujarat repealed Gujarat Agricultural University act 1969(Gujarat Act.No.13 of 1969)and

promulgated Gujarat Agricultural Universities Act, 2004 (Guj.Act No.5 of 2004). Accordingly four Agricultural

Universities have been carved out from erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University with effect from 1st May 2004

SDAU. The Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University is devoted for location specific agricultural

research. As such the mandate of the SDAU , Sardarkrushinagar is confined to six districts viz., Gandhinagar,

Mehsana, Patan, Sabarkantha, Banaskantha and Kutch of North Gujarat predominantly encompassing arid and semi

arid climate.

National Environmental Science Academy (NESA):

National Environmental Science Academy was established in 1984 and was registered in the year 1988 under

the Societies Act XXI of 1960 with its Registered Office at P P Compound, Ranchi; shifted to Behind A.N. College,

Shiv Puri, Patna 800 023 and presently has its Head Office at 206, Raj Tower 1, Alakananda Community Centre,

New Delhi - 110019. Padma Bhushan Dr. Syed Zahoor Qasim is the President of Academy and Prof. A. Arunachalam

is the General Secretary.

Vivekananda Research and Training Institute:

Vivekanand Research and Training Institute (VRTI), was established by founder members of Excel with a belief

that - India's strength lay in the rural development and not in urbanizing the rural India. So began the journey

to secure land and water resources for farming and bringing more and more farmers closer to the scientific

approach while planning their crops and managing natural resources or other challenges. VRTI has supported

farmers (the warp and weft of) of India. Besides farming, the NGO has introduced sanitation, medical facilities,

offers training and advises villagers on matters related to management on ascertaining of soil conditions and its

impact on the harvest. Farmers are advised about the microfinance and commodity trading to keep their

knowledge up beat.

Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA):

Prosperity of Farmers is the Goal of ATMA project. ATMA is a District level working self organization (registered

society). District level officer can do the project work action at district level under the guidance of Director of

the Project.Through modern farming methods get more production at lower cost and become financially rich.

ATMA give enough Priorities to Women in ATMA Activities. Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Allied Activities

to Associate.



xxxv

THE SUPPORTERS



xxxvi

RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LIMITED

GUJARAT STATE SEEDS CORPORATION LTD.

UNITED PHOSPHOROUS LIMITED

EXCEL CROP CARE LIMITED

EXCEL INDUSTRIES LIMITED

MICRO INKS LIMITED

BHARUCH ENVIRO INFRASTRUCTURE LTD

VAPI WASTE & EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT COMPANY LIMITED

GREEN ENVIRONMENT SERVICE CO. OP. SOCIETY LIMITED



xxxvii

Reliance Industries Limited

Shri Parimal Nathwani

The Reliance Group, founded by Dhirubhai H. Ambani (1932-2002), is India's largest private sector enterprise,

with businesses in the energy and materials value chain. Group's annual revenues are in excess of US$ 58 billion.

The flagship company, Reliance Industries Limited, is a Fortune Global 500 company and is the largest private sector

company in India.

Backward vertical integration has been the cornerstone of the evolution and growth of Reliance. Starting with

textiles in the late seventies, Reliance pursued a strategy of backward vertical integration - in polyester, fibre

intermediates, plastics, petrochemicals, petroleum refining and oil and gas exploration and production - to be fully

integrated along the materials and energy value chain.

The Group's activities span exploration and production of oil and gas, petroleum refining and marketing,

petrochemicals (polyester, fibre intermediates, plastics and chemicals), textiles, retail, infotel and special economic

zones.

Reliance enjoys global leadership in its businesses, being the largest polyester yarn and fibre producer in the

world and among the top five to ten producers in the world in major petrochemical products.

Major Group Companies are Reliance Industries Limited, including its subsidiaries and Reliance Industrial

Infrastructure Limited.

Gujarat State Seeds Corporation Limited

Gujarat Sate Seeds Corporation Ltd., established in April 1975 popularly known by its brand name "GURABINI"

is serving in the larger interest of farmers from more than three decades with farmer's faith brand loyalty, quality

assurance, dedicated service and sustainable contribution for upliftment of farmers with Glorious achievements.

GURABINI is primarily engaged in production, processing and marketing of seeds of more than 30 crops and 100

varieties and hybrids in almost all categories i.e. Cereals, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Fodder, Green Manuring

Crops. GURABINI is having its Head office at Gandhinagar, and 13 Branches across the Gujarat and one Sales Depot.

The Chairman of Gurabini is Dr. Rajkumar, Principal Secretary (Agriculture) to Government of Gujarat and

Shri Bharat Modi, Managing Director is also a senior technical officer from Government of Gujarat.

The authorized share capital of Corporation as on is Rs.4 Crores divided into equally shares of Rs.100 each.

As against that, the paid up share capital is Rs.3.93 Crores. The shares have been held by following categories

of share holders:

Government of Gujarat : 95.00 % shares

Government of India : 5 % shares

The present strength of the Board of Directors is 8. The directors are appointed / nominated under the

provision contained in Article- 62 of the Article of Association of the Company.



xxxviii

United Phosphorus Limited: Local Roots. Global Pursuits

Shri Rajjubhai Shroff

Incorporated in 1969, United Phosphorus Limited (UPL)is a leading global producer of crop protection

chemicals, intermediates, speciality chemicals and other industrial chemicals. UPL has made its presence felt across

value-added agricultural inputs ranging from seeds to crop protection and post-harvest activities.

With a turnover of nearly Rs. 7,000 crore, the business growth of the Company is supported by strategically

located subsidiaries and spreads across all continents. UPL has a customer base in 86 countries, making it a global

player of crop protection products in the world. With a focus on spreading its wings across the world, UPL continues

to infuse technologies into the global companies which it acquires, while not losing sight on responsive care to

environmental protection. Corporate Governance, Good Manufacturing Practices and an established Worldwide

Marketing Network have been the key factors to the healthy and sustainable growth of UPL.

With its own subsidiary offices in Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Canada, Denmark, Indonesia,

France, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Mauritius, Mexico, New Zealand, Russia, Spain, Taiwan, South Africa, USA, UK,

Vietnam and Zambia, UPL is perceived as a socially responsible organisation and highly successful enterprise. This

positive perception has placed the Company amongst the best corporate conglomerates in the world.

Excel Crop Care Limited

Shri Dipeshbhai Shroff

Established in 2002, Excel Crop Care Limited has risen out of the demerged portfolio of the agricultural

products segment of Excel Industries Limited. Today it has realized its pride of being the 'supplier of choice' by

reaching out to millions of farmers in more than 50 countries.

Besides solutions in soil health, seed treatment, crop protection, pest management, Excel Crop Care also offers

effective post-harvest treatment that has ensured smooth supply and trade in agricultural commodities in many

countries. We extend solutions developed through backward integration of technology. Our products and solutions

are directed to secure returns for farmers on farm inputs while adhering to the company's policies that aim for

environmental safety and sustainability.



xxxix

Excel Industries Limited

Shri Ashwinbhai Shroff

Excel Industries Limited has come a long way since its origin in a kitchen laboratory in 1941.

Over the years, Excel came to be known as an industry leader in the area of agro-chemicals and agro-chemical

intermediates. Using its expertise in Chemistry and Chemical technology, Excel also expanded its chemicals

manufacturing range to include Water treatment chemicals and Polymer Additives and few other specialty

chemicals.

Excel's commitment to sustainable development led us to venture into the field of Environment and Bio-

technology. Excel is a Pioneer and Technology leader in rapid conversion of Municipal Solid Waste to organic

compost. Our organic plant protection and soil/crop productivity enhancers are well accepted in the market.

In order to ensure focused attention to the expanded range of activities, the agro business division was spun

off as a separate company, Excel Crop Care Limited in 2003. Today, Excel is organized into two divisions i.e. a.

Chemicals, b. Environment and Biotech.

Ever since our inception, we have built up a solid history and reputation of developing, manufacturing and

exporting chemicals. We have achieved over 100 product and process breakthroughs that even now are serving

the specific needs of various clients.

We have excellent research facilities in Mumbai and at our manufacturing locations.

During the last six decades, we have received numerous awards in recognition of our dedication and excellence

in the field of chemicals.

From the very beginning, in 1941, when our founder Mr. C. C. Shroff established Excel, we have believed that

in every interaction we have with our clients, our individual as well as our corporate character, integrity and

professionalism is under scrutiny.

We have always kept the virtues of high quality, cost effectiveness, consumer need fulfillment, fair prices and

fair trade practices uppermost in our minds.

MICRO INKS:

The company was founded by the Bilakhia Brothers (www.bilakhiaholdings.com) as a Small Scale Industry in

Vapi, India.

Since its very beginning, Micro Inks has remained strongly committed to the printing industry. This is reflected

in high levels of investments we have made not only to manufacture inks but also the key raw materials like

pigments, resins, varnishes, additives etc. Micro Inks is today amongst the few ink companies in the world having

such high degree of backward integration.



xl

This commitment, got a further boost when we became members of the Germany based Huber group in 2005.

Being perhaps the oldest ink company in the world, Huber group has a reputation for high quality printing inks.

That quality culture, based on deep insights and rigid internal discipline, is now the driving force behind Micro's

quality.

We at Micro Inks have a strong faith in partnerships. As an ink company, we do not just share business with

our customers. We explore possibilities together. Staying in close touch with our customers worldwide, helps us

understand their needs better. No wonder, Micro Inks is considered as a most customer friendly company in the

industry. Service and quality are the two cornerstones of our business philosophy.

Service to us means not just most efficient logistics or a very comprehensive technical support. We try to

train and educate our customers in the best global practices based on experience gained through our global

business network.

Ever since we became part of Huber group, we started the process of technology sharing between the two

companies. And we together pioneered INKREDIBLE technology for the offset inks. This uniquely innovative

technology has proved to be distinctly superior. This is one of the examples of product excellence. Many such

projects are on in our labs and we shall continue to deliver better value to our customers.

Bharuch Enviro Infrastructure Ltd

Bharuch Enviro Infrastructure Ltd (BEIL) is operating a state-of-the-art Hazardous Waste Management Facility

at Ankleshwar, Gujarat, since 1997. BEIL Facility is an unique one and is a pride of Gujarat and the nation.

BEIL is promoted by Industries Associations of Ankleshwar, Panoli and Jhagadia. United Phosphorus Ltd group

is major promoter and Shri Rajjubhai D Shroff is Chairman of the Company.

BEIL TSDF has major two components, a secured landfill and a Common Incineration System. The secured

landfill is in operation from 1997 and so far, over 19,33,454 MT of solid / hazardous wastes from industries in

Bharuch region, has been collected and disposed off. Common Incineration System was commissioned in 2005;

and so far, more than 1,36,681 MT of organic waste has been incinerated. The Facility is subjected to various

monitoring.

BEIL is having a well equipped NABL approved laboratory which helps in proper monitoring and analysis. The

Facility is also having other infrastructure facilities like Storages, Drains, Roads, Leachate Wells, Monitoring Bore

Wells, Weigh Bridge etc. Surrounding the Facility, 15 meters' width green belt is developed and varieties of species

have been planted.

BEIL started operations with 18 acres of land in the GIDC Estate and additional 50 acres land has been acquired,

making the total land available 68 acres for the Facility

Vapi Waste & Effluent management Company Limited

Vapi Waste & Effluent Management Company Limited, a Non Equity- Non Profit entity, based on cooperative

principles with corporate culture of management, was formed with an objective of providing a Comprehensive

Environment Management Program (CEMP) for the estate.

We have installed end of the pipeline treatment facilities like common effluent treatment plant (CETP) and

transport, storage, disposal facility for hazardous solid waste (TSDF) to control pollution levels and now focus is

shifted to pollution abatement by adopting and promoting Cleaner Production, Cleaner Technology for Cleaner

Development Mechanism.



xli

Green Environment Service Co. Op. Society Limited

The Vatva Industrial Estate was established by Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation in the year 1960

in the south east direction of Ahmedabad City on Ahmedabad - Mehmadabad state highway to accommodate

small and medium scale industrial units.

There are approximately 1800 units in this industrial Estate, out of which approximately 680 generate

wastewater and have potential to cause water pollution. These include units manufacturing Pharmaceutical

Products, Dyes, Dye-Intermediates, Pigments, Fine Chemicals and other organics. They also include Textile Process

Houses, Rolling Mills and other Non Chemical Process Industries.

During the decade of 1990s, many industries started planning compressive treatment. However it was very

difficult and techno-economically not viable to arrange for necessary treatment of wastewater by these units

individually. There was also constraint of space to install Effluent Treatment Plants by these units in their premises.

The most practical and cost effective approach was to establish a Common Effluent Treatment Plant for the

treatment of effluent being generated by these units. In fact it was necessary to establish proper infrastructure

to take care of the environment related aspects being faced by the individual industrial units in the estate. In

order to fulfill these objectives the 'Green Environment Services Co-operative Society Limited' (GESCSL) was formed

with the support of Vatva Industries Association and Gujarat Dyestuff Manufacturers' Association. Initially there

were 620 industrial units of GIDC Estate, Vatva, Ahmedabad as members. The GESCSL is managed by 15 members

including Chairman, Vice Chairman, Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasure.



xlii

KEY SPEAKERS

1 Justice H. L. Dattu, Hon'ble Chief Justice, the Supreme Court of India

2 Justice V M Sahai, Hon'ble Chief Justice of the Gujarat High Court

3 Shri Babubhai Bokhiria, Hon'ble Minister of Agriculture, Government of Gujarat

4 Shri Bhupendrasinh Chudasama, Hon'ble Minister of Education, Government of Gujarat

5 Shri Parshottam Rupala, Former, Member of Parliament

6 Dr. S. Ayyappan, Director General, ICAR

7 Justice B P Singh, Formerly Judge, the Supreme Court of India & President of NCCSD

8 Dr. J. P. Mishra, Advisor (Agri), Planning Commission of India

9 Dr. M S Swaminathan, Founder, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation

10 Shri V.V. Sadamate, former Advisor, Planning Commission of India

11 Dr. Kirit N Shelat, Executive Chairman, NCCSD

12 Dr. Purvi Pokhariyal, Director & Dean, Institute of Law, Nirma University

13 Dr. Gopichandran- Director, Vigyan Prasar, Ministry of Science & Technology, New Delhi

14 Dr. Sanjay Deshmukh-Prof. Life Science Department, Mumbai University

15 Dr. Dipayan Dey- Chair, South Asian Forum for Environment (SAFE), West Bengal

16 Dr. A. Arunachalam- Pr.Scientist, NRM Division, ICAR, New Delhi

17 Dr. A. K. Sikka, Deputy Director General (NRM), ICAR

18 Dr. Jagdish Dagar- Former ADG (ICAR), Emeritus Scientist, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal

19 Dr. Kinkini Dasgupta Misra, Scientist F and Head, Gender and Technology Communication Division, Vigyan Prasar

20 CDR Ashish Mittal

21 Dr. Anthony Whitbread, Director of our Resilient Dryland Systems Research Program, ICRISAT

22 Dr. Ch. Srinivasa Rao, Director, CRIDA, Hyderabad

23 Shri Hardik Shah-Secretary. GPCB

24 Dr. Robert Jordan, -IFOM

25 Shri Arun Solanki, Principal Secretary, Animal husbandry, Government of Gujarat

26 Dr. Shalin Shah-Adani Group of industries

27 Dr. Raj Kumar - Principal Secretary, Agriculture, Government of Gujarat

28 Dr Ravish C. Maheshwari-Former vice chancellor -SDAU Gujarat

29 Dr. R. A. Sherasiya, Director, ATMA

30 Dr. K. Muthuchelian-MADURI

31 Dr. M. Sankar- Bangalore university

32 Prof. Ravi Saxena, Nirma University

33 Dr. Madhuri Parikh, Nirma University

34 Shri Bharat Modi, Managing Director, Gujarat State Seeds Corporation Limited

35 Dr. I. R. Rathod, Ex-Agril. Scientist, AAU, Anand

36 Dr. R. B. Patel, Ex-DEE, NAU, Navsari

37 Dr. Mayur Vyas, Ex M. D., Sabarkantha district Cooperative milk producers union limited, Boria Himathnagar

38 Dr. D. R. Patel, NCCSD

39 Shri N. M. Patel, NCCSD

40 Ms. Nisha Shah, NCCSD

41 Ms. Hetal Seju, NCCSD

42 Ms. Lizamma Thomas, NCCSD



1

KEY PAPERS



2

Key Papers

1 The Status of Strengthening Climate Justice Initiatives: Livelihood Challenges at Local Level with a

Focus on Farmers - Dr. Kirit N Shelat, Dr. Gopichandran, Ms. Nisha Shah 3

2 Climate Resilient Rainfed Systems – Dr. Ch. Srinivasa Rao 12

3 The need for Gender sensitive response to the effects of Climate Change – A step towards Climate

Justice through Science and Technology Communication- Kinkini Dasgupta Misra 13

4 Critique of Environment Public Hearing process in India with Special Reference to Rights of the

Farmers - Dr.Madhuri Parikh 15

5 Global Climate Change and Biodiversity - Prof. Dr. K. Muthuchelian 15

6 Environmental Issues: Environment Protection Act, Challenges of Implementation and Livelihood

Security - JC Dagar1 and Shakuntla Devi Dagar2 16

7 Climate Justice though Regeneration of Common Property Resources (CPRs) for Income and

Employment Generation for the : A Case Study- Dr. R. C. Maheswari 17

8 ‘Bio – Rights’ As New Paradigm in Empowering Commons for Environmental Justice -

Dr. R Gopichandran and Dipayan Dey 18

9 Widening Participation for Social Justice: Poverty and Commons Access to Environment -

Dr. Dipayan Dey 19

10 Justice Education as Sustainability Instrument for Reducing Interest Conflicts in Development in

Global South - Ms Amrita Chatterjee and Dr Dipayan Dey 19

11 Impact of Climate Change Technologies in India - Prof. Dr. T. Vidya Kumari 20

12 Institutional Innovation in Climate Smart Agriculture - Tushar Pandey, Parth Joshi, Srijita Dutta 21

13 Climate Justice: Agriculture Perspectives - A.Arunachalam 22

14 Overview of Presentation by Robert Jordan 22

15 Is this justice to the saviours of our Climate? – Shalin Shah 23

16 Helping farmers cope with climate variability and change in the regions of South Asia and

sub-Saharan Africa - Dr Anthony Whitbread 23

17 Analysis of Seasonality Variations and Copping Strategies among Cocoa Growers : A Case of Kyela

and Rungwe Districts - Magreth Bushesha 25



3


Livelihood Challenges at the Local Level with a Focus on Farmers

Dr. Kirit N Shelat, Dr. Gopichandran, Ms. Nisha Shah

The objective of the present note is to strengthen the call to reduce "climate - burdens" faced by farmers.

We emphasize the fact that all farmers face such burdens with equal intensity and the small farer however is

exposed to greater spread and depth of risks due to inherent multiple vulnerabilities. A recap of some natural

and induced calamities stresses the need to expedite and synthesize preventive and remediation strategies. Justice

has to be delivered in a timely and holistic manner. This is possible due to the continually evolving evidence

centered knowledge backing and thus the need for precautionary approaches. The present note cites such

evidences from within the State of Gujarat and a wide variety of institutional mechanisms that can complement

access to justice; only to re - emphasize the scope for locally adapted action within the purview of public policy

measures.

Contours of justice & the farmer focus: The three well known facets of justice are fairness, moral rightness

and a scheme or system of law that benefits every citizen. They receive due justice, manifest as natural and legal

rights. The efforts of attorneys, judges, and legislature and public administration systems to deliver such justice

are quite commendable. It is however essential to recognize the individual and synergistic impacts of systems

related determinants that retard the pace of delivering justice and hence the inadvertent incongruence between

the time at which justice is delivered and its relevance for further action. Some of the predominant challenges

include complicated procedures, inadequate seats of justice / courts, cases that exert a drag on time even as they

may not merit immediate attention and less - than - optimal use of alternative dispute settlement procedures.

Yet another important dimension is the fact that poor people are not able to meet multiple costs of procedures

or tools that can expedite access. The wealthy secure greater privileges and the poor tend to be neglected. This

is especially true of farmers. Much as they suffer on several fronts, climate change and its impacts impose greater

challenges and enhances vulnerability of the poor farmers in particular.

The specific challenge in this case is to device appropriate mechanisms; inclusive in nature so that the voices

of the poor farmers are also heard in a timely manner. Systems of law and honorable judges may like to note

that climate change related impacts emerge through individual / synergistic stimuli with cross cutting implications.

Amelioration strategies are aligned with the preparedness of farmers to use tools / techniques that deliver locally

relevant and feasible solutions. Alternatives should be part of the baggage of solutions that have to be sustained

with appropriate institutional, fiscal / non - fiscal and capacity building measures. A call for comprehensive

approaches that go beyond piece - meal solutions is therefore essential.

Industry and urban township are mostly implicated in the creating the externality through the release of

pollutants and other emissions. They have to be made responsible for the challenges caused and sustained support

to overcome challenges in the longer term too. These are locally felt challenges of a global phenomenon and

can be seen as externalities that the farmers are not responsible for. The stakeholders responsible for creating

these challenges cannot be determined as there is no direct cause and effect relationship. But it is important to

deliver justice to the affected communities in a timely manner. These should include technical, technological and

financial inputs and safety nets as stated above so that the farmers can tackle climate related challenges

immediately and sustain such transitions in the future too. Farmers have to be oriented to "Climate Smart

Practices" on a priority basis.

A snapshot on causes and impacts of global warming: We are familiar with the fact that our earth is heated



4

by sunlight. Most of the sun's energy passes through the atmosphere, to warm the earth's surface, oceans and

atmosphere. However, in order to keep the atmosphere's energy budget in balance, the warmed earth also emits

heat back to space as infra-red radiation. A natural system known as the "greenhouse effect" regulates temperature

on Earth. Just as glass in a greenhouse keeps heat in, our atmosphere traps the sun's heat near earth's surface,

primarily through heat-trapping properties of certain "greenhouse gases".

Over the past thousands of years, the amount of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere has been relatively

stable. A few centuries ago, their concentrations began to increase due to the growing demand for energy caused

by industrialization, rising populations, and due to changing land use and human settlement patterns. The

greenhouse effect refers to the change in the steady state of temperature by the presence of gases that absorbs

and emits infra-red radiation. The greenhouse gases trap heat within the troposphere. The gases are water vapor,

carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons. Nitrogen, oxygen and argon make up 98%

of the Earth's atmosphere. But they do not absorb significant amounts of infra-red radiation and thus do not

contribute to the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide (CO2) constitutes about 72% of total GHG and contributes

the bulk of radioactive forcing. The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has increased from

285 ppm at the end of the nineteenth century before the industrial revolution, to about 385 ppm in the new

millennium.



5

Methane is produced when vegetation is burned, digested or decayed with no oxygen present. Garbage dumps,

rice paddies, and grazing cows and other livestock release methane. Nitrous oxide is released when chemical

fertilizers are used in agriculture. The other gas is SF-6. Importantly the industrialized nations are the largest

emitters of these gases.

Some important natural calamities with comparable effects: Unpredictable climate is a threat to the

sustainable development: This creates havoc around the world, destroying habitats and disturbing people's

livelihood. Some of the recent natural disasters related to this phenomenon in India are narrated below. It must

be noted that our country is not new to droughts, cyclones etc. She is however experiencing much greater

frequency and intensity in recent times. These include:

• Gujarat Earthquake, 2001 in Kutch as one of the most devastating with 19,727 deaths, 1,66,000 injured and

nearly 6 lakh homeless. 3,48,000 houses were destroyed, 20,000 cattle killed and the estimated loss was about

USD 1.3 billion.

• Tsunami December 2004 affected Andaman & Nicobar, Pondicherry, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh causing loss

of agri-crops, cattle wealth, housing and livelihood.

• Mumbai Floods of 26th July 2005 paralyzed the city.

• Surat floods (2006) that caused an estimated Rs.22,000 crore loss affected the city's infrastructure, in addition

to individual and agri losses especially of sugarcane (Rs. 4,000 crore)

• Heavy rains in 2007 in Rajasthan with flooding and consequent breakout of diseases, loss of crops and cattle

wealth.

• Koshi river overflow in Bihar; dam in Nepal giving way affecting large areas of Bihar and UP.

• Droughts of 2009 in some states due to delayed monsoon.

• Heavy floods in Northern India and un-seasonal showers and snow in some parts of India

• 2011 -13 floods in Andhra Pradesh; the land slide in Uttarakhand and the delayed monsoon of 2014-15.

Similar impacts have been evident in other parts of the world too. These include tornadoes in USA that inflicted

damage quantified at $9 billion, the 2010 heat wave in Russia that killed hundreds of people and led to a 40%

fall in the harvest of food grains; floods in Australia and Pakistan that killed thousands of people and devastated

agricultural lands; re-current droughts in China, tsunami in Japan, recurrent and continuous famines in Ethiopia

- Somalia and riots for food by hungry millions; recurrent floods in South East Asia, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand

etc.



6

Some of the long standing impacts pertain to loss of livelihood, increased risk of diseases outbreak and

germination of new viruses, damage to infrastructure and communication particularly in rural areas, setback to

social and economic development and emergence of social turmoil with increased rural urban divide, pushing

farmers in rural areas again below the poverty line, poor productivity and food insecurity. Justice in terms of

monetary compensation alone will be incomplete. A comprehensive multi - pronged approach to sustain preventive

and remediation benefits is needed. In this context it is essential to take note of emerging leads regarding impacts

and align management strategies for optimal benefits. Some of these aspects are presented in brief in the following

presentation.

Important leads from research at the Anand Agricultural University

• Sensitivity of CERES-Peanut (Groundnut) model to ambient temperature under optimal condition (cv. JL-24)

Change in Simulated grain yield (kg / ha) % Change from base

mean ambient temperature (°C) (2200 kg / ha) yield

1 2,152 2.1

2 1,888 14.2

3 1,514 31.2



7

The area under groundnut crop in Gujarat is 19 lac hectares. An increase in temperature by 3°C, could influence

reduction in groundnut yield by 31.2% i. e. 13.2 lac ton per year.

• Sensitivity of CERES-Wheat model to ambient temperature under optimal condition (cv. GW-496)

Change in mean ambient Simulated grain % Change from base

temperature (°C) yield(kg / ha) (5825 kg / ha) yield

1 4,078 -30

2 3,675 -37

3 3,266 -44

The area under wheat crop in Gujarat is 24 lac ha. An increase in temperature by 3°C, could see a reduction

in wheat yield by about 44% i. e. 12.5 lakh ton per year.

Some projections with respect to India as a whole include change in rainfall pattern by the end of the 21st

century, increase in temperature by 2 to 4 0C, pronounced warming over most of the land areas with a maximum

increase over northern India, relatively greater warming in winter and post-monsoon seasons and greater

frequency of cyclones during post-monsoon seasons.

It is important to note the drought in 2002 reduced 15 million hectares of the rainy-season crops and resulted

in a loss of > 10% in food grain production. Last year (2013) delayed monsoon rains caused a fall in rice cultivation.

Terminal heat stress is lowering yields of late-sown wheat yields and cold waves during December 2002-January

2003 significantly affected mustard, mango, guava, papaya, brinjal, tomato and potato in northern India. The cold

wave in 2006 damaged 50-60 % of young and 20-50 % old mango trees. Other fruit crops as guava, aonla, banana,

papaya, bael, karonda, chironji, khirni, mahua, tamrind, wood apple and jamun were also affected. On the other

hand, high rainfall in 1998 and 2005 ( > 1500 mm) affected kharif and late kharif crop of onion and damaged

the rabi nursery leading to price hike. Cashew yield and quality were affected due to untimely heavy rain in March

2008 along the west coast. Apple cultivation appears to have shifted to higher elevations due to inappropriate

chill and sea surface temperature increase by 2-2.5oC in May 1998 led to bleaching in 85% coral reefs. Nearly

20 lakh birds perished due to heat waves in June 2003.



8

Continuous higher temperatures during critical growth stages of rabi crops reduces the crop yields consid-

erably. Rising trends in minimum temperature during kharif season have negative impact on rice yields. About

278 districts exhibited a negative impact of rising temperatures and 59 of them showed statistical significance.

Negative impacts are noticed mostly on the eastern parts, Madhya Pradesh and in Indo-Gangetic Plains. As of

September 2014, in Mansa, canals breached and about 10,000 acres of cotton crop were swamped. Heat wave

can reduce a milk yield by 10-30% in first lactation and 5-20% in second and third lactation periods in cattle and

buffaloes. It also affects the growth, puberty and maturity of crossbreed of cows and buffaloes. Fish tend to migrate

to lower strata and suffer mortality in the shallow areas.

Small farmers stare at big losses

• Monsoon delay has pushed 20 of the 75 districts in UP to the brink of drought. Worst-hit are in Meerut, Kanpur

and Varansi, where dry spell has damaged paddy.

• Unusual rain has harmed crops in parts of Bankura, Purulia and East Midnapore in Bengal. Large-scale flooding,

after heavy rains affected 23 districts in Odisha and entire regions of Kashmir. Source: Economic Times, 7

September, 2014

The way forward: The aspects stated above have to be addressed through a climate justice perspective. The larger

questions accordingly pertain to six inter related aspects. They are

• Legal and administrative framework / provisions for farmers can invoke for redressal and thrust responsibilities

for related impacts

• Existing safety--net provisions and mechanisms to deliver them to the affected families

• Expedited delivery of services through government support schemes

• Economic Inequities and system related barriers faced by farmers

• Systems of warning and weather forecasts / agro-advisories and appropriate practices to tackle challenges

that may occur prior to / during and post - harvest periods &

• Accountability of industry, urban / peri urban areas including such infrastructure projects as power generation,

ports, mining etc that generate these externalities.

The centrality of the farmer & The Indian perspective to tackle challenges and present systems: It is possible

to establish synergies across systems that address post - disaster reconstruction / rehabilitation, employment

guarantee, crop insurance and food security.

Some basic elements are embedded in the Disaster-Reconstruction Policy that provides immediate help to

people affected by natural calamities. It includes shifting people as a precautionary measure and provides

assistance to the affected during floods/cyclone. This includes cash doll as payment covering a 15 - day period;

assistance for household kit / replacing lost or dead livestock-lost / Repair or restoration of houses collapsed or

washed away and crop insurance / employment till onset of monsoon in community project during drought and

health services. The Employment Guarantee Scheme (Act) - MNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employ-

ment Guarantee Act), related crop and cattle insurance and Minimum Support Price that protects farmers in time

of falling price due to bumper crops or speculation.

The National Food Security Act provided for food security to both urban and rural poor. Approximately 67%

of rural population is entitled to receive subsidized food grain form Public Distribution System. 11 states have

introduced this scheme. Operational issues pertaining to some of these are being sorted out. Grievance redressal

is possible through the Legal Aid Cell that guides and even provides a lawyer without any fees for those who cannot

afford. The Lok Adalats are open courts to settle issues by calling aggrieved parties together.



9

The district level public administration (as in Gujarat) consists of a District level Committee headed by the

Minister (In charge of District), Secretary (In charge of District) and District Collector. They meet every month

to listen to aggrieved parties. A public hearing process is also operational. Those who are not satisfied with the

decision or want to take up the matter at a higher level can directly file complaints in CM office through online

mechanism .CM takes up video conferences every month to settle /receive such complaints. Following important

challenges persist despite these support systems.

1) A large number (approximately 20%) people are left out of the food security and employment guarantee

schemes. They are consequently left out of development process> this hampers their ability to tackle such

challenge as loss due crop-failure or Cattle death or Washing away of crop and soil.

2) Safety nets dealing with inputs and marketing are riddled with leakages.

3) In the case of crop insurance, delay in payments reduces benefits significantly. Quantification of damage is

a major point of contention. In the case of car insurance, the insurance company assesses the case on an

individual basis. Independent consultants examine the damage and enable access to insurance. In case of crop

insurance, the assessment is too broad based, going beyond the village level too. With recent changes in

climate ,there is a difference in rainfall pattern between two adjacent village. Differences in yields are seen

even across individual farms. In case of individual assessment of farmer where crop fails he / she are entitled

to insurance payment. However, in the current general assessment approach, it is the overall rainfall pattern

or crop yield that determines settlement of claims. India has advanced in a big way in satellite technology.

It is possible to identify farm-wise detail through satellite images and optimal use of other tools of knowledge

economy. Is it not essential for insurance companies to use all available state of art tools to quantify losses

and covers?

4) Every year the government all over the country introduces new town planning scheme under Town Planning

and Urban Development Act. Authorities draw out the town plan, acquire land for public purpose and re-

allocate exiting plots. Several villages get covered under expansion schemes. Every village in our country has

animal holders who could even be landless. The government provides for "Community Grazing Area" for all

cattle. In context of overall increase of temperature it will be essential to also provide heat shelters for these

cattle in designated areas. Recentlt common grazibg areas are not given any importance. It gets authorized

and distributed for other community - related purposes as roads, gardens etc. The end result is that animal

holders pay greater costs. This cost of development is paid by poor animal holders. This is a glaring example

of inequity. A query under Right to information Act with the Ahmadabad Urban Development Authority has

confirmed that no land is reserved (response is "not pertaining to this department"-source Reccnd/RTI/AUDA/

1138/24th Sep .2014 ) for communities or cattle or livestock.

The Urban Development Authority should provide for community grazing lands, community housing for cattle,

recycle water and make available for irrigation, recycle solid waste and convert in to fertilizer and make

available to both farmers and new settlers.

5) A comparative statement on related governance tools is presented in the following table.



10

1. Crop Average settlement period (1 to 2 Car Insurance and Normally Insurance

Insurance years), while requirement is immediate Medical Insurance company makes

for re-sowing direct payment and

have

Cashless provisions

2. Inputs No action if no germination takes place. Consumable and Immediate exchange/

Seeds non-consumable replacement within

goods stipulated period in

case product fails to

meet standards

depicted

3. Sale of Gets banned for exports if there is internal Industrial There is no such ban

Agriculture (within country) shortage & with price rise, products

produce farmers looses higher value from its sale if

exported

4. Tenancy Law Under certain conditions the workers can Urban developer The Tenant cannot

(If farmers become owner - under Tenancy Act. rents out house become owner

retains /hires Farmer is under constant threat of local

workers) Talati who maintain land records.

5. Sale of Compulsory in local Agriculture Produce Sale of Industrial Industries can sell

Agriculture Market Yard where traders run action Produce products wherever

produce system and form cartels (APMC Act) they want

6. International Small farmer cannot even present relevant This is devised

assistance. details, or fill up a form; let alone only to help

Carbon Credit understanding its complexities polluters. The

difficult format

which can be

filled only by

Consultants

7. Organisations There are NGOs at the national and Farmers have

international level that voice farmer's actually no voice

interest.They could have their own in what is being

agendas and may work at cross purposes represented on

if the objectives and intent are not for their behalf.

common good.

Call for action at the local level: The emphasis of the NCCSD is on initiatives at the local level including Local

public Administration. These pertain to Taluka level members of Public Governance System. This include the Sub

Judicial Magistrate, Taluka Magistrate and Mamlatdar, the Taluka Development Officer and the Police Inspector

in addition to commercial and co-operative banks, the Agriculture Produce Market Committee yard (APMC) ,the

Input dealers related to seeds, fertilizer and agriculture tool and equipments. They have to be sensitized to their

responsibility in this context. They have to be made accountable. A "Limitation" could be imposed on them to

respond on time and take corrective action.



11

Significant delay occurs in moving papers across departments. The village panchayat's personnel have the

statutory responsibility for development. They should take the initiative to push causes for timely justice. -The

Sarpanch should visit the farms and help claim redressal.

Need for CSA :-

Special efforts are needed to create awareness and enable practice of Climate Smart and Sustainable

Agriculture (CSA) practices. CSA addresses opportunities in agriculture, fisheries, poultry, other livestock and animal

husbandry. The paradigm is to look for alternatives when some fail to provides support. Young members of the

family can acquire multiple skills, set up microenterprises, establish newer safety nets, establish insurance and

enhance employment opportunities.

Climate smart agriculture involves crop patterns based on soil health and moisture analysis. They are guided

by agro - advisories at the door step of farmers. This can be on the basis of immediate, medium and long term

expectations of weather / climate patterns. Production and security systems can be suitably designed to overcome

challenges. Mitigation and adaptation strategies can be twinned for optimal returns.

Sources: The author is inspired by insights from the stated list of references and builds on his practical

knowledge derived while serving the State of Gujarat and the country as a whole.

1. Reccnd/RTI/AUDA/1138/24th Sep. 2014, Reccnd/RTI/ Director Agriculture-Anand/22nd Sep 2014 RTI/ Lead

Bank Cell/19th Sep 2014

2. Climate Smart Agriculture Source Book - FAO 2013

3. Adapted from a comparative analysis of Turral et al., 2011; Comprehensive Assessment, 2007

4. Adapted from Engle, 2011

5. Adapted from FAO, 2009b; Smith et al., 2008; World Bank, 2008

6. Adapted from IPCC, 2007, in FAO, 2008a

7. CSA, FAO 2013

8. Anand Agricultural University, Anand 2011-12

9. Bogdanski et al., 2010; Bogdanski, 2012

10. The Gujarat Government Gazette extraordinary-published by authority 7-7-2009

11. Gujaratstat.com revealing Gujarat………Statistically Information

12. Gujarat State Disaster management Authority--Disaster management policy March 28th 2003.

13. National Food Security Act 2013- National portal of India

14. The National Rural Employment guarantee act,2005-The gazette of India Extraordinary

15. Climate Smart Agri. Source Book , Soils and their Management for CSA

16. Climate Smart Agriculture Source Book - FAO 201

17. Gujarat Horticulture Statistics (2011-12

18. Pages IX - Climate Smart Agriculture Source Book

19. Soils and their management for CSA - Climate Smart Agri. Source Book



12

20. 17th Livestock Census (2011-12)

21. Dr. Sumankumar Jha, College of Agro Forestry,Navsari Agriculture University, Navsari, Gujarat, India

22. Andrade C. A 6-week, multicentre, randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and

efficacy of placeboxetine hydrochloride in the treatment of major depressive disorder in an Indian setting.

Indian J Psychiatry. 2011;53:69-72.

23. Andrade C. Placeboxetine for major depressive disorder: Researcher, author, reader, and reviewer perspectives

on randomized controlled trials. Indian J Psychiatry. 2011;53:73-7.

24. Andrade C, Radhakrishnan R. Prayer and healing: A medical and scientific perspective on randomized controlled

trials. Indian J Psychiatry. 2009;51:247-53.

25. 5. Shah N, Mahadeshwar S, Bhakta S, Bhirud M, Fernandes P, Andrade C. The safety and efficacy of

benzodiazepine-modified treatments as a special form of unmodified ECT. J ECT. 2010;26:23-9.

26. Andrade C, Srihari BS, Reddy KP, Chandramma L. Melatonin in medically ill patients with insomnia: a double-

blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:41-5.

27. Andrade C, Madhavan AP, Kishore ML. Testing logical memory using a complex passage: Development and

standardization of a new test. Indian J Psychiatry. 2001;43:252-6.

28. Andrade AC, Pai S, Cardoza S, Andrade C. Personality profile of urban, female college students. Indian J Psychol

Med. 1994;17:41-6.

29. Andrade C, Postma K, Abraham K. Influence of women's work status on the well-being of Indian couples. Int

J Soc Psychiatry. 1999;45:65-75.

30. Kumar CN, Andrade C, Murthy P. A randomized, double-blind comparison of lorazepam and chlordiazepoxide

in patients with uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2009;70:457-74.

Climate Resilient Rainfed Systems

Ch. Srinivasarao

Director, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Saidabad,

Hyderabad, 500059

Knowledge of potential impacts of climate change on agriculture is recently important aspects in scientific

community. Many studies showed that climate change lead to agricultural vulnerability, which increases the

problems of future food security. Rainfed agriculture covers 58% of net sown area in the country. It is the dominant

contributor of staple food production and also ensures livelihood of majority of farmers in India. Climate variability

may alter soil flora and fauna, the rate of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, nutrient cycling, soil moisture,

as well as distribution of pests and diseases. The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) reported >25%

decrease in food grain production due to climate change in India by 2030. A resilient agricultural system ensures

better ecosystem services, such as food, feed, and livelihoods. Climate resilient agriculture, encompassing

adaptation and mitigation strategies and the effective use of biodiversity is pre-requisite for sustainable devel-

opment. Significant decline in production is likely to be caused by shortening of growing period, which will have

negative impact on reproduction and grain filling particularly due to terminal heat stress and decreased water

availability.



13

Some of the components towards climate resilience in rainfed systems include rain water management, new

cultivars, integrated watershed development, conservation agriculture, and contingency crop planning and

integrated farming systems. Management of soil, water and nutrient management strategies are highlighted as

an important strategy in building the resilience of natural resources in rainfed areas. Development of climate-

resilient crop varieties will be critical to agricultural adaptation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to promote

indigenous crop varieties and reverse the loss of agro-biodiversity.

Large parts of India's drylands regularly suffer from water scarcity during summer and mid season droughts,

exacerbated by the dropping water tables. Therefore, conservation of water either through increasing SOM or

through development of watersheds or harvesting rainwater in the farm ponds is crucial to build resilience in

agriculture. Farm ponds conserve the natural resources like soil and nutrients apart from water and acts as flood

control measures by reducing peak flows in the watersheds or given area of catchment. Supplemental irrigation

with harvested rainwater can play an important role in reducing the risk of crop failures. Conservation agriculture

is an important system, it may conserves soil moisture by reduces evaporation and soil erosion, reducing runoff

besides moderating soil temperature.

Success of integrated farming system (IFS) lies in proper enterprise mix and optimum utilization of resources.

Increasing the tree component in IFS i.e. agroforestry, agri-horti, agri-silvipasture will sequester atmospheric carbon

in the plant biomass and in the soil, thereby mitigating climate change. Under NICRA, technology demonstration

components of several IFS modules with a combination of small enterprises such as crop, livestock, poultry, piggery,

fish and duck rearing were demonstrated to farmers. Such systems improve their livelihoods and provide resilience

to extreme weather events.

The need for Gender sensitive response to the effects of Climate

Change - A step towards Climate Justice through Science and Technology

Communication

Kinkini Dasgupta Misra, Scientist F, Vigyan Prasar, DST

Climate change and extreme weather affect men and women both, but its adverse effects are likely to be

more acute for women, especially economically weak and marginalised rural women. Directly or indirectly village

women are largely depends on agriculture and informal sectors for their sovereignty, which are vulnerable to

extreme weather.

In almost all economies women's social roles, access to resources and information, and participation leave

them disadvantaged. The impacts of climate change and environmental degradation are different for women and

men. Women from low-income communities, rural and tribal bear a heavier burden from the impacts of climate

change because they are more reliant upon natural resources for survival or they inhabit areas with poor

infrastructure. At the same time, women are key players to sustainability solutions. It is women who are responsible

for food production and the collection of water and fuel wood, which makes them particularly aware of changing

weather patterns that alter growing seasons, decrease crop yields and lower water levels. This knowledge is

essential for adaptation and mitigation strategies.

Women in developing countries are particularly vulnerable to climate change because they are highly

dependent on local and natural resources for their livelihood. Women charged with securing water, food and fuel

for cooking and heating face the greatest challenges. Women experience unequal access to resources and decision-



14

making processes, with limited mobility in rural areas. It is thus important to identify gender-sensitive strategies

that respond to these crises for women.

Climate change is expected to affect many sections of natural and man-made sectors; many of them are of

particular relevance to the work and livelihoods of women. Women living in poverty are the most threatened

by the dangers that stem from climate change. Rural women are not immune to these climate change threats.

In rural communities women are largely dependent on natural resources and agriculture for their livelihoods.

Climate change will mean that the supply of natural resources will be threatened. Agriculture may become less

viable. Women are playing a significant role in the agriculture production and are facing high risks of loss from

droughts, uncertain rainfall, floods and deforestation. These climatic hazards have already led to low production,

food shortages and poor livelihoods. Climate change adds to water insecurity and shortage which in turn makes

much of women's time for fetching water for domestic uses. Moreover water insecurity increases women's

workload in subsistence farming. Given women's key role in agriculture, it is a fundamental for adaptation efforts

to provide local climate information and enhance meteorological and climatological knowledge.

A climate justice approach amplifies the voices of those people who have done least to cause climate change,

but who are affected most severely by it. It includes the poorest and most marginalized people world-wide who

already suffer most from poverty, hunger, ill-health and injustice. Thus climate justice needs to incorporate a strong

gender perspective. Gender inequities alone can motivate more women to lead in taking action, but women's

leadership must address the entire range of climate issues as well as bringing a gender perspective to each of

them.

The paper would attempt to highlight the need for a robust science communication strategy which can

facilitate action on climate justice in creating a gender-conscious response to reduce the negative impacts of natural

disasters on women, particularly in relation to their critical roles in provision of food, water and energy. Attempt

would be made to emphasise the women farmers are the effective agents of change in relation to adaptation,

mitigation and disaster reduction strategies through science and technology communication programme. It will

be demonstrated that the sensitization programmes are the only source to develop their knowledge, skills, and

experiences for shaping adaptation process for better livelihood. The paper would emphasis on the various

approaches of creating awareness on the expected consequences and risks of climate change in agriculture;

documentation of women's experiences of climate change impacts on agriculture, water, housing, fisheries and

related livelihood issues, as well as feeding into the process of developing adaptation policies and strategies for

local, state and national government for promoting gender equality. The paper will encompass the initiatives to

involve women farmers in developing local-specific issues and reflecting a participatory approach to knowledge

management through communication strategies. It would also elaborate how collaboration with the rural women's

networks and SHG will help in creating community of practitioners.

References

1. Overview of linkages between gender and Climate Change, GGCA, © 2013 United Nations Development

Programme.

2. Women, Gender Equality and Climate Change, U N Women Watch © 2009, www.un.org/women watch.

3. Climate change and gender: economic empowerment of women through climate mitigation and adap-

tation, October 2010.

4. Gender and Climate Change, Climate Justice Briefs, November 2010



15

Critique of Environment Public Hearing process in India

with Special Reference to Rights of the Farmers

Dr. Madhuri Parikh

Asst.Professor, Insitute of Law, Nirma Univeristy, [email protected]

India has adopted the concept of sustainable development. Many new development projects are given

permission in India after Environment Impact Assessment of the projects. But still due to the advent of the projects

many people are displaced and rehabilitated. Many farmers lose their fertile land. It indicates that effective

participation of farmers in domestic environmental compliance and enforcement efforts is very essential, as it

is one of the effective ways of protecting their human rights, right to environment. The right to participation allows

people to be part of the decision making process through consultation and comments, and to have their opinion

heard. When members of the public express their views on a proposed project, alternative views, otherwise not

represented, are resented. This paves the way for the decision-making agency to be thorough in their analysis

and thus brings quality and objectivity in the decisions. The present paper focuses on the critical analysis and

evaluation of one of these participatory tool i.e. public hearing as part of environment impact analysis process

in India with special reference to farmers. It critically analyses the efficacy of this tool in protecting the rights

of the farmers in India. It evaluates the Public Hearing process in India with special reference to the farmers.

Global Climate Change and Biodiversity

Prof. Dr. K. Muthuchelian

Ph.D., D.Sc., FNABS., FPBS., FZSI., FIEF (Canada).,

Former Vice Chancellor, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu

Director, Centre for Biodiversity and Forest Studies

Head and Chairperson, School of Energy, Environment and Natural Resources

Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai - 625 021.

[email protected]

Climate is an integral part of ecosystems and organisms have adapted to their regional climate over time.

Climate change is a factor that has the potential to alter ecosystems and the many resources and services they

provide to each other and to society. Human societies depend on ecosystems for the natural, cultural, spiritual,

recreational and aesthetic resources they provide.

In various regions across the world, some high-altitude and high-latitude ecosystems have already been

affected by changes in climate. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reviewed relevant published

studies of biological systems and concluded that 20 percent to 30 percent of species assessed may be at risk of

extinction from climate change impacts within this century if global mean temperatures exceed 2-3 °C (3.6-5.4

°F) relative to pre-industrial levels (IPCC, 2007).

These changes can cause adverse or beneficial effects on species. For example, climate change could benefit

certain plant or insect species by increasing their ranges. The resulting impacts on ecosystems and humans,

however, could be positive or negative depending on whether these species were invasive (e.g., weeds or

mosquitoes) or if they were valuable to humans (e.g., food crops or pollinating insects). The risk of extinction

could increase for many species, especially those that are already endangered or at risk due to isolation by

geography or human development, low population numbers, or a narrow temperature tolerance range.



16

Observations of ecosystem impacts are difficult to use in future projections because of the complexities

involved in human/nature interactions (e.g., land use change). Nevertheless, the observed changes are compelling

examples of how rising temperatures can affect the natural world and raise questions of how vulnerable

populations will adapt to direct and indirect effects associated with climate change.

The composition and geographic distribution of ecosystems will change as individual species respond to new

conditions created by climate change. At the same time, habitats may degrade and fragment in response to other

human pressures. Species that cannot adapt quickly enough may become extinct- an irreversible loss.

Scientists have observed climate- induced changes in at least 420 physical processes and biological species

or communities. Changes include migratory birds arriving earlier in the spring and leaving later in the autumn.

Observations, experiments, and models demonstrate that a sustained increase of just 1oC in the global average

temperature would affect the functioning and composition of forests. The composition of species in existing forests

will change, while new combinations of species, and hence new ecosystems, may be established. Other stresses

caused by warming will include more pests, pathogens, and fires. Because higher latitudes are expected to warm

more than equatorial ones, boreal forests will be more affected than temperate and tropical forests; Alaska's boreal

forests are already expanding northward at the rate of 100 kilometers per degree Centigrade.

They are a major reservoir of carbon, containing some 80% of all the carbon stored in land vegetation, and

about 40% of the atmosphere during transitions form one forest type to another if mortality releases carbon fater

than regeneration and growth absorbs it. Forests also directly affect climate on the local, regional, and continental

scales by influencing ground temperature, evapo- transpiration, surface roughness, albedo (or reflectivity), cloud

formation, and precipitation.

With few exceptions, deserts are projected to become hotter but not significantly wetter. Higher temperatures

could threaten organisms that now exist near their heat- tolerance limits.

Grasslands support approximately 50% of the world's livestock and are also grazed by wildlife. Shifts in

temperatures and precipitation may reshape the boundaries between grasslands, shrublands, forests, and other

ecosystems. In tropical regions such changes in the evapo- transpiration cycle could strongly affect productivity

and the mix of species.

Creating natural migration corridors and assisting particular species to migrate could benefit forest ecosystems.

Reforestation and the integrated management of fires, pests and diseases can also contribute. Rangelands could

be supported through the active selection of plant species, controls on animal stocking, and new grazing strategies.

Wet lands can be restored and even created. Desertified lands may adapt better if drought- tolerant species and

better soil conservation practices are encouraged.

Environmental Issues: Environment Protection Act, Challenges of

Implementation and Livelihood Security

JC Dagar1 and Shakuntla Devi Dagar2

1 Former ADG (ICAR), Emeritus Scientist, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132001, India2 Advocate, District Courts Karnal, Affliation with Punjab & Haryana High Courts, Chandigarh

The decline in environmental quality has been evidenced by increasing all kinds of pollution, loss of vegetation

and biodiversity, excessive concentrations of harmful chemicals and green house gases in the ambient atmosphere

causing climate change, growing risks of environmental accidents, and threat to food chain and life support

systems. Although there are existing laws dealing directly or indirectly with several environmental matters and

even the Environment Protection Act, 1986 received the assent of the President and published in the Gazette

of India followed by several rules handling environmental problems from time to time till 2013; the main concern

is how to get these legislations implemented in letter and spirit? Moreover, the existing laws/rules generally focus



17

on specific types of pollution related problems or on specific categories of hazardous substances, or wild-life

protection. Some major areas of environmental hazards and disposal problems are not covered. Removal of

mangroves in coastal areas and forests on hills are ignored facing the consequences of natural disasters. Problem

of tackling issues related to disposal of effluents into rivers and estuaries (effecting coastal ecosystems) remain

intact. There are inadequate linkages in handling matters of industrial and environmental safety issues. Control

mechanisms to guard against slow, insidious build up of hazardous substances, especially new chemicals, in the

environment (soil, water and air) are weak. Many areas need to be redefined and the multiplicity of regulatory

agencies needs to be rectified for proper implementation of laws and regulations. In many areas problems like

accumulation of heavy metals like arsenic, boron, lead, etc and their seepage in drinking ground water is a matter

of health concern both of human and animal population. Despite of 67 years of independence, the major challenge

remains of implementation of laws for handling the municipal solid and liquid wastes and major rivers which are

life lines of millions of people remain polluted. Those who protect the environment through greening (through

plantations) are unable to harvest the benefit of carbon credit as we lack easily implementable policies. There

are several environmental issues which directly or indirectly affect livelihood security particularly of poor people

including farmers with or without land. Some of these issues have been discussed in this paper.

Climate Justice though Regeneration of Common Property Resources

(CPRs) for Income and Employment Generation for the : A Case Study

Dr. R. C. Maheshwari

An integrated approach has been made to develop a wasteland falling under classes IIIes and VIes of land

capability classification in watershed management plan, for achieving fuel and fodder security in an adopted village

Islamnagar under Operational Research Project on Integrated Energy and Nutrient supply System. An Energy Census

and resource Assessment Survey of this village (Maheshwari, et al, 1981) showed that the village was in deficit

of fuel wood by 98.8 tons (20.8% shortfall annually) and cattle feed by 812 tons (30% shortfall annually).

The total area of the village consists of 717 ha out of which 61.6 ha is forest land, more than half of the

forest land comprise of hilly terrain, completely denuded of its trees, however, the silver lining was the fact that

the root stock of trees still existed under the soil. Once the physical protection was ensured and a deep cut was

given to the roots below the surface of the soil during the summer before the rains, the rootstock sprouted and

regenerated very vigorously. In order to meet the fuel wood and fodder demand of the village, 38 ha of land,

as identified on the basis of land use planning,was brought under silvi-pastural development with early growing

tree species and the high yielding varieties of grasses. The soil and water conservation measures taken include

contour survey, cut-off trenches along the contour at 5-10 m vertical interval, vegetative waterways, drainage

ditches, cattle protection trenches and kachha service road along the boundary of the area, temporary erosion

control structures and micro-catchment water harvesting for insitu water conservation. In addition to meeting

fuel wood and fodder demand and other intangible benefits, like artisanal raw materials, the silvipastural

development of identified wasteland generated 1,15,421 man-days of work during a five year period. In other

words, 60 persons could be employed year round for this work alone. In terms of harnessing solar energy through

photosynthetic processes in the form of food, fuel, fiber and fodder amounts to 21 percent annually as against

2-4 percent for field crops. In terms of income generation, the annual auction of natural grasses alone in the fifth

year amounted to Rs 6000 per ha. There was perceptible drop in the ambient temperatures in the summer, with

increased number of birds and wildlife, including a pair of wolves.

*Former Astt Director-General (Center-State Coordination and Technical Coordinationand Plan Implementation and

Monitoring) and Former Vice-Chancellor, S. D. Agricultural University, Gujarat



18

'Bio - Rights' As New Paradigm in Empowering Commons for

Environmental Justice

Dr. R Gopichandran and Dipayan Dey

South Asian Forum for Environment; Research and Planning Division

'Bio-rights' is based on the principle of Environmental justice that all people have a right to be protected from

environmental pollution to live in and enjoy a clean and healthful environment. Bio-rights are financial mechanism

to compensate opportunity costs of local stakeholders and assist commons of global south in reconciling poverty

alleviation and sustainable use of natural resources. It could contribute to poverty alleviation by direct payments

to compensate for poverty related costs and distribution of payments to communities on the basis of nature

conservation.

In this review paper, we highlight and assess the significance of the emerging discourse of 'just sustainability'

in global south. We briefly examine the influence of the environmental justice movement upon emerging debates,

and the role of the many and various 'home grown' initiatives; of which the concept of commons Bio-rights is

significant and we finally examine the linkages which may be made between the environmental justice and

sustainability discourses.

The paper describes environmental racism and its underlyingcauses and then presents a case study of

environmentalracism in the coastal wetlands of west Bengal in India that are used as sewerage dumping grounds

and are systematically sitedin poorer areas. The paper also describes a movementof environmental awakening

in one area to fightenvironmental racism and to support isolated, rural and peri-urban fishermencommunities in

their efforts to recover environmentalvalues. Biorights policy should not only be reactive to environmental 'bads',

but should also be proactive in the distribution and achievement of environmental 'goods' like a better livelihood

or a sustainable community growth.

Though the parameters of "environmental justice" may seem virtually unlimited, in response to claims that

urban neighborhoods bore a disproportionate share of environmental risks, however, perusal of data showed that

neither urban neighborhoods nor areas with concentrations of poor people were disproportionately impacted...

The strongest correlation in the study turned up as to the level of political participation: Finally, there is some

evidence to suggest that the government is beginning to recognize that environmental justice can play a role in

the wider agenda for sustainable development and social exclusion. It is this emerging discourse by NGOs and

government based around the linked notions of environmental justice and sustainability.

Environmental justice may be viewed as having two distinct but inter-related dimensions. It is, predominantly

at the local and activist level, a vocabulary for political opportunity, mobilization and action. At the same time,

at the government level, it is a policy principle, that no public action will disproportionately disadvantage any

particular social group. We expand on this below, but it is important to emphasize that a fruitful discussion of

environmental justice is crucially dependent upon recognizing this distinction. It is necessary to place the discourse

of environmental justice firmly within the framework of sustainability. This paper recognizes the integral connec-

tions between justice, reciprocity and equity as a wider question of sustainability and governance.



19

Widening Participation for Social Justice:

Poverty and Commons Access to Environment

Dr Dipayan Dey

Chair: South Asian Forum for Environment

In this international Year of Sanitation, one in five of the world's population, which includes two-thirds as

women, live in abject poverty; on the margins of existence, without adequate clean water, sanitation or healthcare,

without food and education. This enormous mass basically depends on the natural resources of the environment

around them. The loadstone of urbanization though doesn't consider them as stakeholders neither partner the

poverty. Social justice is not only denied it is refuted rather. The concept of widening participation in sustainable

development has different meanings for different countries, depending on the particular country's overall political

and socioeconomic status. As the above quotation indicates, for many of the poorer countries widening

participation is not a matter of accessing right to natural resources at all, even at the most basic level. It is displacing

them in the name of rehabilitation and thereby narrowing their livelihood opportunities to facilitate elimination

of the poor commons.

As mentioned in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, rural development is stagnating worldwide. For

people living in rural areas the (over)exploitation of natural resources is one of the few options remaining to avoid

poverty. The over-exploitation of natural resources is seriously compromising long-term development, ensuring

that people remain poor, trapped in a so-called poverty trap. 'Bio-rights' offers a novel approach to addressing

this situation, an approach with the potential to effectively increasing income while at the same time stimulating

conservation and sustainable exploitation of natural resources. Global stakeholders profit from the long term

benefits of the natural resources, while local people gain an increased income.

Nevertheless, it is important to note here some key distinctions that serve to perpetuate the North-South

divide on this issue, the most important coming from international donor agencies and their policy-makers. The

present paper would peruse the participatory machinery in global south for sustainable development and assess

the impact of allowing commons an access to nation's natural resources

Justice Education as Sustainability Instrument for Reducing

Interest Conflicts in Development in Global South

Auhors: Ms Amrita Chatterjee and Dr Dipayan Dey

South Asian Forum for Environment; Community Research Wing,

Email: [email protected]

Justice Education happens to be the empowerment panacea for the commons in the global south. Right to

participation and socio-economic justice is the only sustainability instrument for reducing interest conflicts in global

south. In developing countries, social impact assessment studies continue to be applied as tools for impact

minimization and mitigation. Optimally, this approach should aim to ensure social justice and maximize devel-

opment options and opportunities consistent with internationally agreed principles of sustainability.

Studies carried out in south Asian countries reveal that assessments of environmental opportunity costs and

social impacts for establishing special economic zone (SEZ) was critically done but reports were not disseminated

to the local stakeholders denying their social justice and development proposals were thus incongruent to



20

sustainability objectives. For any Government, profit alone cannot be the motive as it has an obligation to ensure

that such projects do not adversely impact the people. To gauge the likely impact of a project on a State's economy,

a Social-Cost Benefit Analysis (SCB Analysis) is often commissioned. Such an approach ensures social reciprocity,

allows the assessment of the impact of a project on the national economy, unlike financial analysis which has

a narrow perspective of profit accruing. Computation of social profits at the economic hurdle rate is a key step

in assessing whether the project is in the national interest and for computing the kind of concessions that can

be provided by the governments, such as tax concessions or waivers, or giving it SEZ status.

The present paper showcases a case study named POSCO SEZ project in Orissa of India. The study broadly

used the ADB/World Bank methodology on the social cost-benefit with minor adjustments for the local parameters.

Econometric models were used to project border prices for the useful life of the project. The project's impact

from the State economy perspective in terms of the impact on the State GDP (output multiplier effects) and

employment opportunities created within the State (employment multiplier effects) was also assessed.

An important part of the study was the Least Cost Analysis of technology options in the steel-making, the

Finex process that Posco project purports to bring and the traditional blast-furnace technology. The Average

Incremental Economic Cost was used as the yardstick; this was followed by computing the economic IRR (internal

rate of return) to examine whether the project was economically worthwhile from the national economy point

of view. The significant feature of the study is the estimation of depletion premium or the opportunity cost for

deployable and non-renewable resource iron ore.

Although opening up of the economy and sustainable environmental development at the crossroads of

conflicting interests with commons poses uneven challenges, IA tools are seldom brought together in practice to

plan, assess and implement SEZ projects, which requires an integrated approach to clarify the trade-offs between

economic, equity and environmental criteria.

The paper explains that depletion and deterioration of environmental sources and sinks must be kept within

"safe margins" and residual damages be compensated by environmental enhancement. In effect, EIA and SIA should

be applied with explicit reference to the precautionary principle through participatory community partnership and

with the notion of no net loss of natural capital.

International Conference On "Strengthening Climate Justice Initiatives: Livelihood Challenges at Local Level with

a focus on Farmers"

November 8-9, 2014

Institute of Law, Nirma University, Ahmedabad (Gujarat) India

Impact of Climate Change Technologies in India

Prof. Dr. T. Vidya Kumari

New technologies are tools of progress and development. Innovations and technology transfers are the beacon

lights that attract the developing countries to provide monopoly rights in exchange for useful products and

processes that mitigate problems of public concern including climate change.

It is observed that Patents are akin to fireworks-they need careful handling .The "anti common features" of

the Patent system at times deter progress and pose a threat-a challenge to countries starved of new technologies.

This Paper is a review of the positive role of the Patent system in the protection of environment and climate

change. The different aspects of the relationship between climate change and new technologies will be discussed.



21

The base of the Paper includes-

1. The review of the various international instruments on climate change. The starting instrument is the

UNFCCC-The UN Framework Convention on Climate change of 1992 followed by the Kyoto Protocol of

1998 which spells out the objectives for its members to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Subsequently

there has been a consistent international dialogue for action against climate change. The limitations of

International Instruments and the need for concrete National Policies will be examined in this segment

of the Paper.

2. The role of the Patent system follows. The inherent challenges posed by the IP System due to its anti

common features has a negative effect on the democratic policies of most developing countries including

India.

3. The paper suggests a cooperative approach by the Government to receive the benefits of the Patent

system by encouraging technologies that mitigate climate change.

All efforts are required to mould the IP Laws to ensure the rights of the IP holders for their efforts, skill and

investments for technologies that address climate change and provide enough room for a synergy between IP

holders and the ultimate users of these technologies. The proposals of the Indian Government in this regard will

be discussed.

Institutional Innovation in Climate Smart Agriculture

Public and Social Policies Management, YES BANK Ltd

Tushar Pandey - Senior President

Parth Joshi - Senior Manager / Srijita Dutta - Associate

[email protected]

Indian agriculture is highly dependent upon weather since more than 60% of the cropping area is rain-fed.

A recent IFPRI-CCAFS study has forecasted that India could lose 10-40% of its current crop production by the end

of century due to global warming. The report estimated that 10% drought will increase the prices of rice by 23%.

A long-term strategy needs to be implemented which would prepare farmers to adapt and respond

appropriately to climate change, and effectively overcome the consequences. Climate-Smart Agriculture, which

sustainably increases agricultural productivity and ensures achievement of national food security goals, provides

a window of opportunity to avert the impacts of climate change. This can be facilitated through Public Private

Partnership or by efficient co-operative mechanisms. Co-operatives have been a crucial factor in consolidating the

agriculture sector in the country. The co-operatives cover almost all rural parts in India. Co-operatives are playing

role in agriculture banking since 1904.Co-operatives are effective instruments to establish any scalable model for

agricultural development. The paper proposes a sustainable business model to implement Climate Smart Agri-

culture by involving Financial Institutions and Co-operatives. Climate Smart Agriculture requires expensive farm

machineries & infrastructure that may not be affordable for small & marginal farmers. So, there is a need of

financial ecosystem for co-operatives to construct Custom Hiring Centre from where farmers can afford machin-

eries on rental basis.

Co-operatives can play role of direct intermediary between farmers and consumers. They can procure the

produces directly from farm gate and trade directly to retail consumer. Financial Institutions can deliver advisory

services for marketing & branding of the products as well as offer credit for construction of warehouses, primary

processing, and transport & logistics facilities.



22

This paper analyses how a sustainable business model can be effectively implemented towards workable

Climate Smart Agriculture Practices.

Keywords: Climate Change, Agriculture, Cooperatives, Adaptation, Mitigation, Climate Smart Agriculture, Business

Sustainability

Climate Justice: Agriculture Perspectives

Dr. A. Arunachalam

Indian Council of Agricultural Research, KrishiBhawan, New Delhi 110001

Agriculture appears in the global climate change negotiations principally as a crosscutting issue - relevant to

almost all of the main negotiating topics, yet for the most part appearing only incidentally. However, when it comes

to ground zero, the cultural practices and traditional knowledge systems that helps in adapting the communities

to climate change impacts are enormous and significant; these processes also indirectly help in the mitigation

processes. It is all believed that adaptation can only be carried out with sufficient provision of financial resources,

as well as transfer and sharing of relevant technologies and practices and building of indigenous capacity to address

the broad range of impacts at levels from local to national. It is therefore envisaged that the policies that are

derived from the global vision should converge into win-win strategic action plans through local level implemen-

tation. While doing so, the indigenous and rural farming practices as well as other ancestral models of agricultural

practices that contributes to solving the problem of agriculture and food sovereignty, given the contextual human

population, should also be given priorities in the achieving the climate justice at par with the environmental

sustainability per se.

Overview of Presentation

by Robert Jordan

Farming in India is a highly complex socio-economic phenomenon. Climate justice is therefore part of a much

broader issue of justice for farmers, the rural poor and indigenous peoples in India. This presentation is intended

to provide insights into emerging international policies and their implications for farmers in India. It outlines

opportunities provided by the new Sustainable Development Goals, the Green Economy, Low Emission Develop-

ment Strategies and various initiatives connected with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change and the FAO Committee on World Food Security. But it also questions the suitability of the predominating

economic paradigm of market-led trade liberalization that underpins many UN policies for providing India's most

vulnerable people - farmers, rural poor and indigenous peoples with justice and a fair deal.

For a nation that has perhaps more farmers than any other country and which is home to a quarter of the

worlds under-nourished it is absolutely essential that agriculture initiatives primarily engage and empower India's

farmers and rural poor. It also looks at the types of agriculture that can deliver gains for Indian farmers and tribal

people in terms of resilience, justice, profitability and sustainable development. Finally the presentation looks at

the important leadership that NCCSD is providing and makes some suggestions for how it could leverage the

networks and expertise it is rapidly assembling for considerable impact at the national and international levels.



23

Is this justice to the saviours of the Climate?

Shalin Shah

Deputy General Manager - Health, Environment & Safety

Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Limited

Email: [email protected]

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) more popularly known as "Carbon credits" is no longer a new

terminology. It has been introduced since beginning and well accepted in various industrial sectors to gain credits

against their future emission reduction potentials.It is mainly done for offsetting the emissions of developed

countries by the activities of developing countries. We are at the stage of phase out of Kyoto Protocol and new

treaty will be signed when world leaders will meet next year in Paris during Conference of Parties 21 of UNFCCC.

Though it took several years to establish a good process for developing a CDM project which is simpler,

acceptable and verifiable, even today it needs special skills to understand its basics to be able to convert them

in to a good acceptable proposal. Baseline conditions, Approved methodology, Leakages, Additionality etc. are

part of CDM process which is even difficult for technical experts also.

For Agriculture sector it is still to start from the scratch. One important thing is to realize that all other sectors

have to put efforts to achieve emission reductions but agriculture is the only sector which by default reduces

emissions. Agriculture through their photosynthesis activity is the only known technology in the world by which

CO2 is absorbed and converted to products like glucose. But the sector is driven by the poorest community i.e.

farmers. How one can expect a farmer to be able to match with the capabilities required to register their efforts

for this global movement called Climate Change. They are anyway and continue to contribute without any support.

Like Energy & other industrial process sectors thatare having all the capacities including financial resources, have

achieved carbon credits beyond imagination. But in the entire process still agriculture sector is far behind.

The process of registering the project / activity which reduces emissions and claim carbon credits is very

lengthy and tedious. Thought it has now scope for small players to join together and increase the feasibility of

the project / activity but adaptability and dependability is still a big challenge. No government has ever thought

for this sector to help them achieve rewards for their contribution towards Climate Change mitigation.

Is this justice to the saviours of our Climate?

Helping farmers cope with climate variability and change in the regions

of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa

Dr Anthony Whitbread

Director of the Resilient Dryland Systems Program,

International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

The International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) is has been in existence since

1972 with its headquarters in Hyderabad and research stations and offices in several sub-Saharan countries giving

it a global outreach. Coping with climate, both variability and change, is often the No.1 challenge to farming in

the semi-arid tropics. The program that I lead, Resilient Dryland Systems, uses multidisciplinary research (biophysi-

cal, social and economic sciences) to understanding the farming systems in the semi-arid regions. Our research



24

for development (R4D) approach is at a range of scales, field-farm-watershed. These R4D approaches are used

to identify technologies and intervention strategies and their entry points that that may then be applied at scale

to reach millions of farmers.

Our research focus is therefore:

• Enhancement of farm income and risk minimization through better agronomic management (i.e. rota-

tions, crop diversification, soil fertility, enhanced water use efficiency, organic and inorganic nutrient use).

• Generation of farm income through the enhancement of the synergies between crop and livestock

enterprises (i.e. forages for livestock creating income from milk and meat, recycling of N from BNF, tree-

crop-livestock systems, market linkage).

• Natural resource management through enriching and buffering water and nutrient supplies; protecting

soils and moderating microclimates; reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

The approaches and tools we use are:

• Considering how smallholder farm households deal with drought and food insecurity based on the surveys,

stakeholder consultations, bioeconomic modelling.

• The use of innovation platforms and value chain approaches that enable intervention strategies to be

connected with market opportunities.

• The use of simulation platforms (e.g. crop-APSIM/DSSAT, bioeconomic-statistical and linear programming)

to explored strategies for coping with drought and adapting to climate change- (Key Focal Area - Model

based analysis)

• Improvement of vulnerability assessment and mapping of resource potential and land use using advanced

geospatial techniques.

• Investigation of risk-reducing policies, safety nets, gender equity, early warning systems, and resilience

and recovery strategies.

My talk will show data that indicates the climate has indeed changed in the past decades pushing some areas

of India into drier agro-climatic classifications. But most of the focus will be on how farmers might better cope

with uncertainty by making more informed decisions using information from seasonal climate forecasts, historical

analyses of local climate, and a better understanding of soils and crops. I will use examples from the driest

continent, Australia, to show that farming can be less risky by combining such sources of information. By working

together as scientists, extension workers, policy makers and farmers, farming can become profitable and

sustainable in almost any environment.



25

Analysis of Seasonality Variations and Copping Strategies among Cocoa

Growers : A Case of Kyela and Rungwe Districts

Magreth Bushesha

Abstract

The study investigated how cocoa farmers cope with seasonality variations in Kyela and Rungwe districts in

Mbeya Region Tanzania. The study had two specific objectives; to identify main buffer sources of income at times

when cocoa produce go down; and to identify challenges that face cocoa growers in the study area. The study

adopted a descriptive research design. Simple random sampling was used to select 224 sample population. Data

was collected through questionnaire administration, in-depth discussion with key informants, focus group discus-

sion, observation, and documentary review. Thematic data analysis was adopted to analyze qualitative data

whereas simple descriptive statistical analysis was adapted to analyze quantitative data. The study identified such

crops as maize, beans, groundnuts, paddy, watermelon, banana, oil palm, and cassava to be major buffer crops

at times when income from cocoa go down in both districts. Off farm activities including livestock keeping, fishing,

selling of forest products, and petty business also add income among farmers. Off-farm activities including food

vending, selling of forestry products and petty business also play an important role in income generation among

cocoa growers. The study suggests that farmers should be encouraged to invest not only on farming rather in

off-farm activities too especially because rainfall for agricultural production is no longer reliable. The government

should also assist farmers to regulate prices.

Key words: Seasonality, Cocoa, Sustainable Livelihood, Rungwe, Kyela

Introduction

Cocoa is among crops that make an important livelihood options in Kyela and Rungwe districts. However

according to Anim-Kwapong and Frimpong (2005) cocoa yields fluctuates with seasons, in some seasons cocoa

yields tend to be high whereas in others they tend to be low. A study by Bushesha (2011) indicated that seasonality

is an issue of concern among cocoa growers in Kyela district which is one of the study areas; this is particularly

because rainfall data in kyela shows inter-seasonal and inter-annual variations. Not only that but also length of

dry seasons varies between years. The major concern of this study was on how farmers, who depends mainly

on cocoa for their livelihood cop in different seasons.

The Problem

Cocoa is one of the most important sources of income among its growers in Kyela and Rungwe districts

(Bushesha 2011). The crop gives yields throughout the year and it can be sold throughout the year hence allowing

farmers of having petty cash throughout the year (Bushesha 2011). The crop, however, is sensitive to seasonal

variations in terms of yields (Anim-Kwapong and Frimpong 2005; Bushesha 2011). Variations in yields mean

variations in income among its growers. This study intended to establish how farmers cope with such variations

in cocoa yield. Answer sing this question has implications on peoples' livelihoods; this is key for sustainable

development planning.

Research Objectives

The main objective of this study was to produce a holistic study of the examination of the seasonality copping

strategies and their implications on livelihoods of cocoa farmers in Tanzania. Specifically the study intended to:

1. Identify main buffer sources of income at times when cocoa yields go down.



26

2. Examine implications of buffer sources of income on farmers' livelihood.

3. Identify challenges facing cocoa growers in the study area.

Research Questions

The study strives to answer one main question which is: In which ways cocoa growers buffer themselves from

income fluctuations within different seasons? The study will answer the following specific questions: -

1. Which months around the year are characterised by heavy rains and which ones are characterised by

drought and how these vary annually?

2. What produce are available within different seasons and how these complement sources of livelihoods?

3. What off-farm activities are perceived important for buffering at times when cocoa yield dwindles?

4. What are the implications of coping strategies on livelihoods?

Literature Review on seasonality copping strategies among small holder farmers

The term seasonality is defined as the variation that occur in different seasons and characterized by a series

in which the data experiences regular and predictable changes which recur every calendar year. Any predictable

change or pattern in a time series that recurs or repeats over a one-year period can be said to be seasonal (http:/

/www.investopedia.com, 27.09.2012).

According to Devereux (2009) farming process among small holders is dependent of a hypothetical expec-

tations among farmers that rains will timely start, adequately rain and be normally distributed; this hypothetical

situation tend to be within the minds of farmers hence the courage of undertaking the different farming activities

including field preparations, seed planting, weeding, and tending fields in all ways while looking forward for a

bumper harvest. When this hypothetical situation fails to materialize farmers become victims of wasting resources

and eventually of hunger and poverty. Communities most vulnerable to seasonality variations are rural that derive

their livelihoods predominantly from farming. They cultivate food and other crops for subsistence and income

(Devereux 2009).

Swift and Hamilton (2001) describe the concept of coping strategy as "a behavior or action that helps

smallholders respond to seasonality by using available resources and create additional income for consumption

or investment in order to adapt to environmental changes" (Swift and Hamilton 2001: 73). Where rains happen

to rain inadequately or happen to be poorly distributed as a result they cause poor harvest, farmers opt to sell

assets such as livestock, bicycles, to cover up the gap of income which could otherwise be generated from cultivated

crops (Swift and Hamilton, 2001).

According to Below et al. (2010) adaptation practices to seasonality variability can be classified as follows:

Farm management and technology; farm financial management; diversification on and beyond the farm; govern-

ment interventions in rural infrastructure; the rural health care services, and risk reduction for the rural population;

knowledge management, networks, and governance. Some known seasonality coping strategies among farmers

in different areas include migration and sales of assets. Male members or whole families migrate to nearby towns

to search for work in the non-agricultural areas, mostly in the construction sector. In hard times, children are taken

out of school and send to work to support the family (Devereux, 2009).

The other known coping strategy for prolonged dry seasons is delayed sowing (Devereux, 2009). This is

adaptation per necessity, sowing early without irrigation would lead to crop failure. Further, changing cropping

patterns is another noted adaptation strategy for seasonality variability around the world (Toulmin 2009). As the

growing seasons get shorter, for example, farmers tend to be constrained to change their cropping patterns

(Toulmin 2009). Where no irrigation is available, farmers have stopped growing (ibid). Indigenous knowledge also



27

plays a significant role in early warning and weather forecast, forest and pasture conservation, soil and water

conservation and disaster preparedness (Kihupi, 2000; Mhita, 2006).

It is not clear whether these strategies apply to small scale farmers in Tanzania. Using the case of cocoa growers

this study is likely to shed light on the applicability of these afore said copping strategies to seasonality variability

among small holder farmers in Tanzania. However the research is specifically focusing at explaining how and what

do farmers do to supplement income at times where cocoa income dwindles due to seasonality variations.

Around the world seasonality copping strategies have been a major agenda in improving crop production to

small holder farmers. With unpredictable changes in seasonality different countries in the world have adopted

different strategies to help small scale farmers cope with seasonality variations. Bruns, (2004) for example reports

that Indonesia spent US dollar 10 billion on irrigation to assist small holder farmers to cope with prolonged dry

seasons between 1968 and 1993. As of 2004 the Indonesian government had supported 1.5 million hectares of

small holder farmers in coping with prolonged drought (Bruns, 2004). IPCC advocates more intensive use of water

impoundment; several useful examples are given from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Niger, and Burkina Faso. Perm culture,

water harvesting and infiltration pits, together with the use of drought tolerant crops, have been more recently

extended in Zimbabwe, particularly by women in response to recurrent droughts (Stigter et al., 2005).

In Tanzania, use of excavated banded basins for rice farming particularly in the Lake Zone; creation of raised

broad basins locally called Vinyungu for prolonged drought in Iringa region; and use of water storage structures

locally called Ndiva in Kilimanjaro are some of coping strategies to seasonality. Growing high water demanding

crops in the lower parts of a landscape using rainwater from the surrounding high grounds has been practiced

in semi-arid areas of Tanzania (Mbilinyi et al., 2005). According NAPA (2005), the existing adaptation and coping

strategies for Tanzania for the agriculture sector include alternative farming systems; promotion of indigenous

knowledge; change of planting dates in some agro ecological zones; increase of irrigation; drip irrigation for specific

regions; growing short-season and drought tolerant crops such as sorghum and millet over maize; shifting crop

farming to more appropriate agro ecological zones; changing crop rotation practices; integrated crop and pest

management; make better use of climate and weather data, weather forecasts, and other management tools;

create awareness on the negative effects of climate change; sustainable water management; and insist on annual

and short term crops (NAPA, 2005).

Empirical evidence regarding seasonality coping strategies among cocoa growers in Tanzania is limited. The

crop was first planted in Mbeya region in 1952 (URT 1988). From that time cocoa was grown in the then Tanganyika

British colonial government farm estates in Kyela and Rungwe districts. In 1960, the government of Tanganyika

encouraged small-holder cocoa production, such an encouragement led to expansion of small cocoa farm

establishments in parts of Kyela and to a lesser extent in the lowlands of Rungwe district (URT 1988). However

there no literature explaining how cocoa farmers have been copping with season variations since then. The

agricultural and livestock policy of 1997 for example does not state anything concerning the seasonality copping

strategies among small (cocoa) farmers despite the fact that past policies (i.e. 1983Tanzania Agricultural and

Livestock Policy) recognized cocoa as an important crop for income generation among small scale holders. The

1983 Agricultural policy acknowledged that cocoa is a good small-scale foreign exchange earner (nearly $4 million

in 1992) surpassing many other non-traditional exports. The policy stated that due to the importance of cocoa

in the country, the government would use its extension service to promote the crop and would encourage

cooperatives and the private sector to continue with the marketing of the crop (URT 1983). Therefore lack of

literature in the study of cocoa cultivation and seasonality copping strategies in Tanzania has left such unanswered

questions as: - To what extent are earnings from cocoa contribute to peoples' livelihoods in the study area? How

such earnings vary with seasons? What options are there for farmers at times when cocoa produce does not satisfy

needs? The study was therefore undertake to answer these questions.



28

Methodology

The Study Area

Kyela (Figure2) and Rungwe (Figure 3) districts were selected basing on the fact that they are the major cocoa

growing districts in the country (URT 1982). Kyela district lies between 9º 25º and 9º 40º latitudes south of Equator

and 35º 41º and 30º longitudes east of Greenwich meridian. The district borders Makete and Ludewa districts

to the east, Ileje district to the west, and Rungwe district to the north. The district also borders Lake Nyasa and

the Republic of Malawi to the south. The district has an area of 1322 km2 (132,200 ha). The district receives rains

of about 2000 - 3000mm per annum. The main rainy season is between November and June, with the heaviest

rainfalls usually occurring in April and May (Bushesha 2011). The district has a warm and humid climate, with

mean daily temperature of 23ºC. The natural vegetation is of tropical savannah forest and grass, with lagoon

vegetation on swamps and rivers mouths. Agriculture is the main economic activity in the strict. Production of

food and cash crops account for 79.3% of employment and 88% of the district's Gross Domestic Product.

Rungwe District is located between 80030' and 9030' latitudes South and 330 and 340 longitudes East. The

District borders Kyela district to the South, Ileje district to the West, Makete district to the East and Mbeya district

to the North. The district is mountainous and it experiences average rainfall ranging from 900mm and 2,700mm.

Temperatures are moderate ranging from 18oC - 250C all year round. Agriculture is the mainstay of Rungwe District

economy (Rungwe DADP Draft 2012-13).

Figure2: Kyela district

Source: Department of Geography University of Dar-es-salaam (2013)

Figure 3: Rungwe District

Source: Department of Geography university of Dar-es-salaam (2013)



29

The Research Design

This study applied a descriptive research design. Hence the adoption of such data collection techniques as

focus groups and interviews; these approaches allows for probing through asking follow-up questions so as to

get the in-depth information for depth description of events (Silverman 2005). A questionnaire was administered

to generate descriptive statistical data. The use of more than one set of data sources allowed data triangulation.

Sample Size and Sampling Procedures

In Kyela district the study was conducted in two wards namely Mwaya and Lusungo. The total number of

households in two wards were 3938 and a sample of 114 households was randomly selected. In Rungwe District

the study was conducted Kisiba and Kikole wards. The two wards had a total of 2337 households and a sample

of 110 households was randomly selected for the study. Key informers for in-depth interviews were selected

purposively where by former and current cocoa growers were interviewed.

Data Collection and analysis

The study employed multiple survey data collection techniques including documentary review which included

instrumental records of rainfall and temperature, interviews with key informants, questionnaire administration,

and Focus Groups Discussions (FGDs). Qualitative data was thematically analyzed. According to Robson (2002)

thematic data analysis is one of the most common approaches to data analysis in qualitative research. As

recommended by Ryan and Bernard (2003), repetitions, indigenous typologies, metaphors, similarities and

differences, and linguistic connectors, were key issues which were observed when searching for themes. The

researcher then described these themes and subthemes, critically interpreted them and finally made recommen-

dations. Simple descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyse quantitative data.

Findings and Discussion

Respondents Characteristics

Out of 224 respondents 193 were male and only 31 were females (Figure 4). Further majority of the

respondents were aged 36-45 years old, followed by respondents aged 46-55, above 55, 26-35 and 16-25years

respectively (Table 1).

Figure 4: Pie chart showing percentage between males and females.

Table1: Age Characteristics of respondents

Age group No of respondents

16 - 25 13

26 - 35 45

36 - 45 74

46 - 55 48

Above 55 44

Total 224

Source: Field data 2013



30

Figure 5: High and low seasons for harvesting and selling cocoa

Table 2: Buffer crops at times when cocoa is not available in abundance (respondents could tick more than one

option)

Buffer crops Kyela n=164 Rungwe n=110

Frequency % Frequency %

Banana 81 49.4 68 61.8

beans 32 19.5 26 23.6

cassava 58 35.4 16 14.5

groundnuts 27 16.5 0 00

Sweet potatoes 44 26.8 0 00

Watermelon 8 4.9 0 00


Crops as groundnuts, watermelon and sweet potatoes are not grown in large quantities as cocoa and paddy

in the study areas Table 3 However farmers were of the opinion that these crops make good buffer at times where

cocoa harvests go down. A farmer from Kyela made a comment as follows:

"I have few acres …about three…I grow a mix of crops …. Groundnuts and sweet potatoes…they supplement

the income from cocoa especially in August say up to October, without these I would be in trouble"

Main buffer sources of income at times when cocoa produce go down

Buffer income from crops other than cocoa

In Kyela district cocoa harvests and sells are poor during dry season (figure 5); during this season buffer crops

include paddy, cassava, banana, beans, ground nuts, sweet potatoes, and water melon (Table 2). In Rungwe district

during wet season where cocoa is not available in abundant (figure 5) buffer crops include beans, banana, corn

and cassava (Table 2).



31

Table 3: Crops grown in the study area

Crops Grown in the Kyela n=114 Rungwe n=110

study are Frequency % Frequency %

Cocoa 92 80.7 99 90

Paddy 106 92.9 61 55.5

Banana 80 70.1 88 80

Cassava 47 41.2 62 56.4

Round potatoes 00 00 47 42.7

Coffee 00 00 09 8.2

Corn 63 55.3 38 34.5

Beans 86 75.4 42 38.2

Groundnuts 61 53.5 18 16.4

Njugu mawe 28 24.6 11 10

Sweet potatoes 57 50 04 3.6

Palm oil 79 69.3 02 1.8

Watermelon 69 60.5 00 00


Watermelon is a newly introduced cash crop in Rungwe district; only few farmers grow the crop (Table 3).

But according to FGD members in Rungwe, the number of farmers who grow watermelons is increasing day after

day.

Buffer income from Livestock Keeping

Cocoa farmers keep livestock to generate income. Animals kept include pigs, goats and dairy cattle. Farmers

also keep birds such as chickens and ducks. Table 4 presents types of livestock kept to subsidize income from

cocoa and other crops.

Table 4: Livestock kept for subsiding income from crops

Livestock kept Kyela Rungwe


Cattle 36 31.6 22 19.3

Goats 12 10.5 08 7

Pigs 17 14.9 15 13

Chicken 49 43 32 28

Ducks 09 7.9 03 2.6




32

Buffer income from fishing

Fishing is another source of buffer income in the study area. In Kyela district fishing is mainly practiced in

Lake Nyasa while in Rungwe district farmers have their own fish ponds, very few individuals have fish ponds in

Kyela (Table 5).

Table 5: Households with fish ponds

Do you have a Kyela Rungwe

fish pond? No of respondents % No of respondents %

Yes 03 2.6 22 20

No 111 97.4 88 80

Total 114 100 110 100

Source: field data 2013

Selling forestry products

Selling of forestry products makes another source of buffer income for cocoa farmers in the study area; this

includes selling charcoal, furniture fire wood, honey and timber (Table 6).

Table 6: Forest products sold for income generation

Products Kyela Rungwe


Charcoal 11 9.7 07 6.4

Furniture 07 6.1 03 2.7

Firewood 11 9.7 08 7.3

Timber 09 7.9 07 6.4

Honey 04 3.5 09 8.2


Because of cutting trees without replanting, the supply of wood is decreasing, and people have to walk further

and further to obtain firewood as one of the farmers from Rungwe commented:

"Nowadays we really walk and walk far far far to get wood. Timber product is not good nowadays

because of transport costs wood is found far to the interior of the forest".

Petty Trade

Selling of brown sugar by street vendors is the major trade between Kyela and Malawians. In Rungwe trading

is not as popular as in Kyela. Farmers also engage in other small business activities as food vending such as frying

banana, fish, chicken and cassava, retail shops, bars and restaurants. Table 7 presents types of petty business that

some farmers engage in as part of subsidizing income from farming activities.



33

Table 7: Petty business in the study area

Business Kyela Rungwe


Sugar vending 16 14 5 4.6

Food vending 12 10.5 7 6.4

Retail shop 4 3.5 3 2.7

Restaurant 2 1.8 3 2.7

Bar 2 1.8 1 0.9


Although trade is significantly done in the study areas, there is the need to follow up which products do better

in the market and how. That will help to promote such products in order to improve farmers' income status in

the study areas.

Non Seasons bottlenecks facing cocoa growers in the study area

Market, lower prices, delayed payments, land shortage, transportation, pests and diseases and Monkeys

Market is a challenge for cocoa farmers. Farmers were asked to identify their most liable buyers of cocoa;

most of them indicated that small vendors famously known as njemke are the most liable buyers of cocoa in

both Kyela and Rungwe districts (Table 8).

Table 8: Most reliable cocoa buyers

Buyers Kyela Rungwe

No of respondents % No of respondents %

Small vendors 104 91.2 93 84.5

Cooperative unions 3 2.6 5 4.5

Industrial producers 5 4.4 6 5.5

Fellow farmers 2 1.8 6 5.5

Total 114 100 110 100

Source: Field data (2013)

Most farmers identified that the problem with small vendors is that they use exploitative containers to

measure cocoa beans. They use plastic containers that have been warmed hence enlarged in size such that they

take more than meant amount of cocoa beans (Table 9).

Table 9: Small vendors' means of measuring cocoa

Measurement Kyela Rungwe


Exploitative containers 98 86 88 80

Weighing Machine 16 14 12 11

Sacks 34 30 26 24




34

A respondent from Kyela made a comment that indicates the extent to which farmers perceive that middle

men exploit them; the comment is in line with findings on table 7.

"….the Njemke are not that much good buyers because they play with our minds…they measure using

buckets meant for 10kgs or small tins meant for 3kgs famously known as "vilita". But they deform

these containers so that they can take more cocoa but we can do nothing, they are our common

buyers of cocoa her…"

Cocoa price is another problem for cocoa growers in the study area. Table 10 shows that over 85% of

respondents in Kyela and over 83% of respondents in Rungwe indicated that prices are at a lower side. Likewise

over 78.1% and over 76% of respondents in Kyela and Rungwe respectively indicated that there is a delay in

payments. The data further shows that buyers pay less than agreed.

Table 10: Bottlenecks in cocoa production

Bottlenecks Kyela Rungwe


Lower price 97 85.1 92 83.6

Delayed payments 89 78.1 84 76.4

Less pays than agreed 58 50.8 57 51.8

Land shortage 65 57 79 71.8

Pests and diseases 45 39.5 46 41.8

Transportation 84 73.6 89 80.9

monkeys 48 42.1 08 7.3

From table 10 it can be noted that farmers were of the opinion that land for cocoa cultivation is limited.

Table 11 also shows that sizes of cocoa farms per household range from 0.5ha to 6 ha only. During Focus group

discussion in Kyela it was learnt that there is suitable land for cocoa growing but far away from homesteads, farmers

avoid such land for security reasons. Table 11 shows that in both Kyela and Rubgwe people aged between 36-

45 years own large cocoa farms than the rest of the age groups whereas age group 16 to 25 do own the least.

Table 11: Age groups against cocoa farm sizes in the study area

Age Group Farm Sizes (acres)

0 - 5 6 - 10

Kyela Rungwe Kyela Rungwe

16 - 25 12 07 0 6

26 - 35 3 11 2 4

36 - 45 57 38 4 11

46 - 55 21 16 2 7

Above 55 12 4 1 6

Source: Field data (2012)



35

Table 10 indicates that 73.6% and 80.9% of respondents in Kyela and Rungwe respectively were of the opinion

that transportation is a problem to cocoa farmers. Through observation it was noted that, in Kyela, villages with

poor road network includes Lusungo, Kikuba, Kikole, Mperangwasi, and Mpakani. In such villages buyers also have

not established sales centers hence cocoa farmers have to transport their produce to nearby villages where they

can find sales centers. In such villages famers use motorcycles and bicycles as cheap means of transport to access

market places. Otherwise farmers walk up to more than 10km to access markets.

5.0 Conclusion and recommendations

The study set out to identify main buffer sources of income at times when cocoa produce go down; and to

identify challenges facing cocoa growers in the study area. The study has shown that the main buffer sources

of income at times where income from cocoa goes down include income from selling crops other than cocoa

including paddy, sweet potatoes, ground nuts, beans and watermelon. The study has also identified such off- farm

activities as petty business, livestock keeping, fishing and selling of forestry products to be important sources of

income buffering farmers when income from cocoa is not sufficient.

This study concludes that there is a number of copping strategies that farmers can adopt and get away with

the impact of cocoa yield variations with seasons. Farmers need to be encouraged to grow such crops as cassava,

irrigated paddy, water melon, oil palm, and banana as these can make good buffer income at times when yields

from cocoa declines. But also off farm activities such as petty business has been found to play an important role

in terms of income generations in the study areas. Therefore farmers need to be educated on business management

to increase income through petty business. Livestock keeping, professional careers and talents activities persuaded

as well as fishing, all acts as income buffering activities to cocoa producers in Kyela and Rungwe district; all these

need to be promoted. Adding value to farm produce may also promote income in the study area. Hence farmers

should be encouraged to sell dried cocoa for example as well as to process most farm produce instead of selling

them raw.

The study also concludes that there are a number of challenges facing cocoa growers that different

stakeholders need to address. One of the challenges is land shortage. Farmers need support especially in terms

of increasing productivity per area since land is not enough. Further, farmers need to be assisted to search for

reliable markets for these buffer crops. The government should also find ways to regulate cocoa price.

REFERENCES

• Anim-Kwapong, G.J. and Frimpong, E.B., 2005. Vulnerability of agriculture to climate change: impact of climate

change on cocoa production.

www.nlcap.net/fileadmin/NCAP/Countries/Ghana/COCOA_DRAFT_

FINAL_REPORT.pdf

• Below T., Astrid A., Siebert R., and Stefan Sieber S. (2010) Micro-level Practices to Adapt to Climate Change

for African Small-scale Farmers: A Review of Selected Literature IFPRI Discussion Paper 00953

• Bushesha (2011) subsistence farmer perceptions and responses to contemporary climate change in rural

Tanzania: a multi-factor analysis. PhD Thesis Department of Geography and Environmental Science University

of Bradford

• Bruns 2004

• Devereux Stephen (2009), Seasonality and Social Protection in Africa, FAC Working Paper No SP07, January

• Robson, C (2000) Real World Research. Blackwell publishers, UK.

• Ryan, G.W., and Bernard, H.R. (2003), 'Techniques to Identify Themes', Field Methods, 15:85 - 109.

• Silverman D (2005) Doing Qualitative Research: - A practical handbook. SAGE, London.

• Toulmin C. (2009) Climate Change in Africa. Zed Books London/New York

• United Republic of Tanzania (1982) Cocoa Development Project for Mbeya Region. Project Report Dar es

Salaam



36

ABSTRACTS



37

Abstracts

1 Impact of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture - Patil Vijay Ramchandra 41

2 Role of Government Policies and Schemes in Climate Justice Initiatives., GUJARAT - Dr. Mina Vyas 42

3 Policy and Simple Solutions for Farmers in India to fight against adverse effects of Climate

Change - Prateek Tak 44

4 Climate justice: equity and justice informing a new climate Agreement - Upmanyu Bhaumik &

Parth Mishra 45

5 “Climate Smart Agriculture” For Oranges (Mandarin), In Nagpur District - Dr. Jyotsna S. Deshpande 45

6 Regional climate change, livelihood, agriculture and awareness - Sibananda Senapati 47

7 Mountain agriculture in context of climate change: Issues of Livelihood sustainability in Sikkim -

Suman Ghimiray & Bipul Chhetri 47

8 Right to Environment and Judicial Enforcement - Seyon R 48

9 Understanding indigenous farming techniques and traditional knowledge systems in agriculture as

the link between the food-climate nexus and international law - Ipshita Chaturvedi 49

10 Environment and Human Rights: Indian Perspective - Akanksha Singhal & Swati Sharma 50

11 National And International Legal Framework For Climate Justice - Dr. P. P. Waghmare 50

12 Unequal Burden of Climate Change on Farmers: National and International Response - Swati Saini 51

13 Impact of Climate change on farmers and sustainable livelihood - Jeyamohan K 51

14 Environmental Issues And Consequences Of Textile Dyeing Industries In Tamil Nadu With A Focus

On Its Impact On Farmers And Agriculture - Raghunatha Sethupathy 52

15 Theorizing Climate Justice to addressing practical challenges on Sustainable development -

Aparna vijayan 52

16 Impact of climate change over Environment and Sustainable Livelihood: An empirical study of

Sundarban’s community of West Bengal - Nilay Banarjee, Koustab Majumdar, Pradipta Dubey 53

17 Impact of Agricultural Modernization on Sustainable livelihood among the Tribal and Non-tribal

farmers of Sabarkantha District of Gujarat State - Mayur Prajapati, K.D.Solanki, K.A.Thakkar 54

18 Climate Change, Agriculture and International Trade: Conflicts, Challenges and Opportunities -

Neeraj Mandaiya & Ayush Sahay 55

19 Rules-regulation and laws related agriculture and environment & its implementation - K.Archana 56

20 Climate Change, Loss of Livelihood of Farmers and Human Rights - Dr. Achyutananda Mishra 56

21 Impact of rainfall variability and other farm factors on rural household income: a multivariate

analysis for select districts of Gujarat - Meeta Goel & Anand Patwardhan 57

22 Impact Of Climate Change On Farmers And Sustainable Livelihood - Sakshi Sharma &

Alaukik Shrivastava 58

23 Rules-Regulation And Laws Related Agriculture and Environment And Its Implementation -

Mukta Verma & Dr. Pawan Kumar 59

24 Capacity Building, Technology Transfer & Adaptation measures in India to address Climate Change

impacts and its comparative analysis with other Like Minded Developing Countries (LMDC) -

Chiradeep Basak 60



38

25 Strengthening Climate Justice Initiatives - Abhijeet Andrews & Pravin Sankalp 61

26 The Tussle between developed and developing Nations: Impact on Climate - Heena Duggal &

Rashi Gupta 62

27 Climate Change: A pitfall for agriculturally dependent rural Livelihoods in India? - Lakshita Bhati 64

28 Women and Policy making on Climate Change - Tejaswini Ranjan & Rahul Ranjan 64

29 Moringa Leaf Extract: An easy tool for climate smart agriculture - Dr Shahzad M.A. Basra,

Irfan Afzal, Hafeez-ur-Rehman 65

30 New Urbanism And Sustainability: A Planning Approach - Jinu Jose & Dr. Krupesh A. Chauhan 65

31 A note on the environmental impacts of mining dust on crop productivity in Bellary District -

Dr. Ponnaluru Srinivasa Sasdhar 66

32 Impact Of Climate Change Technologies in India - Dr. T. Vidya Kumari 66

33 Strengthening climate justice initiatives - Thakur Jethani 67

34 Climate Change and its effect on Jammu and Kashmir - Dr. Tabassum Sheikh 69

35 An analysis of the Legislations and policies in India in response to global climate changes issues

in last decade- Jaymangal M. Dhanraj 69

36 Municipal Solid Waste Management In India And Climate Justice - Rashmi Kumari 70

37 Mitigating climate change: Promoting Biomass gas for climate justice - Haribhai Mori,

Prashant Borkute and Shilpa Vasavada 71

38 More Decentralisation for Sustainable Development - Thilakanandan.c 72

39 Agriculture and Climate Justice: Trend of Farmers Suicide and Climate Justice in light of

Government Plans and Policies for Farmers in India - Sunita Sharma, N. Bangkim Singh 73

40 Government Role on Climate Change - Suyash Srivastava 74

41 Climate Justice and Initiatives by the Nation - Arifa Zahra 74

42 Tort Remedies: Public And Private Nuisance And Negligence - Soumya Jha 75

43 Role of Government Policies and Schemes in Climate Justice Initiatives - Harsh Bajpai,

Rishabh Saxena 76

44 Environmental Management and Sustainable Development in field of Agriculture- Utkarsh Singh,

Ayushi Agarwal 77

45 Climate Justice with respect to development of Indian farmers - Ripal Gupta, Jimit Pandit 78

46 Strengthening Climate Justice initiatives; Livelihood challenges at local level with a focus on

Farmers - Anupriya Mishra, Shubham Namdeo 79

47 Globalization and climate Interventions - Namrata Patel, Sourabh Dev Pandey 80

48 Climate Justice, Sustainable Development, Institutional Framework and Farmer in India -

Muskan Ochani, Pranati Bhatnagar 81

49 Justice Initiative in India: An Indian Farmer’s story - Shubham Modi, Kusharg Rohan 82

50 Climate, Democracy and Sustainability: Common but Differentiated Responsibility -

Rishi Mishra, Anushree Mishra 82

51 Climate Justice: Effect On Farmers - Muskan Kesharwaani, Pankaj savita 83



39

52 Climate Justice: A Holistic Analysis in the Context of Indian Farmers - Isha Kabra 84

53 E-waste in India: Dark side of Digital Revolution - Devita Shah, Neelanjana Paul 85

54 Agriculture Insurance: A Step Towards Climate Justice Initiative - Parminder Kaur,

Khushmani Kaur 86

55 Climate change, Human Rights and Moral Thresholds - Arnaaz Ameer, Noyanika Batta 87

56 Climate injustice for Indian farmers and the international legal framework - Sankalp Srivastava 88

57 Principles of Climate Justice and Sustainable Development, Somali Acharya, Paras Choudhary 88

58 Globalisation and Climate Justice The inevitable interface - Konika Mitra, Nisha Sinha 89


Govind Singh Mohindra, Kshitij Mudgal 90

60 Mitigation of Climate Change and Justice Initiatives for Livestock - Anshul Vijay Belsare 91


Aakash Gakhar, Harimohana N. 92

62 Sustainable Development and Climate Justice in Environmental Law - Nainjyot Gandhi,

Eva Bishwal 93

63 Ensuring the Well Being of Farmers – Initiatives by Government - Astha Chaturvedi 94

64 Demanding Climate Justice: Government’s Role And Participation - Abhas Srivastava,

Shriya Agarwal 95

65 Global warming vis a vis farming rights: A study on the Indian legal framework -

Dr Diganta Biswas, George K Jose 96

66 Re-Worshiping the Environment: India’s Environmental Policies And Climate Justice -

Avnish Oza, Gauri Jasana 96

67 Agricultural Insurance for Ensuring Climate Change Justice in India with Special Reference to

the State of Gujarat - Jagadeesh Chandra T G, Saurabh Anand 97

68 Persistent Climatic Risks, Indian Agriculture and the Innovative Insurance Solutions with Special

Reference to Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme - An Appraisal - Dr.Jyothi Vishwanath 98

69 An Insight Into Agriculture Insurance in India - Vaishnavi Shukla, Shubham Kejriwal 99

70 Agricultural Insurance And Its Role In Mitigating Risks In Farming Industry - Pukhraj Agarwal,

Bharat Rajvanshi 100

71 Climate Change And Agriculture In India - Rushali Srivastava, Spandan Saxena 101

72 Government policies: Are they really effective in curbing pollution - Udit Dhaddha,

Shubhanshu Khandelwal 101

73 Agricultural Insurance and Climate Justice Initiative in India: An Indian Farmer’s Story -

Pratibha Sharma, Sanyami Shah 102

74 Climate Variability And Extremes: Predicting The Future Course of Agriculture In India -

Dr. Rashmi Nagpal 103

75 Climate Change and Its Effect On Indian Economy - Nisarg Shah, Divyam Joshi 103

76 The New Regime for Protection of Framer’s Right: The Protection of Plant Varieties and

Farmer’s Rights Act, 2001- Dipali A. Purohit 104



40

77 Human rights approaches to Environmental protection - Chetana Rathi, Manish Mulchandani 105

78 Climate Justice: An Initiative And Technical Mechanism - Vidhi Tamakuwala, Kayan Dordi 106

79 International And National Policies For Climate Change And Sustainable Development:

An Analysis With Reference To Livelihood Challenges Of Farmers In South Asian Countries -

Dr. Azim B. Pathan, Manoj Kumar 106

80 Rights Of Farmers India - Umair Multani, Akshay Anand 107

81 Climate Change And Technology Transfer – A Way Towards Mitigation Of Global Warming -

Bhumika Nanda, Jacob George Panickasseril 108

82 Combating Climate Change: A SAARC perspective - Owais Hasan Khan, Anwesha Pal 109

83 The Legal Regime Of Climate Justice - Aishwarya Agarwal, Vimal Jain 110

84 Climate Justice Prerogative: Calling of a Collaborative Effort with Consideration to Agricultural

Sector - Avinash Jain, Narpen Kamboj 110

85 Crop Insurance in India - Dr. Arundhati. P. Dasani 111

86 “Genetically Modified Seeds” - a Challenge to Indian Farmer Community - Krishna Bipin Mehta 112

87 Sustainable Agriculture- whether a social Justice to farmers? - Dr. Paresh D. Dobariya 112

88 Climate Smart Agriculture - Dr. Krupa D.Pandya 113

89 Farmers’ Rights For Plant Varieties: A Need To Avoid Hollow Claims - Dr. Neepa U. Vyas 113

90 National and International Legal Frame Work for Climate Justice - Dr. L.S. Pathak 114

91 The Role Of Women Farmers In Adaptation Measures And Practices For Agriculture To

Climate Change - Rupal Pandya 115

92 Risks Of Climate Change To Development - Malhar Desai, Bharvi Chauhan 116

93 Farmers Right: Issues And Challenges - Dr. Rekha Kumari R. Singh 116

94 Affordability and Enforcement of Agricultural Insurance in India, Analysing the issues and

challenges involved in Contract terms - Anand Kumar Shinde 117

95 Farmers and Farming Systems: Are They Moving in Opposite Direction? - Arun B. Prasad 117

96 Elimination of Space Debris - A Path to ensure safe Space Exploration in Outer Space and

Environment - Kanchan Samtani 118

97 Education & Indian Farmers - Akta Mehta 118

98 Climate Change: Wealth and Wellness of Farmers - Dr. Mariamma A. K. 119

99 Tree Crediting and its potential - Shraddha Dubey 119

100 Agricultural Insurance and Climate Justice Initiatives in India: An Indian Farmer’s Story -

Harshit Rai 120

101 Climate Change and Agriculture: An Impact Study of Farmers in Gujarat - Nimesh P. Bhojak &

Dr. Ashwin Modi 121



41

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON INDIAN AGRICULTURE

Patil Vijay Ramchandra

Assistant Professor of Sociology, in D. D. Shinde Sarkar College Kolhapur (Maharashtra)

This paper takes a broader view and explores the multiple effects that global warming and climate change

could have on food production and food security. Dealing with climate change would require strengthening the

resilience of farmers and rural people and help them adapt to the impact of climate change.

Temperature and its associated seasonal patterns are critical components of agricultural production systems.

Rising temperatures associated with climate change will likely have a detrimental impact on crop production,

livestock, fishery and allied sectors. It is predicted that for every 20 C (which has been predicted by 2030) rise

in temperature, the GDP will reduce by 5 per cent. Accelerated warming has already been observed in the recent

period 1971-2007, mainly due to intense warming in the recent decade 1998-2007. This warming is mainly

contributed by the winter and post-monsoon seasons, which have increased by 0.80°C and 0.82°C in the last

hundred years, respectively. The pre-monsoon and monsoon temperatures also indicate a warming trend.

Overall in India, it is predicted that, physical impact of climate change will be seen as (1) an increase in the

average surface temperature by 2-4 degrees C, (2) changes in rainfall (both distribution and frequency) during

both monsoon and non-monsoon months, (3) a decrease in the number of rainy days by more than 15 days, (5)

an increase in the intensity of rain by 1-4mm/day and an (6) increase in the frequency and intensity of cyclonic

storms.

Because of climate change, Indian agriculture is doubly vulnerable. First as around 60 percent of India's total

agricultural areas are rain-fed, it is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts on monsoon. Secondly, more than

80 percent of farmers in India are small and marginal (having less than 1 ha of land) thus having less capacity

to cope with climate change impacts on agriculture. India's 200 backward districts as ranked by the Planning

Commission are distinguished for the large-scale practice of rain-fed agriculture. With the changing food habits

and market conditions, farmers prefer wheat or rice in most parts of the country. In most agro-climatic regions,

farmers have stopped cultivation of millets which are suitable to a particular agro-climatic region. Climate change

is projected to have serious implications for these major crops especially wheat. The studies have already projected

greater losses in Rabi season (e.g. in wheat yield) as compared to Kharif crops.

The key characteristics of Indian agriculture that could influence/increase its vulnerability to climate change

are (i) the high level of subsistence agriculture with small land holdings (ii) majority of agriculture is rain-fed (iii)

frequent occurrence of extreme weather events such as droughts and cyclones (iv) the wide variation in agricultural

productivity across the country.

Climate change will affect different parts of India in different ways. These differences are illustrated by the

fact that, while large areas in Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh are frequented by

drought, approximately 40 million hectares of land in the north and north-eastern belt is flood-prone. India may

also be exposed to a greater number of floods due to the intensification of the Indian monsoon.

Food security is the outcome of food production system processes all along the food chain. Climate change

will affect food security through its impacts on all components of global, national and local food production

systems, which is projected to affect all four dimensions of food security, namely food availability; stability of food

supplies; access to food and; food utilization. Existing projections indicate that future populate



42

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND SCHEMES IN CLIMATE

JUSTICE INITIATIVES, GUJARAT

Dr. Mina Vyas

Associate Prof., Shri P. K. Choudhri Mahila Arts Collage, Gandhinagar, Gujarat

[email protected]

Global Warming is one of the most burning issues prevailing in the world. Besides, the effects of Climate change

can be seen in the unprecedented heat waves, cyclones, floods, salinisation of the coastline and impact on

agriculture, fisheries and decline in health standards that have been affecting the world at large. In this era of

global warming and climate change, Gujarat as emerged as a model case study on how a committed, pro-active

government can bring about a positive change.

Considering the worst effects of rising global warming in the world, Gujarat has come up with a separate

Department to address the issues of Climate Change.In fact this is the first of its kind initiative in Asia and only

4th State in the world to have a Department for Climate Change!

The Climate Change Department was set up in 2009 and is headed by Shri Narendra Modi. While declaring

the initiative Shri Modi had said "Gujarat government's separate department for climate change will act as a bridge

between government and society to address the issues related to global warming". The initiative is one of the

dream projects of Shri Modi and his views on the same can be read in detail in the book "Convenient Action-

Gujarat's Response to Challenges of Climate Change".

Having launched what was proclaimed to be Asia's first ever dedicated government department for climate

change with great fanfare, Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi appears to have lost interest in the subject and

his government has junked the state's Climate Change Action Plan 2012-2017 draft report prepared by The Energy

and Resources Institute (TERI).

While more than 25 states submitted their action plan for the Prime Minister's National Climate Change Action

Plan, Gujarat failed to finalize its plan which was initiated in 2009. The climate change department stands defunct

with staff shifted elsewhere.

Sources said, "Now there is no possibility of the draft plan's approval, as of five years (2012-2017) two are

almost over and the draft needs to be revised accordingly. The high-level committee of secretaries headed by

the chief secretary for finalizing the action plan has avoided discussing this. The draft has been stuck in the

bureaucratic warfare of a few officials. The department has lost direction as the chief minister has stopped taking

interest."

The draft action plan raised serious concern about the likely socio-economic and environmental impact of

climate change on Gujarat, while predicting an adverse impact on agriculture, health and environment. It

recommended huge investment in new infrastructure to mitigate the impact of climate change and also stressed

on radical policy changes in the functioning of the government departments and overall policy changes for

industries and other sectors.

The report noted that in almost all coastal districts, there is a gradual shift in cropping patterns, decline in

area under horticulture and reduction in yields. Lack of fodder has also affected the animal husbandry sector.

It also predicted serious sea level rise, increase in diseases like malaria, gastric problems, fluorosis, kidney stone

and skin ailments.



43

The draft proposed that the government invest more than Rs 21,000 crore to create environment-friendly

water resource management, public health projects, forest and environment improvement projects, agriculture

improvement projects and a number of studies.

He was releasing Mr. Modi's book on climate change, titled 'Convenient Action: Gujarat's to Challenges of

Climate Change', published by Macmillan Publishers India Ltd, Modi is the second political leader in the world

after former Vice President of USA Al Gore to have written a complete book on climate change. This is his first

book in English.

President Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam today complimented Chief Minister Narendra Modi for providing an exemplary

leadership to make Gujarat a carbon-neutral state, through sustainable development and saving wastage of energy

at different levels.

He urged everyone not to let this ecological debt be transferred to the future generations and keep climate

justice in mind in all our actions.

Speaking on the occasion, former President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam said that climate change is a global cancer

and we must promote clean nation. he said the initiatives enumerated in the book are a beacon of inspiration

as the book shows the way to 'practicable solution' and 'preventing damage to the environment'.

Stressing the need for water conservation, Kalam said that Gujarat is leading by example in agriculture growth

which has exceeded 9 per cent. It did because of farm level water conservation and micro water conservation

that saw 3,50,000 check dams and village ponds being built and which benefited 13 million people of the state.

Dr R K Pachauri, Director-General, The Energy & Resources Institute (TERI) and Chairman, Noble Laureate

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), who also graced the gujarat, said that 12 countries in the world

are on the verge of becoming failed states due to climate change. If we have a failed state amongst us then no

state can remain immune.

The Climate Group announced that the Government of Gujarat has joined its International States and Regions

Alliance, following the signing of an Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) at The Vibrant Gujarat Summit.

The partnership will work towards addressing climate change issues in the State of Gujarat through the

preparation of integrated strategies and action plans for energy efficient and climate change resilient development

initiatives.

The three-year MOU was signed in the presence of the Chief Minister of Gujarat, Shri Narendra Modi, by

Mr Pradeep Singh, Dy Secy, Change Department Secretary and Mark Kenber, CEO, on behalf of The Climate Group.

The Government of Gujarat is the first Indian State to establish a fully-fledged Climate Change Department

(CCD), mandated to develop biomass based and other renewable energy sources, work on CDM issues, coastal

adaptation, combating desertification, capacity building measures and other issues related to climate change

mitigation and adaptation.

Gujarat has already demonstrated commitment to reducing its carbon emissions; through its Jyotigram Yojana

(energy reforms), it was able to reduce the electricity transmission losses (and subsequent GHG production) from

31% to 22% in four years. It is also working on expanding solar power, efficient pumping and LED street lighting.

Mark Kenber, CEO The Climate Group, said: "We are delighted that the Government of Gujarat, a climate

change leader in India, has joined the States and Regions Alliance. The Climate Group has been working in India

since 2008 and in this time we have seen great strides forward in terms of the understanding of climate change

and the country's appetite to build a low carbon industry.



44

Dr. Rajiv Kumar Gupta, Climate Change Department Secretary said: "Honourable Chief Minister Mr Modi said

we are very happy to forge a strategic partnership with the international NGO The Climate Group to adapt low

carbon development path for the State of Gujarat."

The States and Regions Alliance core group consists of 23 full members of The Climate Group that share

examples of low carbon best practice and participate in international working groups. The working groups look

at issues including electric vehicle policy, energy efficiency financing, "small caps" green economy, marine energy

technology, joint emissions reporting platforms, and all are open to Gujarat.

Tthe possibility of exclusive use of renewable energy for electricity required by the Municipality for Pumping,

Lighting and Municipality Buildings etc. This can be one of the many first initiatives of the State for Climate Change

mitigation, Gujarat can be the first State in the World to have carbon neutral municipalities by adopting this

practice. Gujarat Government is supporting establishment of renewable energy power plants through Power

Purchase Agreement (PPA) based on policies for Solar, Wind, Biomass etc. By development of Carbon Neutral

Towns, Government will further establish an example of Convenient Action for curbing challenges of Climate

Change. Proposed 10 Carbon Neutral towns will require a 1 time expense of about Rs. 75 to 100 Cr., in return

will get assuredsupply of electricity for coming 25 years

POLICY AND SIMPLE SOLUTIONS FOR FARMERS IN INDIA TO

FIGHT AGAINST ADVERSE

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Prateek Tak

Student, Institute of Law, Nirma University

[email protected]

In scaling economy, one of the biggest problems for the nation is to provide the sustainable environment

so as to enable the farmers to resist the changing pattern in agriculture due to 'global warming' and 'natural

variability'. This variability, in India, has affected the farming to the large extent as majority of Indian farmers,

by default, is not economically and technically empowered to embrace the change in climate and continue to

follow the traditional means of farming which largely depends on Monsoon Fed rain. In last decade and so, there

is unprecedented flux in climate change throughout the world which ranges from excessive drought to surging

flood. And India is no exception to this. India, in last 5 years, has experienced unpredictable monsoon leading

to excess or no rain.

Naturally, these abrupt Climate changes and weather fluctuations has adversely affected the agriculture as

whole which has led to the deterioration in soil, crops, weeds, pest and quality of crops vis-à-vis nutrient

composition. According to the IPCC's (Intergovernmental Penal on Climate Change) Third assessment report,

climate change has and will continue to adversely affect the agriculture, most severely, in developing nations which

raises the alarm for the India. Recent inflation due to price hike in essential commodities like onion, potatoes

or wheat is direct result of climate change.

Now what can be done to deal with these changes? In India, normally farming suffers from less production

per hectare as comparison to various developed European nations and US. So the first problem in Agriculture

is Farming in small segments or at small scale. To resolve this problem, policy for Mutual Benefit assistance should



45

be framed between Government and the farmers. Addition to this, strict adherence to the sustainable means

should be adopted by the farmers. But this is possible only through the financial support from government and

other institutions in Agriculture field. Secondly, Farming in these days is not the lucrative choice for youth to opt

for. So, this is second problem. This problem can only be resolved by proper education about the scope, guarantee

and money in farming. So such environment should be created where Farming becomes a profitable income source

which could provide status and dignity to farmers. This can be done only through education and new policies

which are especially framed for ground/zero level. And for implementing these policies special 'Farming Schools

and Universities' should be opened.

CLIMATE JUSTICE: EQUITY AND JUSTICE INFORMING A NEW

CLIMATE AGREEMENT

Upmanyu Bhaumik & Parth Mishra

Student, ICFAI Law School, Dehradun

[email protected]

This paper will explore the role of equity in the climate negotiations. It establishes why climate change is

an issue of injustice by examining the environmental challenges posed by climate change and links those challenges

to socio-ecological and economic systems that undermine the rights of people, especially the poor, marginalized,

and vulnerable.

The paper will then analyze the role of justice and equity in designing a new climate agreement by looking

at how equity has been treated to now in the climate negotiations. It examines several perspectives on key equity

issues to highlight those issues that must be addressed in the new agreement.

The paper will be concluded by exploring the potential of climate justice narratives in mobilizing domestic

constituencies of demand for climate action. The authors will suggest a variety of constituencies that can use

climate justice narratives and how similar narratives have been used in other social movements.

Keywords: Climate, Environment, Economic System

"CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE" FOR ORANGES (MANDARIN),

IN NAGPUR DISTRICT

Dr. Jyotsna S. Deshpande

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, SHRI BINZANI CITY COLLEGE, NAGPUR

[email protected]

Introduction

The topic of agro-climatic planning has become important particularly due to the allegation on green

revolution that it has aggravated the inter-regional income disparities. The main cash crops of the Vidarbha region

are cotton, oranges and soya beans. Recently Vidarbha region has become infamous for occurrence of large number

of farmer suicides.



46

In this paper we, therefore look at the root causes of farmer suicides in Vidarbha, importance of climate smart

agriculture for Orange in Nagpur districts, establish a better model for orange and its medicinal value for climate

smart agriculture.

Climate-smart agriculture is a pathway towards development and Food security built on three pillars:

How do we achieve it?

1. Working at the landscape level with an ecosystems approach.

2. Institutional and financial support is needed for farmers and investments in building the knowledge base and

developing technology.

3. Investments in climate-smart agriculture must link finance opportunities from public and private sectors.

Objectives

1. To study the economic condition of farmers who grow orange fruits in Nagpur district.

2. To study the cost of production of citrus.

3. To study the price of production.

4. To study the socio economic condition of farmers.

5. To study the farmers suicides in Nagpur district.

6. To study the supporting global, regional and local climate change.

7. To study the local national and international policy development for climate change.

8. To study the initiating lesson-learning and capacity building processes.

Factors affecting remuneration of farmers:

Lab to land:

The cultivability of land can be understood by having full knowledge of the fertilizers used in farming as

researched in the laboratory.

Old is Gold:

Use of traditional farming method and to reduce the practice of utilizing pesticides should be stressed upon.

Forest to Farm:

The theory of Marginal productivity applies to farming as well. The agricultural land should not be considered

as a factory but instead be cared as a living thing.

More power to farmers:

Farmers are dependent on nature and monsoons. While on the other hand, it is not on them to decide the

market price of the product. For such reasons; they become helpless and are not left with no other option but

suicide.

Inspiration from Gujarat Model:

Maharashtra can be inspired from the Gujarat Model and remolded as per the requirements of agricultural

practices.



47

REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE, LIVELIHOOD, AGRICULTURE AND

AWARENESS

Sibananda Senapati

Assistant Professor (Economics)

Chandragupt Institute of Management Patna

[email protected]

Climate change varies significantly across the region. India is a vast country having differences in geography

and largest coastline of more than 8000 km long. The east coast line differs from west coast line in terms of

economic activities, tourism and the economic condition of the people living in the region. Fisheries and agriculture

are the major activities for coastal population in India. However over the years there is a drastic change in climate.

Change in rainfall pattern (less rain in June-July and more and indecent rain in the latter period of the year), flood,

cyclone, drought and other extreme weather events are also becoming more frequent. Agriculture and fisheries

based livelihood are often affected. On the other hand there is no strong policy to deal with climate change, the

awareness on climate change and adaptation is minimal. If we take the example of cyclone Phailin that crossed

Odisha coast in October 2013 affecting the livelihoods of poor farmers in terms of destroying their agricultural

field, destroying fishing materials, damaged to house. The State government took measures and able to save the

lives of people but the livelihoods of thousand are destroyed. The climate change impact assessment studies in

India generally focused on macro level issues. The State of Bihar is another highly vulnerable region to natural

disasters. The state is located almost in the middle of the Gangetic Plain. During the monsoon season, many parts

of the state got flooded due to the excessive carrying capacity of rivers. Although Bihar government has taken

several initiatives for the development of local and vulnerable people like; Bihar rural livelihood project, the existing

climate change prediction shows worried result for the state. The incidence of warming and drought will occur

in many parts of the state. There is also lack of studies based on climate change impact, vulnerability and adaptation

for the state. Flood and drought are main factors increasing vulnerability of poor people living in rural areas and

villages in the country. This study is an attempt to establish a link between the existing government effort to

enhance livelihood of poor as well as individual effort and climate change adaptation. The study is basically based

on review of government policies and other literatures. A case study from Bihar agriculture is also addressed in

this paper.

MOUNTAIN AGRICULTURE IN CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE:

ISSUES OF LIVELIHOOD SUSTAINABILITY IN SIKKIM

Suman Ghimiray & Bipul Chhetri

Research Scholar, Sikkim University

[email protected]

Agriculture production is the outcome of interaction of set of biophysical condition and the human interaction.

This interaction results in production of food grains needed by the large section of the society. All these interactions

take in a broad spectrum of so called 'climate'. The role of climate forms the base for all forms of human activity



48

and slight changes in its natural pattern may have serious implication on the society at large. Today the mountain

societies have come under the clutch of climate change. The most visible area of impact of climate change in

the mountain is the agriculture. The fragile mountain ecology is highly vulnerable to different forms of catastrophes.

Climate change exposes large section of the mountain society to these forms of catastrophes. Different forms

of vulnerabilities to which the mountain population is exposed are flashfloods, earthquakes, landslides, GLOFs etc.

The effect of climate change may have several cascading effects on the agricultural practices and the livelihoods

of the mountain population. Besides this the problem of food insecurity is most likely to have its impact on human

population. The solutions to all these problems lies in knowing the outcome of such threats beforehand and adapt

ourselves with the changing environmental conditions . The paper focuses the problems of mountain agriculture

and relates the issues of climate change and growing population and tries to relate some of the problems of Sikkim

in context of climate change. The literature available in different text has been used for understanding the problems

of climate change in hill environment and the application of statistical tool for various quantitative figures has

been made for clear understanding of the phenomena.

Keywords: Agriculture, Mountain Livelihoods, Climate Change

RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT AND JUDICIAL ENFORCEMENT

Seyon R

Advocate & President, Mayiladuthurai Bar Association, Mayiladuthurai

[email protected]

The environment furnishes all the essentials for life and so there has been a close link between the

environment and human beings. The healthy living and survival of man depends on how judiciously he manages

the natural resources of earth including the air, water, land, flora, fauna..., and thus maintains the quality of overall

environment around him. The Supreme Court at the apex has evolved green jurisprudence ensuring environmental

justice. Once it is established that, the right to environment is one of the attributes of right to life under Article

21 of the Constitution and therefore, a fundamental right guaranteed under Part III of the Constitution of India,

there remains no doubt that the right to environment like other fundamental rights is enforceable against the

State as defined by Article 12. A law inconsistent or in derogation of any fundamental right is void by virtue of

Article 13 of the Constitution.

By defining the state and law very widely, the founding fathers ensured that fundamental rights operated

over the widest field. The declaration in the Article 13(1) and (2) making laws consistent with, or contrary to,

fundamental rights pro tanto void would not, by itself, prevent the State from violating fundamental rights, the

founding fathers created a new fundamental right by enacting Article 32, which guaranteed the right to move

the Supreme Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights.

Fundamental rights have got special status in the scheme of the Constitution and they are, a few exceptions,

available to the individuals to protect themselves against the State action. These rights are not meant to protect

persons against the conduct of private persons. Private action is and can be taken care of by the ordinary law

of the land. It is against the might of the State that the individual needs Constitutional protection. The right to

life is available to the individuals to protect themselves against the State action.

Article 12 of the Constitution defines the term State which includes the Government and Parliament of India;

the Government and legislatures of each of the States; all local authorities; and other authorities within the



49

territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. Other authorities will include all Constitutional

or statutory authorities on whom powers are conferred by law, such as statutory corporations or public

corporations.

This paper gives an account of the attitude of the Indian judiciary towards environmental protection, the rules

and the principles formulated by the Indian Court and the interpretation of the existing statutory provision to

resolve environmental matters and ensure environmental justice. As Justice A.S.Anand said: "... the Supreme Court

is the Custodian of the Indian Constitution and exercises judicial control over the acts of both the legislature and

the executive. The conclusion is an assessment of the Indian experience in Judicial enforcement and protection

of environmental rights.

UNDERSTANDING INDIGENOUS FARMING TECHNIQUES AND

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS IN AGRICULTURE AS

THE LINK BETWEEN THE FOOD-CLIMATE NEXUS AND

INTERNATIONAL LAW

Ipshita Chaturvedi

[email protected]

Traditional farming, fishing, herding and forestry are based on long-established knowledge and practices that

help to ensure food and agricultural diversity, especially biodiversity in genetic resources which is pivotal for

sustainable agriculture, livelihoods and land use. The role of traditional knowledge in farming techniques has bigger

relevance now than ever. Indigenous farming using the ecological approach cuts through many thematic areas

and has been widely recognized by international law through ratified conventions. The Convention on Biological

Diversity, the United Nations University's ongoing research and most importantly, the Food and Agriculture

Organisation have recognized the links between traditional knowledge of farmers and food security as well as

climate change mitigation and adaption techniques. Many farmers have generated TK related to plant and crop

varieties, animal breeds and wild species as well as vast knowledge in variations of climate and weather. There

is an upsurge in the international community collating and protecting such knowledge, especially community-based

monitoring programmes and protocols.

This paper advocates the usage of indigenous farming techniques by pointing out that TK is better protected

under auspices of international law (CBD + Nagoya Protocol, FAO) and discusses these principles. The paper also

discusses the zero-draft of the upcoming Sustainable Development Goals (June 2014) to state that protecting and

advocating traditional farming techniques would address multiple goals, cross-cut several thematic areas while

providing farmers an increased international legal protection and mainstreaming their concerns into international

policy by promoting sustainable agriculture and livelihoods.



50

ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS: INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

Akanksha Singhal & Swati sharma

Student, I.C.F.A.I University,Faculty of Law, Dehradun

[email protected]

[email protected]

The protection and preservation of environment is an integral to the culture and religion of most human

communities; nature is seen as an essential part of the society at large. India have significant human rights problems

despite making commitments to tackle them. Environmental problems that jeopardize the health of human

increasingly implicate concerns that have played an important role in the development of human rights. Even the

judiciary have expanded the constitutional meaning of "Right to life" to include environmental protection. It is

important to draw linkage between environment and human rights to further build bridges between legislations

relating to the two which further helps in contribution to the present laws surrounding the protection of

environment in India. "What justice is being done to the future generation?". "How empowering communities

are helping to protect their health and environment?". The environmental standards can be expected to improve

significantly in developing world as countries devote gretaer effort to upgrade their legal and technological

infrastructures to prevent environmental harm. It further evaluates how far the mechanism of human rights is

helpful to provide remedies to the victim of environmental degradation and to provide better protection to the

global environment to promote a healthier planet with greater respect for human rights.

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR

CLIMATE JUSTICE

Dr. P. P. Waghmare

Assistant Professor in Law, M.S.P. Mandals Law College, Beed

[email protected]

The Climate hazards exacerbate other stressors especially for people living in poverty. Sustainable development

and equity provides a basis for assessing climate policies. The Farmers face a large problems and livelihood

challenges at the regional level. The national and international legal framework is already present but they have

their own limitations for the enforcement of the laws.

Farmers tackle more problems in the interpretation of laws such as the water (Prevention and control) Act

1974, The Air Act, The Environmental Protection Act and The plant Protection Act which is more crucial for the

Farmers. The farmers in India have to understand the changing nature of the environment and there by adapt

the new technologies so as to cope with the new challenges. For all these the farmers must be ready to work

on practical action such as working with communities, organizations, national and international bodies with schools

and teachers and also to launch and supporting campaigns.

Key words : Climate justice, Plant protection Act, Laws, Farmers.



51

UNEQUAL BURDEN OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FARMERS:

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE

Swati Saini

MPhil Student, International Organisation, Centre for International Politics, Organisation, and

Disarmament, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University

[email protected]

Climate change is not a new phenomenon, however the pace of such change in climate in the 21st century

is a dangerous risk alerting alarm. Type of development pattern followed by many developed countries in 19th

century is imitated by the developing part of globe. However not all section of society is benefiting from such

growth based development rather severely facing the heat of such development and climate change is one of

the hard heated facet. Climate justice is the need of hour to alleviate the unequal burdens created by climate

change. This paper tries to answer Why farmer class is worst affected by climate change and what are the problems

faced by such section of society. How far the international legal framework were able to include this section of

society in the much hyped concept of sustainable development. What national policies has taken so far and its

assessment. Farmer class in United states is not at par with the farmer in Asian countries where agriculture is

a major sector of the economy and ultimate subsistence way of the livelihood of farmers therefore this study

confined to the India.

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FARMERS AND SUSTAINABLE

LIVELIHOOD

Jeyamohan K.

Student, Saveetha School of Law, Chennai.

[email protected]

In the words of Al Gore, "As human beings, we are vulnerable to confusing the unprecedented with the

improbable. In our everyday experience, if something has never happened before, we are generally safe in

assuming it is not going to happen in the future, but the exceptions can kill you and climate change is one of

those exceptions" Drafting of strategies to survive the adverse effects caused due to climatic changes is the need

of the hour. It is arguably the biggest threat humans are facing in the real life today. Particularly In recent days

the concept of climate changes has gained huge momentum due to inadvertent anthropogenic disturbances.

Climatic changes has made huge impacts on various fields all over the world among which agriculture is considered

to be one of the most important because climate is one of the main determinants of agricultural production.

These impacts of climatic change on agriculture, if it continues at this rate it may result in lack of food security

leaving the whole nation in peril. It has also caused some drastic changes in the lives of farmers as it is a well

known fact that India is an agricultural country, where 70 per cent population is dependent on agriculture. Farmer's

suicide is a matter of significant concern and controversy in India to various reasons like interpersonal and family

problems, financial difficulties, and pre-existing mental illness. All these are caused due to various impacts such

as population pressure, scrappy land possessions, derisory irrigation amenities, depleted soil, credit related issues,



52

marketing related issues, giant corporate interferences, difficulty of farming in semi arid regions, poor agriculture

income, dearth of alternate income prospects and absence of suitable consultant services. All the above factors

invariably affect the livelihood of farmers and also hinder their sustainable development. In my paper i have

explained about all these aspects in detail with respective solutions. In my study the Socio-economic aspects of

climate change are relatively weak, and future scenarios are to be generated for various agro-ecological regions

for subsequently linking with other relational layers to work out the impact.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND CONSEQUENCES OF TEXTILE

DYEING INDUSTRIES IN TAMILNADU WITH A FOCUS ON ITS

IMPACT ON FARMERS AND AGRICULTURE

Raghunatha Sethupathy

Student, Campus Law Centre, Faculty of Law, Delhi University

[email protected]

Textile dyeing industry is one of the major water consuming and high polluting industries in India. The effluent

in higher concentration not only affects the soil but also causes heavy damage to crops growth conditions. Even

though dye industry effluent can be treated with Cyanobacteria for removing colour and other nutrients, still the

industries are negligent in taking steps for this kind of measure. This paper critically analyses water pollution

problems and its impact on agriculture in TamilNadu, India. The present investigation shows that a constant

variation in different parameters in different locations. So it is highly important to take periodical monitoring of

the water quality in certain regions of TamilNadu for future sustainability.

In order to protect the river and the groundwater, Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) have directed

all the dyeing units to provide Reverse Osmosis (RO) plant with Reject Management System (RMS) and recycle

the entire treated effluent so as to achieve Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD). The present study is focused on to find

out the impacts of Textile Dyeing industries on environment and farmers. The farmers who have been affected

by these effluents have expressed their willingness to pay for internalizing the pollution effects even though it

is mainly the duty of the polluters. The study has found that even though a lot has been done to reduce pollution

load in water bodies, more work needs to be done both in terms of policy and implementation.

THEORIZING CLIMATE JUSTICE TO ADDRESSING PRACTICAL

CHALLENGES ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Aparna vijayan

[email protected]

At a time when the contemporary environmental literature is striving at a faster pace than ever before to

evolve out of its conventional wont of focusing on ideological niceties and theoretical concepts, into concrete

legislations of prime importance for climate change, we must not forget to channelize our debates and



53

deliberations on the pre-legislative aspects dealing with the same. The pre-legislative aspects calls for thorough

comprehension of the socio-political and economic as well as cultural dimensions associated with a certain decision

that can have a grave impact on the environment and its future.

In the light of environmental contingencies that have subsumed us, it becomes significant to reflect and go

back to the effects laws, legislations, policy analysis, discussions on climate changes have on the grassroot-

functioning, here, the livelihood of farmers and their sustenance. This paper intends not just to critically analyze

the plain structural and institutional organs functioning in various sectors directly or indirectly connected to the

environment; but also to bring to notice the much poised social, anthropological economic and cultural sides to

the issue of sustainable development and assurance of a better environment for people to flourish.

This paper focuses on the evaluation of susbstantiveness of the nuclear power and energy sectors in the society

that has immensely lead to and can lead to depletion and erosion of the social fabric at the local levels, with

the evils weighing higher in the cost and benefit balance. Taking into consideration a small village named Mithivirdi,

which has received the Government's CRZ clearance, the paper will manifest a detailed analysis of the famers'

livelihood and their various spectrums of their existence in that plateau which might receive a 6000MW nuclear

power plant in future. The excruciating decline of fertility , the inconsiderate decay of oceanic species nearby ,

the avoidance of advantaging from renewable resources and a a whole whorl of issues related to sustainability

are meticulously studied to present a coherent and cogent conception of the destruction of the grassroots , which

has been escalating to reach a global crescendo of stagnation and apathy.

It thus tries to ameliorate the pressing problems of society which in turn links itself to other issues like

"sustainability as an imperative, rather than an option", and "extent of public engagement, people's participation

and increasing the ability of feedback mechanism in the society to fight against crises in future.

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE OVER ENVIRONMENT AND

SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF

SUNDARBAN'S COMMUNITY OF WEST BENGAL

Nilay Banarjee - Student, Masters of Rural Development and Management, Department of

Rural Development Management, University of Kalyani, West Bengal

[email protected]

Koustab Majumdar - Student, Masters of Rural Development and Management, Department of

Rural Development Management, University of Kalyani, West Bengal

[email protected]

Pradipta Dubey - University Research Scholar, Department of Rural Development and

Management University of Kalyani, West Bengal,

[email protected]

Climate change is a source of concern to both developed and developing worlds in recent times. It has led

to changes in temperature, precipitations and frequent extreme weather events. Reports of climate change from

within the Sundarbans have tended to fall into certain specific areas. Broadly, these are changes in rainfall, changes

in fishing patterns, rise in sea level, frequency and intensity of extreme climatic events, and heightened land



54

erosion. These were the recurrent issues, and we concentrated on them, since they had the maximum impact

on the lives and livelihood of the people as well as environmental sustainability. Whereas, soil loss which is a

major cause of decline in agriculture production in Sundarban may be further aggravate by climate change. Hence

the agricultural sector is expected to experience a significant impact as climate induced floods, generated by excess

water, continue to increase in frequency and extent. There has been a steady increase in climate induced extreme

events in Sundarban. Increasing soil salinity and environmental hazards resulting only three months of agricultural

work lead towards changing pattern of livelihood i.e. the community members are used to migrate as unskilled

labour around India for their sustainability. While there is increasing attention of environmental hazards, social

vulnerability and destruction of sustainable livelihood within the climate change debate, vulnerability of already

moving populations are most often ignored over the Sundarban's community.

This study is undertaken in Higalganj block of North 24 Parganas in Sundarban, West Bengal. This paper seeks

to find out the impact of changing climate over the environmental sustainability and sustainable livelihood and

also presents some thoughts departing from initial findings from the case study on migrant seasonal farm workers

in Sundarban.

Key words: Climate change, Environmental Vulnerability, Changing livelihood pattern, Seasonal farm worker

IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL MODERNIZATION ON SUSTAINABLE

LIVELIHOOD AMONG THE TRIBAL AND NON-TRIBAL FARMERS OF

SABARKANTHA DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE

Mayur Prajapati - Ph.D. Student (Agril. Extension), C. P. College of Agriculture,

S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar

K.D.Solanki - Associate Extension Educationist, Directorate of Extension Education,

S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar

K.A.Thakkar - Director of Extension Education, Directorate of Extension Education,

7810011S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar

[email protected]

The Sustainable Livelihood links with security to basic human needs, food security, sustainable agricultural

practices and poverty as an integrating concept. A large number of tribal communities are bereft of stable livelihood

and thus they fall in the category of the vulnerable section of Indian society. Considering this fact, the study was

conducted in Sabarkantha district of North Gujarat region of Gujarat state, as the economy of the district is basically

dependent on agriculture. The farmers of Sabarkantha district are also innovative as well as enthusiastic in modern

agriculture. Secondly the districts rank first with respect to the tribal population. Looking to the common situation

of the in habited villages for the tribal and non-tribal farmer, 11 villages of Bhiloda and Meghraj talukas, having

scheduled tribal population of 41-50 range of percentage were selected purposively. Total 220 farmers were

selected from these villages (20 farmers in each village). For measuring the agricultural modernization and

sustainable livelihood of the tribal and non tribal farmer's teacher made tests were developed. The thirteen major

criteria of agricultural modernization and 12 sub indicators of sustainable livelihood were determined and total

200 score of agricultural modernization and total 300 score of sustainable livelihood was determined by conference

method. The results showed that in case of tribal group, there was positively and significant association between



55

the sustainable livelihood and seven criteria for agricultural modernization viz., extent of use of organic fertilizers,

farming pattern, seed selection, available modern sources of energy equipments, extent of use of chemical

fertilizers, use of plant protection measures and extent of use of improved dairy practices. While in case of non

tribal group, all the 13 criteria of agricultural modernization studied were possessed positive and significant

association with sustainable livelihood. It was indicated the impact of the agricultural modernization on the extent

of sustainable livelihood among the non tribal respondents, while it was very low in tribal farmers.

CLIMATE CHANGE, AGRICULTURE AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE:

CONFLICTS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Neeraj Mandaiya & Ayush Sahay

Student, Gujarat National Law University

[email protected]

Two factors complicate the analysis. First, while the state of the science is indisputable in some areas, much

remains to be done. Shaping trade policies, as well as climate mitigation and adaptation measures, will call for

a good deal more analytical precision than has ever previously been employed. This is an area where models build

on other models, both in the international trade and in the international climate context.

Second, the role of trade measures in the context of international negotiations on climate change stabilization

is unclear. While some refer to trade measures as a useful incentive to promote adherence to climate goals, others

see them as a potential threat to mutually agreed climate solutions.

The objectives of the current trade negotiations in the realm of agriculture - reducing and eventually

eliminating tariffs, phasing out export subsidies and trade-distorting domestic support - would also serve the

climate change agenda well. Yet, many issues would need to be resolved in order for the negotiations to yield

climate-friendly results.

Considering the predictions that developing countries will experience particularly severe effects from climate

change, it could be argued that lower tariffs in these countries would be consistent with climate change adaptation.

As North-South trade in agricultural products is likely to become important for food security, this should be enabled

without high costs in the form of agricultural tariffs. Issues surrounding developing country tariffs and import

safeguards are highly controversial, however.

The paper deals with the key trade issues in the ongoing negotiations addressing agriculture as a sectoral

approach to mitigation in the international climate change regime. While there is widespread agreement on the

potential benefits of bringing agriculture into the regime, a number of important sticking points need resolution

before such a step will be possible. Trade-related issues are some of the most significant. This paper starts by

briefly laying out the background, noting the rationale and negotiating history to date. It then surveys the state

of play, unpacking and analyzing the key issues and bringing to bear the history of trade law and policy to explain

the lack of progress to date. It finishes by considering where we might go from here.



56

RULES-REGULATION AND LAWS RELATED AGRICULTURE AND ENVI-

RONMENT & ITS IMPLEMENTATION

K.Archana

Student, Saveetha School of Law

[email protected]

Climate change is one of the many serious environmental problems that the world faces today. Climate change

impacts are already affecting people and the planet. And the science shows it will get far worse. The biggest impacts

will be on the lives and livelihoods of the poor and developing countries, especially small island states. Abnormal

change in season cycles, acid rain, loss of soil fertility, species extinction etc are a part of climate change. It has

a direct impact on the lives of farmers. Climate justice identifies climate change as an ethical issue, examining

equality, human rights, collective rights & historical responsibility in relation to climate change. In order to cope

up with the climate change, many treaties, conventions protocols etc have been in to force. Apart from these,

there are many national laws to protect and preserve the environment from the harmful impacts of climate change.

There have also been establishment of many national and international organisations and institutions for the

purpose of implementation of the treaties, conventions, protocols and other laws. International covenant on

biodiversity is considered to a landmark covenant which provided for the protection of environment, prevention

of all kinds of activities harming the environment & preservation of environment in all aspects. The covenant also

paved way for the enactment of many other international & national rules & regulations. But the question arises

whether all these measures taken in order to protect the environment were effectively and efficiently implemented.

The answer can be, to an extent they are implemented. The problem is with every individual, but not the governing

bodies alone. It should be the responsibility of each and every individual to protect the environment not only

because it's the rule, but because it's our environment and it's our responsibility to protect & preserve the same.

CLIMATE CHANGE, LOSS OF LIVELIHOOD OF FARMERS AND

HUMAN RIGHTS

Dr. Achyutananda Mishra

Assistant Professor, Faculty of law

ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education, Hyderabad

[email protected]

Climate change has become real and irreversible due mindless human activities, development process and

inequitable consumption pattern of human being. Male Declaration on Human Dimension of Global Climate

Change, 2007 is stark reminder of the effect of climate change and a timely response to it which accepted that

climate change is unequivocal and accelerating, and that mitigation of emissions and adaptation to climate change

impacts is physically and economically feasible if urgent action is taken. It has deleterious effect on natural and

human system, economies and infrastructure, social, economic and cultural life of man and society all over the

world. Negative impact of it has already been experienced world over by the change in rainfall pattern and

increased temperature leading to global warming. The hardest hit victims of it are the poor and farmers, who



57

have least contribution to it. Agriculture and climate are interrelated and any change in climate will have direct

impact on agriculture and global worming has started taking its toll so far as agriculture is concerned. Climate

change impact the agricultural sector in multiple ways, like increased variability with regard to temperature, rain,

frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, changes in rain patterns and in water availability etc.

According one report the mean annual temperature across the country is projected to increase between 0.9

and 1.10 C by the year 2030 resulting in frequency and intensity of the drought threatening the rural farming

communities and their source of livelihood. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its first report (1992)

highlighted it and observed: "Sufficient evidence is now available from a variety of different studies to indicate

that changes of climate would have an important effect on agriculture…"

Climate change straight way affect the agriculture and farming sector leading to loss of livelihood of farmers.

Loss of livelihood is a direct infringement of basic right to life of man. So, although not directly but indirectly

climate change is affecting the human rights of farmers across the globe.

In this perspective this paper intends to discuss the issue of climate change and its relationship with agriculture

and human right to livelihood of farmers.

IMPACT OF RAINFALL VARIABILITY AND OTHER FARM FACTORS

ON RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME: A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS FOR

SELECT DISTRICTS OF GUJARAT.

Meeta Goel - PhD Scholar, CEPT University

Anand Patwardhan

[email protected]

Research suggests that one of the ways climate change will manifest itself will be increased climate variability.

In Indian context, it indicates an increase in monsoon variability. With agriculture forming 14% of the national

GDP and more than half of the country's population directly dependent on the agriculture sector for their

livelihoods, this will have serious implications for national economy and also livelihoods as almost half of

agricultural area in India is rain-fed and monsoon dependent.

Increased variability in monsoon also means increased livelihood risk for the farmers and those who are

directly dependent upon agriculture for income. The small and marginal farmers become specifically more

vulnerable because of higher cost of cultivation, lack of access to credit, limited access to information, poorer

access to 'public goods' such as public irrigation and greater negative externalities from poor quality land and

water management. The livelihood risk for farmers comes from two sources: yield variability and price volatility.

The yield is determined by amount of rainfall, lack of inputs, crop diseases, irrigation support and pest attacks.

Price fluctuations are a play of supply shocks, trade imbalances and policy changes. Hence, at the local level, both

factors are responsible in determining farmer's income. Using household income at taluka level as a proxy indicator

for farmer livelihood, this paper attempts to decompose the farm revenue into rainfall variability, yield, crop

composition and prices. Selecting a few talukas with high concentration of small and marginal farmers, the study



58

analyses the relationship between rural household income and farm factors stated above. The analysis looks into

the impact of rainfall on yield and also on income. It further reiterates that though rainfall is a single largest factor

that affects the household income in rural areas where majority of population is involved in agriculture, but other

farm factors also have their share of impact on yield and income.

The paper indicates important factor that define vulnerability of small and marginal farmers which can be

helpful for policy makers and also for the farmers at local level.

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FARMERS AND SUSTAINABLE

LIVELIHOOD

Sakshi Sharma & Alaukik Shrivastava


[email protected]

India is a huge country and is home to a billion plus population with a variety of climatic conditions and

topographical features. Agriculture provides the fundamental means of livelihood for the major Indian population,

especially to the vast rural areas which are engaged in the agrarian sector and thus India's economy to a large

extent depends on the agricultural sector.

The paper lays essence on understanding the concept of climate change and its multiple effects on agriculture

and food security. The research takes a deep insight into how the challenges posed by climate change can be

dealt by the farmers to ensure food security. The authors also explore the various government support schemes,

policies, and international conventions that endeavour to meet these challenges.

Climate change will have subtle impacts in a wide range of sectors. Agriculture will be one of the sectors

that will be gravely hit by adverse climate conditions, since agricultural production in India is extremely sensitive

to wet and dry spells, heat and cold waves, etc. It is important to understand that agriculture plays a dual role

in climate change: firstly, it is severely affected by climate change; secondly it is a notable contributor to greenhouse

gas emissions.

This paper considers the necessary adaptation measures including changes needed for mitigation to improve

agriculture sector in India. The research lays emphasis on the practice of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) as defined

and presented by FAO at the Hague Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change in 2010.



59

RULES-REGULATION AND LAWS RELATED AGRICULTURE AND

ENVIRONMENT AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION

Mukta Singh - Assistant Professor of Law, University of Allahabad, U.P.

Dr. Pawan Kumar - Associate Professor of Law, Regional Campus Gurdaspur,

Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Pb.

[email protected]

Food is the basic necessity of human. Food is major agriculture produce. Agriculture production need to

growing need of rising population. Environmental factors effecting the production of agriculture produce . Some

factors as climate change, soil erosion, nutrient leaching from the adjoining forest are some of the problem facing

in northern Orissa, Jharkhand, eastern Chhattisgarh. Several food laws are there which control the keeping quality

of food and food products and its production, processing. Food and Agricultural Organization , World Health

Organizations, food safety and standard authority of India Act, 2011, Right to Food, Food Security Act 2013,

Fundamental Rights, Directive Principle of state policy, Essential commodity act, Prevention of food adulteration

act, Indian Standard institute, Agmark, B.I.S., F.P.O., World Trade Organization, Intellectual Property Rights Codex

Alimentarious are some food laws rule and regulation to maintain standard of food and its products. Agreement

on Sanitary, Phyto Sanitary measures, Agreement on technical barriers to trade, World bank, World food council

are some regulation apply on agriculture produce for export and import. Climate change effect agricultural

production, crop-cycle, flowering time, decreasing water level, soil erosion. Global warming effecting the crop

production as soya bean and wheat. UNEP, United Nation, UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Bali agreement, Rio

Convention, Carbon Dioxide emission , Green House Gas emission Forest Act, wild life protection act are some

law to protect environment. Present research paper focus on the climate change and its impact on food security

and agriculture produce. There is need of FSSAI, Green house Gas emission, climate change, Kyoto protocol, carbon

gas emission to secure food security Act, Right to Food. There is need of climate change mitigation with sustainable

development. Food security, hunger, malnutrition can not be solve until and unless employment, poverty

eradication and food is in reach of consumer . There is a need of agriculture production by combating climate

change mitigation and to educate to farmers to .

Key words- FSSAI, UNEP, UN, UNFCCC, B.I.S.



60

CAPACITY BUILDING, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER & ADAPTATION

MEASURES IN INDIA TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS

AND ITS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH OTHER LIKE MINDED

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (LMDC)

Chiradeep Basak

[email protected]

Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day, teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime

"The soil is the great connector of lives, the source and destination of all. It is the healer and restorer

and resurrector, by which disease passes into health, age into youth, death into life. Without proper

care for it we can have no community, because without proper care for it we can have no life."

– Wendell Berry, The Unsettling of America: Culture and Agriculture

There is no doubt that Climate Change poses a greater threat to our ecosystem. The science behind this

position is very clear now. It's apparent that issues as regards Climate Change have been deliberated at several

stages of legal frameworks. Right from the global frame of United Nations Framework on Climate Change to

regional frame of European Union and now the domestic legislative structure somehow attempts to address the

issues with respect of Climate Change. Now the question arises, if there is any issue in the first place? If so, what

are those elements to address them?

There is no doubt that the cardinal principles of Climate Change encompasses within itself an enormous

databank of activities, initiatives, measures undertaken to respond certain genuine crisis which is an outcome of

certain practices by developed states for quite a long period of time.

From there emerged the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR) which justified a

common concern that we (group of nations) share and common responsibility in order to protect, preserver and

conserve the essence of it. The brunt has to be borne by the developed nations in fixing the damages they have

done. Hence, the researcher intends to take this principle a starting point and link the same to some of the major

elements of Climate Change i.e. capacity building, adaptation & technology transfer.

Aim:

To delve in to the legal schematics of access to technological knowhow and capacity building for Indian Farmers

in order to combat Climate Change impacts within the dome of Indian Agricultural & Climate Laws and set a better

benchmark by drawing inspiration from comparative analysis of certain good practices in other developing

countries (LMDC).

Objective:

To look into the major concerns, challenges and legal safeguards to ensure better mechanism for Indian

Farmers to get the maximum access and benefit out of the aforementioned elements of climate change

negotiations;

The study will also relate the impact (crops, fisheries & livestock) of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture

and Food Supply and how far the element of capacity building and information sharing can ensure a better

productivity as well as livelihood & how far, law can answer these issues in the current Climate Change framework.



61

Hypothesis:

Agriculture is highly reliant upon climatic conditions and initiatives against ecological degradation need sincere

assistance and attention from humans. However, only anthropocentric approach (Life and livelihood) will not pass

muster but a symbiotic relationship of ecology and humans can lead us to a better sustainable future. This is only

possible by means of a common but differentiated responsibility in sharing the concern and enabling the needy

with sufficient support to abhor any further irreparable damage to ecosystem as well as Human health and ensure

a better livelihood for farmers (not just Indian Farmers)

The researcher wish to reserve the research questions for full paper because he is in the process of improving

upon the same.

Scope:

This is a doctrinal legal research and the researcher intends to single out the practices of states coming under

the umbrella of LMDCs and wish to compare the same with Indian Agriculture in an analytical fashion. The paper

will conclude with a core set of recommendations and suggestions in order to answer the research problem.

STRENGTHENING CLIMATE JUSTICE INITIATIVES

Abhijeet Andrews & Pravin Sankalp

FOL, IFHE Hyderabad

[email protected]

Human beings inquisitive nature seems to be the sole reason for the impending disaster that awaits the planet.

For the sake of development, Humans have laid waste to the fragile ecosystem with scant regard to the

ramifications of such actions. For long environmentalist have been stating the need to respect the environment

and establish an effective mechanism so as to ensure stability of the planet. However naysayers have continuously

claimed climate change is a work of fiction, with little or none factual basis.

The concept of industrial revolution which was conceived to be a boon for mankind has taken the form of

a bane due to in adept implementation and execution planning by its crusaders. The vision which the conceivers

of industrialization sought to achieve was that of a world which provides for all humans. However due to unchecked

growth, rapid deforestation, exploitation of Earth's natural resources and numerous other reasons has seen the

vision turn sour to that of a planet which is blighted by natural calamities and thus caused insufferable loss to

life and property. The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and Sandy had the world rasped in attention.

The planet initially provided for the needs and necessities of all, but given the greed and the need for "self

interest" of Corporates has lead to overuse of resources and has thus turned a very unlikely scenario into likelihood

i.e. destruction of the worlds ecosystem.

For long the so called Worlds Super Powers have sat aside and done nothing. The earth's ecosystem has rapidly

disintegrated to such an extent that natural disasters have become a common feature around the world.

The consequences of planet change have been borne mostly by people completely or partially dependent

upon the nature for their livelihood. Such persons have no say in the policies which enabled development viz

a viz at the expense of the environment. Yet they are the ones who bear the brunt of climate change. Considering

the plight of Indian farmers, as such most farmers are dependent on the monsoon for their income. Any delay

in the arrival of monsoon leads to destruction or loss of crops, which in turn has lead to a rise in farmer suicides

in the country since they are unable to cope with the financial loss. State assistance is lackadaisical to say the



62

least. This is the plight of farmers in India, a worldwide assessment of the impact is frankly scary to say the least.

Farmers or people belonging to the agrarian sector are least responsible for the climate change yet they are

the ones who suffer the most. The question of fixation of accountability for the destruction of the planet has

never been raised in any summit in which the theme is pertaining to the environment. Numerous Multi National

Companies are earning billions and billions at the expense of the environment with little legal consequences. The

question of fairness and equality which are considered pillars of any legal framework are tossed aside for a couple

of millions.

International countries need to be in agreement over fixing responsibility for environmental damage and

ensure adequate compensation is paid to people who are in need and deserve such. The monetary aspects for

once have to be put aside for the survival of our planet. The impact of environmental damage is visible worldwide,

it is now a question of whether we choose to act and save our planet or accelerate its destruction.

THE TUSSLE BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING NATIONS:

IMPACT ON CLIMATE

Heena Duggal & Rashi Gupta

Symbiosis Law School, Pune

[email protected]

[email protected]

"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality,

tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly."

The research is based on primary data as well as secondary data. The primary data was collected through

a questionnaire and in depth interviews of the sample. Secondary data is in the form of articles published in books,

journals, magazines, research papers, newspapers and reports was also be referred. In the words of a layman

climate can be defined as the average weather in a place over many years. While the weather can change in just

a few hours, climate takes hundreds, thousands, even millions of years to change. The oxford dictionary defines

Climate as "The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period." While climate change

as defined by oxford dictionary means "A change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change

apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric

carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels." Climate justice however, is not only about the distribution

of environmental goods between nation-states but also about how such goods continue to be distributed at

national and local levels under conditions of climatic change, as well as the importance of recognition and

participation Climate change is a serious threat in not only developing countries but even the developed countries.

The melting of glacier, the green-house effect has been affecting not only the people of developing counties but

even the citizens of the developed country. The injustice at the core of the climate problem is that those who

are least responsible are worst affected. While the international community debates the steps to take to solve

the problem - the scale of the impacts and the numbers of people affected increase. This is the argument behind

climate justice and a driver for a more urgent response to the global problem, in a way that treats all people

and countries fairly and ultimately prevents dangerous and irreversible climate change. India occupies an intriguing

dual position in global climate politics. As a developing economy with a substantial poverty problem and low levels

of historical and per capita emissions, India is both likely to face considerable impacts and has limited capacity



63

to address the problem. As a large country and one that had transitioned into a rapidly growing economy, India

gets called on to participate actively in addressing the global climate challenge.1 Our paper deals with how the

World Government should take a huge step in helping developing countries and help them deal with the great

impacts of the climate change. Impacts are going to get unavoidably worse, with massive disruption and loss of

human life and of other species that invisibly support our ecosystems. We are already living with climate change.

While the political arguments about causes and responses drag on, the people who are directly affected by its

very real and increasing effects, particularly the farmers, are beginning to face the urgent new reality of adaptation.

At the same time, one of the major political discourses surrounding climate change policy, at both the global and

local level, has been that of climate justice. Climate justice theorists, governments of the most vulnerable nations,

and activists and organizations in both local and global civil society have articulated a range of frameworks for

understanding the relationship between the effects of climate change and conceptions of justice and fairness.

There are various approaches that could be followed with regards to the current state of climate justice theory

and its relationship to policy-making. First, most well-known approaches to climate justice have two important

weaknesses, in that they fail to take advantage of two crucial developments in recent justice theory: one, the

identification of social and political misrecognition as the key underlying condition of the misdistribution of goods

and risks; and two, the influential capabilities approach, which focuses on the specific range of basic needs and

capabilities (including recognition) that human beings require to function. 'These two approaches help us

understand the political, social, and cultural conditions-in addition to the physical ones-that create and sustain

vulnerability. In addition, the vast majority of the current theories of climate justice are focused on frameworks

of prevention or mitigation, or on the distribution of the costs of adaptation to climate change. Second, adopting

a capabilities approach to climate change justice bridges the gap between ideal and abstract notions of climate

justice theory on the one hand and the reality of policy-making for adaptation on the other. A capabilities approach

can bring social and political recognition of specific and local vulnerabilities and the effects of climate change on

the basic needs of human beings in various places and under different conditions. Finally, a capabilities approach

acknowledges that justice depends on a revised understanding of the relationship between human beings and

the nonhuman world. Clearly, human needs and capabilities depend directly on the environment, and our impact

on the global climate is creating and/or exacerbating a range of vulnerabilities. The solution to the problems can

be found by two kinds of approaches. One key approach focuses on the historical responsibility that some may

bear for the present situation. The central argument is that there are specific states, acting within particular

practices of industrial development, that have brought us to our current climate change crisis, and that those

parties should now pay the current costs of their past transgressions. Proponents of historical responsibility note

that already vulnerable people in the developing world will be more, and more quickly, affected by climate change

in their everyday lives than those in developed countries. An alternative approach to climate justice is a per capita

equity argument, or a "carbon egalitarianism." Rather than focus on past responsibility for emissions, this approach

seeks to give everyone an equal "share of the capacity of the atmospheric sink". Another major approach to climate

justice focuses on rights-basic human rights, rights to development, and more specific environmental rights-and

the differentiated duties and responsibilities that flow from them. Simon Caney makes the claim that all people

have a right not to suffer from climate impacts that undermine their basic interests, and has argued that climate

change violates the human rights to life, health, and subsistence.

Our research paper deals with all the policies that world government or local governments should take up

in order to help the most affected section of society to deal with the climate changes. The most affected part

of the country because of the climate changes and how the people of the earth should come together and help

each other in dealing with the climate change.

1 http://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/The%20Politics%20Of%20Climate%20Change%20In%20India.pdf



64

CLIMATE CHANGE: A PITFALL FOR AGRICULTURALLY DEPENDENT

RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN INDIA?

Lakshita Bhati


[email protected]

Agriculture once accounted for major portion in India's GDP(gross domestic product) as being a fundamental

part of indian economy and rural livelihoods but it is now facing serious vulnerability in agricultural production

due to climate change.In a country like India which is largely dependent on rainfed agriculture and natural resources

like groundwater,Climate change poses a serious threat to sustainability of agriculture sector,adversely affecting

the livelihoods of small farmers and poor.Since, both agriculture and climate change are interdependent thus,

untoward changes in climate conditions like sea-level rise,floods,global warming and droughts threatens food

security and livelihoods of developing countries with huge population.

The objective of this paper is to discern the areas of threat posed by climate change and it's impact on farmers

and their livelihoods.The paper tries to analyse the human factor involved in climate change and methods to

improve adaptative capacity of agriculture by finding and proposing effective tools to strenghten the climate justice

initiatives at local level for small farmers for their sustainable livelihood.

Keywords:Agriculture,climate change,climate justice,sustainable livelihood

WOMEN AND POLICY MAKING ON CLIMATE CHANGE

Tejaswini Ranjan - Student, CNLU, Patna

Rahul Ranjan - Student, ILNU, Ahmedabad.

[email protected]

This is a descriptive, comparative and a suggestive study. The descriptive part of the paper describes how

women are affected by climate change. The reflections of The International Conference on Population and

Development (1994), the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995), the World Summit on Sustainable

Development (2002), and the World Summit (2005) have been taken into account. The reasons why female are

more prone to the adverse effects of climate change have also been discussed.

The comparative part of the study involves the deliberations of the 46th session (2002) and 52nd session (2008)

of the Commission on the Status of Women. This section of the research states how women are differently affected

by the phenomenon of climate change. This segment of research also makes arguments on the gender prejudiced

effects of climate change and how women form the vulnerable unit. This part also states why the gender biased

approach is necessary to protect women from the threats of climate change.

The suggestive part of the paper refers to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination

against Women (1979), Convention to Combat Desertification (2008), Statement of the CEDAW Committee on

Gender and Climate Change (2009). In this segment, the point of discussion revolves around how women can

play an important role in reducing the adverse effects of climate change and, how they can be a part of the policy



65

making process relating especially to mitigation and adaptation. Finally, how women can be protected from this

phenomenon has also been incorporated in the research work.

MORINGA LEAF EXTRACT:

AN EASY TOOL FOR CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE

Shahzad Maqsood Ahmed Basra, Irfan Afzal and Hafeez-ur-Rehman

Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

[email protected]

Crop plants have to face more than one abiotic stresses in their life cycle due to climate change. Development

of tolerant varieties is a way to cope abiotic stresses. The performance of crop plants under such stresses can

be enhanced by the exogenous application of growth promoting substances. Moringa oleifera L. is a rich natural

source of plant growth hormones (zeatin, a cytokinin), antioxidants (ascorbate, phenolics) and minerals (Ca, K,

Fe). Its leaf extract makes it an excellent growth enhancer. This presentation focuses the role of moringa leaf extract

(MLE) as natural plant growth enhancer when applied exogenously as seed priming or foliar agent in cereals i.e.

wheat, rice and maize and horticultural crops i.e. pea under normal and stressful environments. An increase of

15-40% was observed in all the tested crops under university experimental field and farmers fields. A survey was

conducted to get the feedback of the farmers. 90% farmers reported more than 15% increase in yield and cost

effective while 60% respondents declared it practicable. 100% farmers showed interest to plant moringa as

agroforestry and as a crop to get benefit of its multiple uses. In conclusion, moringa leaf extract is a natural source

of crop growth enhancer, reducing the use of chemicals, easy to use and farmer and environmentally friendly

tool.

NEW URBANISM AND SUSTAINABILITY: A PLANNING APPROACH

Urban Planning, CED

Jinu Jose & Dr. Krupesh A. Chauhan

Research Scholar & Professor in Urban Planning

SV National Institute Of Technology, Surat, Gujrat, INDIA

[email protected]

Growth has defined new dimensions which magnifies the role of Sustainable development. The 21st century

has changed due to exploration of technology. The entire focus goes on sustainable development approach. The

quality of life has transformed in urban cities of India. The people identifies and utilize the level of planning in

all sectors. People comments on the various sectors about kind of policy required to implement based on day

to day needs. The transportation and communication accessibility are the important factors which changed

everyday lives. As population rises which is indirectly proportional to natural resources. But demand rises against

supply. Need of sustainability is a matter of concern. Urbanization satisfies people with perfect balance of physical

and social infrastructure. The area delineated for specific purpose of land use in such a way where it gives maximum



66

benefit to people socially, economically and culturally. Necessity of organized sector with inclusive development

is essential for sustainable living. There are certain Drivers to Pump the Economy and boost various sectors.

Steering Development along with powerful strategies fuels the engine of economic growth and social vibrancy.

This paper presents about the planning of urban areas oriented with environmental elements with suitable policies

enables the maximum utilization of resources and supports the local people.

Keywords: sustainability, inclusive development, organized sectors

A NOTE ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MINING DUST ON

CROP PRODUCTIVITY IN BELLARY DISTRICT

Dr. Ponnaluru Srinivasa Sasdhar

Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Vijayanagara SriKrishnadevaraya University, Bellary

[email protected]

This article attempts to quantify the environmental impacts of airborne dusts from mining on agricultural

productivity. Iron ore mining was important economic activity in the district until its suspension from 2008 on

account of legal investigations. This study hypothesized that dust arising into atmosphere from Iron ore mining

can reduce crop productivity in the neighborhood. Data on crop productivity is obtained from National Agricultural

Insurance Scheme's crop cutting experiments spanning over seven years from 2006 to 2012. Preliminary results

indicate predominantly significant differences in crop productivities during and after mining in case of Bajra, Chillies,

Rice, Sesamum and Sunflower crops.

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE TECHNOLOGIES IN INDIA

Dr. T. Vidya Kumari

[email protected]

New technologies are tools of progress and development. Innovations and technology transfers are the beacon

lights that attract the developing countries to provide monopoly rights in exchange for useful products and

processes that mitigate problems of public concern including climate change.

It is observed that Patents are akin to fireworks-they need careful handling .The "anti common features" of

the Patent system at times deter progress and pose a threat-a challenge to countries starved of new technologies.

This Paper is a review of the positive role of the Patent system in the protection of environment and climate

change. The different aspects of the relationship between climate change and new technologies will be discussed.

The base of the Paper includes-

• The review of the various international instruments on climate change. The starting instrument is the UNFCCC-

The UN Framework Convention on Climate change of 1992 followed by the Kyoto Protocol of 1998 which

spells out the objectives for its members to reduce green house gas emissions. Subsequently there has been



67

a consistent international dialogue for action against climate change. The limitations of International

Instruments and the need for concrete National Policies will be examined in this segment of the Paper.

• The role of the Patent system follows. The inherent challenges posed by the IP System due to its anti common

features has a negative effect on the democratic policies of most developing countries including India.

• The paper suggests a cooperative approach by the Government to receive the benefits of the Patent system

by encouraging technologies that mitigate climate change.

All efforts are required to mould the IP Laws to ensure the rights of the IP holders for their efforts, skill and

investments for technologies that address climate change and provide enough room for a synergy between IP

holders and the ultimate users of these technologies. The proposals of the Indian Government in this regard will

be discussed.

STRENGTHENING CLIMATE JUSTICE INITIATIVES LIVELIHOOD

CHALLENGES

Thakur Jethani

Incharge - Principal, K.G. Shah Law school Mumbai

[email protected]

Till 1970 the Scientist discussed the possibility of a return of ice age then from mid eighties onwards a section

of scientist and policy makers directed our attention to a gradual rise of earth.

Overage surface temperature since late 19th century. Highly technical Terminologies like green home effect,

Ozone depletion and sustainable development global warning and soon entered in our vocabulary.

The concern for global warming had arisen from the prediction of general circulation modes (GCM), which

indicated a graduals warming of atmospheric temp. Resulting in dramatic climate change melting of polar ice and

drawing of low of coastal areas in the near future.

The Earth Summit

In 1992, representative from more than Hundred Countries assembled at Rio- de- Jenerio (Brazil), with an

objective to save Mother Earth from future environment degreadation. The Earth Summit at Rio or the world

Summit on sustainable Development, the two names were synonymously used for gathering comprising of Civil

Policy makers, academics, Politicians, journalist, Ministers and common primilarly organized by the U.N Commission,

on Environment and Development (UNESCO). In addition to the formation of U.N Framework Convention on

climate change (UNFCCC) several major agreement were enacted at the Earth Summit.

Kyoto Protocol

UNFCCC, which was created during Earth Summit at 1992 to address the climate change issue entered into

force in March 1994. It organizes annual meeting of the member nations is known as Conference of Parties (COP)

in their third annual meeting (CAPS) at Kyoto, Japan in 1977. UNFCC agreed to a Protocol on reduction of green

house gas emission.



68

Climate change and Agriculture

Scientists have altered global policy makers to the perils of climate change over the coming decades and it

remains to be seen whether major international agreements can now be reached.

Agriculture is considered to be one of the most vulnerable sectors. The Declaration of the World Summit

on Food from November 2009 stated: "Climate change poses additional severe risks to food security and the

agriculture sector. Its expected impact is particularly fraught with danger for smallholder framers in developing

countries notably the least developed Countries and for already vulnerable populations: In a newly published report

the WTO and UNEP state that in low-latitude regions, even a small temperature increase of 1C would lead to

reductions of 5- 10 percent in the yields of major cereal crops. By 2020, crop yields in African countries could

fall by up to 50 percent.

Climate change has started to significantly affect agriculture and rural landscapes. In recent years both

droughts and floods attributed to changing climatic conditions have been getting more pronounced. Rising

temperatures are expected to bring crop- shrinking heat waves, melting glaciers and ice sheets and rising sea levels

with major consequences for global food security.

Conclusion

For Centuries, human civilization have relied on Mother Earth for its source, be it fire woods, coal, petroleum

or Uranium. It is high time that the sun and the wind should take up this responsibility and relieve the ailing earth.

By shifting environmentally hazardous activities to the fund- starved poor countries, pollution will be "parceled

out" to the southern states. The responsibility of green house gases reduction has been shifted already to the

less polluting developed countries by promising few extra dollars.

Acronyms

IPCC- Intergovernmental Panel on climate change.

UNCEO- The UN Commission on Environment and Development

UNFCCC- The UN Frame work Convention on climate change

WBCSD- The World Business Council for Sustainable Development.

Reference:

1. Seshagiri :- N-1997, the weather weapon National Book Trust India.

2. OPEC 2004, Oil outlook to 2015



69

CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS EFFECT ON JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Dr. Tabassum Sheikh,

Associate Professor and HOD Philosophy,

GMM College, University of Mumbai,

simpletab @rediffmail.com

As Jammu and Kashmir struggles to deal with flood that have caused havoc and killed nearly 200 people while

leaving over half a million stranded, it has been pointed out that climate change may have triggered the sudden

intense rainfall that led to the worst floods that the region is facing in over a century.

The Kashmir floods are a grim reminder that Climate Change is now hitting India harder. In the last 10 years,

several extreme rainfall events have rocked the country, and this is the latest calamity in that series. According

to the 'Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) this could very well be another manifestation of an extreme

weather event induced by Climate Change.

The Kashmir disaster was caused by an event that fell in the 'very heavy rainfall' category. The fear is that

due to climate change, this can become the new normal.

Climate Change is drastically eating away glaciers, setting alarm bells ringing among environmentalists.

The phenomenon of glacier melting is accentuated by the loss of carbon sinks and other ecological

degradation. The forest cover in Jammu and Kashmir has been shrinking from 37% to 11% by an International

based body.

Deforestation has accelerated as a result of poor government control, corruption, lack of local awareness and

increased military activity, the sustained depletion of the green cover has begun to have a severe effect on the

environment in the entire state.

Kashmir-often called heaven on earth-is a major tourist attraction. But this has also become a bane for the

state leading to unchecked ill- planned construction which are choking the flood plains of the rivers. As concrete

structures take over wetlands, rivers and streams have lost the ability to carry extra water when it rains heavily.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE LEGISLATIONS AND POLICIES IN INDIA IN

RESPONSE TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGES ISSUES IN LAST

DECADE.

Prof Jaymangal M. Dhanraj

Dr. Ambedkar College of Law, Wadala, Mumbai-31.

[email protected]

Till 1970s the scientists discussed the possibility of a return of Ice-Age. Then from the mid-eighties onwards,

a section of scientists and policy maker directed our attention to a gradual rise of earth's average surface

temperature since late 19th century. Highly technical terminology like "greenhouse effect", "ozone depletion",

and sustainable development, "global warming" and so on entered into our vocabulary.



70

The concern for global warming had arisen from the prediction of a general circulation model (GCM), which

indicated a gradual warming of atmospheric temperature resulting in dramatic climate change, melting of polar

ice and drowning of low coastal areas in the near future. This complex model however provoked a lot of controversy

among scientific communities about its accuracy. Scientist disagreed on fundamentals. Questions were raised about

the veracity of the claims of the global warming phenomena. Was it a part of a self-correcting natural cycle-with

no direct association with energy consumption?

India is a non?Annex I country under the Kyoto Protocol and thus has no binding target for emissions reduction.

However, India is an active participant in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) established by the Protocol.

India has a number of policies that, while not primarily driven by climate concerns, contribute to reducing or

avoiding GHG emissions.

On 4 October 2012, the Indian government approved India's 12th Five?Year Plan for 2012-2017, drafted by

the Planning Commission, which sets a target of 8.2% growth during that period. The Plan makes clear that high

growth requires

Supporting growth in energy and that the Indian government must take steps to reduce the energy intensity

of production processes and also to increase domestic energy supplies as quickly as possible.

The Government of India has set up an Expert Group on Low Carbon Strategy for Inclusive Growth. The Group

has been given the mandate to develop a roadmap for India for low carbon development. The Group's

recommendations are a central part of India's 12th Five?Year Plan. The plan received final approval from the

National Development Council in late December 2012.

The Electricity Act 2003 sought to better coordinate development of the power sector in India. As an objective,

it seeks to promote efficient and environmentally benign policies, among others. The Act recognised the role of

renewable energy in the country's National Electricity Policy (issued by the government in 2005) and contains

key provisions relating to renewable energy.

India adopted a "National Action Plan on Climate Change" (NAPCC) in 2008 outlining existing and future

policies and programmes directed at climate change mitigation and adaptation. The plan outlines eight "national

missions" running up to 2017.

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA AND CLIMATE

JUSTICE

Rashmi Kumari

Scholar, Institute of Law, Nirma University, Ahmedabad,

[email protected]

Climate justice is the recognition that climate change will impact environmental justice communities first and

worst. The charge to rectify climate injustice has been led by environmental justice communities and organizations,

indigenous peoples, and all others traditionally excluded from the political decision?making process because of

racism or poverty. For example, increased greenhouse gas emissions will also increase co?pollutants that harm

human health and degrade the environment. Yet current legislative and regulatory efforts fail sufficiently to address



71

these issues. Recently Municipal solid waste (MSW) presents environmental, social, and economic problems and

it directly affect on human health. In this paper the researcher focuses on the role of Indian government and

their policies and also recommend the action which gives climate justice.

Key words- Climate Justice, Municipal solid waste, Environment, human health.

MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE:

PROMOTING BIOMASS GAS FOR CLIMATE JUSTICE

Haribhai Mori, Prashant Borkute and Shilpa Vasavada

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Households in rural India are highly dependent on firewood as the main source of energy. This is more so

as non-bio fuels are often expensive for most rural households - particularly for those below the poverty line.

Demand for ?re wood has increased with increased population. The demand is often met by utilizing the animal

dung together with agricultural residues. Burning of fuel wood as also use of cow dung only adds much to climate

change.

Biogas has been a proven clean technology and is known for its positive impact on mitigating climate change.

Government also have been extending support in the name of 'subsidy' so that households can make use ofBiogas

fuel and thus contributing towards mitigating the effects of climate change.

This paper is based on interventions done by KJBF in Wardha district of Maharashtra, where looking at the

local circumstances, KJBF has extended additional financial support to the farmers to have biogas plants installed.

Apart from the financial support, KJBF has also ensured quality construction of the biogas; it had held users' training

programmes and has made biogas accessories available by promoting an entrepreneurial approach. Together, the

impact is that in an area where biogas plants were not accepted due to various reasons, KJBF has become the

largest player in the field of promotion of biogas.

This paper is based on a study done in March 2014 which shows that promotion of biogas has not only helped

in reduction of poverty on large scale, but has also made a significant impact on the mitigation of climate change.

The paper argues that government must see its support from the angle of investment and not from the angle

of subsidy as the amount it provides as support actually is an investment it makes towards reducing its contribution

to 'other subsidies' it provides. Many of these other subsidies do not contribute positively to the climate change

agenda. The paper argues that for government this investment has positive implication on reducing negative

consequence to climate change as well as reducing its investment into 'other subsidies'.



72

MORE DECENTRALIZATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Thilakanandan.c

Associate Professor of Law, Co-ordinator, Clinical Justice Education Organisation (CLIJEO)

The Legal Aid Clinic.

[email protected]

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendment and consequential enactment of Panchayathi Raj Act has

brought about a legislative revolution in decentralized administration. But even after decades of this power shift,

it lies only in paper. Decentralization of administration in India is still a myth. The state of Kerala which has a

long experience in decentralized administration in independent India has also not so far produced better results

in consonance with the legislative intention. In spite of the fact that panchayaths have been divested with powers

and they have been strengthened ever before, the power concentration before the state secretariat has not so

far been dwindled down; rather its size is becoming fatter than ever before.

It is high time for us to give much attention to the matter of power decentralization ever before. The country's

population is growing much faster along with its attended problems. Merely by making adjustments in poverty

line, no administration can reduce the real poverty in any society. Many of the big problems faced by our society

can be resolved in an easy manner at grass root level; not to speak of the greater environmental issues. In order

to do this the panchayath administration has to be given prominence. More powers, functions and finance have

to be allocated to the panchayaths.

In this attempt the first step to be considered is equipping the panchayaths within the present frame work

itself. Their administrative efficiency has to be improved at least one fold. For this purpose each gram sabha which

may consist of at least one thousand voters has to be divided in to a minimum of four or five residential groups.

Each residential group shall be equipped with strong committee system with some respectable elder members

as patrons. When such attempts are made it is possible to find people with different talents in various fields. On

the basis of their talents a village level ministry - gram manthralay has to be formed. Periodic meetings on a monthly

basis enable people to meet together and discuss various issues of individual and social importance and that will

bring togetherness among them. The social ethos will then be developed. It will lead to reducing tensions in society.

People start considering the problems of their fellow beings, women, children, aged, sick, differently abled, invalid

etc. it will foster brotherhood and sisterhood in society and enable people to give due recognition to each member

of the society. Periodic trainings in the area of social inclusive growth, environmental awareness, life skills, soft

skills, legal awareness and nation development are needed. Encouragement of arts, literary, and sports activities

are also should be very much part of this programme. All this will naturally increase employment opportunities.

All the above programmes and related activities are required for a cultural advancement in any society. It will

give people a feeling that they are getting what is due to them ie, a feeling of justice. This kind of subdividing

of gram sabhas and formation of residential committees and their effective functioning can be completed within

a period of one to two years.

The second phase of this development must be providing more funds to the panchayaths. The financial

assistance to the gram sabhas must be based on their project proposals. The projects must be scrutinized by an

expert committee. Direct funding to gram sabhas must be provided to carry out their projects instead of central

or state schemes. This is needed for the gram sabhas to be very serious and effective. It is also required for inclusive



73

development. When the involvement of people become more ie, when more decentralization is possible, more

sustainable will be the development paradigm. In order to bring about these changes an amendment to the

panchayathi raj act is necessary. The Legal Aid Clinic of Government Law College, Kozhikode- Clinical Justice

Education Organisation (CLIJEO) is very much engaged in such activities in a ward in the nearby panchayath of

our college.

AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE JUSTICE: TREND OF FARMERS

SUICIDE AND CLIMATE JUSTICE IN LIGHT OF GOVERNMENT PLANS

AND POLICIES FOR FARMERS IN INDIA

Ms. Sunita Sharma

Assistant Professor (Law), Department of Law, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur.

[email protected]

N. Bangkim Singh

Assistant Professor (Sociology), Institute of Law, Nirma University, Ahmedabad

"The Farmer is the only man in our economy who buys everything at retail, sells everything at wholesale,

and pays the freight both ways."

-John F. Kennedy

A farmer is a key point of Indian economy. Although lot of sectors has been emerging and the deliberations

of the government has been shifted to industrialization, privatization and globalization, and recently to FDI policies.

The priority given to agriculture in initial five year plans has found no place in other succeeding five year plans

and policies. Diversion of lands from agricultural to non agricultural purposes and also leaving agriculture at the

mercy of nature led to the trend of suicide among the farmers in India which is supported by various statistics

reports. Although subsidies and some welfare schemes are there, but a question arises- Have we opted for any

other thing to eat other than food? Or more too elaborate Do we really think that we can make all the things

by machines? If both answers are yes, then there is no need to worry. But If answer is no, we have to think upon

our dependency over agriculture. On the other side, the unprecedented farmer's suicide indicates that sooner

or later the country is going to face food crisis. Farmers are human beings, they have human rights and they should

have participation and deliberation in all aspects of decision making and execution of plans and policies which

are directly or indirectly affecting their life. They are deprived of economic justice as well as social justice. After

67 years of Independence many farmers are depending on nature, if India cannot support them to survive, or

cannot equip them with sustainable modern tools and techniques, then we are receding backward.

This paper examines and analyses social and economic justice of farmers with special reference to climate

justice embedded in various government policies and planning and real life of the farmers. The authors also

suggests recommendations for the same which will help many farmers from taking their own life due to the

unmeted climate justice in India.



74

GOVERNMENT ROLE ON CLIMATE JUSTICE

Suyash Srivastava

Law College Dehradun, Uttranchal University.

[email protected]

In this modern era, climate justice is playing a major role in protecting the people and natural environment

from the adverse impact of climate change. It is a vision to dissolve and alleviate the unequal burdens created

by climate change. Global warming is fundamentally an issue of human rights and environmental justice. With

rise in temperatures human lives- particularly people who are below poverty line or not able to fulfill their primary

objectives- are affected by compromised health, financial burdens and social and cultural disruption.

In this world of new technologies, the climatic condition is getting worse day by day in our environment, which

is affecting our health and survival of mankind and animals. As by the end of 20th century technology has become

the main resource for every aspect. Worldwide all Governments , scientist and all other departments which deal

with health and environment issues have started to react , realizing the potential of the damage it cause to the

society and environment.

This paper is attempt to provide a glimpse on role of government policies and schemes over climate justice.

It revolves around how the climatic condition of our environment is getting worse day by day and its effects on

our society and health. It also states and analyses some key reasons why policies or schemes are not effective

enough to maintain climate justice and rapidly growth of unhygienic climatic conditions. The research paper will

also discuss some of the key theories of justice which are relevant to understand climate justice.

Key Words- Climate Justice, Schemes or Policies of government, Theories, Climatic conditions in India

CLIMATE JUSTICE AND INITIATIVES BY THE NATION

Arifa Zahra

LLM, Gujarat National Law University

[email protected]

"Climate Justice is a struggle over land, forest, water, culture, food sovereignty, collective and social rights;

it is a struggle that considers "justice" at the basis of any solution; a struggle that supports climate solutions found

in the practices and knowledge of those already fighting to protect and defend their livelihoods and the

environment; a struggle that insists on a genuine systematic transformation in order to tackle the real causes of

climate change… Climate Justice addresses four key themes: root causes, rights, reparations and participatory

democracy." India is emerging both as an economic powerhouse and a global environmental leader. As India's

economy charges ahead, the country needs to produce more energy to provide a better life for its people, many

of whom live in rural areas and are very poor. At the same time, India has recognized that tackling climate change

is in its own national interests. The nation is taking concrete measures to constrain its own emissions and to protect

its people from climatic disruptions. In India, widespread and significant impacts of climate change have been



75

noticed for at least 10-15 years in many regions. In the international realm, it is being woven into broader foreign

policy strategy, while domestically; it is being shaped to serve national and sub-national development interests.

India is an increasingly influential actor in global climate negotiations, as a growing economic power; part of the

G77 and China group, and more recently in its cooperation with Brazil, China and South Africa as the BASIC group.

This paper will shed light upon the following points:

• Climate justice-Need of the Hour

• Emerging issues of climate change- Threat to India

• Initiatives taken by India

• Agricultural schemes

• Climate justice as a Global concern (International treaties and Bali Principles of climate change)

• Conclusion

• Suggestions

The author will be using non-doctrinal and empirical research technique of research methodology.

This paper will definitely inspire the people to take initiatives in order to save our environment and to

administer climate justice by own and would also make them aware of the already taken initiatives by the

government in this regard.

Key words: Climate Justice, Government, Initiatives.

TORT REMEDIES: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE NUISANCE AND

NEGLIGENCE

Soumya Jha

Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur [C.G]

[email protected]

The raising concerns for environmental awareness and the urging need for safeguarding the environment,

especially in this high-paced globalized world, has laid stress on the emerging necessity of Environmental Law.

More so, in the last few decades, the dire need for putting conscious efforts for safeguarding the environment

by protected and pollution-free environment in the present and to achieve sustainable development for a

'protected tomorrow' has also been realized.

This paper, however deals with the impact of various torts on climate. It analyses various torts committed

to the environment which disastrously affects the climate, encompassing the beliefs prevalent in olden times

regarding the protection of environment and its transition to the modern belief (culture, beliefs, concepts of

economic welfare- industrialization and urbanization etc) exacerbating the conditions in the present day. Having

said so, it also illuminates on the roots of environmental law which is found in the Common Law concept of



76

nuisance1 by understanding the concept of nuisance- its definition, consequences of liability, approaches of

different courts, judicial interventions and influence of various international conventions and customs in interpreting

the ambit of such torts and its remedies.

This paper also attempts to understand the close relation between nuisance and negligence and goes on to

rationally examine whether always negligence is a pathway for commission of nuisance in the form of man-made

disasters. Moreover, only on occurrence of accidents like Bhopal gas leak disaster2, stakeholders3 raise concerns

of preventing them. This paper however critically analyses the effect of such curatives measures on, in the ambit

of torts and its remedies, the victims and also the climate and further suggests on the preference of preventive

rather than curative environmental measures through strict laws and regulations.

Further ahead, it also elucidates the raising concern for the same on a global level and therefore, brings about

necessary comparisons of these torts and remedies in different jurisdictions like the USA, the UK, Canada and

so on.

Further, it reflects on various defenses available for commission of such tortuous acts raising mass environmental

concerns and also on its severe misuses. To conclude, it explores the fundamental concept of these torts, its

remedies and defenses and its adverse impact on the climate.

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND SCHEMES IN CLIMATE

INITIATIVES

Harsh Bajpai

Rishabh Saxena

Symbiosis Law School, Noida

[email protected]

A New World Order is required to deal with the Climate Change crisis."

-Gordon Brown, former British prime minister

Since 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has recognised that human induced climate

change is occurring as a result of burning fossil fuels and land clearance. The world in 21st century itself is predicted

to witness an increase of anywhere from 2 to 4.5°C in the annual global mean surface temperature. This increase

will result in various types of changes all over the globe. The consequences of these changes are likely to be

devastating for many.

The impacts of climate change will be clearly reflected on the environment, economics, and people. Everything

that will follow is uncertain. Now, the important question arising is that how to tackle this problem? This is where

the concept of Climate Justice comes into play.

1 Pg. 15, P. Leelakrishnan, Environmental Law in India, LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa (3rd Edition, 2008)

2 Union of India v. Union Carbide Corporation, (1986) 2 Comp LJ 169

3 environmentalists, social workers, general public and government institutions



77

Climate justice in simple terms addresses the climate change by looking at who is hurt, how they are and

will be hurt and who will be responsible. It brings the human right perspective of what has been, until now, into

perspective. It gives rise to scientifically concerned topics with respect to consumption patterns and emission levels

for debate.

"Climate Justice is a vision to dissolve and alleviate the unequal burdens created by climate change. As a

form of environmental justice, climate justice is the fair treatment of all people and freedom from discrimination

with the creation of policies and projects that address climate change and the systems that create climate change

and perpetuate discrimination."

With this paper we will be trying to bring out a clearer picture of 'Climate Justice'. Incidents that bring the

concept of 'Climate Justice' into limelight will be discussed. We will talk about it keeping in mind a perspective

of all the International bodies that realize the effects of Climate Change and entertain discussions on the topic

of 'Climate Justice'. We will try to put forward the points that are addressed in various Summits and renowned

conferences with special emphasis on 'Climate Justice'. This paper will also throw light on various public policies

brought in by countries both developed, developing and under-developed countries. With the discussions of public

policies, the development of countries with special emphasis to 'Climate Justice and control' will also be discussed.

"Men argue. Nature acts." -Voltaire

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT IN FIELD OF AGRICULTURE

Ayushi Agarwal and Utkarsh Singh


[email protected]; [email protected]

The paper will in detail shall discuss about how the climate change is affecting the agriculture India, the

hardships that Indian farmers have to face because of it and how sustainable development techniques are at their

rescue lately.

Climate Change is a global environment issue. It affects the use of land, fuels, and agriculture everywhere.

The carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane emissions in the air cause global warming. Global warming is a

phenomenon in which there is a constant rise in temperature in the air above the land and ocean levels.Due this

climate change there are prolonged periods of drought, floods and shifting climatic zones which are endangering

development successes. The poor and needy farmers are often most affected by climate variability and change.

Farmers in India are highly dependent on the climate as the agriculture majorly lies on the monsoon rains.

India is a large emerging economy with a great variety of geographical regions and biodiversity. More than

half of India's population of over 1 billion people lives in rural areas and depends on climate-sensitive sectors

like agriculture, fisheries and forestry for their livelihoods. Natural resources and the environment are already

under pressure as a result of rapid urbanisation, industrialisation and economic development.The farmers in India

are now switching to genetically modified crops.

Sustainable development in the field of agriculture is an essential requirement for adequate usage of

renewable resources. Green technology has helped to conserve natural environment and resources. It reduces



78

the emotions of Carbon dioxide and thus helps to have a significant growth in the renewable resources. Moreover

it's a way to improve the national economy with proper use of resources without harming the environment. This

sustainable development is possible only when there is an improvement in agricultural research and education

among farmers. Increased production with a decrease in average cost is a prerequisite for a developing country

like India where a larger population depends upon agriculture for livelihood.

Keywords: Climate change, global warming, agriculture, genetically modified crops, renewable resources,

sustainable development, green technology, agricultural education.

CLIMATE JUSTICE WITH RESPECT TO DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN

FARMERS

Ripal Gupta

[email protected]

Adhyapak Sahayak at Anand Law College, Anand

Jimit Pandit

Student of Anand Law College, Anand

The climate justice is to be taken to the new height for the solution of the people and to take care of their

fundamental rights. The climate justice is used as in general for viewing the climate change as an issue and how

its causes and effects relate to concept of justice. Climate change includes the issues as the environmental issue,

social issue, fundamental rights, ethical and spiritual violation, human rights, equality in a vast meaning, the climate

justice is the need of the people who suffer from the impact of it; the harm to the climate, the harm to the people.

The sustainable development is the concept for developing in a manner where it not harm to the environment,

the future generation get the benefits of the same resource and country also develop, the important conditions

of the sustainable development is 1.precautionery principal, 2. Public trust, 3.Polluter pays principal. In current

time the industries are doing the profit and increasing global warming on the name of the sustainable development

the actual concept of sustainable development is not applied. The institutional framework is done but the

execution of the same is not accurately and fully done there are many statues and government bodies under it

are legislate and establish but the prompt implementation is most important for it.

The India has signed many treaties regarding the human rights and even the treaties regarding the environment

protection and climate change but the implementation of it is most important the statue are enacted but the

concern authority has to take care of its completion and execute it well, the legal framework of the India regarding

the protection of the environment and human rights is well but now by applying it the justice should be done

with the people who suffer from it. The farmers are the most sufferer people of the climate change as the

agriculture is purely and fully depend on the nature, the pure food is available from the nice and naturally grown

vegetation, as the climate and environment is only affected by man that the pure vegetation is not available and

the crops and grain are destroyed due to improper climate condition, so the climate justice is an ultimate need

for world and for India.

Key Words: Climate Justice, Sustainable Development, Climate change, Institutional Framework, Farmers



79

STRENGTHENING CLIMATE JUSTICE INITIATIVES: LIVELIHOOD

CHALLENGES AT LOCAL LEVEL WITH A FOCUS ON FARMERS

Anupriya Mishra

Shubham Namdeo

[email protected]

It's a human behaviour that he looks after the present only ,the future costs nothing for him and this simple

behaviour has bring us to this dangerous dawn where a monster of climate change is breathing in front of us

with open jaws.

Decreasing scale of rain, increasing of sea level, hot weather, melting glaciers, these are some simple symptoms

which we can see through naked eyes. But the real symptoms are something else. These changes have affected

the groundwater level and soil quality for most. These things are the basic requirements for a farmer and these

are only in danger and its effect we can see in the quality and amount of the food grain they are producing.

In India, where more than 60 percent of people are farmers, it's a disaster because half of the population

is suffering from the problem and the other half is based on that first half.

What can we do to overcome with this problem? India has become the part of UNFCCC, that's good but it

does not imply any legal binding on nations. It only suggests them to sign treaties on this subject. The real thing

exists in local government. The Initiative taken by local government for farmers and other affecting people will

work actually.

In India most of the farmers are illiterate. They don't have any knowledge about soil quality or weather

behavior. Government should take this step to test their soil and then suggest them to crop accordingly. With

the help of experts government should tell the farmers the role of the weather in agriculture and before they

crop they should have the knowledge of the weather. Like, if they are going to seed cotton, whether they will

get enough of monsoon. These general steps will bring huge changes in agriculture and farmers life too. Apart

this, insurance of each agriculture land is also a good option for betterment of farmers.

Climate change is a problem which will take years and years to be cured. Government of each nation should

take initiative to lesser the production of greenhouse gases, public should start using public vehicles and stop

using CFC's and the most important thing a person is required to look after this problem as their personal one.

Conclusion:

Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri quoted "Praise the Youth and praise the Farmers"

Because these two are the life line of a nation, and one of this is in serious problem. Not only farmers but

also common people will be suffering from this soon. Climate change is really a serious problem, if not taken

seriously soon Earth will lose life and hole of ozone (O3), melting of ice bergs in Antarctica and acid rain is the

symbol of its beginning.



80

GLOBALIZATION AND CLIMATE INTERVENTIONS

Ms. Namrata Patel

Mr. Sourabh Dev Pandey

[email protected]

The process of growing and expanding to exist throughout the entire world is globalization. In recent decades,

international connectivity has increased on many fronts, including the flow of information, movements of people,

trading patterns, the flow of capital, regulatory systems, and cultural diffusion.

The global scale, interconnectedness, and economic intensity of contemporary human activity are historically

unprecedented, as are many of the consequent climate and social changes. These global changes fundamentally

influence on human health, economic activities, the spread of consumerism and urbanization. On the economic

front, the recent global financial crisis has underscored the domino-like interdependence of national economies.

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION:

The processes of global change are more systemic, involving disruption or depletion.

Population growth is often overlooked in the discourse on global change, including its relation to the mitigation

of climate change, to which the contribution of global emissions is obvious. The projections by the United Nations

that today's population of 7 billion will increase to 9.3 billion by 2050. Furthermore, the negative-feedback loop

of excessive population pressure on regional environments not only exacerbates various ongoing worldwide

environmental and ecologic changes but also entrenches conditions of poverty and disadvantage. It integrates

disparate but well founded bodies of research. It is also likely to undermine the capacity of system to provide

the opportunities and services that help people to sustain their livelihood.

Global climate change is part of the larger syndrome of human-induced global environmental changes. These

include land degradation, ocean acidification, and disruptions and depletions of the stratospheric ozone concentration,

soil fertility, fresh-water resources, biodiversity stocks and ecosystem functioning.

CONCLUSION:

Rapid globalization has brought new, large-scale influences to bear on patterns of human health. Various

global-scale changes - economic, social, demographic, and environment.

Undertaking primary prevention at the source to reduce health risks resulting from these global influences

is a formidable challenge. It requires conceptual insights beyond the conventional understanding of causation and

prevention. Meanwhile, additional resources and strategies will be needed to reduce the health risks related to

global change that have already arisen or are now unavoidable. For populations to live sustainably with good long-

term health, the health sector must work with other sectors in reshaping how human societies plan.



81

CLIMATE JUSTICE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, INSTITUTIONAL

FRAMEWORK AND FARMER IN INDIA

Muskan Ochani & Pranati Bhatnagar

College Of Legal Studies,

UPES, Dehradun

[email protected]

Climate justice is informed by science, responses to science and acknowledges the need for equitable

stewardship of the world's resources. The climate change raise challenging questions in the economics of risk,

space, time and in broader aspects of human well-being. The vast gulf in resources between rich and poor is the

deepest injustice of our age.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has outlined various consequences of continuing

greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gas reductions would cost some nations much more

than others, and benefit some nations far less than others. The United States is awakening to the urgency of the

climate crisis; and Congress is poised to respond with a cap-and-trade approach meant to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions through market mechanisms.

Indiscriminate pollution of environment doesn't just constitute danger to health and livelihood; it is a threat

to the very existence and security of humanity. Farmers are the deepest victims of the same, despite numerous

measures taken to uplift this class of the society by the government of the country they are still one of the least

developed section of the society.

Humans are hypocrites. They are both creators and molder of their environment, which gives them physical

sustenance and affords them the opportunity for intellectual, moral, social and spiritual growth.

The field of law has, in many ways, been the poor relation in the world-wide effort to deliver a cleaner, healthier

and ultimately fairer world. We have over 500 international and regional agreements, treaties and conventions

covering everything from the protection of the ozone layer to the conservation of the oceans and seas. Almost

all, if not all, countries have national environmental laws too. But unless these are complied with, unless they

are enforced, then they are little more than symbols, tokens, paper tigers.

Keywords: - equitable stewardship, cap-and-trade approach, market mechanisms, physical sustenance.



82

JUSTICE INITIATIVE IN INDIA: AN INDIAN FARMER'S STORY

Shubham Modi & Kusharg Rohan

School of law Dr. H.S. Gour Cental university

[email protected]

Over the past 15 years, a scourge of suicides has claimed the lives of an estimated 250,000 farmers in India.

And the death count is still climbing, according to a new report by the Center for Human Rights and Global Justice

(CHRGJ) at New York University. "On average, one farmer commits suicide every 30 minutes in India," said Smita

narula director of the CHRGJ and co-author of the report, "Every Thirty Minutes: Farmer Suicides, Human Rights,

and the Agrarian Crisis in India." The report, which focuses primarily on small cotton farmers in India, identifies

several likely sources and potential solutions to the suicide epidemic in India. In my view, it gets both of these

at least partially wrong. Generally speaking, the report suggests multinational agri business, market reforms and

a ludicrously inadequate policy response to the crisis on the part of the Indian government are among the culprits

contributing to the tragedy. While structural market reforms and ineffective government policy clearly has

contributed to the suicide epidemic, the claim that multinational companies bear at least part of the blame for

these tragedies not only flies in the face of the evidence but is also likely to have perverse consequences. The

analysis suggests that foreign multinational corporations promoting genetically modified cottonseed in India are

impinging on the rights of small farmers in India.

CLIMATE, DEMOCRACY AND SUSTAINABILITY:

COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITY.

Rishi Mishra and Anushree Mishra

[email protected]

This paper intends to give a brief information about the challenges faced by the farmers at the local level

and its effect to the climate.

Climate change is a significant time variation in weather patterns occurring over periods ranging from decades

to millions of years. Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time variation

of weather around longer-term average conditions. Certain human activities have also been identified as significant

causes of recent climate change, often referred to as global warming, greenhouse effect and ozone depletion.

In reference to the above topic, we have researched on "The Economics of Climate Justice: Role of International

agencies".

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has Report 2001 concluded that the poorest countries

would be hardest hit, with reductions in crop yields in most tropical and sub-tropical regions due to decreased

water availability, and new or changed insect pest incidence. Marine life and the fishing industry will also be

severely affected in some places. Climate change have both market and non-market impacts in which market

impacts are Agriculture and Fisheries whereas non market effects are Knowledge gaps, Vulnerability, Adaptation,

Socioeconomic trends. A small increase in global mean temperature would result in net negative market sector

impacts in many developing countries and net positive market sector impacts in many developed countries.



83

The Stern's Review points to the potential impacts of climate change on water resources, food production,

health, and the environment. According to them, without action, the overall costs of climate change will be

equivalent to losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever.

Conclusion:

Climate change is the greatest and widest-ranging market failure ever seen, presenting a unique challenge

for economics. There are National and International policies such as Kyoto Protocol, Green power, Environmental

Subsidies and Emission taxes and charges to bring climate justice. The main conclusion is that the benefits of strong,

early action on climate change far outweigh the costs of not acting.

CLIMATE JUSTICE INITIATIVES AND TECHNOLOGY

Muskan Kesharwaani

Pankaj savita

Student of law, Dr. Hari Singh Gour a Central University

[email protected]

Climate change mitigation are actions to limit the magnitude and/or rate of long-term climate change. Climate

change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse (GHGs).

Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of carbon sinks, e.g., through reforestation. Mitigation

policies can substantially reduce the risks associated with human-induced global warming. Most countries are

parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).[8] The ultimate objective of

the UNFCCC is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of GHGs at a level that would prevent dangerous human

interference of the climate system.

The Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration was created as part of the Clear Skies

Initiative in February 2002 by George W. Bush, as a Cabinet-level effort to coordinate climate change science and

technology research. The United States Climate Change Technology Program or CCTP is a multi-agency planning

and coordination entity. Its purpose is to accelerate the development and deployment of technologies that can

reduce, avoid, or capture and store greenhouse gas emissions. CCTP was established administratively in 2002,

authorized by the Energy Policy Act of 2005, and appropriated funds in 2007. Currently, the Department of Energy

is designated as the lead agency. Some more initiatives are introduced worldwide they are : New England Governors

and Eastern Canadian Premiers Climate Change Action Plan 2001, West Coast Governor's Global Warming Initiative,

North America 2050, Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, Southwest climate change initiative.

Conclusion:

Scientific analysis can provide information on the impacts of climate change, but deciding which impacts are

dangerous requires value judgments. While many businesses are already taking action to mitigate climate change

by reducing their carbon footprints, so far much less has been done by the private sector to address adaptation

to expected climate change impacts.



84

CLIMATE JUSTICE: A HOLISTIC ANALYSIS

IN THE CONTEXT OF INDIAN FARMERS

Isha Kabra

Student, NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad

[email protected]

The effect of climate change on our environment has become a big reason for concern now. It has devastating

effects on resources, temperature, forests etc. These effects are felt all over the world and a major cause of this

climate change has been industrialization. But the process of industrialization has not been uniform throughout

the world. We see a Global North-South divide where the nations in the Global North are more developed

industrialized nations and the nations in the South are not very developed or industrialized. It means that the

major actors who have contributed to climate change are the countries in the Global North and the South becomes

the bearer of the effects even without actually causing them. In recent times, there have been deliberations over

the issue of climate change and the principle that the responsibility for climate change should be common but

differentiated has been used to deliver climate justice.

In the above mentioned context, this paper will examine especially the case of India. India is a country lying

in Global South. As a result, it is confronted with two issues- lesser industrialization and climate change. The people

who are most affected by these are the poor and underprivileged which includes farmers. We all know that farming

in India is taken up as an occupation by a majority of the people in the rural areas. Climate change adversely

affects rainfalls, fertility of land, climate, temperature and a lot of other factors crucial for agriculture. Due to

this, the farmers get adversely affected. Also, India is a low-lying country and is affected badly when some natural

disasters occur due to climate change which further worsens the situation. And if the countries in both the North

and the South are to equally compensate for the activities of the North, it would be most unfair to these people.

To mitigate the adverse effects of this, sustainable development is seen as a solution. There have been

attempts by the farmers to take the course of sustainable development to improve their situation or not worsen

it further. There has also been use of innovative technology by them for the same purpose. Also, further

contextualizing Indian scenario, we are confronted with a deeper problem that women are even more vulnerable.

In most cases, women are not given any sort of recognition like social or legal as farmers. They are just considered

as a helping hand to the males. Also, they have to bear the burden of dual labour i.e. taking care of the house

and also taking care of agriculture and thus, are adversely affected by climate change. This paper seeks to explore

all of these factors in detail and also argue that if we are to deliver climate justice to them, empowerment of

women is a must and has to be done to improve the help the Indian farmers and reduce their misery. Considering

the demographics of India, there can be no climate justice without gender justice.

Keywords- Climate change, Industrialization, Global North-South divide, sustainable development, gender

justice



85

E-WASTE IN INDIA: DARK SIDE OF DIGITAL REVOLUTION

Devita Shah and Neelanjana Paul

Students of KLE Society's Law College.

[email protected]

[email protected]

Rapid turnover in the field of industrialization and modernization is the crucial vector for future societal

development with a not-so-modern downside to it- Electronic waste or E-waste. E-waste happens to be the most

crucial waste disposal issue of the 21st century. Electronic gadgets have become an indispensable part of our lives.

But it is also necessary to look over the potential environmental risks that are very much associated, with the

ingredients of these electronic appliances, which are of grievous nature.

The very essence of manufacturing electronic gadgets is to provide comfort and luxury but in addition there

is a need to focus on the implications of excessive consumer culture which is leading to increase in e-waste in

India. Focusing on the rudimentary processes used by the recyclers in disposing of trashed appliances by open

burning, acid baths and heating of circuit boards results in emission of toxic substances, which not being bio-

degradable leaves toxic footmarks.

The toxic elements so released penetrate the "soil-food-crop pathway"- the most intrinsic and vulnerable part

of ecology. Over the time, the toxic chemicals are seeping into the land and water resources, leading to bio-

accumulation and bio-magnification. The released heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, chromium, mercury, zinc

and nickel enters the food chain and finds their way to the human beings, who are the ultimate sufferer in the

hands of his own creations.

The growing volume of landfills in India filled with e-waste has made the Government of India unable to turn

a blind eye. Though, the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF) has issued certain e-waste management

guidelines in 2011- the first of its kind in India; however these are not sufficient enough to cope with the emerging

problem. In this paper, we would deal with the present e-waste scenario in India, its environmental impact and

the health hazards caused by the recycling and reusing operations and also include an analysis of the Government's

initiatives towards regulating e-waste industry.

Keywords: E-waste, toxic chemicals, heavy metals, environmental impact, health hazards.



86

AGRICULTURE INSURANCE: A STEP TOWARDS CLIMATE

JUSTICE INITIATIVE

Parminder Kaur & Khushmani Kaur

Amity Law School, Delhi

[email protected]

[email protected]

Everywhere we turn, the aftermath of climate change confronts us. Whenever we think of climate change;

though the images of polar bears, melting ice caps, flooded lands etc. are the first things that pop up in our minds,

there exist a human aspect to this story as well. Climate change does not only concern the environment, it is

also an issue of social justice. It is the people who belong to the lower income strata and specifically, the farmers

from developing nations, who bear the brunt of climate change in disproportionate manner.

Climatic changes which occur due to various anthropological activities lead to increased frequency of drought,

floods and other natural calamities etc. which effect the livelihood options of the millions of poor farmers. Even

the scientists agree that the greatest brunt of climate change's effects will be felt (and are being felt) by the world's

poorest people. Climate justice initiative is a vision to dissolve and alleviate the unequal burdens created by climate

change on the vulnerable farmers. Now the question remains as to what is the best way of protecting these farmers

from the disastrous impacts of climate change? Insurance could be an answer.

"Insurance is a financial arrangement whereby losses suffered by a few are met from the funds accumulated

from small contributions made by many who are exposed to similar risks." Publicly administered insurance schemes

have had Indian farmers under its ambit since 1972. The government is still attempting to strengthen agriculture

by protecting its farmers from weather through weather insurance scheme. There has been a shift from

conventional crop insurance scheme for ex. NAIS, towards various innovative insurance schemes but they too have

flaws.

These new strategies too have not been very successful in attenuating the difficulties faced by the poor

farmers. This paper evaluates the relative advantages and disadvantages of existing agriculture insurance schemes

in India and how insurance can alleviate the injustice faced by the farmers.

This paper also briefly discusses the agriculture insurance schemes practiced in other nations which can be

adopted by the government.

Keywords: climate change, farmers, climate justice initiative, social justice, India, agriculture, crop insurance, NAIS,

weather based insurance.



87

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR

CLIMATE JUSTICE: "CLIMATE CHANGE, HUMAN RIGHTS AND

MORAL THRESHOLDS"

Arnaaz Ameer & Noyanika Batta

Gujarat National Law University

[email protected]

Over the past few decades, climate change has been causing unprecedented changes in the environment,

which shall in turn influence our life style, while having a significantly dramatic impact on our health, energy sources

and systems of food production.

Increasingly, however, there has been a growing concern that there has been a disproportionate impact of

climate change, in terms of a greater effect on those who already live under treacherous circumstances. Moreover,

climate change has the tendency of further aggravating the already existing inequalities faced by the vulnerable

sections. It threatens to undermine the realization of fundamental rights for many people and to reverse progress

made towards the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs).

A rising concern of global justice is the fact that those who are subjected the most to climate change are

the ones who contribute the least to it.

The idea of climate justice recognizes the fact that the richest countries have a greater duty to take action

as soon as possible, as they form a part of the key contributors in the causing of the problem. The bigger fear,

however, is that the international agreement reached between governments will add to the already unjust burden

on the poor and the vulnerable.

Climate change responses can be made more effective if human rights criteria are included when assessing

future harms, identifying areas of likely vulnerability and evaluating comparatively the various policy measures

available for treating identified challenges.

This paper shall focus on "Climate change, Human Rights and Moral Thresholds," by evaluating climate change

through the examination of the impact it has on human rights. It explores the implications of adopting a human

rights-oriented analysis of the impact of climate change, arguing that doing so has important ramifications. The

paper also looks into the international and national legal framework of climate justice in terms of the violation

of human rights.

Keywords:

• Climate Justice

• Human Rights

• Moral Thresholds

• Fundamental Rights

• International and Legal Framework



88

CLIMATE INJUSTICE FOR INDIAN FARMERS AND THE

INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Sankalp Srivastava

[email protected]

This article shall focus on the justice for the farmers at the local level. Farmers at the local level are the most

affected by Global level changes and international law environment. The global warming affects the agriculture

and the farming at the local level and the villagers are the most affected by the crop failures and changes in

monsoons and weather patterns, therefore they are a party to the international and national legal framework

to the access of the farmers. The local and indigenous peoples are also another group that shall be analysed for

the protection of their rights against the various polluters of the environment. This paper aims to acknowledge

the efforts of the international law community to protect the dignity of these affected. The local peoples are

affected by the most affected corporate and national legal firms that create pollution in the environment. The

international community and the national community is also called the protectors of the rights. The market-based

communities are also affected by the climate justice, which includes fishmongerers. Not only does this climate

injustice that is prevalent in India affect the poor and rural farmers in the Indians affect the farmers, it indirectly

affects the entire country's Food Distribution System, the author shall seek to analyse the aforementioned effects

of climate change and justice in international law in India.

PRINCIPLES OF CLIMATE JUSTICE AND SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT

Somali Acharya & Paras Choudhary

Students, Symbiosis Law School, Noida

[email protected]

[email protected]

Climate justice is a term used for reviewing climate change as an ethical issue. The concept of climate justice

revolves around the recognition of the fact that those least responsible for climate change can experience greatest

impact of climate changes and thus justice should be done. Sustainable development is inalienable to climate

justice as the essence of climate justice comes from sustainable usage of resources. Sustainable development is

the principle guiding the usage of limited resources in such a way that the needs of future generation could also

be met. The authors will further be discussing policy formulation for climate change and climate justice in India

and role of farmers in the same.

Ethics and equity are two major principles of climate justice. And the problem is that the marginalised section

of the people who are most vulnerable and have low access to mitigation measures, are least acquainted with

the concept of climate justice. The authors will be highlighting the problems such as high dependency on agriculture

which is rain-fed and loss of farm lands on hills. We will also be studying the impact of climate change on farmers

who are untouched by technology and knowledge inputs. The problem exist in the matter that there is limited



89

research on the probable impact of climate change because of which there is poor awareness in the grass root

level and also in the policy formulation. The problem also arises due to the existing disparity between the urban

and rural areas, in urban areas people have better adaptive measures than in rural areas where there is less

awareness and hence people are left vulnerable to the climate change.

The authors will also be discussing usage of the term climate justice with reference to legal systems, where

justice is achieved through application and development of law in the area of climate change and justice from

a farmer's perspective in India.

GLOBALISATION AND CLIMATE JUSTICE

"THE INEVITABLE INTERFACE"

Konika Mitra & Nisha Sinha


[email protected]

[email protected]

Climate change is a global issue. The composition of the atmosphere which surrounds the plant is altering

as a result of the emission of tonnes of polluting gases from industry, transportation, agriculture and from various

other practices and as a result, the entire planet is being affected by the erratic climate changes and its impacts.

Climate justice is an idea that there which emphasizes on the need to redress the imbalances of power which

have created the current conjuncture.

Climate justice strives to dissolve and alleviate the unequal burdens created by climate change. However, the

advances made through globalization create greater climate change challenges. On one hand globalistation

increases living standards, while on the other increases inequalities. The already suffering, suffer the greatest

burden of the costs in the form of the negative effects of climate change. Hence, in regard with this issue, the

paper shall highlight how globalization is becoming a barrier in the way of climate justice initiatives and how it

affects and is affecting the people and the world at large. The paper shall also discuss its impact on developed

and developing countries and the various future challenges posed in front of the world and due this the effect

on the upcoming generations. The paper shall further enlighten on what steps have been taken so far and what

all measures can be taken so as to speed up the process of climate justice before things get out of our hands

nd will give suggestions to balance the two, so as to answer one of the greatest future problems that stands in

front of the whole world, "climate change".

Keywords

• Climate change

• Climate justice

• Globalisation

• Initiative

• Developing and Developed countries.



90



Govind Singh Mohindra

Kshitij Mudgal

Faculty of Law, The ICFAI University, Dehradun

[email protected]

Climate justice is a terminology used after critical evaluation of the prevalent climate change scenario with

an ethical perspective and considering its impacts and consequences on justices pertaining to the environment

and society. Recent times in the country has witnessed a drastic change in the climate which has adversely affected

the urban working poor, the lives and livelihood of other hill people, fishing communities and other sections of

the society dependent upon natural resources. The need for the present government to take an initiative towards

an effective global and national policy for climate change should be at priority. As the economic development

and equitable growth of the country is strongly dependant on the use of fossil fuels and extractive industries,

this has led to a rise in carbon emissions which has started to deplete the environment and in contrast with the

policies of sustainable development. The stand of the government prior to the one coming to power in May was

debilitated on subjects of mitigation which is based on the per capita GHG (Greenhouse Gases) is a self-

contradictory statement as the levels of current GHG are low due to the present poverty levels. A step towards

development aimed at would result in the imminent increase in GHG levels. Other subjects which are found to

be baseless would be relating to adaptation of various schemes enacted for climate control, the transfer of

technology and the intellectual property aspects related to it. In addition to this, the financial aspect of allocation

of funds for such crisis should be done through participation in consultation at the national, state and local self-

governments. With the diverse climatic conditions found in different regions across the country and the abundance

of rich, fertile soil, the country still lags behind in ensuring food security due to lack of advanced scientific research

in agriculture, unavailability of modern machinery to farmers, lack of amenities in agricultural procedures and

financial support. Thus, these are the problems to be addressed at the grass root level. In this research paper,

we shall explicitly discuss these areas of critical matters to effect a constructive step for legislation for climate

justice. Previous international dispute resolutions involving international institutions like the World Bank had

increased their portfolio sighting climate change as a development concern. Various other institutions such as Asia

Pacific Economic Cooperation and others play a vital role in climate justice initiative.

Key Words:

• Necessity of climate justice

• Institutional Frameworks

• Farmers at Present

• Kyoto Protocol

• Initiations to improve status quo



91

MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND JUSTICE INITIATIVES FOR

LIVESTOCK

Anshul Vijay Belsare

M. S. University, Baroda. Law Faculty

[email protected]

Climate describes the long term averages for all weather parameters at a given place over a considerably

long period of time. Weather changes from time to time so climate also. Climate change in IPCC usage refers

to any change in climate overtime, which may be due to natural variability of human activities. This alters the

composition of global atmosphere; human has the capability to cope up with the consequences. But the others

do not have like the vegetation and milch mammals. In India agriculture crop production and livestock farming

are integrated activities as both are inter-dependent and affect each other and get affected by climate. Crop-

livestock mixed farming prevails in country with about 3/4th farmers having their livelihood through it. Livestock

performs multiple functions for farmer, which has good resilience to stress of climate, feed and water, but up

to certain limits only.

The major challenged faced by the farmer and livestock owner in India is that these changes in climate have

effect on animal production, reproduction along with emergence and re-emergence of many diseases. It indirectly

affects the livelihood of farmer. It has been estimated that the annual loss in total milk production on livestock

is around 2% amounting to Rs 2667 crs. There is a urgent need to evolve or adopt the mitigation strategies by

combining the indigenous traditional knowledge with modern science & technology to manage and protect the

livelihood of farmer associated with livestock against climate change.

At the local level the farmer is having livelihood on livestock, but not having proper method to keep them

healthy. The farmer has to keep them in good condition, genetically suited animal, low density is more important

for proper management, but in most of the cases they are poorly managed, high density and intensive practices

lead an injustice to the surviving livestock.

Usually farmer rear a bunch of cattle out of then only 50% are productive and he concentrates on them only

,while rest are neglected and because of that the other animals are ill-treated as in phase of feed or fodder. Thus

it is much essential by law to establish one observing body which monitors the local level livestock owners. The

problem created can be changed only by good management, adequate amount of water, feed, sustain body

temperature etc.

As for farmer the insurance of the livestock is available then its lawful observation is also essential .if such

body is created they should frame some rules like, if a farmer wants to rear more number of animals then he

should have in stock or have provision to feed them for next six months. The distinction of feeding for productive

and non-productive animal should not be made if the result regarding the farmer comes out that he is not able

to sustain them then body should immediately withdraw the livestock from farmer and relocate it to nearest

government farm or government aided livestock farm this increases the life of animal as well as provides justice

to them.

As the government is regularly granting the grant for livestock's but they are not getting justice and with the

establishment of such regulating body they may get good development and justice. This indirectly increases the

livelihood of farmer as well as the production capacity of the livestock, due to efficient management and limited

number of animals.



92



Aakash Gakhar

Harimohana N.


[email protected]

This paper focuses on the positive effect of sustainable development, climate justice and institutional

framework, on the farmers in India.

Indian economy is an agrarian economy; more than one third of India's population generates employment

through agricultural sector. Agriculture depends mainly on various environmental phenomena and any change in

environment directly affects agricultural production and by that the farmers.

It is very essential for a developing country like India which has an agro based economy to aim for sustainable

development which can be achieved if there is well established Institutional frame work for the same. Such frame

work shall bring coherence, co-ordination; avoid duplication of efforts and reviewing progress in implementing

sustainable development. The three dimensions of Sustainable development are social development, economic

development and environmental framework. These three dimensions of sustainable development shall be

integrated by proper and effective frame work for achieving sustainable development. Moreover, this paper shall

also talk about mainstreaming of the three dimensions of sustainable development acknowledged in United

Nation's conference in Geneva in 2013.

Climate justice is another very essential ingredient which shall be very helpful to the farmers in India to increase

their agricultural output. Climate justice can be described as viewing change in climate as ethnic issue and relating

this concept to environmental justice. Extended droughts, crop failures, and conflict over scare resources are mainly

affect farmers as their primary source of income depends on agriculture and adverse change in climate results

in destruction of crops. Hence, Climate justice can be regarded as a very important ingredient in economically

uplifting the farmers in India and it would help keep a check and manage the main reasons of change in climate.

In this research paper; climate justice, sustainable development and institutional frame work for the upliftment

of the farmers in India shall be discussed at large. Also, current situation in India and necessary suggestions for

the same will be discussed in brief in this paper.



93

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:

CLIMATE JUSTICE IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

Nainjyot Gandhi and Eva Bishwal


[email protected]

[email protected]

Environment and Development are not two separate entities but linked together in a complex system of cause

and effect. Development is essential to the prosperity of the nation. However this burning desire for development

has far reaching impact on the environment especially the climate. Every developmental activity is bound to have

some repercussions on the climate/ environment and this cannot be overlooked. Today, we stand at the crossroads

in choosing between environment and development. Industrialization and technological advancement has resulted

in the increase of demand of natural resources and pollution. The developed countries have achieved a high

standard of living at the cost of depletion of environment. The developing countries on the other hand are still

struggling for a decent standard of living but are undoubtedly causing damage to the environment. It is a fact

that changes in the lifestyle of the people have relevance to the environmental problems; therefore living habits

are now the subject matter of environmental law for sustainable development. Hence it is very important to

maintain a balance between environment and development. To harmonize this conflict environment law has

evolved as a practical solution i.e. the tool of sustainable development.

In this context, in 1987, the term sustainable development was coined, embracing the three dimensions of

sustainability-Environmental protection, economic growth and social equity. One of the original descriptions of

sustainable development is credited to the Brundtland Commission: "Sustainable development is development

that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

needs" (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987, p 43).The basic idea behind sustainable

development is that the current development must not compromise the ability of future generations to develop.

The paper examines the scope of the principle of sustainable development for the enhancement of climate justice,

environmental protection and the promotion of socio-economic development.

The research paper will deal with three major parts. First Part will delve in the history, concept & general

principles of sustainable development. Then in second, it will talk about the concept of International Environmental

Laws and Climate Justice. Then finally, it will outline in brief the role of judiciary and recommend solutions in

regarding to the concerned topic.



94

ENSURING THE WELL BEING OF FARMERS - INITIATIVES BY

GOVERNMENT

Aastha Chaturvedi

[email protected]

Story Agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall

socio-economic fabric of India. The written history of agriculture in India dates back to the Rig-Veda, written about

1100 BC. Today, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and

fisheries accounted for 13.7% of the GDP in 2013 about 50% of the total workforce.

Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes, both of which take place on a global scale.

Agriculture has been shown to produce significant effects on climate change, primarily through the production

and release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, but also by altering the

Earth's land cover, which can change its ability to absorb or reflect heat and light, thus contributing to radioactive

forcing. Land use change such as deforestation and desertification, together with use of fossil fuels, are the major

anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide; agriculture itself is the major contributor to increasing methane and

nitrous oxide concentrations in Earth's atmosphere.

As agriculture in India is highly susceptible to risks like droughts and floods and today, we are not only self-

sufficient but have also made steady progress in becoming a feeder to the world and our farmers are the unsung

heroes of this untold story and life in a village is no longer a clichéd bundle of miseries and to ensure credit eligibility

of for this purpose, the Government of India introduced many agricultural schemes throughout the country. For

this purpose, the Government of India introduced many agricultural schemes throughout the country as mentioned

below:-

1 Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme

2 Experimental Crop Insurance

3 Farm Income Insurance Scheme

4 National Agriculture Insurance Scheme

The paper will shed light upon following aspects:-

• Agriculture in India and impacts of climate change on its development

• Role of Farmers

• Agricultural Insurance in India

• Initiatives taken by India through various Schemes and Programmes

• Conclusion

• Suggestions

The researcher will be using non-doctrinal and empirical research technique of research methodology.

Key Words: (Agriculture, Climate change and Insurance)



95

DEMANDING CLIMATE JUSTICE: GOVERNMENT'S ROLE AND

PARTICIPATION

Abhas Srivastava & Shriya Agarwal


[email protected]

[email protected]

Climate justice is an ideological womb child of Climate change. Severe decline in the health of environment

has resulted in climate change around the globe. Anticipating and realising the catastrophic results of climate

change on the mankind, Climate Justice has evolved as a vision to dissolve and alleviate the unequal burdens

created by climate change. It cannot be denied that mankind itself is to be blamed for the widespread turbulences

in the environment. Everyone whether he or she has consciously contributed or not to the climate change; is

experiencing the ill consequences of it and is helpless in obtaining any immediate relief from its ill consequences.

Hence, the onus to cure our ailing environment and bring Climate Justice is upon mankind and if collective efforts

are not made; then this yet to be achieved dream of a healthy environment will turn out to be a tragic nightmare.

This paper will deal with the primary and ancillary role of the Government to bring Climate Justice. The first

part of this paper briefly deals with the origin of the concept of Climate Justice and establishes climate change

as an issue of justice. We argue that climate change is not just an environmental challenge but also fundamentally

a threat to socio-ecological and economic systems that undermines the development process and places a

disproportionate burden on developing countries. With special reference to statues and government policies in

India, we shall comment upon the sensitivity of the Government and its willingness to deal with the issue of Climate

Justice. Second part of the paper would deal with the role of Government and would examine the same elaborately

in a two-fold manner. Firstly, the legislative role of Government i.e. how and to what effect the existing and

operational laws on environment can secure and materialise the goal of Climate Justice. Secondly, non-legislative

roles that include all initiatives and measures that Government should take (other than law-making) to achieve

and fulfil the said goal. At a concluding note we shall speculate briefly upon the need to maintain a fine balance

between the continuing developmental process and at the same time ensuring climate justice.

Keywords- Climate change, Climate Justice, Collective Rights, Government role, Environment Laws, Innovations,

and Initiatives etc.



96

GLOBAL WARMING VIS A VIS FARMING RIGHTS: A STUDY ON THE

INDIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Dr Diganta Biswas

Prof. George K Jose,

Professor, School of Law, Christ University

[email protected]

[email protected]

Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases,

such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would

otherwise escape from Earth. This is a type of greenhouse effect. One of the most important impacts of global

warming is the Changes in rainfall patterns which is likely to cause droughts and fires in some areas, flooding in

other areas. Hence, if we draw our attention to the farming community, then we would realise that they are facing

biggest challenge of climate change as the adversity is affecting the soils, waters and other biological parameters

which ultimately affects their livelihood as the farming community all over the word are very much dependent

on weather. Any change in the weather pattern may even cause the failure of crops. Hence, the global warming

is posing a serious threat which is likely to bring catastrophic results for the mankind in terms of food insecurity

to the entire world livelihood loss to the farming community until and unless some positive effort is initiated in

legal front to regulate the behavior of people to survive.

This paper is likely to explore the legal development in this connection worldwide with a special emphasis

to India.

RE-WORSHIPING THE ENVIRONMENT: INDIA'S ENVIRONMENTAL

POLICIES AND CLIMATE JUSTICE

Avnish Oza & Gauri Jasana

Students, Institute of Law, Nirma University Ahmedabad

[email protected]

Since time immemorial India has always believed in the mantra of working in harmony with the environment.

Its consciousness and sensitivity with regards to environment can be reflected in various shlokas from the vedas,

which portray various elements like air, water, land and other components of nature as holy deities. This article

would emphasise the need of rejuvenating and re- inculcating the same faith into framing of current policies on

environment and development.

In the paper the author would be discussing the development of policies and laws in India post-Independence.

Emphasise would be put greatly on discussing the Environment (protection) Act, laws relating to Hazardous Waste

Management, Laws relating to Pollution Control, and National Environment Policy (2006). The paper shall also

discuss introduction of Climate Justice and Sustainable Development in India through principles of Inter- generational

Equity, Public Trust Doctrine, Polluters pay Principle and the Precautionary Principle through various landmark

case laws and Judicial Prouncements.



97

The paper would also discuss the national policies on Project Clearance and Environment Impact Assessment

in comparison with International standards. The author shall endeavour to analyse the debate on carbon emission

between the developed countries and the developing countries and try to reach a possible solution in the same.

The main objective of the paper would be suggesting policies through which Climate justice, Economic Development

and Sustainable Development could be achieved simultaneously.

Keywords: Climate Justice, Sustainable Development, National Environment Policy, Envionment Impact Assessment.

AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE FOR ENSURING CLIMATE CHANGE

JUSTICE IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE STATE OF

GUJARAT

Jagadeesh Chandra T G

Assistant Professor of Law, Gujarat National Law University

[email protected]

Saurabh Anand

Assistant Professor of Sociology, Gujarat National Law University

IN INDIA farmers are dealing with problems arising out of extreme Climate change. The climate change leads

to more intense heat or cold, abnormally high or low moisture and altered weather patterns. The impact of climate

change in turn leads to uncertainty in agriculture production, soil moisture, water availability, and many fish and

shellfish species to shift, which could disrupt ecosystems. Overall, climate change could make it more difficult

to grow crops, raise animals, and catch fish in the same ways and same places. The effects of climate change

also need to be considered along with other evolving factors that affect changes in farming practices and

technology. Crop insurance will play a critical role in helping Indian farmers to face this uncertainty by enabling

them to better deal with climate change and to rebound from its extremes. Every day we depend on the goods

and products produced by farmers. The crop insurance is very essential for agricultural economy and provides

an important measure and confidence, stability for agricultural producers. The vision statement of the Agricultural

Insurance Company Ltd says that firstly accelerate the economic momentum of the nation of the nation by bringing

financial stability to rural India, secondly innovate and develop rural oriented and farmer friendly insurance product

for all agricultural and allied risks, and finally cast a protective net over agricultural and allied activities from natural

perils and risks. If this being a vision statement of the AIC, the government should address the issues in their

policies and rules, regulations and amend the existing legislations to compulsory offer policies for farmers for

climate change damages.



98

Persistent Climatic Risks, Indian Agriculture and the Innovative

Insurance Solutions with Special Reference to Weather Based

Crop Insurance Scheme - An Appraisal

Dr. Jyothi Vishwanath

Assistant Professor of Law, University Law College & P.G.Department of Studies & Research in Law,

Bangalore University, Bangalore, INDIA,

[email protected]

With inherent abilities of stimulating economic growth, generating employment, assuring food security,

reducing poverty and sustaining environment, agriculture summates as a crucial sector across the globe. As per

FAO statistics, 2014, India is second worldwide in farm output; is largest producer of many fresh fruits and

vegetables, milk, millets; is second largest producer of wheat and rice; is one among the world's five largest

producers of over 80% of agricultural produce and poultry meat; is the largest employment generator. Despite

these appreciable statistics, Agriculture Growth Rate in India GDP has declined over the years due to variety of

risks affecting the agricultural yields ranging from production risks, price risks, credit risks, technological risks,

institutional risks, natural catastrophes, pest and diseases risk, climate variability and change risk, frequent natural

disasters risk, risk of yield and price uncertainty, risks relating to weak rural infrastructure, imperfect markets and

lack of financial services including limited span and design of risk mitigation instruments such as credit and

insurance and poor farmer access to these instruments.

The Fourth Assessment Report, 2014 of United Nations Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change

substantiates that reliable food supply can no longer be taken for granted on a hotter planet and negative impacts

of climate trends are more common than the positive ones. Climate has always presented a challenge to the

livelihoods depending on weather. The overall relationship between weather and yields is moreover crop and

region specific since it depends on the differences in baseline climate, management and soil apart from the

duration and timing of crop exposure to various conditions. Climatic changes tend to increase insect-predation,

crop diseases, migration of agronomic and invasive weeds and lead to variations in the weed demographics.

The Asian-Pacific region experiences nearly 60% of the world's natural disasters and India is worst affected

due to its geographical position and climate. Temperature rise, erratic rainfall pattern, recurrent droughts, floods,

earthquakes, cyclones, pests, diseases and plethora of weather related natural disasters lead to enormous loss

in the agricultural production, endangers the farmer's livelihood and farm incomes, thereby preventing agriculture

sector from emerging as a potent solution to the rural poverty and food insecurity. Weather based disasters

devastate the country with grim regularity, spiraling out of control with increased frequency, causing tremendous

injury, disability, disease and death adding to the health, economic and social burden of an already impoverished

Indian economy. Resultantly the total cultivable land has shrunk to 182.385 million hectare in 2008-09 against

185.142 million hectare in 1988-89. Further, out of 60.47% of total cultivable land in India, 28% is drought-prone.

This renders the agriculture based Indian economy wretched. To revive our vulnerable farm sector from the shocks

of climatic variations and to combat losses in agricultural operations, many governmental innovative insurance

schemes have been launched at times including First Individual Approach Scheme, Pilot Crop Insurance Scheme,

All-Risk Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme, Experimental Crop Insurance Scheme, National Agricultural

Insurance Scheme, Pilot Scheme on Seed Crop Insurance, Farm Income Insurance, Livestock Insurance, Weather

Based Crop Insurance/Rainfall Insurance (WBCIS) and National Crop Insurance Program etc. Amongst these

schemes, WBCIS is the most innovative technology based agricultural insurance scheme wherein the insurance



99

losses due to vagaries, inadequacies and cruelties of weather, i.e., excess or deficit rainfall, aberrations in sunshine,

temperature and humidity could be covered on the basis of weather index and the claim is payable on the basis

of any recorded deviations from standard weather parameters. It operates on the premise that weather conditions

affect crop production even when a cultivator has taken all the care to ensure good harvest. In this backdrop,

this paper attempts to focus on the WBCIS and its development in India. It examines the nature of Indian

agriculture, climatic risks impacting Indian agriculture and the history of agriculture insurance in India. It provides

elaborate account of WBCIS, need for its emergence, its characteristic features and benefits to the farmers, claim

settlement mechanism and its advantages over the other traditional agricultural insurance schemes. It also focuses

on the deficiencies in the WBCIS and the needful action for rendering WBCIS more farmers friendly and cost

effective.

Key Words: Indian Agriculture, Climatic Risks, Farmer, Crop, Agricultural Insurance, WBCIS.

AN INSIGHT INTO AGRICULTURE INSURANCE IN INDIA

Vaishnavi Shukla

Shubham Kejriwal

Students, Institute of Law, Nirma University

[email protected]

[email protected]

Agricultural insurance is one method by which farmers can stabilize farm income and investment from the

disastrous effect of crop losses due to natural hazards or low market prices. Crop insurance not only stabilizes

the farm income but also helps the farmers to initiate production activity after the bad agricultural year. Crop

insurance forms an important component of safety net programs being implemented in many developed countries

governments often play an active role in helping producers to manage risk successfully.

The crop output, particularly food grains, is sensitive to variations in rainfall. Secondly, there is very high

complementary connection between rainfall and input use particularly fertilizer application. In the year of deficient

rainfall, crop yields go down steeply because of deficient soil moisture and significant reduction in the use of inputs.

Due to the shift in the climatic condition over a period and scattered rainfall the crop production is always uncertain

and is always at risk

Crop insurance is based on the principle of large number. It protects farmers' investment in crop production

and thus improves their risk bearing capacity. Crop insurance facilitates adoption of improved technologies,

encourages higher investment resulting in higher agricultural production. Crop credit insurance also reduces the

risk of becoming defaulter of institutional credit. The reimbursement of indemnities in the case of crop failure

enables the farmer to repay his debts and thus, his credit line with the formal financial institutions is maintained

intact..

Considering the overwhelming impact of nature on agricultural output and its disastrous consequences on

the society in general and farmers in particular, here an attempt is made to looks at the challenges of providing

insurance to Indian agricultural sector in a manner that is both meaningful and sustaining through private as well

as government institutions.

Keyword: Crop, Insurance, Climate Change



100

AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE AND ITS ROLE IN MITIGATING RISKS

IN THE FARMING INDUSTRY

Pukhraj Agarwal

Assistant Professor, School of Law, Christ University

[email protected]

Bharat Rajvanshi

Student, Institute of Law, Nirma University, Ahmedabad

India is an agrarian country where two third of its one billion population depends directly or indirectly on

agriculture for their livelihood. Agriculture also contributes approximately 18% of GDP. The Indian business cycle

is influenced by the crop pattern that mainly depends on the vagaries of nature; every flood or drought has its

own impact on the Indian economy. Agri-business encompasses whole lot of activities of agriculture sector under

one umbrella, like integration of production, processing and marketing. The process starts at the product level

and reaches out to the final consumers.

Agriculture production and farm incomes in India are frequently affected by natural disasters such as droughts,

floods, cyclones, storms, landslides and earthquakes. Susceptibility of agriculture to these disasters is compounded

by the outbreak of epidemics and man-made disasters such as fire, sale of spurious seeds, fertilizers and pesticides,

price crashes etc. All these events severely affect farmers through loss in production and farm income, and they

are beyond the control of the farmers. With the growing commercialization of agriculture, the magnitude of loss

due to unfavorable eventualities is increasing. The question is how to protect farmers by minimizing such losses.

In recent times, mechanisms like contract farming and futures trading have been established which are expected

to provide some insurance against price fluctuations directly or indirectly. But, agricultural insurance is considered

an important mechanism to effectively address the risk to output and income resulting from various natural and

manmade events. Agricultural Insurance is a means of protecting the agriculturist against financial losses due to

uncertainties that may give rise to agricultural losses arising from named or all unforeseen perils beyond their

control. Unfortunately, agricultural insurance in the country has not made much headway even though the need

to protect Indian farmers from agriculture variability has been a continuing concern of agriculture policy. Despite

technological and economic advancements, the condition of farmers continues to be unstable due to natural

calamities and price fluctuations. In some extreme cases, these unfavorable events become one of the factors

leading to farmer's suicides which are now assuming serious proportions.

KEYWORDS: Agricultural Insurance; Agricultural Losses; Farming Risks, Policies; Protecting Farmers.



101

CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

Rushali Srivastava

Spandan Saxena


[email protected]

[email protected]

'Climate change is as much human nature as mother nature'

Agriculture plays a two-fold role in climate change: on the one hand, it's severely littered with climate change;

on the opposite hand it's a big contributor to gas emissions. Impact of change in climate affects agriculture in

two ways, i.e. firstly the biophysical impacts which includes increased weed, rise in sea level and temperature

etc. and secondly the socio economic impacts which includes migration and civil unrest, changes in yield and

production, greater fluctuations in world market prices etc. According to World Meteorological Organization,

temperature change will adversely impact international surroundings, agricultural productivity and also the quality

of human life. More significantly in developing countries, it'll be troublesome for farmers to hold on farming within

the exaggerated temperatures. Recognizing this, it's necessary that India ought to address the difficulty of

temperature change and specialize in providing higher surroundings to enhance quality of human life. The monsoon

accounting for seventy fifth of India's rain considerably impacts country's agriculture and bread and butter of tens

of numerous small farmers. According to FAO, "ocean warming, frequent tropical cyclones, flash floods and

droughts are likely to bring a devastating impact on food production systems in Pacific islands countries." The

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture is one in all the eight missions in India's National action set up on

global climate change. It stresses how crucial agriculture is to India's economy and the living of its folks, since

the agriculture sector supports quite half the country's population of over one billion folks. Farmer Field Schools

represent a practical group based approach to guide farmers who study hands on agricultural adaption process.

The research paper focuses on the crisis faced by the Indian farmers due to the adverse effect of the climate

change and how successful has the governmental policies been to provide and implement the finest solutions

to their problems.

Keywords: Agriculture, Farmer, Policies, Adaptation, Climate, Schemes

GOVERNMENT POLICIES: ARE THEY REALLY EFFECTIVE IN

13CURBING POLLUTION

Udit Dhaddha

Shubhanshu Khandelwal


[email protected]

India is a country of many seasons with high fertility soil spread throughout country. But the flora and fauna

of the country is severely deteriorating due to rapid change in the climatic conditions. Climate Change is a serious

global environmental concern. It is primarily caused by the building up of Green House Gases (GHG) in the



102

atmosphere. The global increases in carbon dioxide concentration are due primarily to fossil fuel use and land

use change, while those of methane and nitrous oxide are primarily due to agriculture. Global Warming is a specific

example of the broader term "Climate Change" and refers to the observed increase in the average temperature

of the air near earth's surface and oceans in recent decades. Its effect particularly on developing countries is

adverse as their capacity and resources to deal with the challenge is limited.

The government of India has brought in many laws to keep a check on factories and other sources of causing

pollutions which leads to worsening of climate. Though these laws have not been much effective in keeping a

check on the pollution level and hence many other ways also needs to be adapted to as to curb the misuse of

our precious environment.

This paper envisages elucidating all the laws present to keep a check on climate change and forthwith suggest

some measures to be brought in, in order to make these laws more effective. This paper will also through light

on the measures to be taken to enhance agricultural production by bringing mandatory changes in agricultural

laws related to pollutant levels in the fertilizers, pesticides and infanticides.

Keywords: laws, climate, pollution.

AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE AND CLIMATE JUSTICE INITIATIVE IN

INDIA: AN INDIAN FARMER'S STORY

Pratibha Sharma & Sanyami Shah

Student, Auro University School of Law

[email protected]

[email protected]

Agricultural productivity in India is at risk of severe losses as the climate changes. High temperatures, increased

drought, and flooding all can lead to large scale crop failure, as well as to slower productivity losses due to soil

degradation. As all of us are aware about the unfortunate deaths of farmers in India who got caught in a debt

trap and the devastating affect it had on their families. In this paper, we try to trace the genesis of the Agriculture

insurance scheme and climate justice towards farmer and its effectiveness.

Keywords: vulnerability towards climatic change, need for crop insurance, linking adaptation towards development.



103

CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND EXTREMES: PREDICTING THE FUTURE

COURSE OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

Dr. Rashmi Nagpal

Dean, Geeta Institute of Law

[email protected]

Needless to say that climate is changing naturally at its own pace since the beginning of the evolution of

earth, but presently, the reason for its gaining momentum is due to inadvertent anthropogenic disturbances. These

changes may culminate in adverse impact on human health and the biosphere on which we depend. The multi-

faceted interactions among the humans, microbes and the rest of the biosphere have started reflecting an increase

in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs), causing warming across the globe along with other cascading

consequences in the form of shift in rainfall pattern, melting of ice, rise in sea level etc. Agriculture sector alone

represents 23 per cent of India's Gross National Product (GNP), plays a crucial role in the country's development

and shall continue to occupy an important place in the national economy. It sustains the livelihood of nearly 70%

of the population. It seems obvious that any significant change in climate on a global scale will impact local

agriculture, and therefore affect the world's food supply. Considerable studies have been carried out to investigate

how farming might be affected in the different regions. Several uncertainties limit the accuracy of current

projections. One relates to the degree of temperature increase and its geographic distribution. Another pertains

to the concomitant changes likely to occur in the precipitation patterns that determine the water supply to the

crops, and the evaporative demand imposed on the crops in carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere. The problems

of predicting the future course of agriculture in the changing world are compounded by the fundamental

complexity of natural agricultural systems, and socio-economic systems governing the world food supply and

demand. The above multifarious interactions among atmospheric composition, climate change and human, plant

and animal health need to be scrutinized and probable solutions to the undesirable changes may be sought. This

paper considers the needed adaptation measures including changes needed for mitigation to improve agriculture

sector in India. It considers the likely changes that climate change will bring in temperature, precipitation and

extreme rainfall, drought, flooding, storms, sea-level rise and environmental health risks and the overall impact

on agriculture. The agricultural sector is the major source of employment in our country. Climate change has

adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND IT'S EFFECT ON INDIAN ECONOMY

Nisarg Shah & Divyam Joshi

Student, Auro University School of Law

nisarg.shah.bballb14 @aurouniversity.edu.in

Change in climate is one of the most threatening issues worldwide. Sea level is rising high, rainfall is very

unpredictable, global warming is increasing and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. India is

an agricultural country. More than half of India's population resides in rural areas and is dependent on the climate's

sensitive sectors like agriculture, poultry, forests and fisheries for fulfilling their basic needs.



104

This paper focuses on how climate change affects the source of revenue of humans, ensuing in a need for

adaptation in key development sectors. There is thus a direct link between adaptation and development. Features

of climate change adaptation includes : making use of climate information, applying a cost benefit rationale,

broadening climate risk management, improving coordination and communication among involved stakeholders,

making use of good practices and innovations.

This paper also draws attention to how institutional framework can bring about changes for adaptation and

also to provide the opportunity to consider climate risks from the development planning phase.

The general Adaptation framework outlines are as follows:

• The engagement of relevant expertise and stakeholders.

• Institutional arrangements at different tiers.

• A special workshop that addresses damages associated with events due to climate change.

In addition to topics, it is necessary to work hand on hand at farm level as well as community based adaptation.

We must keep in mind the beneficiary measures that a farmer can take to sustain in adverse effect caused by

climate change.

THE NEW REGIME FOR PROTECTION OF FRAMER'S RIGHT:

THE PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETIES AND FARMER'S

RIGHTS ACT, 2001

Dipali A. Purohit

Research Scholar, South Gujarat Veer Narmad University Surat.

[email protected]

After the Independence, our parliament had passed many laws for protection of rights of farmers. Before

this Act, agriculture generally excluded from IPR protection India and we had no legal system of Plant Breeder's

Rights or Farmer's Rights for decades. However, after India became signatory to the Trade Related Aspects of

Intellectual Property Rights Agreements in 1994 such a legislation was necessity. Article 27.3 (b) of this agreement

requires the member countries to provide for protection of plant varieties either by a patent or by an effective

sui generis system or by any combination thereof. India is the first country among the countries in the world to

have passed legislation granting framers' rights in the form of the protection of this Act. The existing Indian Patent

Act, 1970 excluded agriculture and horticultural methods of production from patentability. The sui generis system

for protection of plant varieties were developed integrating the rights of breeders, farmers and village communities,

and taking care of the concerns for equitable sharing of benefits. Different rights are given to the framers like

the right to save and exchange and to a limited extent sell seeds and propagating material, to register verities,

to recognition and reward for conservation of varieties to benefit sharing, to information about expected

performance of variety, compensation for failure of variety to perform etc. The Act recognizes the farmer not

just as a cultivator but also as a conserver of the seed and a breeder who has bred several successful varieties.

The drawback is that farmers will not have benefit uniformly because the corporate companies would focus on



105

hybrid seed production, which would involve technology-backed farming. Farmers belonging to lower of middle

class would not able to match up due to lack of awareness, capital and skills. Multi National seed companies would

always have the edge over farmers due to their patented or licensed technology in the agriculture sector solution

to these problems would be to increase expenditure of plant breeding technologies to reach out to the poor and

increase awareness of biotechnology amongst the lower classes.

Key Words: Plant Breeder's Rights, Framer's Rights, Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreements,

sui generis

HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Chetana Rathi & Manish Mulchandani

Student, Auro University, School of Law, Surat

[email protected]

[email protected]

The first rights-based approach, perhaps closest to that, understands environmental protection as a pre-

condition to the enjoyment of internationally guaranteed human rights, especially the right to life and health.

Environmental protection is thus an essential instrument in the effort to secure the effective universal enjoyment

of human rights. Those who pollute or destroy the natural environment are not just committing a crime against

nature, but are violating human rights as well, Environmental protection and human rights are interrelated,

interconnected, and mutually responsive as both of them intended to the well-being of humanity. Safe and healthy

environment is the pre-condition for the enjoyment of fundamental human rights. The linkage between these

two approaches has been recognized in various international and national agencies which consider the human

rights framework as an effective means to achieving the ends of environment protection. A state of natural

imbalance has been developed by many human-centric activities such as the industrialization, urbanization and

the large scale exploitation of natural resources damaging the environment led to many serious repercussions

on a large scale including Global Warming, drought, flood, environmental Refugees and migration, health issue,

Ozone Depletion. Such issues involves not only environmental factors but other factors as well i.e. political, social,

economic factors. The research paper is intended to describe the interlink between environmental protection and

human rights approaches by analyzing instruments, initiatives taken by environmental and human rights bodies

and the judicial pronouncement of various tribunals. Further it also evaluates how far the mechanism of human

rights is helpful to provide remedies to the victim of environmental degradation and to provide better protection

to the global environment.



106

CLIMATE JUSTICE: AN INITIATIVE AND TECHNICAL MECHANISM

Vidhi Tamakuwala & Kayan Dordi

Student, Auro University, School of Law, Surat

[email protected]

[email protected]

Climate change is the ultimate international problem because of its gravity and of the geographical reach of

causes and effects. Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world

views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture. Climate justice is generally used as a term for viewing climate

change as an ethical issue and considering how its causes and effects relate to concepts of justice, particularly

environmental justice. Climate justice initiative seeks to generate research and analysis on the global climate

negotiations, and on the links between the global climate regime and domestic laws, policies and institutions in

India. It also seeks to create a platform from which scholars and activists can engage in policy and academic debate

on climate change. Every Indian citizen has a fundamental duty to protect the environment as enshrined in Article

51(g). Even some rights have been made available under the constitution. Right to life under Article 21 of the

constitution of India includes a right to a healthy environment. The 2 terms may look totally unrelated at first,

but giving a deeper thought, the gap can be beautifully abridged and we find that both have been synergizing

each other with or without our awareness. The whole world should come together to fight against this evil of

society. The developed countries should help 3rd world countries in understanding what is climate justice and

financially help them to adopt new eco friendly techniques. The perspective has to be much broader and the

world has to sit together to tackle the issue. The global climate justice comes here into picture to enforce actions

and laws on a global scale, along with our local awareness. Law may be in a position to fill gaps present in the

international climate change at a global stage only when there is awareness regarding the same.

Key words: Scrubber, Cyclone separator, Gravity setting chamber, Electrostatic precipitator, Bag filter

INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL POLICIES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE

AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:

AN ANALYSIS WITH REFERENCE TO LIVELIHOOD CHALLENGES OF

FARMERS IN SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES

Dr. Azim B. Pathan & Mr. Manoj Kumar

Faculty, Hidayatullah National Law University

[email protected]

[email protected]

In this research paper authors have attempted to examine national and international legal instruments and

policies relating to climate change and sustainable development through the lense of livelihood challenges for

farmers. Authors have also attempted to explore the farmers concern in different national and international legal

instruments, declarations and policies. This paper also finds out an impact of climate change on farmers and



107

agricultural sector, which is the backbone of economy for many South Asian countries. Despites of the efforts

of different international organizations, still problems like, climate change induced livelihood challenges for

farmers, food security problems etc. in South Asian countries including Bangladesh, China and India, are persisting.

Besides, in this paper authors have vigorously argued that concern of farmers is only the missing link between

climate change induced problems and sustainable development. Sustainable development will be a reality when

livelihood challenges of farmers and especially agricultural sector will be addressed in the climate change related

legal and policy documents. This paper takes a broader view and explores the multiple effects that climate change

can have on farmers, food production and food security. It also tries to explore an adaptation and mitigation

measures, especially in the agricultural sector with reference to farmers of South Asian countries.

Keywords: Farmer, Policy, International Legal Instrument, Sustainable Development, Climate change, Livelihood,

South Asian Countries etc.

RIGHTS OF FARMERS INDIA

Umair Multani & Akshay Anand

Students, Auro University, School of Law, Surat

[email protected]

akshay.anand,[email protected]

"The one who produces food for the world dies out of hunger." It's an ironic statement but very true in India.

The farmers in India are committing suicides at a high rate due to poverty. Do these poor people have rights?

Do they know about it? We were taught that agriculture is the main occupation in India. At the time of

Independence the population engaged in agricultural activities was 73% of the total population of India. According

to census 2001 approximately 57% people are engaged in agriculture. So with this major population engaged in

agricultural activities shouldn't the government preserve their rights? The government has taken various steps

to protect the rights of the farmers and enacted various laws for farmers like The Protection of Plant Variety and

Farmers Rights Act 2001. Agriculture in India plays a very important role in employment generation and GDP rate

in India but as per the recent economic survey there was a decline in agriculture sector's capital formation in

GDP. India one of the first countries in the world to pass a legislation on Farmers right. The laws are enacted

but are they implemented? Implementation is only possible when the laws are known to everyone. This research

is done to explain the problem of implementation in laws. Laws are enough but implementation is not done.



108

CLIMATE CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER -

A WAY TOWARDS MITIGATION OF GLOBAL WARMING

Jacob George Panickasseril,

LL.M (IPR), NALSAR, Hyderabad

Bhumika Nanda,

Assistant Professor of Law, ILNU, Nirma University

[email protected]

The Kyoto Protocol as drawn by the world leaders in the year 1997 was a mechanism to set rolling the

commitments made in the UNFCCC. Given the fact that the commitment to mitigate the climate change was

founded on an uneven and unsteady platform, the Kyoto Protocol was framed with the underlying principle of

'common but differentiated responsibility' wherein the countries while agreeing on the common responsibility

of stabilization of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere also accepted the differential responsibility.

Therefore, apart from three 'flexibility mechanisms' as employed by the Protocol, it also emphasized upon the

cooperation and support amongst the nations which includes but not limited to financial and technical support

to countries whose economies are developing or in transition. Article 4.5 of UNFCCC and similarly Article 10 c

of the Kyoto Protocol "requires the developed countries to take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate, the

transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies and know-how to developing countries to enable

them to implement the protocol". However, the practical realities are far different and muddled with political as

well as economic constraints thereby impeding the process of efficiency in all modes of productions. Through this

article the authors are endeavoring to explore, analyze and evaluate the pattern of technology transfer as adopted

by major developed countries with respect to India and in particular to agricultural practices and to observe

whether the said process is leading to development of not only the clean and energy efficient technologies but

also development of local capacity, skills and know-how and advancement of domestic infrastructure.

Keywords: Technology Development; Agriculture; Clean Development Mechanism; Kyoto Protocol; India; Sustainable

Development; Energy



109

COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE: A SAARC PERSPECTIVE

Owais Hasan Khan & Anwesha Pal

Assistant Professor(s) of Law, Nirma University

[email protected]

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation was established by seven south Asian nations1 with the

intention of securing all-round cooperation involving various area of concern. One of the area to which SAARC

has given enormous importance is the environment and the threat which has been posed by climatic change world

around.2 Since its very inception, SAARC at successive summits reiterated and buttressed the cause of environmental

protection. And the need for further strengthening instrumentalities through which regional cooperation can be

achieved for preserving and protecting the eco-system of the region from challenges posed by climate change.

During third and fourth SAARC summit held in Kathmandu3 and Islamabad4 various environmental issues were

raised ranging from causes and consequences of natural disaster5 to greenhouse effect and its impact on the region

were discussed. However, the concrete step towards the environmental protection was taken with the establishment

of Technical Committee on Environment in 1992 and the formulation of SAARC Environment Action Plan in 1997.

And finally an exclusive action plan was formulated for combating climate change with SAARC Action Plan on

Climate Change of 2008. This paper proposes to present an analysis of various SAARC measures and action plans

regarding climatic change in particular and environment protection in general. Along with discussion on how far

these measure and action plan has been able to achieve what it has targeted.

Keywords: SAARC, Environmental Protection and Preservation, Environmental action plan, Climate Change Action

plan.

1 Presently Member nations to SAARC are eight in number with India, Pakistan. Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka as

the founding members. Afghanistan later joined the association in 2005. Along with members, SAARC also have 9 observers-nations.2 There are sixteen areas of cooperation under SAARC which are as follows:-

a) Agricultural and Rural Development.

b) Biotechnology

c) Culture

d) Economic and Trade

e) Education

f) Energy

g) Environment

h) Finance

i) Funding Mechanism

j) Information, Communication and Media

k) People-to-people Contacts

l) Poverty Alleviation

m) Science and Technology

n) Security Aspects

o) Social Development

p) Tourism3 2-4 November 19874 29-21 December 19885 "Regional Study on the Causes and Consequences of Natural Disasters and the Protection and Preservation of

Environment"



110

THE LEGAL REGIME OF CLIMATE JUSTICE

Aishwarya Agarwal & Vimal Jain

Students, Auro University, School of Law, Surat

[email protected]

[email protected]

Climate justice is generally used as a term for viewing climate change as an ethical issue and considering how

its causes and effects relate to concepts of justice, particularly environmental justice and social justice . This can

mean examining issues such as equality, human rights, collective rights and historical responsibility in relation to

climate change. Recognizing and addressing the fact that those least responsible for climate change experience

its greatest impacts is seen by many as being central to climate justice. The term is also used with reference to

legal system, where justice is achieved through application and development of law in the area of climate change.

The national and international law helps to protect the natural environment and people from the adverse impacts

of climate change. The research paper intents to bring into notice the international and national laws and agencies

which try to reduce the impact of climate change. The paper also emphases on the countries which are at far

responsible for the climate change. The research work focuses mainly on the law which protects the population

from the adverse effects of the climate change and also the principles of climate justice. The paper also brings

into light the work of few agencies which have worked towards educating the industrialist on the climate change.

We will also the international initiative towards the issue of climate justice and how India contributed towards

those initiatives by being a part of such conventions and implementing such initiatives in the form of local laws.

Keywords: Climate change, justice, conventions, national and international justice

CLIMATE JUSTICE PREROGATIVE: CALLING OF COLLABORATIVE

EFFORT WITH CONSIDERATION TO AGRICULTURE SECTOR

Avinash Jain & Narpen Kamboj

Students, Institute of Law, Nirma University (Ahmedabad)

[email protected];

[email protected]

Climate change has emerged as a global concern indicating its drastic effects on food security. Climate

variability has been causing a lot of damage, not only biologically but also economically and politically. The

industrial capitalism has resulted in a large concentration of carbon emissions in the atmosphere, quadrupling

over the years that subsequently increased the climatic temperature of the globe bringing drastic effects of 'food

insecurity'.

Climate justice has emerged as a global prerogative. There is a labeled call for addressing 'loss & damages'

due to climate change and developing resilience to it. The ignorance of which would give birth to a category called

'climate exiles' affecting the global agricultural sector, resilience from which calls for Climate Justice.



111

The objective of climate justice initiative is to seek mobilisation of global action; to energise and address the

food security challenge and to promote global initiatives for proper food security and to ensure crop productivity.

Unfortunately, domestic action in this response has been poor. The food crops are declining day by day due to

non-supportive policies of local government.

According to researches the climate variability will increase as time passes by, causing significant problems

for agriculture sector. This would badly effect the crop production in India, where a vast agriculture sector is

dependent upon climatic conditions. The need of the hour is to make agriculture more sustainable to work out

the issue of food security. The approach must be on developing public-private partnerships focusing on a shift

from "research and development" to "research for development." The initiatives of climate justice must be in

conformity to agriculture sector.

Keywords: Climate change, Climate Justice, Food security, Global warming, Technological Initiatives, Collaborative

effort.

CROP INSURANCE IN INDIA

Dr. Arundhati P. Dasani

Asst.Prof., Government Law College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat University

[email protected]

India is an agricultural country; major population depends upon agriculture for their livelihood. And the only

certainty in India is uncertain monsoon, the farming community faces from the time of sowing to harvesting. Floods

may wash away the growing fields, droughts may wither plants, diseases may wipe out months of farmers labors

and likely production in a single stroke. Further, the risk bearing capacity of majority of our farmers is limited

due to scare resources and small holdings. They cannot withstand risks which are disastrous in nature. A serious

crop failure means not only less to farm income but also the loss of investment for the next crop season. This

leads to their indebtness. The risk burden of the farmers and the agricultural lenders can be reduced through

crop insurance, which is primarily a way of protecting farmers against the element of chance in crop production.

Crop insurance spreads the crop losses over space and time provides social security to the farmers, helps in

maintaining their dignity as embodied in Constitution of India under the Article-21 offers self-help, encourages

large investments in agriculture production. Moreover, the liability of the government to bear the cost of relief

measures to the farmers following crop failure is reduced to some extent as through crop insurance the farmers

themselves contribute to their relief.



112

"GENETICALLY MODIFIED SEEDS" -

A CHALLENGE TO INDIAN FARMER COMMUNITY

Ms. Krishna Bipin Mehta

Assistant Professor (Law), Institute of Law, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat

[email protected]

Agriculture is one of the prominent sector for economic growth of India. It is a medium of livelihood for

substantial portion of Indian population. Since early 60s, by virtue of Green Revolution, India became self-sufficient

in food grains production. Green Revolution succeeded in removing flaws of this sector in terms of use of high

yielding varieties of seeds, use of technology in farming sector as well as making the farmer community aware

for the same.

Although, technological use can be immensely beneficial, but on rare occassion, both parties to it, i.e

technology maker and technology receiver could be on win-win situation. Due to the ongoing schemes and policies

of Government of India, the farmer community is benefitted, but still a huge challenge is faced by the Indian Farmer

community when it comes to "right to seeds" - the basic right of any and every farmer. With the advent of

technology, farming has become comparatively easier for Indian farmers. Nonetheless, technological implications

on "Seeds" is still alarming. The development of genetic engineering giving rise to genetically modified organisms

is the present challenge for Indian agriculture sector as well as Indian farmers. This paper attempts to find the

challenges as regards to GM seeds, IPR implications of GM Seeds on Agriculture and more importantly tries to

evaluate the real situation of Indian farmer vis a vis genetically modified seeds.

Key words: Agriculture, India, Genetically Modified Seeds, Indian Farmer

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE - WHETHER A SOCIAL JUSTICE TO

FARMERS?

Dr. Paresh D. Dobariya

Asst.Prof., Smt. V. D. Gardi Law College, Surendranagar. Saurashtra University

[email protected]

Adam Smith, the father of Contemporary economics, in his landmark book, Wealth of Nations, wrote, "No

Society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable."

Economic disparity inevitably creates a sense of social injustice, and an unjust society is neither stable nor

sustainable. And for stable and sustainable development of farmers the most important community of the society

need to be developed, therefore for their economic development agriculture is most important factor, as

agricultural development increase automatically their standard of living increases leading to overall economic

development of the nation. Agriculture provides both food and raw materials to the economy, a growing

agricultural sector provides an enlarged market as it expands aggregate demand, it also provides labor employment

in the industrial sector, and agriculture is often a principal source of capital for investment elsewhere in the



113

economy. Exports from the agricultural sector are important to earn foreign exchange which is critical for imports

of capital goods and other equipment for rapid industrialization and economic growth. The Indian farmers gets

stability in their life only and only through adopting new methods and means, tools and technology, so that he

can able to resist against the usual climatic change. For all he needs better financial help in the form various

governments plans and policies. And we can do this, in part, by supporting farmers who are committed to

protecting environmental-helping to make ecologically sound food and fiber systems economically viable.

CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE

Dr. krupa D.Pandya

Principa I/C, Government Law College, Ahmedabad. Gujarat University

[email protected]

Climate Smart Agriculture is one of the integrative approaches to address the interlinked challenges of food

security and Climate Change. As we understand the Global warming is raise its head day by day their actual season

we are seeing at in particular time. So it is very difficult for farmers to judge any particular season and according

showing that seasonal crop in their farm. This will lead to not only lost to agricultural farmers in form of their

livelihood but also a big loss to economy in the form of inflation-that price rise, production decreases. The poor

people of the society even want get 1 time food meal to satisfy their empty stomach. So at time CLIMATE SMART

AGRICULTURE is most essentiality for as developed, developing and underdeveloped country. There has been a

rapid uptake of the term climate smart Agriculture by the international community, national entities and local

institute, in the past years. However, implementing this approach is challenging, partly due to a lack of tools and

experience. Climate smart interventions are highly location specific and knowledge intensive. Considerable efforts

are required to develop the knowledge and capacities to make climate smart agriculture a reality.

FARMERS' RIGHTS FOR PLANT VARIETIES:

A NEED TO AVOID HOLLOW CLAIMS

Dr. Neepa U. Vyas

Assistant Professor, Government Law College, Ahmedabad

[email protected]

As India is one of the signatories to TRIPs Agreement, Article 27 (3) (b) confers mandatory duty on the members

of the Agreement to make arrangements for the protection of Plant Varieties either by patent or by sui generis

system or by the combination of both. India adopted the sui generis system and enacted Protection of Plant

Varieties And Farmers' Rights Act, 2001 and became one of the first countries in the world to have passed a

legislation granting rights not only to commercial breeders and farmers but also extended it to the researchers

in respect of their contribution in conserving, improving and making available plant genetic resources for

development of new plants varieties.



114

However, in order to make this Act effective as sui generis, enactment with respect to the protection of the

rights of farmers and breeders, certain concrete steps are required to be taken to educate the farmers for their

rights, to establish effective mechanism for availability of remedies and to provide adequate administrative

structure which protect these rights strongly for fulfillment of one of the pivotal object of upgrading the livelihood

and life - standard of the farmers.

Keywords: TRIPs, sui generis, farmer, breeder

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAME WORK FOR

CLIMATE JUSTICE

Dr. L.S. Pathak

Principal, I.M. Nanavati Law College, G.L.S. Campus

[email protected]

(1) Introduction

The Almighty blessed the humanity with a beautiful universe, but human greed is tampering since ages till

today, with the delicate ecological balance possibly leading to a brobalble catastrophe. Incentive and unlimited

violation of nature in the name of scientific and technological advance or infrastructure development has already

delivered ominous dangle signals like global warming, seasonal imbalance, adversely affect the soil, waters and

other natural resources, and individual self-interests are making us close our eyes to the impending disaster.

(2) Environment Pollution : Types, causes and effects:

The problem of pollution is not new in the world and also in India. Every country and every community is

suffering from the menace of pollution and therefore all round research among the scientific community is going

on to suggest solutions to prevent these pollution or at least to control them for strengthening climate justice.

(3) Industrialization as a cause of Beginning of Environmental Degradations

(4) Causes of Pollution

(5) Types and Effects of Pollution :

(a) Air pollution (b) Water pollution (c) Land or Soil Pollution (d) Solid waste pollution (e) Food Pollution (f)

Noise pollution (g) Nuclear pollution (h) thermal pollution

(6) Environment Crisis in Global Scenario :

(a) Introduction (b) Nature of Crisis (c) Global Dimensions of Environmental Crisis (d) Trans Boundary Pollution

(e) Over Population (f) Rejection in Biological Diversity (g) Global Commons.

(7) National and International Legal Framework for Climate Justice:

(a) National Framework

(b) International Framework



115

THE ROLE OF WOMEN FARMERS IN ADAPTATION MEASURES AND

PRACTICES FOR AGRICULTURE TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Ms Rupal D.Pandya

[email protected]

Climate Change increasingly affects the lives of many people, especially those of the poor in developing

countries. Climate change is the most serious environmental threat to the fight against hunger, malnutrition,

disease and poverty in India, mainly through its impact on agricultural productivity. Despite the widespread

scientific debate concerning the impacts of climate change and variability, not much is known about rural farming

households' perceptions of these impacts on their agricultural practices. The vulnerability of women and men to

the impacts of climate change is not even. The effects of climate change on a region are the same for all its

inhabitants, but men and women have different assets and resources at their disposal with which to tackle these

effects. Women are therefore more vulnerable, and the impact on their livelihood is greater. The degradation of

natural resources as a result of climate change has a more drastic impact on women's livelihood, since they are

more dependent on 'natural capital' to make a living. With regard to 'physical capital', plots cultivated by women

are more vulnerable to climate change. The land where they grow their crops, either as part of a group or

individually, is usually of poorer quality. Because they do not own these plots. Moreover, they do not have access

to the appropriate tools, and fertilizers are usually used on family-owned land. In semi-arid (Kutch , Gujarat) India,

tribal women are excluded from the community and have no property rights, including women's self-help groups,

which successfully mitigated the effects of a lack of finance due to crop damage from drought. Women's local

knowledge is of immense value. It can be used effectively to reduce the impact of climate change. there are several

strategies on community level that need to be strengthened : Preserving local seeds , Preserving local seeds ,

Improving water conservation , Strengthening local culture and tradition and there are also some other aspects

which need to be considered as well as Contributing and hindering factors for the use of women's local knowledge

for successful adaptation to climate change. However, women's knowledge can be the basis of adapting to climate

change to secure women's livelihoods as well as food and water security. Women also have taken initiatives to

cope with newly emerging local problems. The experience with small holders in different states of India confirms

the importance and role of biodiversity based organic farming. It not only ensures better yields but also reduces

the risks related to climate change. Women possess great strength and if they collectively decide to take on a

challenge, they can make it happen. They have always found ways to feed their families in very adverse situations

around the world. Their knowledge on adaptation to climate change will contribute to adapt to the impacts of

climate change. It is important to raise the issue of rural women and climate change within women's organizations

and the women's movement in order to generate a movement that reflects, acts in solidarity, and demands the

attention of public and private institutions.



116

RISKS OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO DEVELOPMENT

Malhar Desai & Bharvi Chauhan

Students, Auro University School of Law

[email protected]

[email protected]

Since the 1970s there has been growing concern about quick and unpredictable changes in the world's

environment. This concern started among scientists, but now has become an issue of global and national

importance that is discussed among many different people, from local farmers to national governments at

international levels. Due to the environment and climate change, weather patterns are becoming more unusual

and unpredictable. A rise in global temperature is resulting in less predictable rainfall patterns, more frequent

droughts, stronger heat waves and more intense weather hazards, such as flooding and cyclones (typhoons/

hurricanes). These changes are already having a devastating impact on people's lives in many parts of the world,

particularly in poorer countries.

Keywords: climate change, global importance, weather patterns, extreme heat, health, migration and conflict.

FARMERS RIGHT: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Dr. Rekha Kumari R.Singh

Assistant Professor, Anand Law College, S.P.University,Vidyanagar,Anand.

[email protected]

Agriculture represents a core part of the Indian economy and provides food and livelihood activities to much

of the Indian population. While the magnitude of impact varies greatly by region, climate change is expected to

impact on agricultural productivity and shifting crop patterns. This resulted into violation of rights of farmers and

adverse effect on crop or plants.

India is one of the first countries in the world to have passed a legislation granting rights to both breeders

and farmers. It is very important to recognize and protect the rights of the farmer in respect of their contribution

made at any time in improving, conserving and making available plant genetic resources and to protect plant

breeder's rights to stimulate investment for research and development.

Farmers' access to and rights over seeds are the very pillars of agriculture, and thus represent an essential

component of food sovereignty. Three decades after the term farmers' rights was first coined, there now exists

a broad consensus that this new category of rights is historically grounded and imperative in the current context

of the expansion of intellectual property rights (IPRs) over plant varieties. However, the issue of their realization

has proven so thorny that even researchers and activists who are sympathetic to farmers' rights now express

growing skepticism regarding their usefulness. In this paper, issues related to farmer's right will be highlighted

through a case study of India's unique Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights (PPV&FR) Act with respect

to climate changes.

Key Words: Agriculture, Climate Change, Challenges faced by Farmers,Justice, Plant breeders right, farmers rights,

TRIPs, Farmers Right Act,2001,IPRs



117

AFFORDABILITY AND ENFORCEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL

INSURANCE IN INDIA, ANALYSING THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

INVOLVED IN CONTRACT TERMS

Mr. Anandkumar R Shindhe

Assistant Professor, Institute of Law, Nirma University, Ahmedabad

[email protected]

Agriculture in India contributes around 17.2% towards GDP growth, which largely depends on the weather

condition from the very first day of cultivation till harvesting the corp. Success of harvesting depends on various

factors which are beyond the control of farmer. This dependence of farmer on weather conditions and other factors

expose him to the risk of losing crop which ultimately leads into financial losses. These factors are now very well

considered by the General Insurance Sector, who provide agricultural insurance and indemnifies the farmer in case

of loss suffered. Since insurance as such is a Contract, it includes lot of terms/clauses for its effective enforcement

and in most of cases it is a standard form contract, where the terms and conditions of insurance contract creating

rights and obligations are pre-drafted in the absence of assured. Farmers usually fail to do effective and proper

negotiations while entering into these insurance contracts, as a result, in case of loss suffered by farmer, he fails

to get the indemnity amount assured by insurance company. The objective of this paper is to analyse the various

terms put under crop insurance and how IRDA and Consumer Protection Act is protecting the interest of Farmers.

Key words: Standard Form Contracts, IRDA, Consumer Protection Act, Indemnity

FARMERS AND FARMING SYSTEMS:

ARE THEY MOVING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION

Arun B. Prasad,

Assistant Professor, (Economics), Institute of Law, Nirma University, Ahmedabad

[email protected]

Agricultural production and productivity is a function of strategically aligned factors originating in the farming

systems and the socio-economic and cultural factors emanating from the farming community. The critical

difference between a developed and developing country is either the coordination or alliance between the farmer

and the farming systems or total disregard for the semblance between the two. The paper identifies the farming

systems in India by scanning through the major geographical regions. It essentially sums up the nature of farming

and various efforts that have gone into the development of agricultural infrastructure. The other half of the

equation, i.e. the farmer and the conditions under which he/she toils is brought out by citing various studies by

World Bank and Governmental investigations. In the course of this enquiry, an effort is made to identify the policy

and program errors committed by the planning and implementation machinery. The abject neglect to incentives

to farming forms another part of the paper. Further, the change in climate and the scientific studies leading to

the solutions point out the major go-aheads for future. Finally, the resultant economic apathy and livelihood

challenges and transitions are identified. In a nutshell, the paper presents a systemic study of farming systems

and farmers leading to livelihood challenges.



118

ELIMINATION OF SPACE DEBRIS - A PATH TO ENSURE SAFE SPACE

EXPLORATION IN OUTER SPACE AND ENVIRONMENT

Kanchan Samtani

PH. D Student, Institute of Law, Nirma University

[email protected]

Outer space is the universal possession of the whole mankind. Both earth and space environment have become

a great matter of apprehension to manhood particularly in the arena of earth events. Space debris is a pre-

dominant issue when it comes to the safety and security of outer space and threatens the durability and

survivability of the space assets and the life of astronauts. The Mitigation of space debris becomes very crucial

for sustaining the atmosphere of the outer space and earth. Sufficient steps on behalf of the space faring nations

must be taken to eradicate this problem. It should be considered as a duty of every nation to cooperate in the

activity relating to removal of debris.

EDUCATION & INDIAN FARMERS

Akta Mehta

Professor, I. M. Nanavaty Law College, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad

[email protected]

As the agriculture is one of the most important part of Indian Economy, naturally farmers play a very vital

role in the country. Farmers with weak economic and educational background are mostly ignorant of the modern

advances in the field of agricultural research. The outcome of a survey performed in selected rural areas of India

implicates the extent of agricultural progress in these areas. Keeping in consideration the survey of agricultural

field, diseased plant sampling, soil analysis and interviewing farmers it was found out that it is necessary to educate

farmers and to spread among them awareness about new farming practices and adaptation of new tools and

techniques of farming so as helpful them in this time of all around climatic changes everywhere in the world.

As ratio of education among farmers increases they will start protecting themselves not only against unseen natural

calamities but able to take maximum benefits of various government schemes available to them. With the

summation of old experienced farmers with literate and educated their young generations, they will smartly able

to raise standard of living as whole, because no other country is as rich as India in the matter of natural resources,

water resources, fertility of Land.



119

CLIMATE CHANGE: WEALTH AND WELLNESS OF FARMERS

Dr. Mariamma A.K.

Professor, Government Law College, Calicut

[email protected]

Climate change is primarily caused by the building up of Green House Gases in the atmosphere. Global

warming refers to the observed increase in the average temperature of the air near earth's surface and it adversely

affects the developing countries as their capacity and resources to deal with the challenge is limited. Climate change

could be the biggest health threat of the twenty first century including vector borne and water borne diseases

like malaria, cholera, dengue. Floods create numerous health hazards, when water contaminate with animal and

human waste, it causes shortage of clean drinking water which causes diarrhoea, cholera, jaundice and typhoid.

Collection of stagnant water breeds mosquitoes which spread malaria and dengue fever. Sea level rise can also

threaten human safety and its associated impacts. Climate related hazards affect farmers lives directly as it impacts

on livelihood by way of reduction in crop yields, destruction of homes, increased food prices, shortage of water

for irrigation, drought, coastal flooding and coastal erosion, submergence and crop failure. Cloud burst with floods

and hailstorms cause untold miseries to farmers. Recent hailstorm in Maharashtra caused damage to several

hectares of farm land and also affected cattle as well as dairy products. Damage to crops like rice, wheat, jowar,

grapes, pomegranate and vegetables caused huge loss and 50% of the seeds failed the germination test which

ultimately result in the food production badly and consequent malnutrition. Strengthening of health facilities to

meet the threats of climate sensitive diseases are required. Farmers being the direct victims of climate change

in several ways, adequate steps are necessary to keep them invulnerable to diseases and also ensure livelihood,

lest shortage in food production globally shall be the outcome. Therefore a mission to save farmers at the national

and international level is the need of the hour.

TREE CREDITING AND ITS POTENTIAL

Shraddha Dubey

Student, Symbiosis Law School, Pune

[email protected]

This research paper is based on the policy of Tree Credits. It focuses on the formulation of the policy of Tree

Credits, the need for its development and introduction, its various aspects and most importantly its role in the

prevention of climate change and its adoption at a global level. The research paper also deals with the need for

legislations related to the policy of Tree Credits in pursuance of its effective implementation.

This paper also deals with the concept of climate justice with respect to farmers who though contribute least

to global pollution suffer the most. Climate justice is also increasingly seen as a justice issue as climate change

undermines the realization of a primary but internationally recognized human right, the right to a clean and

pollution free environment. It asymmetrically impacts the poor and the vulnerable communities like farmers and

other rural folks. Due to this reason the United Nations Development Programme has described climate change

as a "human tragedy in making". And, thus "Tree Credit" have been developed as one of the means to counter

the problem of climate change and administer climate justice.



120

The concept of tree crediting was developed along the lines of carbon crediting. The success of carbon crediting

and the need for incentives to protect trees led environmentalists and forest officials to come up with policy of

Tree Credits. The concept of tree crediting was introduced with the aim to improve green cover and help in

preventing climate change. Tree credits are expected to make conditions favourable for people to proactively grow

and protect trees by giving them appropriate, periodic financial returns.

The policy was first developed by the Social Forestry Department, State of Maharashtra, India. It envisages

developing government wasteland or forest land with the view to discourage the felling of trees and encourage

its plantation. It is broadly a market forestry concept based in improving the livelihood of people by involving

saving trees from being cut. Under this policy "Tree Credit Certificates" will be requires to be bought by individuals

and polluting companies as a form of compensation for environmental pollution. The "Tree Credit Certificates"

will be like equity shares, whose price movement will be determined by market forces. The money generated

from this would act as an incentive for farmers to grow and protect trees.

This policy shows the potential to deal with the problem of climate change and its catastrophic results on

mankind and displays promise for global implementation, and with effective implementation it is likely to achieve

the desired results.

AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE AND CLIMATE JUSTICE INITIATIVES IN

INDIA: AN INDIAN FARMER'S STORY

Harshit Rai

Student of Symbiosis Law School, Pune

[email protected]

This research paper is based on the topic agricultural insurance and climate justice initiative in India: An Indian

Farmer's Story. With respect to the farmers, we see that despite contributing least to the process of climate change

and pollution they suffer most because of their adverse affects. The imminent onset of climate change both due

to natural and human causes has impacted the agricultural health of this country and is bound to constantly effect

it in future. This long term change in the climate identifiable by the changes in temperature, precipitation, winds,

and other indicators adversely effects agriculture and thus the farmers. Such a phenomenon effects the soils,

waters and other biological parameters which ultimately affects the livelihood of these farmers. The phenomenon

not only effects the output from agricultural fields but the economic condition of most of the farmers which are

entirely dependent on agriculture for their sustenance. Thus the common folks which are not stakeholders in the

process of environmental degradation are the most adversely effected ones from it. This leads to gross violation

of their rights and thus ultimately causes the miscarriage of justice. It should be realised that in this scenario the

promise of food security made to the citizens of this country is difficult to materialise. Since the only way humans

can mitigate if not stop climate change is through tackling the man-made causes of it, a plethora of national climate

change policies have been adopted that emphasize on cutting carbon emissions and adopting eco-friendly

practices.However hardly any of the initiatives deal with the plight of Indian farmer's due to climate change. The

concept of Climate Justice and how climate change can be viewed from the lens of Justice, Equity and Rights which

even though globally accepted has not been has not been effectively implemented in India. Thus this paper deals

with the concept of agricultural insurance and its effects on the Indian farmer as well as the required improvements

in this regard. The initiatives taken so far regarding climate justice and that should be taken so forth have also

been analysed in this paper.



121

CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE: AN IMPACT STUDY OF

FARMERS IN GUJARAT

Mr. Nimesh P. Bhojak

Research Scholar, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan

[email protected]

Dr. Ashwin Modi

Associate Professor, SKSBM, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan

India is one of the largest CO2 emitter in the world due to developing countries. Agriculture Sector Changes

is really high through the research and technology. Instead of Climate Change impact on Agriculture Sector, the

government should emphasize on agriculture as major source of climate change. Large scale changes such as Usage

of Fertilizer, soil erosion or machine-intensive farming methods etc. may all contribute to increase green house

gas in the atmosphere. The purpose of this paper is essential to better understand, which agriculture activity lead

climate change. It can also supportive to find the problem of green house gas emissions at farm levels in agriculture

through the collection of primary data from the farmers of Gujarat. The result shows there is requirement to take

such action for the agriculture which may reduce the green house gas. So It is not only helpful to develop the

agriculture sector but also helpful to reduce the green house gas emission and to save the Climate and

Environment.

Keywords: - Green House Gas, Farming Method, Live-Stock, Manure Usage etc.



122

CASE STUDIES



123

CASE STUDIES

1 Health Status of the Aged Farmers ( A Case Study of Farmers in NGWO UDI Local Government

Area ENUGU State, Nigeria) - Udeh Nneka 124

2 Voices of Poor - VRTI 124

3 Injustice on Farmers – VRTI 125



124

Health Status of the Aged Farmers

(A Case Study of Farmers in NGWO UDI Local Government Area ENUGU State, Nigeria)

Udeh Nneka

Department of Accountancy, Institute of Management and Technology ENUGU, Nigeria

[email protected]

The study was designed to determine the health status of the aged in Ngwo town. The cross-sectional survey

design was utilized to obtain data from 500 elderly people selected from all the ten villages that make up Ngwo.

The only instrument for data collection was questionnaire. The major findings of the study were as follows: In

Ngwo town 403 (80.6%) can take their bath independently 405(81%) get in and out of bed without human help,

and again 400(8%) can dress up themselves without any type of help. In Ngwo town 392 (78.4%) were never

an outpatient of psychiatric hospital, 300(60%) converge with people without targeting their points and moreover

493 (99%) had never gone to any hospital as a result of mental problem. The aged in Ngwo 350 (70% do not

move out to visit friends they are mostly occupied with their farm work. 244 (48.8%) do not belong to any social

club. On the basis of the findings and discussions the following conclusions were drawn. As the aged in Ngwo

town can perform almost all their activities of daily living independently without mechanical and human help,

they have high physical health status. Health status of the aged people in Ngwo that are predominantly farmers

is appreciable. A case study of Ngwo town, Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria.

VOICES OF POOR

Vivekanand Research & Training Institute--The injustice towards farmers in Konkan Region

The govt. agencies from agriculture department could not reach in right time for facilitating the farmers.

Even though agriculture university and their subsequent colleges are available, Agriculture department of

Maharashtra Govt and Z.P. of respective districts are working for agricultural developments the developments

are not that much remarkable. Since they are working for last seven decades.

Even though there is Social Forestry, Police Patil, Gramsevak in the respective areas the Junlge fire occurs or

intentionally done this effects on global warming, negatively affecting on bio - diversity and ultimately nobody

is responsible for such type of activities.

Whenever farmers visit to avail schemes from Banks no more attention is paid towards them and the same

case occurs in govt when farmers try to avail the govt. schemes.

If farmer gets the schemes and want to avail the subsidy many time he is compelled to adopt bad practices.

The procedures are lengthy and hectic. The period given for the schemes and to submit papers is very short.



125

CASE STUDY ON INJUSTICE ON FARMERS

Vivekanand Research & Training Institute

Lote Parshuram

REF : Daily Lokmat, Suppliment Hello Ratnagiri Dated 24.09.2014 Page No. 03.

For Ready Ref. Scanned Copy is attached

Title - No / slow release of Insurance against Crop Insurance.

• Implementation Fruit Crop Insurance on the basis of Climate Change.

• Till date no inured amount is paid to the beneficiaries. ( 3283 Farmers from Ratnagiri District )

• 40914 Ha was covered under this scheme.

• 15 Kms towards east width wise area was selected such as Ratnagiri, Pavas, Khedshi, Jaygad, Phansop,

Kotawade, Malgund, Tarval, Pali, etc.

• The Agriculture Insurance Co. of India Ltd compelled farmers to procure the policy who had borrowed

the loans.

• It was optional for those who had not availed the loan facility.

• The benefits availed by 3170 Mango growers availed the benefit for 2948 ha of Mango crop.

• Like wise for 113 Cashew Growers could get benefit for 11434 ha area.

• The period kept to avail the benefit and to apply for only few days that is 18th Dec to 31st Dec 2013.

• This was depending upon the fluctuating rise in temp, heavy in short span, lowest temp.

• Even though the farmers have applied for insurance for Insurance for crops against Changing Climate they

could not get the insurance.

• No claim is setteled even after three months are over after completion of the season.

• No response from representatives of the concern company.



126


Strengthen Climate Justice Initiatives at the local level with

for sustainable livelihood with a focus on farmers"

8th to 9th November, 2014

At Institute of Law, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

STUDENT ORGANISING COMMITTEE

CORE COMMITTEE

Piyush Chauhan (Organising Secretary)

Himanshu Sharma

Tabish Samdani

Abhinav Shrivastava

Aishwary Tiwari

TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE

Dushyant Banke

Mohit Mittal

REGISTRATION COMMITTEE

Jagjeet Vashista

Deependra Shekhawat

Khiyati Panchvani

Ashish Somani

CERTIFICATE COMMITTEE

Sonal Joshi

Varun Tondon

HOSPITALITY COMMITTEE

Himanshu Sharma

Arpit Sharma

Chandra Shekhar Sharma

Ashwin Shrivastava

RAPPORTEUR COMMITTEE

Ranjit Nair

Sudhanshu Bissa

FOOD AND REFRESHMENT COMMITTEE

Nishant Pal

Kushagra Pandey

Ankit Kumar

Priti Sharma

STAGE COMMITTEE

Prannoy Shekhar

Devansh Agrawal

Saurabh Chatterjee

Akshit Jain

STUDENT ACCOMMODATION COMMITTEE

Shahrukh Khan

Anmary

Kirti Tiwari

MEDIA AND PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

Pratiksha Ravi

Gurpreet Kaur Wadhwa

Priyadarshni Sharma

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

Dilip Sharma

TECHNICAL SESSION COMMITTEE

Anurag Daga

compedium book 2014

Documents