comparative vertebrate physiology locomotion. energetics: what does it cost? smaller animals show...
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Comparative Vertebrate Physiology
Locomotion
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Energetics: What does it cost? Smaller animals show higher rates of limb stride or wing
motion, thus higher rate of muscle shortening in smaller animals, thus more energy
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Energetics Larger animals expend less energy
moving a given distance
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How do animals move?Terrestrial locomotion1. Walking and running
Fewer points of contact with substrate than number of limbsMaintain equilibrium
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How do animals move? 1. Walking and running
Gait Relative phase and duty factor Duty factor decreases with speed
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How do animals move? 2. Hopping and jumping
Legs in phase Low duty factor when moving Low metabolic expenditure
Achilles tendon
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Factors effecting locomotion Inertia Momentum Drag: determined by velocity, surface area and shape of an
animal Larger animals experience less drag
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Drag
Experienced by swimmers (high viscosity and density) and fliers (velocity), but not runners
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Aquatic energetics Swimming at the water surface is more
expensive
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Aerial locomotion
No buoyancy Low drag Lift enables high speed travel Gliding conserves energy
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Aerial locomotion Large animals generate more forward
thrust Differing angles of wing beat among fliers
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Cost of transport
• Smaller animals havehigh cost of transportation
• At the same mass swimmingis most efficient
• Flying is more economicalthan running