Department o f Po l i t i ca l Sc ience 3151 Soc ia l Sc ience P laz a B I rv ine , Ca l i forn ia 92697-5100

Comparative Politics Subfield Reading List

This syllabus constitutes a basic reading list to prepare Ph.D. students for their oral exams for advancement to doctoral candidacy. It is organized into key literatures of the subfield, and presents a list of “essential readings” in each of these areas. This list is not exhaustive. It only marks the beginning of serious study at the doctoral level. You will likely augment this list with additional readings based on your qualifying papers, coursework, field of interest, region of interest, etc. The sections in which you devote the most attention should be guided by a conversation with your Chair and other members of your orals committee. Also, please note that you are not responsible for every section, nor do these lists include every subfield literature (e.g. state violence, social movements, civil conflict, democracy in developing countries, state breakdown, immigration, public policy). Please consult with your Chair and committee members about augmenting this list with literatures relevant to your interests. In addition, students are expected to keep up with relevant and timely journal literature in political science. These include: American Political Science Review, Annual Review of Political Science, Comparative Politics, Comparative Political Studies, Journal of Democracy, Perspectives on Politics, and World Politics. We also advise you to consult journals in your specialized area of research, as well as newsletters of associations and APSA sections as they pertain to your research interests, methodology, etc. I. OVERVIEW AND STATE OF THE FIELD Boix, Carles and Susan C. Stokes (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Lane, Ruth. The Art of Comparative Politics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997. Lichbach, Mark Irving and Alan S. Zuckerman. Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Munck, Gerardo L. and Richard Snyder, Eds. Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. Przeworski, Adam and Henry Teune. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: Wiley, 1970. Tsebelis, George. Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

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II. METHODOLOGY OF THE FIELD Adcock, Robert and David Collier. “Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research.” American Political Science Review 95:3 (2001): 529-546. Bates, Robert, et al. Analytic Narratives. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. Brady, Henry E. and David Collier. Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2004. Geddes, Barbara. Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2003. George, Alexander L. and Andrew Bennett. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005. Gerring, John. Social Science Methodology: A Unified Framework. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Goertz, Gary and James Mahoney. A Tale of Two Cultures: Qualitative and quantitative research in the social sciences. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. Grofman, Bernard (Ed.). Political Science as Puzzle Solving. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2001. King, Gary, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba. Designing Social Inquiry. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. Lieberman, Evan. “Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research,” American Political Science Review, 99:3 (2005): 435-52. Lijphart, Arend. “Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method.” American Political Science Review 65: 3 (1971): 682-693. Little, Daniel. Varieties of Social Explanation: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Social Science. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991. Przeworski, Adam and Henry Teune. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: Wiley, 1970. Sartori, Giovanni. “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics.” American Political Science Review, 64:4 (1970): 1033-1053. Taagepera, Rein. Making Social Sciences More Scientific. The Need for Predictive Models. Oxford University Press, 2008 Wuffle, A. “Reflections on Political Science Methodology.” PS 2015 (January).

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III. ESSENTIAL TEXTS Almond, Gabriel and Sidney Verba. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963. Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso. 1991. Axelrod, Robert. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books, 1984. Dahl, Robert A. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971. Downs, Anthony. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper, 1957.

Easton, David. A Systems Analysis of Political Life. Wiley, 1967. Hirschman, Albert. 1970. Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press. Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968. Lijphart, Arend. Patterns of Democracy: Government forms and performance in thirty-six countries. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. Migdal, Joel. Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988.

Popkin, Samuel. The Rational Peasant. University of California Press: Berkeley, 1979. Putnam, Robert. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modem Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. Rostow, W.W. The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1960. Scott, James C. Seeing Like a State. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998 Skocpol, Theda. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979. IV. THE STATE Evans, Peter R., Dietrich Rueschemeyer & Theda Skocpol, Eds., Bringing the State Back In. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, l985. Fukuyama, Francis. State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. New York: Cornell University Press, 2004. Herbst, Jeffrey. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.

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Levi, Margaret. Of Rule and Revenue. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. Migdal, Joel. State in Society: Studying How States and Societies Transform and Constitute One Another. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Nettl, J.P. “The State as a Conceptual Variable.” World Politics, 20:4 (1968):559-92. North, Douglass. Structure and Change in Economic History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1981. Tilly, Charles. Coercion, Capital and European States AD 990-1990. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1990. V. DEMOCRACY, DEMOCRATIZATION, AND BREAKDOWN Acemoğlu, Daron and James Robinson. “A Theory of Political Transitions.” American Economic Review, 91:4 (2001): 938-963. Acemoğlu, Daron and James Robinson. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy.  New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Bermeo, Nancy. Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times: The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. Collier, Ruth. Paths Toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Diamond, Larry. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. Huntington, Samuel. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. Lijphart, Arend. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977. Linz, Juan, and Alfred Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. O’Donnell, Guillermo, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, Eds. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Southern Europe, Vol.1. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. O’Donnell, Guillermo, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, Eds. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, Vol. 4. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Przeworski, Adam, Michael E. Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi. Democracy and Development: Political Institution and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

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Przeworski, Adam. Democracy and the Market; Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Reynolds, Andrew. 2011. Designing Democracy in a Dangerous World. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Solinger, Dorothy. "Ending One-Party Dominance: Korea, Taiwan, Mexico," Journal of Democracy, (2001): 30-42.

Weingast, Barry. R. “The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law.” American Political Science Review, 91:2 (1997): 245-263. VI. AUTHORITARIANISM Brownlee, Jason. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Alastair Smith, Randolph M. Siverson, and James D. Morrow. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003. Collier, David, Ed. The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979. Gandhi, Jennifer. Political Institutions under Dictatorship. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Levitsky, Steven and Lucan A. Way. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Linz, Juan J. and Alfred Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1996. Schedler, Andreas. Electoral Authoritarianism. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2006. VII. POLITICAL PARTIES Adams, James, Samuel Merrill and Bernard Grofman. A Unified Theory of Party Competition: A Cross-National Analysis Integrating Spatial and Behavioral Factors. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Budge, Ian and Hans-Dieter Klingemann, eds. Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945-1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Dalton, Russell J., David M. Farrell, and Ian McAllister. Political Parties and Democratic Linkage: How Parties Organize Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Hicken, Allen. Building Party Systems in Developing Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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LaPalombara, Joseph and Myron Weiner, Eds. Political Parties and Political Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. Laver, Michael and Norman Schofield. Multiparty Government: The Politics of Coalition in Europe. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Lijphart, Arend. Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945-1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Lipset, Seymour Martin and Stein Rokkan, eds. Party Systems and Voter Alignments. New York: Free Press, 1967. Mair, Peter and Ingrid van Biezen. On Parties, Party Systems and Democracy: Selected Writings of Peter Mair. Essex: ECPR Press, 2014. Robertson, David. A Theory of Party Competition. London: John Wiley & Sons, 1976. Scarrow, Susan E. Perspectives on Political Parties: Classic Readings. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. VIII. ELECTORAL SYSTEMS Boix, Carles. “Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies.” American Political Science Review, 93:3 (1999): 609-624. Cox, Gary. Making Votes Count. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Gallagher, Michael and Paul Mitchell (Eds.). The Politics of Electoral Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Iversen, Torbin and David Soskice, “Electoral institutions and the politics of coalitions: Why some democracies redistribute more than others.” American Political Science Review, 100:2 (2006): 165-181. Kaminski, Marek M., “How Communism Could Have Been Saved. Formal Analysis of Electoral Bargaining in Poland in 1989.” Public Choice 1-2(98):83-109, 1999. Kitschelt, Herbert. The transformation of European social democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Norris, Pippa. Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Reilly, Ben. Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Riker W. The two-party system and Duverger’s law: An essay on the history of political science. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 76:753-66, 1982.

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Taagepera, Rein. Predicting Party Sizes: The Logic of Simple Electoral Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Taagepera, Rein and Matthew S. Shugart. Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989. IX. POLITICAL CULTURE AND CIVIL SOCIETY Almond, Gabriel and Sidney Verba, eds. The Civic Culture Revisited. Boston: Little Brown, 1980. Bratton, Michael, et al. Public Opinion, Democracy and Market Reform in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Douglas, Mary, & Wildavsky, Aaron. B. Risk and Culture: An essay on the selection of technical and environmental dangers. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. Eckstein, Harry. Division and Cohesion in Democracy: A Study of Norway. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966.

Eckstein, Harry and Ted Robert Gurr. Patterns of Authority: A Structural Basis for Political Inquiry. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1975. Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996. Inglehart, Ronald. Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990. Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1996. American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword. New York: W. W. Norton. Norris, Pippa. 2010. Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Thompson, M., Ellis, R., and Aaron Wildavsky. Cultural Theory. Boulder Colo.: Westview Press: Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1990. Welzel, Christian. Freedom Rising: Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation. New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 2013. X. PUBLIC OPINION Converse, Philip. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics.” In David Apter (ed.), Ideology and Discontent. New York: Free Press, 1964. Dalton, Russell J. Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies, 6th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2012.

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Dalton, Russell J. and Hans-Dieter Klingemann. Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Inglehart, Ronald, and Pippa Norris. Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2003. Kaase, Max, and Kenneth Newton, eds. Beliefs in Government, Vol. 5: Beliefs in Government. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Norris, Pippa, and Ronald Inglehart. Sacred and Secular: Politics and Religion Worldwide, 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Popkin, Samuel. The Reasoning Voter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. Soroka, Stuart, and Christopher Wlezien. Degrees of Democracy: Politics, Public Opinion and Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Zaller, John. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. XI. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION Barnes, Samuel, Max Kaase, et al. Political Action: Mass Participation in five Western Democracies. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979. Gallego, Aina. Unequal Political Participation Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Gurr, Ted. Why Men Rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970. Hirschman, Albert. Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970. Howard, Marc Morjé. The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Norris, Pippa. Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. New York, 1965. Pateman, Carole. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Putnam, Robert. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000. Uhlaner, Carole Jean. “Relational Goods and Participation: Incorporation Sociability into a Theory of Rational Action.” Public Choice 62 (1989): 253-285.

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Verba, Sidney, and Norman Nie. Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. Verba, Sidney, Norman Nie and Jae-on Kim. Participation and Political Equality: A Seven Nation Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978. Verba, Sidney, Kay Schlozman and Henry Brady. Voice and Equality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995. Wattenberg, Martin. Where Have all the Voters Gone? Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002. XII. ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR Aarts, Kees, André Blais, and Hermann Schmitt, eds. Political Leaders and Democratic Elections. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2011. Campbell, Angus et al. The American Voter. New York: Wiley, 1960. Dalton, Russell J. and Marty P. Wattenberg. Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Duch, Raymond, and Randolph Stevenson. 2008. The Economic Vote: How Political and Economic Institutions Condition Election Results. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Fiorina, Morris. Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981. Green, Donald, Bradley Palmquist, and Eric Schickler. Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identities of Voters. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. Kriesi, Hanspeter, et al. 2008. West European Politics in the Age of Globalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard Niemi and Pippa Norris (Eds.). Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, 4th Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2014. Thomassen, Jacques ed. The European Voter. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. XIII. INSTITUTIONS Buchanan, James and Gordon Tullock. The Calculus of Consent: The Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1962. Colomer, Josep M. How Global Institutions Rule the World. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2014. Elkins, Zachary et al. 2009. The Endurance of National Constitutions. New York: Cambridge University Press.

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Lijphart, Arend. Patterns of Democracy: Government forms and performance in thirty-six countries. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012. Mahoney, James and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Eds. Comparative-Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Mahoney, James and Kathleen Thelen. Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency and Power. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. March, James G. and Johan P. Olsen. “The New institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life.” The American Political Science Review 78:3 (1984): 734-749. Martin, Shane and Thomas Saalfeld, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Mueller, Dennis. Constitutional Democracy. Oxford University Press, 1996. North, Douglass. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Peters, Guy B. Institutional Theory in Political Science: The “New Institutionalism.” London: Continuum, 2005. Pierson, Paul. “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics,” American Political Science Review, 94:1 (2000): 251-267. Posner, Daniel. Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Powell, G. Bingham, Jr. Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability, and Violence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. Rhodes, R. A. and Sarah A. Binder, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Shugart, Matthew and John Carey. Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Steinmo, Sven, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, Eds. Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Strom, Kaare and Wolfgang Müller, eds. Cabinets and Coalition Bargaining: The Democractic Life Cycle in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Taylor, Steven, Matthew Shugart, Arend Lijphart and Bernard Grofman. American Government in Perspective: A Thirty-Nation Comparison. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press, 2014. Tilly, Charles. Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Publications, 2006. Tsebelis, George. Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.

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XIV. NATIONALISM Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism. London: Verso, 1983. Brubaker, Rogers. Citizenship and nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1992. Fearon, James D. and David Laitin. “Explaining Ethnic Cooperation.” American Political Science Review 90:4 (1996): 715-35.

Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism. Malden: Blackwell, 2005. Goodman, Sara Wallace. Immigration and Membership Politics in Western Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Horowitz, Donald. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. Laitin, David. Identity in Formation: the Russian-Speaking Populations in the Near Abroad. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998. Shepsle, Kenneth A. and Alvin Rabushka. Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability. Macmillan, 1972. Smith, Anthony. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988. XV. POLITICAL ECONOMY Acemoğlu, Daron and James Robinson. Why Nations Fail.  New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Alesina, Alberto and Edward L. Glaeser. 2004. Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe: A World of Difference. Oxford University Press. Bates, Robert. Prosperity and Violence: the Political Economy of Development. New York: Norton, 2001. Boix, Carles. Political Parties, Growth and Equality: Conservative and Social Democratic Economic Strategies in the World Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Collier, Ruth Berins and David Collier. Shaping the Political Arena. South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press, 2002. Esping-Anderson, Gosta. Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. Gourevitch, Peter. “The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics. International Organization, 32:4 (1978): 881-912.

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Haggard, Stephen and Robert R. Kaufman. Development, Democracy, and Welfare States: Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. Hall, Peter A. and David Soskice. Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Huber, Evelyne and John D. Stephens. Development and Crisis of the Welfare State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. Iversen, Torben. Contested Economic Institutions: The Politics of Macroeconomics and Wage Bargaining in Advanced Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Kohli, Atul. State-directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in The Global Periphery. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Persson, Torsten and Guido Tabellini. 2003. The Economic Effects of Constitutions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Pontusson, Jonas. 2005. Inequality and Prosperity: Social Europe vs. Liberal America. Cornell University Press. Putnam, Robert D. “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games.” International Organization, 42:3 (1988): 427-460. Rogowski, Ronald. Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Political Alignments. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. Simmons, Beth A., Frank Dobbin and Geoffrey Garrett, The Global Diffusion of Markets and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Solinger, Dorothy. States' Gains, Labor's Losses: China, France, and Mexico Choose Global Liaisons. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009. Wittman, Donald A. The Myth of Democratic Failure: Why Political Institutions are Efficient. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995 XVI. FORMAL MODELS Arrow, Kenneth. 1951 (second edition 1962). Social Choice and Individual Values. New York: Wiley.   Balinski, Michel and Rida Laraki. Majority Judgment: Measuring, Ranking and Electing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010. Brams, Steven J., and Alan D. Taylor. Fair Division: From Cake-Cutting to Dispute Resolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Dixit, Avenash and Susan Skeath. Games of Strategy (3rd edition). Norton, 2009.

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Kaminski, Marek M. “Coalitional Stability of Multi-Party Systems.” American Journal of Political Science, 2001 45/2: 294-312. Laver, Michael, and Kenneth Shepsle. 1994. Making and Breaking Governments: Cabinets and Legislatures in Parliamentary Democracies. Cambridge University Press. Mueller, Dennis. Public Choice (3rd edition). New York: Cambridge Press, 2003. Persson, Torsten and Guido Tabellini. Political Economics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.  Riker, William H. Liberalism against Populism. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1982.  Schofield, N., Grofman, B., and Feld, S. L. “The Core and Stability of Group Choice in Spatial Voting Games.” American Political Science Review. 82 (1988): 196-211. Schotter, Andrew. The Economic Theory of Social Institutions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981. Shepsle, Kenneth A. and Mark S. Bonchek Analyzing Politics: Rationality, Behavior and Institutions. Norton, 1996. Snyder, James. “On Buying Legislatures.” Economics and Politics 3 (1991): 93-109. Straffin, Philip D. Game Theory and Strategy. Mathematical Association of America. 1993. Taylor, Alan D. Mathematics and Politics: Strategy, Voting Power and Proof. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995. Tsebelis, George and Jeannette Money. Bicameralism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.