comparative politics and government...1. to make the students understand the conceptual bases of the...

Comparative Politics and GovernmentDPOL202

Edited by:Dr. Javeed Ahmed Bhat

rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkjCOMPARATIVE POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT

Edited ByDr. Javeed Ahmad Bhat

Printed byUSI PUBLICATIONS

2/31, Nehru Enclave, Kalkaji Extn.,New Delhi-110019

forLovely Professional University

Phagwara

ikB~;Øe (SYLLABUS)

rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj

(Comparative Politics and Government)

mís';% 1- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks rqyukRed iz'kklu rFkk jktuhfr osQ vo/kj.kkRed vk/kjksa dks le>us ;ksX; cukukA

2- fo|kfFkZ;ksaa dks fo'o esa fofHkUu izdkj dh jktuhfrd iz.kkfy;ksa osQ rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k djus ;ksX; cukukA

3- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dk fo'o dh fofHkUu jktuhfrd iz.kkfy;ksa ls rqyuk djus esa lgk;rk djukA

Objectives:

1. To make the students understand the conceptual bases of the comparative government and politics.

2. To enable the students to do a comparative analysis of the different kinds of political system in the world.

3. To help the students to make a comparison of Indian Political System with the different political systems of theworld.

Sr. No. Topics

1. Nature and Scope of Comparative Politics: Definitions, development of comparative

politics, comparative politics and comparative government, comparative method and

comparative politics, traditional approach to the study of comparative politics

2. Constitutions and Constitutionalism: Constitution- Meaning, Process of growth, kinds of

constitution, necessity of a good constitution; Constitutionalism- Meaning, development of

Constitutionalism, Liberal and Marxist notions.

3. Political Culture and Political Socialisation: Political Culture- meaning, mapping the three

levels of political culture; Political socialisation- meaning, agents of political socialisation,

trends in contemporary political cultures.

4. Socio - Economic bases and Salient Features of the Constitutions: Constitutions of UK,

USA, Russia, France, China and Switzerland; Amendment Process in the Constitution of USA

and Switzerland, Federal System of the USA and Switzerland.

5. Constitutional Structure - Executive: British King and Prime Minister, the President of the

USA, France, Russia, China and Plural Executive of Switzerland.

6. Constitutional Structure - Legislature: Composition and Powers of the British Parliament,

US Congress, Swiss Federal Assembly, Russian and French Parliament and National People’s

Congress of China.

7. Constitutional Structure - Judiciary: US Supreme Court and Judicial Review, Judicial system

of UK Russia, France and Federal Judiciary of Switzerland.

8. Political Parties and Party systems: Party system-Meaning of a political party, functions of

political parties, kinds of party system; Pressure groups- Meaning of a pressure group,

difference between political parties and pressure groups, role of pressure group

9. Politics of Representation and Participation: Political Parties in the USA, U.K. Russia and

France, Role of Communist Party in China, Interests Groups in the USA, UK, Russia and

France.

10. Globalization: Globalisation and Comparative Politics, Trans-national state, Responses from

developed and developing societies.

fo"k;&lwph

bdkbZ (Units) (CONTENTS) i`"B la[;k (Page No.)

1. rqyukRed jktuhfr dh çd`fr vkSj fo"k; {ks=k (Nature and Scope of Comparative Politics) 1

2. rqyukRed i¼fr vkSj jktuhfr (Comparative Method and Politics) 37

3. lafo/ku vkSj lafo/kuokn (Constitution and Constitutionalism) 51

4. jktuhfrd laLd`fr (Political Culture) 75

5. jktuhfrd lkekthdj.k (Political Socialisation) 95

6. lkekftd&vkfFkZd vkèkkj vkSj lafoèkku osQ eq[; y{k.k (Socio-Economic Bases and Salient Featuresof the Constituion) 108

7. laoS/kfud lajpukμdk;Zikfydk (Constitutional Structure — Executive) 144

8. laoS/kfud lajpuk&O;oLFkkfidk (Constitutional Structure — Legislature) 178

9. laoS/kfud lajpukμU;k;ikfydk (Constitutional Structure — Judiciary) 214

10. nyh; O;oLFkk (Party System) 243

11. ncko lewg (Pressure Groups) 266

12. çfrfuf/Ro dh jktuhfr vkSj lgHkkfxrk (Politics of Representation and Participation) 277

13. jktuhfrd ny (Political Parties) 291

14. Hkw&e.Myhdj.k (Globalization) 326

Javeed Ahmad Bhat, Lovely Professional University

Vinod C.V., Lovely Professional University



Satyabrata Kar, Lovely Professional University










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bdkbZμ1% rqyukRed jktuhfr dh çd`fr vkSj fo"k; {ks=k

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1


(Nature and Scope of Comparative Politics)

vuqØef.kdk (Contents)mís'; (Objectives)

izLrkouk (Introduction)

1-1 rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj% vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk] çd`fr vkSj foLrkj {ks=k (Comparative Politicsand Government : Meaning, Definition, Nature and Scope)

1-2 rqyukRed jktuhfr dk fodkl (Development of Comparative Politics)

1-3 jktuhfrd fodkl dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (The Meaning and Definition of PoliticalDevelopment)

1-4 lkjka'k (Summary)

1-5 'kCndks'k (Keywords)

1-6 vH;kl&ç'u (Review Questions)

1-7 lanHkZ iqLrosQa (Further Readings)

mís'; (Objectives)

bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ

rqyukRed jktuhfr dh ifjHkk"kk] vFkZ] foLrkj {ks=k vkSj fodkl dk foospu djus esaA

izLrkouk (Introduction)

vkèkqfud jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa (political scientists) dk ;g nkok gS fd mUgksaus jktuhfrd çfØ;k osQ fl¼kUr oçfr:i (model) fuekZ.k dh vksj çFke pj.k osQ :i esa jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k (Political analysis) dh uohuvoèkkj.kkvksa (concepts) osQ lq>ko çLrqr fd;s gSaA budh ekU;rk gS fd ̂ jkT; dh voèkkj.kk* fo'ys"k.k osQ midj.k(tool of analysis) osQ :i esa] mu jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk o mi;ksxh vè;;u djus esa fo'ks"k lgk;dugha] ftuesa vkdkj] laxBu] laLFkkvksa o laLd`fr dh vkèkkjHkwr fHkÂrk,a gksaA blfy;s jktuhfr&foKku esa 'krkfCn;ksals çpfyr jkT;] ljdkj] laLFkk] 'kfÙkQ;ksa o tuer dh voèkkj.kkvksa osQ LFkku ij u;h voèkkj.kkvksa dk çpyuo ç;ksx vfuok;Z ekuk tkus yxk ftlls jktuhfrd fØ;k dh xgjkb;ksa o okLrfodrkvksa esa >kadk tk losQ vkSjmlosQ lEcUèk esa rqyukRed vkèkkj ij dksbZ lkekU;hdj.k (generalization) lEHko gksA blfy, vkèkqfudjktuhfr&'kkfLË;ksa }kjk jktuhfrd vè;;u esa] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk (political system)] Hkwfedk (roles)]jktuhfrd laLd`fr (political culture) bR;kfn ubZ voèkkj.kkvksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkus yxkA bu u;h voèkkj.kkvksaesa Hkh vkèkkjHkwr voèkkj.kk (basic concept) ^jktuhfrd O;oLFkk* dks ekuk tkus yxk D;ksafd] vU; lHkhvoèkkj.kk,a blh ls lEc¼ fn[kkbZZ nhaA bl ̂ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk* ls lEcfUèkr jktuhfrd çfØ;k osQ fofHkUu Lrjksaij rqyukRed vè;;u osQ vkèkkj ij] jktuhfrd O;ogkj lEcUèkh fl¼kUr fuekZ.k osQ y{; ls ;qDr 'kkLË ghrqyukRed jktuhfr dgk tkrk gSA


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2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

1-1 rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj% vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk] çd`fr vkSj foLrkj {ks=k(Comparative Politics and Government : Meaning, Definition, Natureand Scope)

rqyukRed jkuthfr osQ vFkZ dk foLr`r foospu djus ls igys bldk ^rqyukRed ljdkj* (comparativegovernment) ls vUrj le> ysuk vko';d gSA lkekU;r;k] rqyukRed jktuhfr dks ^rqyukRed 'kklu* ;k^rqyukRed ljdkj* dk i;kZ; le> fy;k tkrk gSA nksuksa dk gh lEcUèk ̂ jktuhfr* ls gksus osQ dkj.k budk ,dnwljs osQ fy, vny&cny dj ç;ksx djuk dqN LokHkkfod gh gSA ijUrq jktuhfr&foKku esa budk lqfuf'pr vFkZfd;k tkrk gSA thñ osQñ jkWcV~lZ us rqyukRed ljdkj o rqyukRed jktuhfr dks vyx&vyx ekuk gSA mUgksausrqyukRed ljdkj dh ifjHkk"kk bl çdkj nh gSA

¶rqyukRed ljdkj] jkT;ksa] mudh laLFkkvksa o ljdkjksa osQ dk;ks± dk vè;;u gS ftlesa 'kk;n jkT; fØ;k lsvR;fèkd fudV dk lEcUèk j[kus okys iwjd lewgksaμjktuhfrd ny o ncko lewgksa] dk Hkh vè;;u lfEefyr gSA¸

thu Cyks.Msy us Hkh rqyukRed ljdkj dh ifjHkk"kk djrs gq, fy[kk gSμ

¶rqyukRed ljdkj ledkyhu fo'o esa jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa osQ çfrekuksa dk vè;;u gSA¸

rqyukRed ljdkj dh mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gS fd blesa jkT; ls lEcfUèkr vkSipkfjd laLFkkvksa dk gheq[;r% rqyukRed vè;;u gksrk gSA blesa jktuhfrd O;ogkj ls lEcfUèkr lHkh çfØ;kvksa o vU; xSj&ljdkjhlaLFkkvksa dk vè;;u lfEefyr ugha fd;k tkrkA ;|fi orZeku esa jktuhfrd ny o ncko lewgksa dh gj jkT; esaegÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk osQ dkj.k budk vè;;u Hkh rqyukRed ljdkj esa lfEefyr fd;k tkus yxkA ijUrq eq[; tksj'kklu dh laLFkkvksa osQ rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k ij jgrk gSA blls fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd rqyukRed 'kklu esa lEiw.kZjktuhfrd O;ogkj dk vè;;u ugha fd;k tkrkA jktuhfrd O;ogkj osQ vusd igyw o vusdksa xSj&'kkldh;laLFkk,a] ftuls ljdkjksa dk O;ogkj

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rqyukRed jktuhfr] rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k o rqyukRed fofèk ls Hkh fHkUu gSA rqyukRed jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k(comparative political analysis) eq[;r% jktuhfr&foKku ls lEc¼ rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k dks dgrs gSa vkSj bldkj.k ;g lqO;Dr (explicit) ;k vO;Dr (implicit) :i ls jktuhfr&foKku esa jktuhfrd Li"Vhdj.k (politicalexplanations) djus esa osQUæhHkwr jgrk gSA rqyukRed fofèk] lkekU; vkuqHkfod çLFkkiukvksa (propositions) dhLFkkiuk dh ekSfyd fofèk;ksa esa ls çeq[k fofèk gSA ;g osQl fofèk (case method) dh foykse gSA

rqyukRed jktuhfr dh O;k[;k djrs gq, ÚheSu us fy[kk gS] ¶rqyukRed jktuhfr

ljdkjksa osQ fofoèk çdkjksa o fofHkUu jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k gSA¸

bl çdkj rqyukRed jktuhfr] fofHkUu 'kklu O;oLFkkvksa] jktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa o jktuhfrd O;ogkj dkrqyukRed

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bu fopkjdksa osQ vuqlkj rqyukRed jktuhfr dk lEcUèk bl çdkj dh ,d gh ns'k esa fLFkr fofHkUu ljdkjksaμloZO;kido vkaf'kdμdh vkil esa rqyuk ls gSA bl èkkj.kk osQ fopkjd ekurs gSa fd ;|fi ,d gh ns'k esa loZO;kid ;kjk"Vªh; ljdkj rks ,d gh gksrh gS ijUrq vkaf'kd ljdkjsa vusdksa gksrh gS vkSj blfy;s buls lEcfUèkr jktuhfrdçfØ;kvksa o laLFkkvksa dh rqyuk djosQ fuf'pr fu"d"kZ fudkyuk lEHko gSA tSls vxj ,dkRed jkT; gS rks mlesa,d jk"Vªh; ljdkj gksxh vkSj dbZ LFkkuh; ljdkjsa ;k fuxe (corporation) gksaxsA vxj jkT; O;oLFkk la?kkRed gS]rks jk"Vªh;] çkUrh; o LFkkuh; ljdkjsa gksaxhA bl èkkj.kk osQ leFkZd ;g ekurs gSa fd ,d gh jkT; esa fofHkUu Lrjksadh fofoèk ljdkjksa dh rqyuk djuk ̂ yEckRed rqyuk* dgykrk gS vkSj rqyukRed jktuhfr bUgha dh ikjLifjdrqyuk djus ls lEc¼ 'kkL=k gSA bl çdkj dh ekU;rk j[kus okyksa us blfy, rqyukRed jktuhfr dh ifjHkk"kk blvkèkkj ij dh gS vkSj dgk gS fd ¶rqyukRed jktuhfr ,d gh ns'k dh fofHkUu ljdkjksa dh yEckRed rqyuk gSA¸(comparative politics deals the vertical comparison of various government within the same cournty.)

rqyukRed jktuhfr dh mijksDr ifjHkk"kk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA bl ifjHkk"kk dk vkèkkj gh rdZlaxr ugha yxrkAD;ksafd jk"Vªh; ljdkj ,oa vkaf'kd ljdkjksa osQ chp n`f"Vxkspj gksus okyh lekurk lrgh gSA oSls Hkh bu lekurkvksadh xgjkbZ esa tk,a rks buesa vlekurk,¡ gh vfèkd fn[kkbZZZ nsaxh vkSj Åij ls osQoy ek=kk dk vUrj fn[kkbZZZ nsus okykokLro esa ,d çdkj dk vUrj Hkh çrhr gksxkA bu lrgh lekurkvksa dk] tks ,d gh ns'k dh fofHkUu ljdkjksaesa fn[kkbZZZ nsrh gSa] foLr`r foospu djosQ gh buesa O;kIr vlekurkvksa dks le>k tk ldrk gS vkSj bl osQ lUnHkZesa gh ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyuk lEHko gksxk fd rqyukRed jktuhfr ,d gh ns'k dh fofHkUu ljdkjksa dh yEckRedrqyuk ugha gSA la{ksi esa jk"Vªh; o vkaf'kd ;k LFkkuh; ljdkjksa esa fuEufyf[kr lekurk,¡ Li"V fn[kkbZZ nsrh gSaA

(d) vkfFkZd lkèkuksa dh lekurkμ ;|fi Åij ls ns[kus ij jk"Vªh; o vkaf'kd ljdkjksa esa vkfFkZd lkèkuksa dhlekurk yxrh gS] D;ksafd vkfFkZd lkèku nksuksa gh çdkj dh ljdkjksa osQ ikl gksrs gSa] fiQj Hkh ;g vkfFkZd lkèkuksadh lekurk vius esa dksbZ rqyukRed vè;;u osQ fy, mi;ksxh ugha gks ldrhA ;g lgh gS fd nksuksa osQ gh vkfFkZdlkèkuksa dk mRFkku&iru gksrk jgrk gS vkSj muesa rqyuk dh laHkkouk,¡ Hkh fufgr fn[kkbZZ nsrh gSa ij okLro esa ,slklEHko ugha gSA ;fn jk"Vªh; ljdkj osQ vkfFkZd lkèkuksa dks] Ïksr (resources) vkdkj o lEHkkoukvksa dh n`f"V lsns[ksa rks ;g cgqr O;kid fn[kkbZZZ nsrs gSa ftudk lEcUèk çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i esa jkT; osQ gj O;fDr o LFkku lsgS tcfd vkaf'kd ljdkjksa osQ lkèku brus O;kid ugha gksrsA blosQ vykok nksuksa osQ vkfFkZd lkèkuksa esa o`f¼ dkçfØ;kRed vUrj Hkh Li"V yxrk gSA blls rqyuk esa tks lekurk yxsxh og vkèkkjHkwr ugha gksxhA D;ksafd budhdksbZ ,d&lh fo"k;&ifjfèk (common frame of reference) ugha gks ldrhA blfy, tc ,slh fofHkUu ljdkjksa dhrqyuk dh tk; rks ;g rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k fdlh lkekU;hdj.k dh lEHkkouk rd ugha ys tkrk gS vkSj nksuksa dhlekurk çdkjkRed (qualitative) ugha] ek=kkRed (quantitative) gh jg tk;sxh ftldk rqyukRed jktuhfr esafo'ks"k mi;ksx lEHko ughaaA

([k) fu;eksa ;k fofèk;ksa dh lekurkμ gj çdkj dh ljdkj esa] pkgs og jk"Vªh; gks ;k vkaf'kd gks] laxBuo lapkyu osQ fy, fu;eksa o fofèk;ksa dk ik;k tkuk vfuok;Z gSA bu fu;eksa dh lekurk osQ vkèkkj ij mudh rqyukHkh dh tk ldrh gSA ijUrq] tc jk"Vªh; ljdkj osQ dkuwuksa o fu;eksa rFkk vkaf'kd ljdkj osQ fu;eksa o fofèk;ksa dkvè;;u djrs gSa rks nkuksa esa Åij ls lekurk fn[kkbZZZ nsrs gq, Hkh xgjkbZ esa tkus ij vlekurk vfèkd vkSj lekurkde fn[kkbZZZ nsxhA

jk"Vªh; ljdkj osQ fu;e o dkuwu vfèkd n`

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çd`fr le>us esa Hkys gh dqN lgk;rk feys ijUrq bl rqyuk ls ljdkjksa osQ ckjs esa dksbZ ,sls fl¼kUr ugha cuk;stk ldrs] tks gj ns'k o LFkku dh ,slh gh ljdkjksa osQ lEcUèkksa o fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ Li"Vhdj.k esa lgk;d gksaA

(x) 'kfDr dh lekurkμ gj çdkj dh ljdkj osQ laxBu dks cuk;s j[kus osQ fy, dqN u dqN 'kfÙkQ vfuok;Zgksrh gS vkSj blfy, gj ljdkj dh 'kfÙkQ de ;k vfèkd ek=kk esa çrhr gksrh gSA ;g 'kfDr jk"Vªh; o O;fÙkQxr;k vkaf'kd ljdkjksa esa Hkh fo|eku gksrh gSA ijUrq budh rqyuk djrs gSa rks fofnr gksrk gS fd u osQoy jk"Vªh; ljdkjksadh 'kfDr esa voihM+u (coercion) dk rÙo çeq[k :i ls ik;k tkrk gS oju~~ vfèkd LFkkf;Ro o n`

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,sfrgkfld fujUrj js[k

(Historical Continuum)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

vk/qfudizkphu

izkphu Hkkjr eè;dkyhu Hkkjr fczfV'k Hkkjr Lora=k Hkkjr

fp=k 1-1 ,dns'kh; jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dh ,sfrgkfld rqyuk

mijksDr fp=k 1-1 ls Li"V gS fd LorU=k Hkkjr dh orZeku jk"Vªh; ljdkj osQ O;ogkj dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks]vrhr dh jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa ls rqyuk djosQ vfèkd Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g rqyuk mijksDr fp=k esa vafdr,d o nks] ;k nks o rhu] ;k rhu o pkj dh jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa osQ chp dh tk ldrh gS] ;k ,d dh rhu ;k ,ddh pkj ;k nks dh pkj ij fn[kkbZZ xbZ jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa osQ chp dh tk ldrh gSA

bl çdkj dk rqyukRed vè;;u rqyukRed jktuhfr esa vfèkd mi;ksxh cu tkrk gS D;ksafd bfrgklesa tks ?kVuk,¡ gqbZ gSa] mudk Øfed fodkl o çHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bl çdkj osQ fodkl dh lkexzh bfrgkl lsmiyCèk gksrh gS vkSj fdlh dh jktuhfrd laLd`fr dk vkèkkj curh gSA bl lkexzh osQ vkèkkj ij fdlh ljdkjdk ̂ le;&fujUrj* (time-continuum) ij vadu djosQ muesa rqyuk dh tk ldrh gSA bl çdkj osQ rqyukRedvè;;u dks vxj vko';d gks rks vfèkd xgu Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA uhps fp=k 1-2 o 1-3 esa bl çdkj dhrqyukvksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSμ

,sfrgkfld fujUrj js[kμLorU=k Hkkjr

(Historical ContinuumμIndependent India)

fp=k 1-2 LorU=k Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dh ,sfrgkfld rqyuk

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,sfrgkfld fujUrj js[kμbfUnjk xkaèkh ;qx

(Historical ContinuumμIndira Gandhi Era)

bfUnjk xka/h ;qx19661966 1967 1969 1970 1971 1977

1977

lÙkklu (prqFkZ vke pquko) (dkaxszl foHkktu) (ikd la?k"kZ) (eè;kof/ pquko)

fp=k 1-3

jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dh ;g leLrjh; rqyuk vo'; gh ,sfrgkfld lUnHkZ esa dh tk ldrh gS ijUrq blosQ fy, ;gt:jh gS fd gj dky dh jk"Vªh; ljdkj osQ ckjs esa leku tkudkjh o rF; miyCèk gksaA vxj ,slk ugha gksxk rksrqyuk lEHko ugha gksxhA rqyuk osQ fy, osQoy rF; gh dkiQh ugha] oju~ bu rF;ksa osQ lqLi"V vkèkkj Hkh gksaA ;gk¡;g leL;k mRiUu gksrh gS fd D;k igys rF;ksa osQ vkèkkj fuf'pr fd;s tk;sa ;k rF; ,df=kr djosQ vkèkkj [kkststk,¡\ igys vkèkkj fuf'pr dj rF; ,df=kr djuk O;kogkfjd ugha yxrkA blls rks rF;ksa dk ladyu gh lEHkougha gksxkA tks vkadM+s vkèkkjksa dh dlkSVh ij Bhd ugha mrjsaxs mudks ,slh O;oLFkk esa ,d=k gh ugha fd;k tk ldrkgSA blfy, vkadM+s igys ladfyr djosQ ckn esa vkèkkj ns[ks tk;saA bl çdkj jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dh ,sfrgkfld vkèkkjij rqyuk fofHkUu rF;ksa dks lqfLFkj vkèkkj çnku djosQ djuh pkfg, ftlls ,d&lh fo"k;&ifjfèk (common frameof reference) esa dh x;h rqyuk] jktuhfrd O;ogkj osQ ckjs esa dqN lkekU;hdj.k lEHko cuk;sA

bl çdkj] rqyukRed jktuhfr esa ,sfrgkfld lUnHkhZ jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dh le&Lrjh; rqyuk dh tkrh gSA bl çdkjdh rqyuk dk viuk vyx egÙo Hkh gSA ijUrq rqyukRed jktuhfr esa ;gh dkiQh ughaA bldh bl 'kkL=k esa lhfermi;ksfxrk gh gS blls osQoy ,d jkT; dh jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dks fofHkÂ dkyksa esa le>us esa gh lgk;rk feyrh gSAml jk"Vª ls fHkÂ çdkj dh laLd̀fr] lH;rk o laxBu okys jkT; esa lapkfyr ljdkj dh çd̀fr o jktuhfrd O;ogkjdks le>us osQ fy, ;g i;kZIr ugha gSA blosQ vykok Hkh orZeku ljdkj vkSj vrhr dkyhu ljdkjksa esa rqyuk osQfy, vko';d leku fo"k;&ifjfèk lEHko ugha gksrhA ,slh rqyuk,¡ jktuhfrd O;ogkj dh xR;kRedrkvksa(dynamics) osQ LFkku ij osQoy laLFkkRed lrg rd gh lEHko gksrh gSA bl dkj.k rqyukRed jktuhfr esa fofHkÂjk"Vªksa esa çpfyr jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa ls lEcfUèkr jktuhfrd O;ogkjksa dh rqyuk djuk vfèkd mi;ksxh gksxkA

(2) ledkyhu fo'o esa O;kIr jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dh {kSrhth; rqyuk gSA (Horizontal comparison ofnational governments across national boundaries within contemporary world) μ rqyukRed jktuhfrdh çd̀fr lEcUèkh loZekU; èkkj.kk vkt ;gh gS fd ;g ledkyhu fo'o esa çpfyr jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dk rqyukRedvè;;u gSA thu Cyks.Msy us bldk leFkZu djrs gq, fy[kk gSμ

¶gekjs ikl rqyukRed ljdkjksa osQ vè;;u dk osQoy ,d gh n`f"Vdks.k 'ks"k cprk gS vkSj og gS ledkyhu fo'odh jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ls lEc¼ jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dk jk"Vªh; lhekvksa osQ vkj&ikj vè;;u djukA¸

okLro esa blh çdkj dh rqyuk ls u osQoy lkekU;hdj.k lEHko gS] oju~~ jktuhfrd O;ogkj osQ lEcUèk esa ,slsfl¼kUrksa dk çfriknu Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS ftuls gj ns'k dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks le>k tk losQA buls gjfofp=k jktuhfrd ?kVuk dk Li"Vhdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA buls jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dh çd`fro dk;Zfofèk dks Hkh le>k tk ldrk gSA

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rqyukRed jktuhfr dh çd`fr osQ mijksDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd rqyukRed jktuhfr ,d LorU=k vuq'kklu gStks jktuhfr&foKku esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ 'kk[kk cu x;k gSA ;|fi bldk vè;;u Hkh jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ls lEcfUèkrjktuhfr ls gS fiQj Hkh ;g jktuhfr&foKku ls bl vFkZ esa fHkUu gS fd blesa jkT; o xSj&'kkldh; jktuhfr] nksuksadk gh vè;;u lfEefyr gksrk gSA tcfd jktuhfr&foKku] xSj&'kkldh; jktuhfr ls çR;{k :i esa lEcfUèkr ughagksrkA bl çdkj] rqyukRed jktuhfr] ,d gh ns'k dh jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dk ,sfrgkfld lUnHkZ o jk"Vªh; lhekvksa osQvkj&ikj rqyukRed ç.k;u gh ugha gS_ ;g blosQ lkFk] jktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa o jktuhfrd O;ogkj rFkk ljdkjhrU=kksa dks çHkkfor djus okyh xSj&ljdkjh O;oLFkkvksa dk Hkh rqyukRed vè;;u gSA

rqyukRed jktuhfr dk fo"k;&{ks=k (Scope of Comparative Politics)

rqyukRed jktuhfr dk fo"k;&{ks=k vHkh Hkh lhekadu (demarcation) dh voLFkk esa gS blosQ fo"k;&{ks=k dhfuekZ.k&voLFkk osQ dkj.k gh th-osQ- jkcV~lZ (G.K. Roberts) us vius ,d uohu ys[k 'Comparative Politicstoday' esa ;gka rd fy[kk gS fd] ¶rqyukRed jktuhfr lc dqN gS ;k og dqN Hkh ugha gSA¸ blosQ fo"k;&{ks=kesa ,d lhek osQ ckn foLr̀rrk bls jktuhfr&foKku osQ vuq:i cuk nsrh gS rFkk nwljh rjiQ] blosQ {ks=k dh vR;fèkdladqfpr voèkkj.kk bls LorU=k vuq'kklu (Independent discipline) dh voLFkk ls gh oafpr dj nsrh gSa blfy,blosQ fo"k;&{ks=k dh çeq[k leL;k ;g cu tkrh gS fd rqyukRed jktuhfr esa D;k&D;k lfEefyr fd;k tk; vkSjD;k&D;k blosQ vè;;u ls ckgj j[kk tk;\ lkFk gh ;g ç'u Hkh vkrk gS fd jktuhfr lEcUèkh fdlh igyw dksblosQ vè;;u esa lfEefyr djus ;k ugha djus dk vkèkkj D;k gks\ fo"k;&{ks=k osQ lhekadu dh ;g leL;k bldkj.k vkSj Hkh my>h gqbZ yxrh gS fd blosQ fopkjd] vè;;u i¼fr;ksa ifjoR;ks±] fo'ys"k.k osQ mikxeksa (analyticalapproaches)] fl¼kUrksa osQ çdkjksa o fo'ys"k.k dh bdkbZ ij Hkh ,der ugha gks ik jgs gSaA ;gka gsjh ,DlVhu(Harry Eckstein) dh rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ fo"k;&{ks=k osQ lEcUèk esa ;g dFku m¼`r djuk bl fookn dhxEHkhjrk dk Li"Vhdj.k djus osQ fy, i;kZIr gksxkA ,DlVhu us fy[kk gSμ

¶lcls vfèkd vkèkkjHkwr ckr rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ ckjs esa ;g gS fd vkt ;g ,d ,slk fo"k; gS ftlesa vR;fèkdfookn gS D;ksafd ;g laØe.k&fLFkfr esa gSμ,d çdkj dh fo'ys"k.k 'kSyh ls nwljs çdkj dh 'kSyh esa çLFkku djjgk gSA¸

blls Li"V gS fd rqyukRed jktuhfr dh ifjHkk"kk o çd̀fr dh rjg bldk fo"k;&{ks=k Hkh fookn dk fo"k; gSa blosQ{kss=k dks ysdj ijEijkokfn;ksa o vkèkqfud jktuhfr&'kkfL=k;ksa esa xgjk erHksn gSA thu Cyks.Msy Jean Blondel) us;g fookn nks ckrksa ls lEcfUèkr crk;k gSA igyk gS rqyukRed jktuhfr dh lhek lEcUèkh o nwljk gS ekudksao O;ogkjksa osQ ikjLifjd lEcUèkksa lEcUèkh fooknA bu nksuksa dk foLr`r foospu djosQ gh rqyukRed jktuhfr osQfo"k; {ks=k dk fuèkkZj.k dj lduk lEHko gksxkA

lhek lacaèkh fookn (Controversy over the Boundary): rqyukRed jktuhfr esa lhek lEcUèkh fookn gj vè;;uosQ ǹf"Vdks.k ls lEcfUèkr gSA lHkh jktuhfr 'kkL=kh bl ckr ij rks lger gSa fd rqyukRed jktuhfr dk lEcUèk jk"Vªh;ljdkjksa ls gS vkSj blesa Hkh osQoy ljdkjh k o bl lEcUèk esa fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gSA la{ksi esa budk foospu bl çdkj gS

(d) dkuwuh ;k laLFkkxr n`f"Vdks.k (Legalistic or Institutional Approach)μbl n`f"Vdks.k osQ vuqlkjrqyukRed jktuhfr esa osQoy lafoèkku }kjk LFkkfir ljdkjh lajpuk dk] rFkk lafoèkku }kjk fu;r fd;s x;s

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jktuhfrd O;ogkj dk rqyukRed vè;;u gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl fopkj osQ leFkZdksa dh ekU;rk gS fd lafoèkku

gh ljdkj osQ us osQ fy, bldk vFkZ tkuuk ykHknk;d gksxkA O;gkjoknh vius

vkidks fo'kq¼ oSKkfud cukus vkSj fl¼ djus esa izo`Ùk gSaA jktuhfr&foKku esa ;g vkUnksyu lekt&foKkuksa ij

izkd`frd foKkuksa osQ izHkko ifj.kke gSA ;g izkd`frd ,oa lkekftd foKkuksa osQ chp esa ,d xq.kkRed fujUrjrk dh

iwoZèkkj.kk ysdj pyrk gSA O;ogkjokfn;ksa dh ewy ekU;rk ;g gS fd lekt&foKkuksa dh voèkkj.kk,¡ ,oa fl¼kUr]

izkd`frd foKkuksa osQ leku gks ldrs gSaA jktuhfr&foKku ij izkd`frd foKkuksa o vU; lekt&foKkuksa osQ izHkko dks

gh ^O;ogkjoknh Økafr* (behavioural revolution) dgk tkrk gSA jktuhfr&foKku esa ;g ,d eksM+ gS] ftlus

jktuhfr&foKku esa] fo"k;&oLrq] vU; vuq'kkluksa ls lEc¼] i¼fr;ksa vkSj çfofèk;ksa (techniques)] ,oa ewY;ksa

bR;kfn dh n`f"V ls vkewy ifjorZu dj fn, gSaA

ghat ;qykm dh ekU;rk gS fd ^jktuhfrd O;ogkj* dk rkRi;Z osQoy çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i ls i;Zos{k.kh;

(Observational) jktuhfrd fØ;kvksa ls gh ugha gS] vfirq O;ogkj osQ mu cksèkkRed (perceptual)]

vfHkçsj.kkRed (Motivational) rFkk vfHko`Ù;kRed (Attitudinal) ?kVdksa ls Hkh gS tks fd ekuo osQ jktuhfrd

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vfHkKkuksa (Identifications)] ekaxksa vkSj vk'kkvksa rFkk mlosQ jktuhfrd fo'oklksa] ewY;ksa ,o y{;ksa dh O;oLFkkdk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA mlesa laLd`fr vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk osQ fofHkUu Lrj Hkh lfEefyr gSaA bu lcdkvfHkeq[khdj.k (orientation) vusd dkj.kksa o vk;keksa ls lEc¼ rÙoksa ls gksrk gS] blfy, LoHkkor% jktuhfrdO;ogkj dk vè;;u vU; lekt&foKkuksa ls vyx&Fkyx ugha jg ldrk gSA la{ksi esa os lHkh O;ogkjkRed çfØ;k,¡]tks euq"; osQ jktuhfr vfHkKku] ekaxksa] vkdka{kkvksa vkSj mlosQ y{;ksa] ewY;ksa vkSj jktuhfrd fo'oklksa dh O;oLFkkvksadk fuekZ.k djrh gSa] rqyukRed jktuhfr dk vè;;u&{ks=k cu tkrh gSA

O;ogkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k dk rqyukRed jktuhfr esa egÙo vkSj Li"V djus osQ fy,] O;ogkjokfn;ksa }kjk dh xbZjktuhfr&foKku dh ifjHkk"kk dk mYys[k djuk vko';d gSA MsfoM bZLVu us jktuhfr&'kkL=k dh ifjHkk"kk djrs gq,fy[kk gSμ¶jktuhfr&'kkL=k lekt esa ewY;ksa vfèkd`r forj.k ls lEcfUèkr Kku gSA¸ gj jktuhfrd lekt esa ewY;ksadk ̂ vfèkd̀r forj.k* osQoy ljdkjsa gh djrh gSaA vU; O;fDr;ksa o laLFkkvksa }kjk ewY;ksa dk forj.k o çpyu vo';gksrk gS] ijUrq ;g vfèkd`r ugha gks ldrk_ D;ksafd ;g ckè;dkjh 'kfDr dk ç;ksx ugha dj ldrsA blfy, gjlekt esa ̂ 'kklu&rU=k* dk fo'ks"k egÙo gksrk gSA ljdkj gh og rU=k gS] ftlls ewY;ksa dk vfèkd`r forj.k gksrkgSA tks vko';drk iM+us ij blosQ fy, ckè; Hkh djrh gSA bl çdkj] gj jktuhfrd lekt esa gj çdkj lsjktuhfrd xfrfofèk ̂ 'kklu&rU=k* osQ bnZ&fxnZ gh pDdj yxkrh gS] vkSj blh osQ lUnHkZ esa gj jktuhfrd xfrfofèkesa bu ewY;ksa osQ forj.k dh O;oLFkk dh fofHkUu jktuhfrd lektksa osQ lUnHkZ esa rqyuk vko';d ekurs gSaA muosQ vuqlkjrqyukRed jktuhfr dk fo"k;&{ks=k ^'kklu&fØ;k* osQ rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k ls lEc¼ gSA Lo;a mUgha osQ 'kCnksa esaμ

¶rqyukRed ljdkj (jktuhfr) osQ vè;;u esa] mu rjhdksa dk] ftuls lekt esa ewY;ksa dk vfèkd`r fooj.k gksrkgS] ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA¸

'kklu&fØ;k ;k ewY;ksa dk vfèkd`r forj.k ;kvkoaVu nks&rjiQh fØ;k gSA igys gj 'kklu&rU=kdks fØ;k'khy cukuk gksrk gSA fiQj ;g ljdkjhrU=k] bl çsj.kk (activation) osQ dkj.k vuqfØ;kRed(responsive) curk gSA gj jktuhfrd lekt esa'kklu&rU=k ij pkjksa rjiQ ls çHkko o ncko iM+rsjgrs gSaA ;g çsj.kk rF; 'kklu rU=k dks laosnu'khycukrs gSa ftlls ;g vuqfØ;k djrk gSA bls fp=kls vkSj Hkh Li"V le>k tk ldrk gSA

gj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa 'kklu&rU=k ij iM+usokys çHkkoksa o nckoksa ls ;g laosnu'khy cudj rqjUr vuqfØ;k djrk gS vkSj bl vuqfØ;k ls çR;korZu iks"k.k gksrkgS vkSj lEiw.kZ jktuhfrd çfØ;k bl pØ esa pyrh jgrh gSA blesa laLFkkvksa osQ nksuksa gh çdkjμjktuhfrd oxSj&jktdh;μegÙoiw.kZ LFkku j[krs gSa vkSj rqyukRed jktuhfr esa bu nksuksa gh dk vè;;u vfuok;Z gSA Cyks.Msyus rqyukRed jktuhfr dks mu lc çHkkoksa osQ rqyukRed vè;;u ls lEc¼ ekuk gS tks 'kklu&rU=k dh laosnu'khyrkosQ ihNs jgrs gSaA muosQ vuqlkjμ

cgqr vfèkd lqfuf'prrk ls ;g O;k[;k djus osQ ctk; fd] ;g ̂ oLrq,¡* ljdkj ls lEcfUèkr gSa vkSj og ljdkjksals lEcfUèkr ugha gS] ;g ns[kuk vfèkd mi;ksxh gksxk fd 'kklu&rU=k fdu&fdu rF;ksa o ekxks± (channels) lslaosnu'khy cudj vuqfØ;kRed gksrk gSA¸

bl çdkj] rqyukRed jktuhfr dk lEcUèk çeq[kr;k 'kklu&fØ;k osQ bnZ&fxnZ ?kwers jktuhfrd O;ogkj osQrqyukRed vè;;u ls gSA ijUrq 'kklu&fØ;k rhu Lrjksa ij lapkfyr gksrh gS ;k ;ksa dgsa fd ewY;ksa dk vfèkd`rvkoaVu rhu Lrjksa ij ifjpkfyr gksrk gSA blfy,] ¶rqyukRed jktuhfr esa ifjpkyurk (operations) osQ bu Lrjksadk] ftuls ewY;ksa dk vkoaVu gksrk gS] ijh{k.k djuk egÙoiw.kZ gSA¸ ;g rhu Lrj gSaμ

^lekt*

laosnu'khyrk(Activation)

vuqfØ;k(Response)

'kklu ra=k

izfrlEHkj.k ;k

izR;korZu iks"k.k(Feed-back)

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(1) ewY;ksa o xUrO;ksa dk fu;eu (Formulation of Values and Goals)

(2) ewY;ksa dks vkRelkr djuk o fufnZ"V fu.kZ;ksa esa :ikUrj.k (Digestion of Values and their Transformationin goal Decisions)

(3) fu.kZ;ksa dk dk;kZUo;u (Implementation of Decisions)

ewY;ksa o xUrO;ksa osQ fu;eu osQ vUrxZr ml çfØ;k dk vè;;u gksrk gS] ftlosQ }kjk lekt osQ ewY; o mís';ksa dkfuekZ.k gksrk gS vkSj tks ljdkj osQ lkeus turk dh ekaxksa osQ :i esa vkrs gSa ftUgsa bZLVu ̂ ekaxksa o leFkZuksa* (Demandsand Supports) dk uke nsrs gSa vkSj tks vke.M osQ vuqlkj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ fuos'k (inputs) gSaA buosQ çfr turktkx`r gksrh gS vkSj 'kklu&rU=k dks fHkK cukrh gSA thu Cyks.Msy dh ekU;rk gS fd rqyukRed jktuhfr esa gesa¶loZçFke ;g ns[kuk pkfg, fd ewY;ksa dk fdl çdkj fu;eu gksrk gS vkSj fdu&fdu rjhdksa ls ljdkj buls fHkKcurh gSA¸ bl çdkj O;ogkjokfn;ksa osQ vuqlkj mu ewY;ksa o mí';ksa osQ fu;eu dh çfØ;k dk rqyukRed jktuhfresa vè;;u o rqyuk dh tkuh pkfg, tks lekt esa ekaxksa osQ :i esa mHkj vkrs gSaA

ewY;ksa dks vkRelkr djus o fufnZ"V fu.kZ;ksa esa :ikUrj.k ls rkRi;Z ;g ns[kus ls gS fd fofHkUu ekaxksa o ewY;ksa dks^'kklu&rU=k* fdl çdkj xzg.k djrk gS] vkSj budks lEiw.kZ lekt ij ykxw gksus okys fu.kZ;ksa esa fdl çdkj:ikarfjr djrk gS\ ;gka ;g ns[kuk gksrk gS fd 'kklu&rU=k osQ lkeus çLrqr gksus okyh vla[; ekaxksa esa ls ;g fdldksvkRelkr djrk gS vkSj fdu ewY;ksa dks xzg.k djus ls çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i us badkj djrk gS\

fu.kZ;ksa dk dk;kZUo;u ljdkjh fØ;k dk rhljk vkSj vafre Lrj gSA ljdkj turk osQ ftu mís';ksa o ewY;ksa dksLohdkj dj fu.kZ;ksa dk :i nsrh gS mUgsa fu;eksa ;k fofèk;ksa esa cnydj ykxw djrh gSA ;g 'kklu fØ;k] fu;e fuekZ.k]fu;e fØ;kfUofr vkSj fu;e fu.kZ; dh rhu fØ;kvksa ls lEcfUèkr gksrh gSA

O;ogkjoknh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks ,d bysDVªksfud (electronic) ;U=k osQ :i esa ns[krs gSaA 'kklu&rU=k f}&ekxhZçpkyu gSA ;g ,d ,slh e'khu gS] tks laosQr (signals) xzg.k djrh gS vkSj budk vU; laosQrksa esa :ikUrj.k djrhgSA rqyukRed jktuhfr dk lEcUèk 'kklu&rU=k }kjk xzg.k fd;s x;s laosQrksa o muosQ :ikUrj.k dh çfØ;k ls gSAbl çdkj rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ vè;;u&{ks=k esa] jktuhfrd lekt esa ewY;ksa o xUrO;ksa osQ fu;eu dh çfØ;kvksa]bu ewY;ksa dks 'kklu&rU=k }kjk vkRelkr djuk o fufnZ"V fu.kZ;ksa esa :ikUrj vkSj Lohd`r fu.kZ;ksa osQ dk;kZUo;uls lEc¼ çfØ;k,¡ lfEefyr dh tkrh gSA O;ogkjoknh gj ljdkj osQ dk;ks± osQ ;g rhu igyw ekurs gSa vkSj rqyukRedjktuhfr dk {ks=k bu rhuksa çfØ;kvksa ls lEcfUèkr jktuhfrd O;ogkj osQ rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k rd ekurs gSaA

O;ogkjokfn;ksa }kjk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh ladYiukRed ljyrk o 'kklu&fØ;k ls lEcfUèkr rhu çfØ;kvksa dhrqyuk rd rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ {ks=k dks lhfer j[kuk bl 'kkL=k dks LorU=k vuq'kklu dh voLFkk ls oafprj[kuk gSA blls jktuhfrd O;ogkj osQ lEcUèk esa lkekU; fl¼kUrksa dk loZO;kid Lrj ij fuekZ.k ugha gksrkA vr%rqyukRed jktuhfr dk fo"k;&{ks=k] 'kklufØ;k osQ mijksDr rhu Lrjh; rqyukRed vè;;u rd lfefr djuk vkSjbl vkèkkj ij jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa osQ O;ogkj dks le>us dk ç;kl ,d lhek osQ ckn lEHko ugha gSA

ekudksa o O;ogkj osQ lEcUèkksa dk fookn (Controversy over the Relationship of Norms and Behaviour)

rqyukRed jktuhfr dk fo"k;&{ks=k lEcUèkh nwljk fookn vfèkd tfVyrkvksa dk tud gSA ekud (norms) dhvfHkO;fÙkQ] dkuwu çfØ;kvksa (procedures) o fu;eksa (rules) esa gksrh gSA ijUrq jktuhfrd O;ogkj dbZ ckj budkuwuksa osQ çfrdwy gksrk gS vkSj ;gh rqyukRed vè;;u esa isphnfx;k¡ mRiUu djrk gSA vxj jktuhfrd vkpj.kekudksa osQ vuq:i jgs rks rqyuk djuk ljy gksxkA ij lkèkkj.kr;k ,slk ges'kk ugha gksrk ;k gksrk gS rks ckè;dkjh'kfDr osQ tksj ij gksrk gSA blls ;g leL;k mRiUu gksrh gS fd ;g jktuhfrd O;ogkj rqyuk esa lfEefyr djosQvxj fu"d"kZ fudkys x;s rks os fu"d"kZ Lor% gh v'kq¼ gksaxsA lkFk gh bldks rqyuk ls ckgj j[kuk jktuhfrdO;oLFkkvksa dh okLrfodrkvksa ls nwj jguk gSA blfy, rqyukRed jktuhfr esa ;g Hkh ns[kk tkuk pkfg, fd jktuhfrdO;ogkj ekudksa osQ vuqdwy gS ;k çfrdwyA vFkkZr jktuhfrd fØ;k ls lEcfUèkr O;fDr;ksa }kjk ekudksa osQ vfHkO;Dr

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dkuwuksa dk fdruk ikyu vkSj fdruk mYya?ku gksrk gS\

;gka ;g è;ku j[kuk vko';d gS fd ekud o O;ogkj nksuksa gh vpy ugha jgrsA ;g vko';d ugha fd tks ekudo O;ogkj vkt gSa og vkxs vkus okys le; esa Hkh jgsaA ;g nksuksa gh xR;kRed gSaA buesa lkE; (harmony) oxfrjksèk nksuksa gh gks ldrk gSA lkekU;r;k buesa ikjLifjdrk jgrh gS vkSj nksuksa ,d nwljs dks çHkkfor djrs jgrsgSaA ekud esa ifjorZu] O;ogkj esa Hkh ifjorZu ykrk gS] vkSj Lo;a O;ogkj Hkh uohu ekud dh LFkkiuk dk dkj.kcu ldrk gSA blfy, rqyukRed jktuhfr esa ekud o O;ogkj osQ jktuhfrd igyqvksa dk vè;;u Hkh lfEefyrgksuk pkfg,A thu Cyks.Msy us Hkh fy[kk gSμ

¶tcfd vkèkkjHkwr n`f"V ls rqyukRed jktuhfr dk lEcUèk ljdkj dh lajpuk ls gksuk pkfg, ij lkFk gh mldklEcUèk O;ogkj osQ LiQfVr (crystallized) çfrekuksa o vkpj.kksa (practices) ls Hkh gksuk pkfg,A D;ksafd] ljdkjdh thfor rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ vè;;u&{ks=k osQ ckjs esa mijksDr fooknksa osQ foLr`r foospu ls ;g Li"V gS fdblesa u osQoy 'kklurU=kksa o laxBuksa dh rqyuk dh tkrh gS vkSj u gh ekud o O;ogkjksa osQ lEcUèkksa dk fo'ys"k.kek=k gh fd;k tkrk gS] oju~~ blosQ {ks=k esa bu nksuksa dk gh lekos'k vko';d gSA vr% fu"d"kZ :i esa ;g dgktk ldrk gS fd rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ fo"k;&{ks=k esa fofHkÂ jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh 'kklu&lajpukvksa(governmental structures)] 'kklu&O;ogkj çfrekuksa (governmental behaviour patterns) o xSj&jktdh;laLFkkvksa osQ jktuhfrd O;ogkj çfrekuksa dk vè;;u lfEefyr gSA bl çdkj rqyukRed jktuhfrd vè;;u]dkuwu&fuekZ.k] dkuwu&ç;ksx vkSj fofHkÂ jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa osQ vaxksa ls lEcfUèkr fu.kZ;ksa vkSj jktuhfrd nyksao ncko&lewgksa tSls lafoèkkukfrfjDr vfHkdj.kksa (extra-constitutional agencies) osQ vè;;u rd gh lhfer ughajgrk] oju~~ blls vkxs Hkh c

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1-2 rqyukRed jktuhfr dk fodkl (Development of comparative Politics)

rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ fodkl osQ çeq[k pj.kksa dk foospu djus ls igys dqN fooknksa dh laf{kIr ppkZ vko';dgS D;ksafd] bu fooknksa esa nks fookn çeq[k gSaμigyk fookn gS] vfèk&fl¼kUrh; (Meta-Theoretical) o nwljk gS]iwoZ&fl¼kUrh; (Pre-Theoretical) fooknA bu fooknksa dk laf{kIr foospu bl çdkj gS

vfèk&fl¼kUrh; fookn] fl¼kUrksa osQ fl¼kUr (theory of Theories) ls lEcfUèkr gSA rqyukRed jktuhfr esa bllsrkRi;Z ml fookn ls gS ftlesa rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ dqN fo}ku] bl vkèkkjHkwr fl¼kUr ij er&foHksn gSaArqyukRed jktuhfr osQ dqN fo}ku] bl vkèkkjHkwr fl¼kUr] ftl ij bldh vè;;u i¼fr;ka o fo'ys"k.k 'kSyhvkèkkfjr gSa] dks mfpr ugha ekurs gSaA ;g u osQoy bldks pqukSrh nsrh gS] oju~~ bldk ifjR;kx djuk pkgrs gSaAvkèkqfud jktuhfr'kkfL=k;ksa dh ekU;rk gS fd bl vkèkkjHkwr fl¼kUr dks NksM+uk vko';d gSA tc rd ;gvkèkkjHkwrrk cuh jgsxh] rc rd rqyukRed jktuhfr esa uohu i¼fr;ksa o çfofèk;ksa dk ç;ksx lEHko ugha gksxkAbl çdkj] ,d rjiQ] ijEijkokfn;ksa }kjk bl fl¼kUr dh lkFkZdrk o mi;ksfxrk dh ckr dh tkrh gS] vkSj nwljhrjiQ] vkèkqfud jktuhfr'kkL=kh bUgsa u osQoy vLohdkj djrs gSa] oju~ bUgsa fujFkZd ekurs gSaA ;g fo}ku rqyukRedjktuhfr esa u;s vk;ke

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rqyukRed jktuhfr dh ijEijkxr èkkj.kk (The Classical Tradition of Comparative Politics)

rqyukRed jktuhfrd dk bfrgkl yxHkx mruk gh çkphu gS ftruk jktuhfrd fpUru dk bfrgkl gSA lEiw.kZfyf[kr bfrgkl gh rqyukRed jktuhfr dk bfrgkl dgk tk ldrk gSA blosQ loZçFke fpUrd o ys[kd gksus dkJs; vjLrw dks gh çkIr gSA vjLrw dh Hkwfedk rqyukRed jktuhfr dks Bksl vkèkkj nsus esa u osQoy egÙoiw.kZ ekuhtkrh gS] oju~ dbZ dkj.kksa ls ekSfyd Hkh dgh tk ldrh gSA vjLrw us ftu leL;kvksa dks rqyukRed fo'ys"k.kosQ fy, pquk o ftu i¼fr;ksa dk jktuhfrd vè;;u esa çpyu fd;k] os vkt Hkh rqyukRed jktuhfr esa çpfyrgSaA vjLrw us jktuhfr'kkL=k dks vuq'kklu osQ :i esa çèkkurk nh] vkSj bl ckr ij cy fn;k fd jktuhfr dkvè;;u bl çdkj gksuk pkfg, ftlls jktuhfr lEcUèkh Kku dk fodkl ,d 'kkL=k osQ :i esa fd;k tk losQAtc fdlh vè;;u dks 'kkL=k dk :i nsuk gksrk gS rks lcls igys mldh vè;;u i¼fr dh [kkst dh tkrhgS ftlls ;g irk yxk;k tk losQ fd og dkSu&dkSu lh i¼fr;ka gS tks mls 'kkL=k cukus esa vfèkd ls vfèkdlgk;d gksaxh\ vjLrw us loZçFke mu i¼fr;ksa dks crk;k vkSj rqyukRed jktuhfr vè;;u dks 'kkL=k osQ :iesa fodflr djus dk çkjfEHkd ç;kl fd;kA

vjLrw us rqyukRed jktuhfr dks osQoy lS¼kfUrd cy gh ugha fn;k] vfirq rRdkyhu fo'o esa çpfyr 158lafoèkkuksa dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k djosQ jktuhfrd vè;;u dks lqfuf'pr rF;ksa ij vkèkkfjr fd;kA vkuqHkfodfo'ys"k.k dk ;g loZçFke ç;ksx FkkA vjLrw us viuh iqLrd iksfyfVDl esa jktuhfr dh vè;;u i¼fr;ksa lacaèkhç'u mBk;s vkSj vusd ç'uksa dk Lo;a gh bl iqLrd esa mÙkj Hkh fn;kA vjLrw us IysVks }kjk ç;qDr fuxeukRedi¼fr (deductive method) dks jktuhfr'kkL=k esa i;kZIr ugha ekudj vkxeukRed i¼fr (inductive method)ij cy fn;kA i¼fr;ksa osQ çfr vjLrw dk ;g fo'ks"k yxko iksfyfVDl dks ,d i¼fr lEcUèkh iqLrd cuk nsrkgS] ftlesa loZ=k i¼fr;ksa lacaèkh ç'u mBk;s x;s gSaA vUr esa ;g dguk mi;qDr gksxk fd vjLrw ̂ rqyukRed i¼fr*osQ çorZd gksus osQ dkj.k ̂ rqyukRed jktuhfr* osQ laLFkkid Hkh FksA mUgksaus ljdkjksa osQ oxhZdj.k osQ fy, lqfuf'prvkèkkj crk, vkSj rqyukRed i¼fr dks çpfyr fd;kA blfy, vjLrw dk rqyukRed jktuhfr esa fo'ks"k LFkku oegÙo gSA

rqyukRed jktuhfr dk çFke fpUrd vkSj ys[kd gksus dk Js; fdls çkIr gS\

eSfd;kosyh o iqu%tkxj.k dky (Machiavelli and Renaissance)

rqyukRed jktuhfr dk vkèkqfud vè;;u] iqu%tkxj.k dky osQ jktuhfrd fpUru ls vkjEHk gqvk ekuk tkrk gSAbl dky esa jkT; dks ^nSoh* (divine) ugha ^ekuod`r* ekuk x;k vkSj blfy, blosQ iquxZBu ;k uo&fuekZ.k dk;k ;ksa dgsa blesa lqèkkj ekxZ ç'kLr gqvkA

eSfd;kosyh iUægoha&lksygoha 'krkCnh osQ bl lkaLd`frd iqu%tkxj.k dky dk gh f'k'kq FkkA mlus jktuhfr&'kkL=kesa i¼fr lEcUèkh ç'u fiQj mBk, vkSj jktuhfrd vè;;u dks oSKkfud Lo:i çnku djus dk vçR;{k ç;klfd;kA rqyukRed jktuhfr dks rks eSfd;kosyh dh egÙoiw.kZ nsu jgh gS] D;ksafd mlosQ jktuhfr lEcUèkh lHkhfu"d"kZ fofHkÂ 'kklu O;oLFkkvksa osQ rqyukRed vè;;u ij gh vkèkkfjr gSaA mldh iqLrd fçUl (Prince) osQvè;;u ls] rqyukRed jktuhfrd vuq'kklu dks mldh nsu dk laosQr feyrk gSA bl iqLrd esa eSfd;kosyh us;g O;Dr fd;k gS fd jktuhfr dk O;ofLFkr o rqyukRed vè;;u D;ksa vko';d gS\ mlosQ fpUru o ys[kuls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd jkT; euq"; }kjk fufeZr laLFkk gS vkSj jktuhfr dk mís'; lkekftd vfHk;U=k.k (socialengineering) gSA

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eSfd;kosyh us crk;k fd jkT; euq"; }kjk fufeZr gS blfy, buesa fHkÂrk,a ikbZ tkrh gSaA bu fofoèk jktuhfrd

O;oLFkkvksa osQ rqyukRed vè;;u ls Js"Brj O;oLFkk dk Kku çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fofHkÂ çdkj ls jps x,

jkT; fofHkÂ çdkj ls dk;Z djrs gSaA buesa ls dqN vPNs rks dqN cqjs gks ldrs gSaA ;g vPNs o cqjs jkT; dk Kku

fdlh 'kklu O;oLFkkvksa osQ rqyukRed vè;;u ls gh lEHko gSA bl çdkj eSfd;kosyh }kjk çLrkfor rqyukRed

vè;;u osQ vkèkkj ij jktuhfrd O;ogkj osQ ckjs esa çkjfEHkd lkekU;hdj.k dj lduk lEHko gSA

eSfd;kosyh osQ jktuhfrd fpUru ls ,d ckr ;g Hkh mHkjrh gS fd jktuhfr dk mís'; lkekftd vfHk;U=k.k gSA

çR;sd jk"Vª ;g pkgrk gS fd muosQ jktuhfrd dk;Zdykiksa osQ iQyLo:i Js"Bre lekt dh jpuk gksA lekt

dh ,slh jpuk osQ fy, jktuhfrK fHkÂ&fHkÂ ekxZ viukrs gSaA bl dkj.k muosQ dk;ks± osQ çfreku loksZÙke gS\ blosQ

mÙkj osQ fy, vusd ns'kksa osQ 'kkldksa osQ dk;Zdykiksa osQ çfrekuksa dk rqyukRed vè;;u vko';d gks tkrk gSA

;gh eSfd;kosyh us Hkh fd;k vkSj bl dkj.k og rqyukRed jktuhfr dk çsjd cukA

eSfd;kosyh us loksZÙke jktuhfr o lkekftd O;oLFkk osQ Kku osQ fy, fofHkÂ çdkj dh O;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk dks

vfuok;Z ekuk gSA Lo;a mlus 'kkldksa dks ijke'kZ nsus osQ fy, fofHkÂ ns'kksa dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa o 'kkldksa osQ dk;ks±

dk vè;;u fd;k vkSj mudh ijLij rqyuk dj fu"d"kZ fudkysA ;g fu"d"kZ fçUl uked iqLrd esa 'kkld dks lq>ko

osQ :i esa O;Dr gq,A mnkgj.k osQ :i esa mlus crk;k fd 'kklu dks ^fdjk;s osQ lSfudksa* (mercernary soldiers)

ij fuHkZj ugha jguk pkfg,A bl lkekU;hdj.k dh çkekf.kdrk osQ fy, eSfd;kosyh us fofHkÂ ns'kksa osQ 'kkldksa osQ

rqyukRed vkèkkj ij gh ,df=kr fd, mnkgj.k fn,A rqyukRed jktuhfr dks ;g mudh vçR;{k nsu gSA mlus

rqyukRed jktuhfr ij dksbZ iqLrd rks ugha fy[kh] ijUrq viuh iqLrd fçUl esa fofHkUu 'kklu O;oLFkkvksa osQ

rqyukRed vè;;u osQ vkèkkj ij fudkys x, fu"d"kZ lfEefyr djosQ] rqyukRed jktuhfr vè;;u dk egÙo Li"V

fd;kA

gsjh ,DlVhu us fçUl dk rqyukRed i¼fr dh n`f"V ls ewY;kadu djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd ;g fuEu Lrj dh

iqLrd gSA blosQ fu"d"kZ Hkh lqO;ofLFkr ;k mPpdksfV osQ ugha gSa] vkSj bu ij vkèkkfjr fl¼kUr Hkh vLrO;Lr

ls gh gSa o bu fl¼kUrksa dks tks 'kkL=kh; :i fn;k gS og Hkh fod`r gh gSA ysfdu ,DlVhu ;g Lohdkj djrs

gSa fd ;fn eSfd;kosyh us bruk fod`r

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eksUVsLD;w o cqf¼okn ;qx (Montesquieu and The Enlightment): cqf¼okn osQ ;qx esa rqyukRed jktuhfr dhi¼fr;ksa dks NksM+ ftu leL;kvksa dks mBk;k x;k rFkk tks fl¼kUr çfrikfnr fd, x;s os vkèkqfud gh ugha oju~vfèkd ifj'kq¼ Hkh fn[kkbZZZ nsrs gSaA buesa eksUVsLD;w dh d`fr fn fLifjV vkiQ nh ykWt (The Spirit of the Laws)vk'p;Ztud :i esa vkèkqfud gSA

eksUVsLD;w Hkh] eSfd;kosyh dh rjg gh vius fpUru dk y{; ewyr% jktuhfrKrk rd lhfer j[krk gSA ijUrq mldkmís'; ;g crkus osQ ctk; fd ljdkjsa fdl çdkj O;ogkj djsa] ;g crkuk vfèkd Fkk fd ljdkjksa dk laxBu fdlçdkj fd;k tk,\ mlus vkxeukRed i¼fr dk ç;ksx laoSèkkfud vfHk;U=k.k (Constitutional Engineering)esa fd;kA eksUVsLD;w] lafoèkku fuekZ.k dh dyk dks u osQoy fodflr gh djuk pkgrk Fkk] oju~ mls oSKkfud vkèkkjHkh çnku djuk pkgrk FkkA mldh ekU;rk Fkh fd vxj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk] lkekftd O;oLFkk o okrkoj.k esalUrqfyr lEcUèk LFkkfir fd;k tk, rks mfpr lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k lEHko gksxkA mldk ;g Hkh dguk Fkk fdlkekftd O;oLFkk Lo;a ekuo }kjk fufeZr gSA ;g lkekftd O;oLFkk] eksUVsLD;w osQ vuqlkj] lEcUèkksa o laxBuksa dkgh çrhd gSA bu lEcUèkksa vkSj laxBuksa dh çd`fr euq";ksa }kjk cnyh tk ldrh gSA ;g lkekftd ifjorZu dks ,drduhd dgrk gS vkSj bls euq";ksa }kjk lapkfyr ekurk gSA

bu nk'kZfud fopkjksa dks iqLrd :i nsrs le; eksUVsLD;w dks rqyukRed i¼fr dk ç;ksx vfuok;Z fn[kkbZZZ fn;kArqyukRed i¼fr osQ }kjk gh og ns[k ldrk Fkk fd fofHkUu lektksa esa ls fdu lektksa osQ laxBu Js"Brj gSa\ blhosQ }kjk gh] og ns[k ldrk Fkk fd bu lEcUèkksa o laxBuksa dks euq"; us cnyus dk fdl çdkj ç;Ru fd;k gS vkSj;g ç;Ru dgk¡ rd liQy gq, gSa\ vxj liQy gq, gSa rks D;ksa vkSj ugha gq, gSa rks D;ksa ugha gq, gSa\ bu lc ç'uksaosQ mÙkjksa dh ryk'k us mls rqyukRed i¼fr dk ç;ksx djus dh voLFkk esa vfuok;Zr% yk fn;kA bl çdkjrqyukRed vè;;u esa mlosQ fopkjksa dk eq[; fcUnq rqyukRed i¼fr ij cy nsuk cu x;kA blosQ vykok HkheksUVsLD;w dh rqyukRed jktuhfr dks fo'ks"k :i ls ;g nsu jgh gSμ

(d) jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dk lajpukRed rFkk çdk;kZRed fo'ys"k.k (A structural and functionalanalysis of Political systems)μ eksUVsLD;w us ;g crk;k fd jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dks u osQoy laxBuksa dhrqyuk ls le>k tk ldrk gS] vkSj u gh osQoy dk;ks± osQ lUnHkZ esa bUgsa le>uk lEHko gSA buesa ls fdlh ,d vkèkkjls jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh okLrfodrkvksa dks ugha le>k tk ldrkA blfy, mUgksaus crk;k fd jktuhfrdO;oLFkkvksa dks le>us osQ fy, muosQ laxBuksa o fØ;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk vko';d gSA mlus ;g Hkh crk;kfd jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dk vyx&vyx fo'ys"k.k djuk mi;ksxh ugha gksxkA ;g fo'ys"k.k rqyukRed djukgksxkA eksUVsLD;w }kjk lajpukvksa vkSj dk;ks±] nksuksa gh dks rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k esa lfEefyr djuk okLro esa jktuhfrdO;oLFkkvksa osQ vkèkqfudre mikxe] lajpukRed rFkk çdk;kZRed] dk laosQr nsuk gSA

([k) jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh çdkj.kk (Typology of Political Systems)μ eksUVsLD;w us Li"V fd;k fdjktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa osQ laxBuksa o çfØ;kvksa dk rqyukRed vè;;u vius vki esa iw.kZ ugha gSA mlus dgk fdjktuhfrd O;oLFkk,a] rqyukRed vè;;u vius vki esa iw.kZ ugha gSA mlus dgk fd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk,¡]rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k osQ vkèkkj ij oxhZd`r dh tk;sa vkSj bl ckr dk Hkh è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd muosQ laoxZ cuk,tk losQaA mlus fofHkUu 'kklu O;oLFkkvksa osQ oxhZdj.k osQ lkè; dks çkIr djus osQ lkèku osQ :i esa rqyukRedi¼fr dks viuk;kA bl çdkj eksUVsLD;w }kjk rqyukRed i¼fr gj çdkj osQ jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k osQ fy, vifjgk;Zekuh xbZA

(x) jktuhfrd O;oLFkk] lekt] vFkZO;oLFkk o ifjos'k esa lEc¼rk (Linkages between polity, society,economy and ecology) μ çR;sd jkT; esa] lekt] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk] vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj ifjos'k esa vVwV lEcUèkgksrk gSA lEcUèk fHkÂ&fHkÂ çdkj dk gks ldrk gSA blfy, rqyukRed i¼fr ls gh bu lacaèkksa dh Js"Brk dk KkuçkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA eksUVsLD;w us rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ fo"k;&{ks=k dk Hkh laosQr fn;k fd blesa osQoyjktuhfrd O;oLFkk gh ugha] dqN va'kksa esa lkekftd] vkfFkZd ifjos'k osQ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij iM+us okys çHkkoksadk Hkh vè;;u lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

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(?k) jktuhfrd xR;kRedrk osQ ;kfU=kdh fl¼kUrksa dk çfriknu (A set of Mechanistic Theories ofPolitical Dynamics)μ eksUVsLD;w dk fopkj Fkk fd jktuhfrd xfrfofèk;ksa osQ fo"k; esa fl¼kUr fuekZ.k djrs le;çeq[k ckr ;g è;ku esa j[kuh pkfg, fd fl¼kUrksa dk vkèkkj euq";ksa dh xfrfofèk;ka ;k ekuo&fØ;k gh jgsaAjktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa dk mlus bl çdkj vè;;u djus dk lq>ko fn;k fd mlesa euq"; gh osQUæ jgsA ;g HkhrqyukRed k tk ldrk gSA

jktuhfrd fodkl fujUrj js[kk

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk ykSfddhdj.k

vfodflr jkT; fodflr jkT;

(HkwVku) (usiky) (ikfdLrku) (Hkkjr) (vejhdk)

fp=k 1-4 laLd`fr osQ ykSfddhdj.k osQ vkèkkj ij jkT;ksa dk fodkl vadu

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fp=k 1-4 esa geus fofHkUu jkT;ksa dk laLd`fr osQ ykSfddhdj.k osQ vkèkkj ij tks fodkl fujUrj ij vadu fd;kgS og rF;ksa ij vkèkkfjr ugha gSA bl ij erHksn gh gksaxsA D;ksafd] jkT;ksa dk ;g LFkkukadu] osQoy bl n`f"Vdks.kosQ leFkZdksa osQ vuqlkj fodkl osQ bl ,d ekxhZ fopkj dh rqyukRed fo'ys"k.kksa esa mi;ksfxrk Li"V djus osQ fy,euekus us dk iz;kl fd;k gSAtcfd jksLVkso tSls vFkZ'kkL=kh us bldks vkS|ksfxd lektksa dh fo'ks"k jktuhfr crk;k gSA xqUukj feMZy vkSj yjujtSls lekt'kkfL=k;ksa us jktuhfrd fodkl dks jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k dk i;kZ; crk;k gSA fcaMj bldks jk"Vªh;jkT; dk izpkyd ;k la?kVd ekurk gSA fjXl us bldh O;k[;k iz'kkldh; ,oa dkuwuh fodkl osQ vkèkkj ij dhgSA Mk;p vkSj iQkYlZ us bldks tu&lapkj.k vkSj tu&lgHkkfxrk ekuk gSA vkeUM vkSj dksyeSu jktuhfrd fodkldks yksdra=k dk i;kZ; dgrs gSaA lkE;oknh vkSj rkuk'kkgh 'kklu O;oLFkkvksa osQ leFkZd LFkkf;Ro vkSj O;ofLFkrifjorZu dks jktuhfrd fodkl dk uke nsrs gSaA oqQN fopkjd jktuhfrd fodkl dks 'kfDr ,oa laxBu dk ,d:i ekurs gSaA vkeUM] dksyeSu] Cysd] vk;ULVSM vkSj dksuZ gkstj us jktuhfrd fodkl dks lkekftd ifjorZudh cgq&fn'kk&;qDr izfØ;k osQ ,d igyw osQ :i esa foosfpr fd;k gSA

bu mnkgj.kksa ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd jktuhfrd fodkl dh O;k[;k,¡ vkSj mlosQ fofHkUu vFkZ fopkjd osQn`f"Vdks.k fo'ks"k ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA lekt'kkL=kh vkSj vFkZ'kkL=kh osQ n`f"Vdks.kksa dh fHkUurk osQ dkj.k bu nksuksa lslEcfUèkr fopkjd jktuhfrd fodkl dh vyx&vyx us ls igys bldh fofHkUu O;k[;kvksa osQ Hkzetky dk foospu djosQ ;g ns[kukgksxk fd bldk fdu&fdu vFkks± esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gSA Y;wf'k;u ikbZ dk vfHker gS fd jktuhfrd fodkl

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dh fofHkUu O;k[;k,a bldks vyx&vyx n`f"Vdks.kksa ls ns[kus vkSj le>us dh dksf'k'k dk ifj.kke gSA vr%

jktuhfrd fodkl dk vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk le>us ls igys bldh fofHkUu ǹf"Vdks.kksa ls dh xbZ O;k[;kvksa dks foLrkj

ls le>uk vko';d gS] ftlls blosQ ,d i{kh; ;k n`f"Vdks.k fo'ks"k ij vkèkkfjr vFkZ ls cpk tk losQA Y;wf'k;u

ikbZ us jktuhfrd fodkl osQ fofHkUu vFkZ vkSj O;k[;kvksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd jktuhfrd fodkl

dh voèkkj.kk dh brus n`f"Vdks.kksa ls O;k[;k dh tk ldrh gS fd bu lcdh lwph cukuk gh lEHko ugha gSA Lo;a

ikbZ us jktuhfrd fodkl dh nl O;k[;kvksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, ;g crkus dk iz;kl fd;k gS fd fdl rjg ;g

lc jktuhfrd fodkl dk HkzkekRed vFkZ esa iz;ksx gSA bu O;k[;kvksa dk la{ksi esa mYys[k djosQ gh jktuhfrd

fodkl dk lgh vFkZ le>k tk ldrk gSA vr% ge bUgsa ;gk¡ la{ksi esa gh ns jgs gSaA budk foLrkj ls foospu ikbZ

us viuh iqLrd vkLisDV~l vkiQ iksfyfVdy MsosyiesUV esa fd;k gSA ikbZ osQ }kjk iz;qDr 'kh"kZdksa osQ vkèkkj

ij gh ge ;g O;k[;k,¡ dj jgs gSaA

(d) jktuhfrd fodkl vkfFkZd fodkl dh jktuhfrd iwoZ'krZ osQ :i esa (Political development as

the pre-requisite of economic development)— bl O;k[;k osQ leFkZd LiVZ ,elZu] fyilsV] dksyeSu vkSj

dVjkbV gSaA muosQ vuqlkj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk] vkfFkZd mUufr dh leqfpr O;oLFkk djus esa l{ke gksrh gSA vr%

jktuhfrd fodkl] jktuhfr dh ,d ,slh fLFkfr dks dgk tk, tks vkfFkZd mUufr] izxfr vkSj le`f¼ esa lgk;d

gksA bu fo}kuksa osQ vuqlkj tks jktuhfrd O;oLFkk vkfFkZd mUufr esa lgk;d ugha gksxhA ml O;oLFkk dks jktuhfrd

n`f"V ls fodflr ugha dgk tk;sxkA

jktuhfrd fodkl dh ;g O;k[;k u O;kogkfjd gS vkSj u gh rqyukRed fo'ys"k.kksa osQ fy, fdlh rjg ls mi;ksxh

gks ldrh gSA blls jktuhfrd fodkl] vkfFkZd fodkl osQ lkFk tqM+dj jg tkrk gSA bu nksuksa dks xBcfUèkr djuk

u rdZ&laxr gS vkSj u gh ;FkkFkZoknhA vr% jktuhfrd fodkl dk ;g vFkZ vkSj O;k[;k Lohdkj ugha dh tk ldrhA

([k) vkS|ksfxd lektksa dh fo'ks"k jktuhfr osQ :i esa jktuhfrd fodkl (Political development as

the politics typical of industrial societies)— jktuhfrd fodkl dh ;g èkkj.kk Hkh vkfFkZd fodkl ls tqM+h

gqbZ gSA blesa ;g ekuk x;k gS fd vkS|ksfxd thou Hkh ,d ,sls lkekU; izdkj osQ jktuhfrd thou dks izdV

djrk gS ftldks gj lekt izkIr djuk pkgrk gSA bldk ;gh vFkZ gS fd vkS|ksfxd lekt] pkgs mudh

jktuhfrd izd`fr dSlh Hkh gks] jktuhfrd O;ogkj vkSj dk;Z&lapkyu osQ fo'ks"k ekin.M izLrqr djrs gSa tks

jktuhfrd fodkl esa lgk;d gksrs gSa vkSj lHkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa osQ fy, fodkl osQ leqfpr y{;ksa dk

izfrfufèkRo djrs gSaA jksLVkso us vkfFkZd fodkl dks ijLij lEcfUèkr crk;k gS vkSj ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk gS fd

vkfFkZd fodkl dk gj Lrj jktuhfrd laxBu dh lajpukRedrk osQ lkFk lke;oh lEcUèk j[krk gSA ;g O;k[;k

Hkh vkfFkZd i{k ij cy nsus okyh vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl osQ lkFk jktuhfrd fodkl dks tksM+us okyh gksus osQ dkj.k

vekU; gks tkrh gSA

(x) jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k osQ :i esa jktuhfrd fodkl (Ploticial development as political

modernisation)— jktuhfrd fodkl osQ bl igyw ij vyx 'kh"kZd osQ vUrxZr foLrkj ls fopkj fd;k tk,xk

blfy, ;gka bruk dguk gh i;kZIr gksxk fd bl :i esa jktuhfrd fodkl vkSj jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k dks

,d&lk eku fy;k tkrk gSA vxj dksbZ jktuhfrd lekt jktuhfrd n`f"V ls vkèkqfud gS vFkkZr mlesa lÙkk dh

cqf¼laxrrk] lajpukvksa dk fofHkUuhdj.k vkSj fo'ks"khdj.k rFkk tu&lgHkkfxrk gS rks og jktuhfrd fodkl dh

voLFkk ekuh tk,xhA fdUrq] jktuhfrd fodkl vkSj jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k lekukFkhZ ugha gSA ,d jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk jktuhfrd n`f"V ls fodflr gks ldrh gS] fdUrq jktuhfrd n`f"V ls vkèkqfud Hkh gksxh ;g vko';d ugha

gSA vr% bu nksuksa dks ,d ekudj jktuhfrd fodkl dh O;k[;k djuk jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k dks ladqfpr

vFkZ osQ nk;js esa ckaèkuk gSA

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(?k) jk"Vªh; jkT; osQ izpkyd osQ :i esa jktuhfrd fodkl (Political development as the operation

of nation state)— jktuhfrd O;oLFkk,a vUrr% ,d jk"Vª osQ fuekZ.k ls gh rks lEcksfèkr gksrh gSaA vr%

jktuhfrd fodkl dk ekin.M] jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk osQ fodkl vkSj ,d jk"Vªh; jkT; osQ fuekZ.k ls tksM+ fn;k

tkrk gSA blesa ;g ekuk x;k gS fd jktuhfrd thou dk laxBu vkSj jktuhfrd xfrfofèk;ksa dk lapkyu mu

ekun.Mksa osQ vuqlkj gksuk pkfg, tks ,d vkèkqfud n`f"V ls jk"Vªh; jkT; ls visf{kr gSA bl vFkZ eas jktuhfrd

fodkl] jk"Vªh; jkT; dk lekukFkhZ gksdj bldh LFkkiuk osQ lkFk :d tkuk pkfg,A ;gka ge ;g dg ldrs

gSa fd jktuhfrd fodkl dg nsuk xyr gksxkA oSls vusd fo}ku bl er dk fojksèk djrs gSa vkSj ;g ekurs

gS fd if'pe esa jk"Vªh; jkT; rks vafre Lrj rd igqap x, gSa vkSj jk"Vªh; jkT;ksa osQ :i esa mudk vUr lehi

gS fdUrq mudk jktuhfrd fodkl vHkh Øfed gSA blfy, bl er dks osQoy mu jkT;ksa esa gh lgh ekuk tk

ldrk gS tks uoksfnr gSa vkSj tgka jk"Vªokn ,d izcy cUèkudkjh 'kfDr osQ :i esa lfØ; gSA vr% jktuhfrd

fodkl dks jk"Vªh; jkT; osQ izpkyd osQ :i esa Hkh Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(p) iz'kkldh; vkSj fofèkd fodkl osQ :i esa jktuhfrd fodkl (Political development as

administrative and legal development)— dqN yksx ;g ekurs gSa fd dksbZ Hkh jkT; rc rd fodflr ugha

ekuk tk ldrk tc rd mlosQ ikl lkoZtfud ekeyksa dk izHkko'kkyh iz'kklu djus dh O;oLFkk osQ :i esa

fofèklEer ukSdj'kkgh ugha gksA fdlh ns'k esa ukSdj'kkgh gh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks lfØ; cukus dk ekè;e gksrh

gSA blfy, ukSdj'kkgh dh izd`fr] vkdkj vkSj vkèkkj jktuhfrd fodkl osQ izeq[k y{k.k ekus tk ldrs gSaA

ukSdj'kkgh dh rjg gh ns'k esa loZO;kih dkuwuksa osQ ekè;e ls fofèk osQ 'kklu dh LFkkiuk dk gksuk ;k ugha gksuk

Hkh jktuhfrd fodkl osQ lkFk tksM+k tk ldrk gSA ;gh lgh gS fd jktuhfrd fodkl esa jktuhfrd lajpukvksa dk

fofHkUuhdj.k vkSj fo'ks"khdj.k gksrk gS vkSj bldks O;kogkfjd cukus osQ fy, iz'kkldh; dkfeZdksa dh vfuok;Z :i

ls vko';drk iM+rh gS ij ;g rks LosPNkpkjh 'kklu esa Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gS fd iz'kklu pykus osQ fy, o`gÙkj

ukSdj'kkgh gks fdUrq bl vkèkkj ij budks jktuhfrd n`f"V ls fodflr ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA vr% ;g O;k[;k

Hkh HkzekRed gh dgh tkuh pkfg,A

(N) tu&lapkj.k vkSj lgHkkfxrk osQ :i esa jktuhfrd fodkl (Political development as mass

mobilization and participation)— jktuhfrd n`f"V ls fodflr jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa tu&lapkj.k vkSj

tu&lgHkkfxrk c

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(>) LFkkf;Ro vkSj O;ofLFkr ifjorZu osQ :i esa jktuhfrd fodkl (Political development asstability and orderly change)— jktuhfrd fodkl dks LFkkf;Ro vkSj O;ofLFkr ifjorZu dh O;oLFkk Hkhekuk tkrk gSA ftu jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa ifjorZu dh lqfuf'pr vkSj O;ofLFkr izfofèk;ka izpfyr jgh rFkk tgkavuko';d mFky&iqFky ugha gksrh gks os jktuhfrd fodkl dh voLFkk esa ekuh tkrh gSA ;gka LFkkf;Ro lkekftd]vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd vkSj jktuhfrd lHkh igyqvksa ls lEcfUèkr yxrk gSA blh rjg bUgha {ks=kksa esa O;ofLFkr ifjorZudh O;oLFkk dks jktuhfrd fodkl dgk tk,xkA bl vFkZ esa ;g lkekU; fodkl dh O;k[;k dgh tk ldrh gS]jktuhfrd fodkl dh O;k[;k ;g ugha gks ldrhA jktuhfrd fodkl dk bu igyqvksa ls osQoy lEcaèk gh gS] ;gbu ij iw.kZr;k vkfJr ugha jgrk gSA bl vFkZ esa nks dfBukb;ka vkSj mRiUu gksrh gSaA ,d rks ;g fd O;ofLFkrifjorZu fdu fofèk;ksa }kjk fu"ikfnr ifjorZu dks dgk tk,xkA bl ij lgefr gks gh ugha ldrhA nwljh dfBukbZ;g gS fd LFkkf;Ro osQ laosQrd dkSu&dkSu ls cuk, tk,aA vr% jktuhfrd fodkl dks bl :i esa le>us dk iz;klHkh fo'ks"k lgk;d ugha gSA

(V) 'kfDr&lapkjd osQ :i esa jktuhfrd fodkl (Political development as mobilization ofpower)— jktuhfrd O;oLFkk viuh iw.kZ 'kfDr dk iz;ksx fdl Lrj vFkok ek=kk esa djrh gS bl vkèkkj ij mudhfodkl voLFkk dks ekius dh ckr Hkh i;kZIr egÙo j[krh gSA fodkl okyh jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa 'kfDr osQiz;ksx dh vko';drk ugha jgrh gSA blesa ;g vk'k; Hkh lfUufgr gS fd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk fodkl osQ fy, fdruh'kfDr lekt ls tqVk ikrh gSA 'kfDr tqVkuk rHkh lEHko gksrk gS tcfd ljdkj dks LokHkkfod tu&leFkZu izkIrgksrk jgsA ,slh voLFkk rHkh vk,xh tc 'kklu esa tu&lgHkkfxrk gksxhA bldks fodkl dh fLFkfr ekuk tkrk gSA;g vFkZ vUrr% jktuhfrd fodkl dk yksdrU=k osQ lkFk lEcUèk dj nsrk gS vkSj ogh isphnfx;ka mRiUu gks tkrhgSa ftudh ppkZ ge blls igys yksdrU=k osQ fodkl osQ :i esa dj vk, gSaA

(B) lkekftd ifjorZu dh cgq&fn'kk;qDr izfØ;k osQ ,d igyw osQ :i esa jktuhfrd fodkl (Politicaldevelopment as an aspect of a multidimensional process of social change)— bl :i esajktuhfrd fodkl dks lkekftd izfØ;k osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa esa ls ,d igys ekudj O;k[;kf;r fd;k x;k gSAbl lEcUèk esa ;g rks Bhd gS fd jktuhfrd fodkl dk ifjorZu dh lkekftd izfØ;k ls ?kfu"B lEcUèk gS ijblls ;g mldk ,d igyw ugha cu tkrk gSA jktuhfrd {kerk] vkfFkZd ;k lkekftd {kerk ls vo'; izHkkforgksrh gS fdUrq] budks bldk fu.kkZ;d ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA blfy, jktuhfrd fodkl dks lkekftd ifjorZudh cgq&fn'kk;qDr izfØ;k osQ ,d igyw osQ :i esa ugha le>k tk ldrk gSA

jktuhfrd fodkl dh bu O;k[;kvksa osQ laf{kIr foospu ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd jktuhfrd fodkl dh voèkkj.kkosQ vFkZ ij vR;fèkd erHksn gSA bl o.kZu ls ;g Hkh ckr mHkjrh gS fd fofHkUu fopkjd] jktuhfrd fodkl dksvyx&vyx n`f"Vdk.kksa osQ vkèkkj ij jktuhfrd fodkl dk fofHkUu igyqvksa ls lEcUèk gksrs gq, Hkh ;g viusvki esa ìFkd vkSj lqfuf'pr y{k.kksa okyh voèkkj.kk gSA blfy, bldks fdlh O;k[;k fo'ks"k ls ckaèkuk u rks okaNuh;gS vkSj u gh bldh okLrfodrk izd`fr dks Li"V djus osQ fy, vko';d gSA vxj ;FkkFkZoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[kktk, rks jktuhfrd fodkl dh ;g lHkh O;k[;k,a ,di{kh; vkSj bl dkj.k vèkwjh gSaA bu O;k[;kvksa esa fopkjdosQ n`f"Vdks.k fo'ks"k osQ vkèkkj ij jktuhfrd fodkl dks le>kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS tks vkaf'kd :i ls ghekuk tk ldrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Y;wf'k;u ikbZ us bu lc O;k[;kvksa dks ,di{kh; ;k viw.kZ ekudj vLohdkjfd;k gS vkSj Lo;a viuh O;k[;k izLrqr dh gSA

ikbZ jktuhfrd fodkl dh voèkkj.kk ij xgjkbZ ls fopkj djus okys fopkjdksa esa izeq[k vkSj vxz.kh fopkjd gSaA ikbZosQ vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl dk vFkZ djrs le; blosQ fuekZ.kd rÙoksa dks è;ku esa j[kuk vko';d gSA mlosQ vuqlkjge jktuhfrd fodkl dks rhu Lrjksa ij gksus okys fodklksa osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSaA mlosQ vuqlkj jktuhfrdfodkl osQ fpã jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ rhu fHkUu&fHkUu Lrjksa ij ns[ks tkrs gSaA Mk- ,l- ih- oekZ us bu rhu Lrjksa dksfuEufyf[kr lanHkks± ;k igyqvksa osQ :i esa foosfpr fd;k gS& (i) lEiw.kZ tula[;k osQ lUnHkZ esa] (ii) 'kkldh; vkSjlkekU; O;oLFkkbZ fu"iknu osQ Lrj osQ lUnHkZ esa] vkSj (iii) jktuhfr osQ laxBu osQ lUnHkZ esaA

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vr% jktuhfrd fodkl dk vFkZ ;k O;k[;k jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ bu rhu igyqvksa esa gksus okys fodklksa dkleqPp; gSA bu rhuksa :iksa esa jktuhfrd fodkl dh O;k[;k djosQ bldk vFkZ Li"V djuk lEHko gksxkA vr% la{ksiesa] bu rhuksa dk vyx&vyx foospu djuk vko';d gSA

(i) lEiw.kZ tula[;k osQ lUnHkZ esa jktuhfrd fodkl dh O;k[;k esa ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dhturk dh izd`fr esa dksbZ ekSfyd ifjorZu gq, gSa ;k ughaA vxj fdlh O;oLFkk dh turk esa vfHko`ÙkkRed oO;kogkfjd ifjorZu gks tk,a rks bl vkèkkj ij jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks jktuhfrd n`f"V ls fodflr dgk tk,xkA;g ifjorZu bl izdkj gS& (d) turk ijkèkhurk osQ Lrj ij Åij osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ vkns'k izkIr djus vkSj muosQvuqlkj dk;Z djus osQ LFkku ij jktuhfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k dks fu:fir djus okyh vkSj muesa lgHkkxh cutk,A ([k) turk jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa osQ izfr mnklhu ;k fuf"Ø; u jgdj muesa vfèkdkfèkd lgHkkxh cu tk,A(x) turk esa lekurk osQ fl¼kUrksa osQ izfr vfèkd laosnu'khyrk (sensitivity) vk tk, vkSj (?k) loZO;kih fu;eksadks O;kidrj Lohd`fr feyus yx tk,A jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh turk esa bl izdkj osQ y{k.kksa dk vkuk turkosQ Lrj ij jktuhfrd fodkl dk lwpd gSA bldks Y;wf'k;u ikbZ ̂ lekurk* osQ ,d 'kCn esa vfHkO;Dr djrs agSaAvFkkZr] ftl jktuhfrd lekt esa lekurk gks og jktuhfrd n`f"V ls fodkl okyk lekt ekuk tk ldrk gSA

(ii) 'kkldh; vkSj lkekU; O;oLFkkbZ fu"iknu osQ Lrj ij jktuhfrd fodkl dk vFkZ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh mlvfHkò¼ {kerk ls fy;k tkrk gS ftlls og lkoZtfud ekeyksa dks vkfèkdkfjd vkSj vPNh rjg ls fu"ikfnr djusyxrh gSA jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh {kerk osQ rhu ekun.M iwjs gksus ij O;oLFkk dks fodflr dgk tk ldrk gSA ;grhu ekun.M bl izdkj gS fd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk& (d) jktuhfrd ekeyksa dk mfpr izcUèk dj losQ] ([k)jktuhfrd fooknksa dks fu;af=kr j[k losQ] vkSj (x) turk dh ekaxksa dk mfpr fuiVku dj losQA jktuhfrd O;oLFkkrFkk 'kkldksa esa bu rhuksa dk;ksaZ osQ fu"iknu dh {kerk rks mls jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh {kerk dgk tkrk gSA bl rjg]jktuhfrd fodkl dh ;g O;k[;k jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh {kerk osQ lUnHkZ esa dh xbZ O;k[;k gSA

(iii) jktuhfrd laxBd osQ :i esa jktuhfrd fodkl dks jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa lajpukRed vkSj izfØ;kRedifjorZuksa ls tksM+k tkrk gSA ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh lajpukRed O;oLFkk jktuhfrd fodkl dk y{k.k izLrqr djrh gSAjktuhfr osQ laxBd osQ :i esa jktuhfrd fodkl okyh jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa ;g rhu y{k.k vk tkrs gSa& (d)lajpukRed fofHkUuhdj.k c

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rjg laLFkkd`r jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa vfèkd vuqdwyrk] tfVyrk] Lok;Ùkrk vkSj Øfedrk vk tkrh gSA tksjktuhfrd fodkl osQ laosQrd gSaA bl fopkj ls jktuhfrd fodkl] jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k osQ leku ghfodkl&izfØ;k ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA gf.VxVu us bldks vkèkqfudhdj.k osQ leku gh fodkl izfØ;k ugha ekuktk ldrk gSA gf.VxVu us bldks vkèkqfudhdj.k ls fHkUu fdUrq] jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k ls ?kfu"B :i lslEcfUèkr izfØ;k ekuk gSA

tkXokjkbc us jktuhfrd fodkl vkSj jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k esa vUrj djrs gq, ;g ekuk gS fd jktuhfrdfodkl dh voèkkj.kk jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k ls vfèkd O;kid vkSj loZxzkgh gSA mlus bl lEcUèk esa fy[kkgS] ̂ ^jktuhfrd fodkl ,d izfØ;k osQ :i esa jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k rFkk jktuhfrd laLFkkdj.k dk tksM+ gSA**(Political development, as a process, is political modernisation plus political institutionalisation)

vk;UVSM us jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks ,sfrgkfld vkSj izdk;kZRed nksuksa gh :iksa esa ns[kus dk iz;klfd;k gSA mlus izdk;kZRed n`f"V ls jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k osQ rhu y{k.kksa dh ppkZ dh gSA ;g y{k.k gS& (d)vR;fèkd fofHkUuhd̀r jktuhfrd lajpukvksa dk fodkl] ([k) osQUæh; ljdkj dh xfrfofèk;ksa dk c

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dqN fo}ku] ftudk ge jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k osQ foLr`r foospu esa mYys[k djsaxs] mijksDr fopkj ls lger

ugha gSaA muosQ vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl dh voèkkj.kk lhfer vkSj LFkSfrd (static) gS D;ksafd] bldk lEcUèk

izeq[kr;k lajpukvksa osQ laLFkkdj.k ls gS tcfd vkèkqfudhdj.k osQ jktuhfrd i{k dk lEcUèk izeq[kr;k lkaLd`frd

ifjorZuksa ls gSA bu fo}kuksa dh ekU;rk gS fd blls jktuhfrd fodkl dk lEcUèk vkSipkfjdrkvksa ls tqM+ tkrk

gSA tcfd] jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k dk lEcUèk okLrfodrkvksa ls vfèkd gksrk gSA bl lEcUèk esa ge fo}kuksa esa

erHksn gh vfèkd ikrs gSaA tc rd lc fo}ku jktuhfrd fodkl vkSj jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k osQ vFkZ vkSj y{k.kksa

ij lger u gks tk,a rc rd bu nksuksa esa dkSu&lh voèkkj.kk O;kid vkSj c`gÙkj lanHkZ j[krh gS dg lduk lEHko

ugha gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vxj Y;wf'k;u ikbZ osQ vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl dk vFkZ vkSj y{k.k (lekurk] {kerk

vkSj fofHkUuhdj.k) fy;s tk,a rks ;g jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k osQ eqdkcys esa lhfer cu tkrh gSA vxj bldk

vkeUM osQ }kjk crk;k x;k vFkZ vkSj y{k.k (Hkwfedk fofHkUuhdj.k] mi&O;oLFkk Lok;Ùkrk vkSj ykSfddhdj.k)

fy, tk,a rks ;g jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k ls vfèkd loZxzkgh voèkkj.kk cu tkrh gSA blh rjg] tkXokjkbc osQ

}kjk mYysf[kr y{k.k (lkekftd lkeatL;] lgHkkfxrk] lekuq:irk] izfrfuèkkRedrk] oSèkrk vkSj iz;ksT;rk) bldks

bruh O;kid voèkkj.kk cuk nsrs gSa fd jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k bldk ijks{k :i ls ifj.kke cu tkrk gSA

fu"d"kZ esa ge ;gh dg ldrs gSa fd jktuhfrd fodkl vkSj jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k ij bruk erHksn cuk gqvk

gS fd lqfuf'pr :i ls dqN dguk dfBu gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vk;ULVSM us jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k

dks izdk;kZRed (vR;fèkd fofHkUuhd`r jktuhfrd lajpukvksa dk fodkl] osQUæ ljdkj dh xfrfofèk;ksa dk c

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(i) lÙkk dh cqf¼laxrrk dk Lrj] ftlesa vusdksa LFkkuh; lÙkkvksaa osQ LFkku ij ,d osQUæh; lÙkk dk fuekZ.k gks

tkrk gSA bls og lÙkk osQ osQUæhdj.k dh voLFkk dgrk gSA blls mldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd jktuhfrd fodkl dk

;g og Lrj gS tc lÙkk osQ L=kksrksa osQ :i esa ,d gh osQUæh; lÙkk&vfHkdj.k ;k izdj.k LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA

(ii) u;s jktuhfrd dk;ks± dk fofHkUuhdj.k vkSj muosQ fy, fof'k"V lajpukvksa dk fodkl] jktuhfrd fodkl dh

izfØ;k dk nwljk Lrj gSA blesa jktuhfrd izfØ;k esa uohu jktuhfrd dk;ks± osQ fu"iknu lfEefyr gks tkrs gSaA buosQ

fu"iknu osQ fy, mi;qDr lajpukRed O;oLFkk dk fodkl gks tkrk gSA

(iii) vfHko`¼ lgHkkfxrk tks ifjljh; lkekftd lewgksa vkSj lekt osQ Hkkxksa dks èkhjs&èkhjs osQfUæ; lÙkk esa lfEefyr

djus dk Lrj gSA

gf.aVxVu dh ekU;rk gS fd fodkl dh ;g izfØ;k rHkh lEHko gksrh gS tc ;g rhuksa lqfuf'pr izpkyu ;k

fØ;k&Lrj Øfed :i ls miyCèk fd;s tk,a ftlesa ls gj,d dk fodkl ls lEcfUèkr Lrj ls lEcUèk gksA mldk

vfHker gS fd ;g blh Øe esa izpkfyr gksus ij gh jktuhfrd fodkl osQ :i esa Lrj cu ldrk gS] vFkkZr izFke

osQ ckn nwljk vkSj rhljk Lrj vk ldrk gSA mlus Li"V fd;k gS fd bu rhuksa dk ,d&nwljs osQ Åij&uhps ;k

lkFk&lkFk izpkyu ?kkrd gksrk gS vkSj mlesa jktuhfrd fodkl ugha] jktuhfrd iru vkrk gSA og ;gh Lohdkj

djrk gS fd ;g rhuksa ,d lkFk] ,d&nwljs osQ Åij izpkfyr gks ldrh gS tSlk vkt vfèkdka'k fodkl'khy jkT;ksa

esa gks jgk gS] fdUrq] ml voLFkk esa ;g fodkl dh ?kkrd vojksèk voLFkk gks tk,xhA bl izdkj rhuksa voLFkkvksa

dk ,d&nwljs osQ igys vkjksg.k u gks ;k rhuksa ,d lkFk izpkfyr u gksa mlls cpko osQ fy, og nks lq>ko nsrk gSA

izFke lq>ko esa ;g dgk x;k gS fd ,slh voLFkk ls cpus osQ fy, lapkyu (moblization) izfØ;k dks bruk èkhek

dj fn;k tk, ftlls ifjlj ls O;fDr;ksa dk osQUæ esa vkuk mudh iw.kZ vkRelkrrk osQ vuqlkj gh gksA nwljk lq>ko

;g gS fd laLFkkvksa osQ fuekZ.k dks] tks mlosQ vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl dk izeq[k lkèku gS] izksRlkfgr fd;k tk,A

;g lc crkrs gq, Hkh gf.aVxVu osQ fopkjksa esa jktuhfrd iru dh ckr gh Nk, jgh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd og

jktuhfrd iru dk foLr`r foospu djrs gq, jktuhfrd fodkl dh voLFkkvksa osQ fopkj dh vkykspuk djrk gSA

fdUrq] bl vkykspuk dk ;g rkRi;Z ugha gS fd og Lo;a jktuhfrd fodkl osQ Lrj ugha ekurk gSA okLRo esa] mldh

f'kdk;r mu jktuhfrd fodkl osQ Lrjokfn;ksa ls gS tks ;g ekurs gSa fd fodkl dh ,d voLFkk rd igqapuk Lor%

gh nwljh voLFkk dh vksj vxzlj gksus dk ekxZ [kksy nsrk gSA mldk vfHker gS fd ,slk u gksdj dksbZ lekt nwljs

Lrj ls rhljs dh rjiQ ugha c

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ls tksM+rk gSA vkSj blesa og tulkèkkj.k dks fu.kZ; osQUæksa esa lfEefyr djuk vkSj cgqr cM+s iSekus ij foKku vkSjizkS|ksfxdh dk foLrkj vkSj izlkj lfEefyr djrk gSA ([k) tu&vkèkqfudhdj.k dk Lrj] ftls og if'pe esa chlohalnh osQ fodkl osQ Lrj osQ lkFk ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls tksM+rk gSA vkSj blesa og tu&lkèkkj.k dks fu.kZ; osQUæksa esalfEefyr djrk gS vkSj cgqr cM+s iSekus ij foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh dk foLrkj vkSj izlkj lfEefyr djrk gSA

vk;ULVSM dk dguk gS fd foxr 'krkfCn;ksa (18oha vkSj 19oha) esa tks lekt lhfer vkèkqfudhdj.k osQ Lrj dkjktuhfrd fodkl ugha dj ik, Fks muesa vkt nksuksa Lrjksa dk va'kkPNknu (overlapping) jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksaij vR;fèkd ncko mRiUu dj nsrk gS vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks rksM+us dh fLFkfr mRiUu djrk gS ftlls rHkhcpk tk ldrk gS tc tulkèkkj.k dk leqfpr lekthdj.k dj fy;k tk, vkSj lekt esa tksM+us okyh rkdrksadks lcy cuk;k tk,A

(x) vkeUM osQ fopkj (Almond's views)— gf.aVxVu vkSj vk;ULVSM us jktuhfrd fodkl dh izR;{k :ils ppkZ ugha dh gSA gf.aVxVu jktuhfrd iru osQ fopkj esa Mwcs jgdj jktuhfrd fodkl osQ Lrjksa dk foospudjrk jgk gSA blh rjg] vk;ULVSM jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj jktuhfrd fodkl dks ,d&lk ekudjvkèkqfudhdj.k osQ Lrjksa osQ lkFk jktuhfrd fodkl osQ Lrjksa dks tksM+ nsrk gSA fdUrq] vkeUM us jktuhfrd O;oLFkkls gh lEcfUèkr vfèkd fo'ys"k.kkRed n`f"Vdks.k dks viukdj jktuhfrd fodkl osQ Lrjksa dks foosfpr fd;k gSAmlus jktuhfrd fodkl osQ pkj vkèkkjHkwr izpkyuksa (operations) vkSj Lrjksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA ;g pkj Lrjbl izdkj gSa&

(d) jkT;&fuekZ.k (state-building) dk Lrj & blesa (i) osQUæh; lÙkk dk fuekZ.k (ii) bl lÙkk dk jktuhfresa izos'k vkSj (iii) fofHkUu lewgksa dk osQUæh; lÙkk osQ vfèkdkj {ksË esa ,dhdj.k gksuk lfEefyr gksrk gSA

([k) jk"Vª&fuekZ.k (nation-building) dk Lrj & blesa (i) fu"Bk vkSj izfrc¼rk mRiUu djuk ftlls(ii) fons'kksa osQ leFkZu c iM+us yxrk gS tks O;oLFkkvksa dks fo[kf.Mr djus dk dkjd cu tkrk gSA

(?k) vksjxsULdh osQ fopkj (Organski's views)& tkXokjkbc dk dguk gS fd jktuhfrd fodkl osQ Lrjksa dkJs"Bre foospu] ftls og vR;fèkd iw.kZ o.kZu ekurk gS] vkjxsULdh osQ }kjk viuh iqLrd LVstst vkiQ iksfyfVdyMsosyiesUV esa fd;k x;k gSA vksjxsULdh jktuhfrd fodkl dks] jk"Vªh; xUrO;ksa osQ fy, jk"Vª osQ ekuoh; vkSj HkkSfrdL=kksrksa dk mi;ksx djus esa ljdkj dh cus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA blosQ lkFkgh og jktuhfrd fodkl dks jk"Vªh; fodkl] jk"Vªh; o`f¼ vkSj vkèkqfudhdj.k osQ fy, vfHkO;fDr dh 'kCnkoyhekurk gS vkSj ;g dgrk gS fd ;g ,d gh ;FkkFkZ dks mn~?kkfVr djus okyh voèkkj.kk,a gSaA mlosQ vuqlkj vfHko`¼vkfFkZd mRikndrk] c

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dks izsfjr djus osQ fy, mlesa ifjofrZr gksrs jgrs gSa mlosQ vuqlkj ;g Lrjksa osQ ,d Øe ls gh gksrk gSA ;|fi

;g Lrj&Øe vVyuh; ;k vo';aHkkoh ugha gksrk gS fiQj Hkh lkekU;r;k ,slk ik;k tkrk gS rFkk bls vkuqHkfod

:i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA og ;g Hkh ekurk gS fd fo'ys"k.kkRed vkSj vkuqHkfod dkj.kksa ls ;g Lrj vkuqØfed

gksrk gS] vFkkZr fdlh Lrj dh iw.kZ izkfIr rc rd vlEHko gS tc rd fd mlosQ igys dk Lrj O;ogkj esa izkIr

ugha gks tkrk gSA nks vkuqØfed Lrjksa ij ykxw gksus okyh leL;kvksa dk dqN va'k rd ,d nwljh ij vkPNknu

gks ldrk gS] fdUrq bl izdkj osQ va'kkPNknu dh Hkh lhek,a gksrh gSa] vFkkZr nks vkuqØfed Lrjksa ij ykxw gksus

okyh leL;k,¡ iw.kZr;k ,d leku ugha gks ldrh gSaA D;ksafd] vksjxsULdh gj fodkl Lrj dh viuh fof'k"V leL;k,¡

ekurs gSa tks nwljs Lrj dh leL;kvksa osQ leku osQoy vkaf'kd :i esa gh gks ldrh gSA vxj nks vkuqØfed Lrjksa

dh viuh&viuh leL;kvksa dk fHkUurk ugha gksdj muesa ,d lekurk gksrh gS rks mldk vk'; ;g gS fd igys

okyk Lrj ;FkkFkZ esa iw.kZr;k izkIr gh ugha gqvk gS vkSj tc rd ;g iw.kZr;k izkIr ugha gks tk, blosQ vkxs osQ Lrj

dks liQyrkiwoZd dHkh izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vr% vkjsxsULdh dk jktuhfrd fodkl osQ Lrjksa dk foospu

fof'k"V y{k.kksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA mlosQ }kjk fn;s x, jktuhfrd fodkl osQ fofHkUu Lrjksa dks le>us

osQ fy, vko';d gS fd ge la{ksi esa bu fo'ks"krkvksa dk foospu djsaA vksjxsULdh osQ jktuhfrd fodkl osQ Lrjksa

lEcUèkh mijksDr foospu ls fuEufyf[kr ckrsa fo'ks"k :i ls mHkjrh gSa& (d) jktuhfrd fodkl Lok;Ùk fdUrq]

vU; fodklksa (vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd) ls iw.kZ :i ls i`Fkd vkSj LoraË izfØ;k ugha gSA ([k)

jktuhfrd fodkl vkuqØfed Lrj ls gh gksrk gSA (x) jktuhfrd fodkl osQ gj Lrj dh viuh fof'k"Vrk,¡ gksrh

gSaA tks vU; Lrj ij vfèkd ls vfèkd vkaf'kd :i esa gh ikbZ tk ldrh gSA (?k) jktuhfrd fodkl dk ,d

Lrj iw.kZ :i ls izkIr gksus osQ ckn gh mlosQ vkxs osQ Lrj ij tkuk lEHko gS] vFkkZr vxj fodkl osQ vuqØe

esa igys dk Lrj iw.kZr;k izkIr ugha gqvk gS rks mls vkxs dk Lrj dHkh Hkh liQyrkiwoZd izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

(p) jktuhfrd fodkl osQ fofHkUu Lrjksa dk vkuqHkfod i;Zos{k.k ;k voyksdu lEHko gSA bldk vk'k; ;g gS

fd fodkl osQ fofHkUu Lrjksa dks lqfuf'pr izfofèk;ksa }kjk ekiuk lEHko gSA (N) nks Øfed Lrjksa dk va'kkPNknu

lEHko gS fdUrq] lhfer :i esa gh ;g gks ldrk gS rFkk vØfed Lrjksa dk va'kkPNknu lEHko gS fdUrq] lhfer

:i esa gh ;g gks ldrk gS rFkk vØfed Lrjksa esa ;g vlEHko gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] izFke vkSj nwljs Lrj esa dqN

lhfer&lk va'kkPNknu gks ldrk gS] fdUrq izFke vkSj nwljs Lrj esa ,slk va'kkPNknu fcydqy vlEHko gSA

jktuhfrd fodkl Lrjksa osQ lEcUèk esa vksjxsULdh dh mijksDr ekU;rkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gSA

fd jktuhfrd fodkl osQ fuf'pr Lrj rks gksrs gSa] mudh viuh i`Fkd&i`Fkd fof'k"Vrk,¡ Hkh gksrh gSa] fdUrq] ,d

Lrj vkSj nwljs Lrj osQ chp fuf'pr lhek&js[kk Kku dh orZeku lhekvksa esa [khap lduk lEHko ugha gSA blh dkj.k]

vksjxsULdh nks Øfed Lrjksa esa lhfer va'kkPNknu Lohdkj djrs gSaA bl foospu ls ;g ckr Hkh Li"V gksrh gS fd

tc rd igys dk Lrj iw.kZr;k izkIr ugha dj fy;k tk,] jktuhfrd fodkl dk mlls vkxs dk Lrj dHkh Hkh

liQyrkiwoZd izkIr ugha gks ldrkA bu ckrksa osQ lanHkZ esa mlus jktuhfrd fodkl osQ Lrj Lohdkj fd;s gSa tks bl

izdkj gSa&

(i) vkfne ,dhdj.k dh jktuhfr (politics of primitive unification) (ii) vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dh jktuhfr(politics of industrialisation), (iii) jk"Vªh; yksd&dY;k.k dh jktuhfr (politics of national welfare),

(iv) le`f¼ dh jktuhfr (politics of abundance)

(i) vksjxsULdh osQ vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl dk igyk Lrj vkfn ,dhdj.k dh jktuhfr dk gSA bl voLFkk esaaljdkjsa viuh tula[;k ij izHkko'kkyh jktuhfrd ,oa iz'kklfud fu;a=k.k LFkkfir djrh gSaA ,slh osQUæh; lÙkk dk

fuekZ.k fuf'pr HkwHkkx vkSj lqLi"V tula[;k ;k tuleqnk;ksa ls lEcfUèkr gksrk gSA vxj bldks ijEijkxr

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izdkj dk dgk tk ldrk gSA

(ii) jktuhfrd fodkl dk nwljk Lrj vkfFkZd n`f"V ls vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dh izfØ;kvksaa rFkk lkekftd] jktuhfrdn`f"V ls ,sls ifjorZuksa ls lEcfUèkr gS ftlesa u;s oxZ fufeZr gksrs gSa] lgHkkfxrk dk foLrkj vkSj vfHko`f¼ jk"Vªh;,dhdj.k gksrk gSA ;g Lrj ,sfrgkfld ǹf"V ls lEiUu gqvk gS vkSj fo'ys"k.k dh ǹf"V ls rhu oSdfYid lEHkkouk,aizLrqr djrk gSA ;s rhu oSdfYid lEHkkoukvksa okys izfreku bl izdkj gSa&

(v) cqtqZvk ;k eè;oxhZ; ekWMy (Bourgeois Model)& ;g vkèkqfud if'peh yksdrU=k ls fHkUu izfreku gSAblesa Jfedksa dh dher ij iwath&lap; gksrk gSA fdUrq] bl iwath&lap; osQ lkèku futh jgrs gSa vkSj ;g xqIr

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dk fodkl fl¼kUr le>us osQ fy, nks mikxeksa dh vko';drk iM+sxh ftuesa ls ,d dk lEcUèk lekt osQ lexz

jk"Vªh; fodkl ls vkSj mlosQ fofoèk Lrjksa ls jgsxk vkSj nwljs dk lEcUèk jktuhfrd fodkl dh fof'k"V izfØ;kvksa

vkSj Lrjksa ls rFkk igyh okyh izfØ;k ls mldk lEcUèk D;k gS] blls jgsxkA** ;g vksjxsULdh osQ fodkl fl¼kUr

dh lcls cM+h detksjh gS fd og lexz lekt osQ jk"Vªh; fodkl osQ lkFk jktuhfrd fodkl dks o mlosQ Lrjksa

dks le>us dk iz;kl djrk gSA

jktuhfrd fodkl osQ Lrjksa osQ lEcUèk esa geus pkj fopkjdksa osQ }kjk izfrikfnr fodkl vuqØeksa dk foospu fd;k

gSA tkXokjkbo bu lcdks viw.kZ ekurk gS vkSj ;g fopkj izLrqr djrk gS fd jktuhfrd fodkl osQ Lrjksa osQ foospu

esa osQoy izdk;kZRed Lrjksa dk ;k osQoy okLrfod Lrjksa dk o.kZu dkiQh ugha gSA mldk vfHker gS fd gf.aVxVu]

vk;ULVSM vkSj vkeUM us jktuhfrd fodkl osQ Lrjksa dk fuèkkZj.k izdk;kZRed vkèkkj ij fd;k gS tcfd vksjxsULdh

us ;FkkFkZ osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k gSA fdUrq jktuhfrd fodkl osQ okLrfod Lrj vuqØe dks le>us osQ fy, bu nksuksa dks

vkèkkj cukuk vko';d gSA vr% ge vUr esa tkXokjkbc }kjk izLrqr Lrjksa dk foospu djuk vko';d le>rs gSaA

(p) tkXokjkbc osQ fopkj (Jaguaribe's views)& tkXokjkbc us jktuhfrd fodkl osQ Lrjksa osQ fuèkkZj.k esa nks

n`f"Vdks.kksa dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA ,d ;FkkZFk vkSj nwljk izdk;kZRed n`f"Vdks.k gSaA mldk er gS fd bu nksuksa gh

n`f"Vdks.kksa ls vkèkkjHkwr] fof'k"V vkSj fofp=k izpkyuksa ls tks vkuqØfed Øe ls pyrs gSa] dqN ekSfyd Lrjksa dk

cksèk gksrk gSA ;FkkFkZ n`f"Vdks.k esa izpkyuksa vkSj Lrjksa dk vUrr% lEcUèk ^^lkewfgd ekuo 'kfDr osQ fuekZ.k vkSj

mi;ksx dh izfØ;k** ls gSA ;FkkFkZ izfØ;k okLro esa ekuo osQ lkekU; lkekftd lkaLd`frd fodkl] ftlls mldk

ekuoh; vkSj izkd`frd i;kZoj.k ij fu;U=k.k c

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2- vkS|ksxhdj.k dh jktuhfr

4- vksjxsULdh(d) cqtqZvk ;k eèoxhZ; izfreku([k) LVkfyu dk izfreku(x) leUo;h izfreku

3- jk"Vªh; yksd&dY;k.k dh jktuhfr(d) tu&yksdrU=k izfreku ;k ekWMy([k) ukth izfreku(x) leUo;h izfreku

4- lef̀¼ dh jktuhfr

(i) ,dhdj.k (Unification)

(v) jktuhfrd ,dhdj.k (Political unification)

(b) vfrfjDr lekth; foLrkj (Extra societal expansion)

(l) vUr% lekth; fofoèkhdj.k (Intra societal diversification)

(ii) ;U=khdj.k (Mechanization)

(v) vkS|ksfxdhdj.k foLrkj (Industrialization Expansion)

(c) vUrjkZ"Vªh; foLrkj (International expansion)

(l) jk"Vªh; fofoèkhdj.k (National diversification)

(iii) lkekftd laxBu (Socio-organisation)

(v) lkekU;d`r laxBu (Generalized organisation)

(c) vUrjk"Vªh;dj.k (Internationalisation)

(l) iqu% ekuohdj.k (v&ekuohdj.k) (Re-humanization or dehumanization)

tkXokjkbc us lekthdj.k osQ Lrj dk vFkZ djrs gq, crk;k gS fd ;g lekt ij jktuhfrd fu;a=k.k dh LFkkiuk

dk Lrj gSA blosQ rhu mioxZ gksrs gSa tks Øe ls izkIr gksrs gSaA ;U=khdj.k ls izd`fr ij lekth; fu;U=k.k dk vk'k;

gSA blosQ Hkh rhu miLrjksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA lkekftd laxBu ls lekth; Lo&fu;U=k.k dk vFkZ fy;k x;k gS

vkSj blesa Hkh rhu mi&Lrj gksrs gSaA bl izdkj] tkXokjkbc }kjk izfrikfnr jktuhfrd fodkl dk igyk Lrj

vksjxsULdh osQ }kjk izfrikfnr vkfn ,dhdj.k osQ leku gSA bldk nwljk Lrj mlosQ ̂ ^vkS|ksfxdhdj.k osQ Lrj osQ

leku gSA tkXokjkbc osQ }kjk izfrikfnr rhljk Lrj] vksjxsULdh osQ ̂ jk"Vªh;&yksddY;k.k* vkSj ̂ le`f¼ dh jktuhfr*

osQ rhljs vkSj pkSFks Lrj osQ leku gSA fdUrq] buosQ mi&Lrjksa dks ysdj nksuksa osQ Lrj foospuksa esa i;kZIr vUrj gS

ftudh ckjhdh esa tkus dh ;gka vko';drk ugha gSA

izdk;kZRed n`f"Vdks.k ls tkXokjkbc us fodkl osQ pkj Lrjksa dks izeq[k ekuk gSA mldk vfHker gS fd vxj ge

bl n`f"Vdks.k dks ysdj jktuhfrd fodkl dh izfØ;k (jktuhfrd ls tkXokjkbc dk vk'k; vfHko`f¼ jktuhfrd

vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj laLFkkdj.k ls gS) dk lektksa osQ fdlh ,sfrgkfld dky esa igys n`f"Vdks.k esa crk, x;s Lrjksa

dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,] Lrj fuèkkZj.k djsa rks fuEufyf[kr pkj Lrj izeq[k :i ls Li"V gksaxs& (d) ekWMy&fuekZ.k

(model building), ([k) jkT;&fuekZ.k (state building), (x) jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj (nation-building),

(?k) lkeatL; fuekZ.k (consensus-building)

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tkXokjkbc dh ekU;rk gS fd jktuhfrd fodkl dk igyk izdk;kZRed Lrj ekWMy fuekZ.k dk gSA ;g og Lrj gS

tc lÙkk esa ifjorZu vkrk gSA ;g lÙkk ifjorZu igys okys lÙkkèkkfj;ksa osQ LFkku ij osQoy nwljksa dk lÙkk esa vkuk

ek=k gks rks Hkh buosQ u;s fodkl&vfHkeq[kh jktuhfrd

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ftuesa mPp Lrj dh {kerk gksrh gS vkSj tks dkiQh ek=kk esa lgHkkfxrk dh lekurk ykus esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA bl

dkj.k] fjXl lekurk vkSj {kerk dks lokZfèkd egÙo nsrk gSA og bu esa larqyu dks cuk, j[kus dk lq>ko nsrk

gSA ;g larqyu rHkh lEHko gS tc okeiaFkh vkSj nf{k.kiaFkh 'kfDr;ka lekurk dk fodkl djrh gSa tcfd nf{k.kiaFkh

'kfDr;ka O;oLFkk dh {kerk esa o`f¼ djrh gSA

Lo&ewY;kadu (Self-Assessment)

lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the correct option)—

1- rqyukRed jktuhfr dk çFke fpUrd vkSj ys[kd Fkk %&

(d) eksUVsLD;w ([k) vjLrw (x) eSfd;kosyh (?k) ghxy

2- ^ikfyfVDl* iqLrd fdldh d`fr gS&

(d) vjLrw ([k) eSfd;kosyh (x) ghxy (?k) eksUVsLD;w

3- jktuhfrd vè;;u dks lqfuf'pr rF;ksa ij vkèkkfjr djus osQ fy, vjLrw }kjk rRdkyhu fdrus ns'kksa osQ

lafoèkkuksa dk vè;;u fd;k x;k&

(d) 100 ([k) 120 (x) 140 (?k) 158

4- ¶fçUl¸ iqLrd osQ jpf;rk gSa%&

(d) vjLrw ([k) ghxy (x) eSfd;kosyh (?k) eksUVsLD;w

5- ^n fLifjV vki n ykt* osQ ys[kd gS%&

(d) eksUVsLD;w ([k) eSfd;kosyh (x) vjLrw (?k) ghxy

1-4 lkjka'k (Summary)

rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ vFkZ dk foLr`r foospu djus ls igys bldk ^rqyukRed ljdkj* (comparative

government) ls vUrj le> ysuk vko';d gSA lkekU;r%] rqyukRed jktuhfr dks ^rqyukRed 'kklu*

;k ̂ rqyukRed ljdkj* dk i;kZ; le> fy;k tkrk gSA nksuksa dk gh lEcUèk ̂ jktuhfr* ls gksus osQ dkj.k budk

,d nwljs osQ fy, vny&cny dj ç;ksx djuk dqN LokHkkfod gh gSA

thu Cyks.Msy rqyukRed ljdkj dh ifjHkk"kk djrs gq, fy[kk gSμ¶rqyukRed ljdkj ledkyhu fo'o

esa jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa osQ çfrekuksa dk vè;;u gSA¸

rqyukRed ljdkj dh mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gS fd blesa jkT; ls lEcfUèkr vkSipkfjd laLFkkvksa dk

gh eq[;r% rqyukRed vè;;u gksrk gSA

rqyukRed jktuhfr dk lEcUèk jktuhfrd O;ogkj dh lEiw.kZrk (totality of political behaviour) osQ

vè;;u ls gSA blesa ljdkjksa o jktdh; laLFkkvksa ,oa jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk rqyukRed vè;;u rks Lor%

gh lfEefyr jgrk gSA

jkYiQ czscUrh us rqyukRed jktuhfr dh O;kid ifjHkk"kk dh gSA bUgksaus fy[kk gSμ¶rqyukRed jktuhfr

lEiw.kZ lkekftd O;oLFkk esa mu rÙoksa dh igpku o O;k[;k gS tks jktuhfrd dk;ks± o muosQ laLFkkxr

çdk'ku dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA¸

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rqyukRed jktuhfr dh laf{kIr o 'kk;n lcls Li"V ifjHkk"kk ,eñ dfVZl us nh gSA muosQ vuqlkjμ¶rqyukRed

jktuhfr dk lEcUèk jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dh dk;Zfofèk o jktuhfrd O;ogkj dh egÙoiw.kZ fujUrjrkvksa]

lekurkvksa vkSj vlekurkvksa ls gSA¸

rqyukRed jktuhfr dh çd̀fr dks ysdj fo}kuksa esa fopkj&foHksn gSA eksVs rkSj ij bldh çd̀fr lEcUèkh fopkjksa

dks nks çeq[k èkkj.kkvksa esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gSA jktuhfr&'kkL=k osQ fo}ku o rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ vxz.kh

de ;k vfèkd ek=kk esa nksuksa esa ls fdlh ,d èkkj.kk osQ leFkZd fn[kkbZZ nsrs gSaA ;g nks èkkj.kk,¡ gSaμ

(d) rqyukRed jktuhfr yEckRed rqyuk gSA (It is vertical comparative study)

([k) rqyukRed jktuhfr {kSrhth; rqyuk gSA (It is horizontal comparative study)

rqyukRed jktuhfr ,d gh ns'k esa fLFkr fofHkUu Lrjksa ij LFkkfir ljdkjksa o mudks çHkkfor djus okys

jktuhfrd O;ogkjksa dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k o vè;;u gSA

lekurkvksa osQ ckotwn] jk"Vªh; o vkaf'kd ljdkjksa osQ lEcUèk esa] vlekurkvksa dk gh vfèkd vkHkkl gksrk

gSA blfy;s rqyukRed jktuhfr esa ,d gh ns'k dh fofHkUu&Lrjh; ljdkjksa dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k lEHko

fn[kkbZZ nsrs gq, Hkh lkekU;hdj.k (generalization) dh lEHkkouk,¡ ugha j[krkA ,d tSlh fo"k;&ifjfèk osQ

vHkko osQ dkj.k blosQ fu"d"kZ çekf.kd (valid) ugha gksaxs vkSj blls tks fl¼kUr cuk;s tk;saxs mudks Hkh

fdlh laoxZ (category) esa j[kdj muls vU; ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa dks le>uk lEHko ugha gksxkA

rqyukRed jktuhfr dh çd`fr lEcUèkh nwljh èkkj.kk osQ vuqlkj ;g jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dk {kSrhth; rqyukRed

vè;;u gSA

vxj rqyukRed jktuhfr jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dh {kSrhth; rqyuk gS rks blesa nks lEHkkouk,¡ lfEefyr fn[kkbZZ nsrh

gSaA igyh rks ;g fd ;g rqyuk] ,d gh ns'k dh fofHkUu dkyksa esa fo|eku jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dh vkil esa

gks ldrh gS] rFkk nwljh] mu jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa esa] tks vkt lEiw.kZ fo'o esa fo|eku gSa] gks ldrh gSA

rqyukRed jktuhfr esa ,sfrgkfld lUnHkhZ jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dh le&Lrjh; rqyuk dh tkrh gSA bl çdkj dh

rqyuk dk viuk vyx egÙo Hkh gSA ijUrq rqyukRed jktuhfr esa ;gh dkiQh ughaA bldh bl 'kkL=k esa lhfer

mi;ksfxrk gh gSa blls osQoy ,d jkT; dh jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dks fofHkÂ dkyksa esa le>us esa gh lgk;rk feyrh

gSA ml jk"Vª ls fHkÂ çdkj dh laLd`fr] lH;rk o laxBu okys jkT; esa lapkfyr ljdkj dh çd`fr o

jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks le>us osQ fy, ;g i;kZIr ugha gSA

rqyukRed jktuhfr dh çd`fr osQ mijksDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd rqyukRed jktuhfr ,d LorU=k vuq'kklu

gS tks jktuhfr&foKku esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ 'kk[kk cu x;k gSA ;|fi bldk vè;;u Hkh jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa

ls lEcfUèkr jktuhfr ls gS fiQj Hkh ;g jktuhfr&foKku ls bl vFkZ esa fHkUu gS fd blesa jkT; o xSj&'kkldh;

jktuhfr] nksuksa dk gh vè;;u lfEefyr gksrk gSA tcfd jktuhfr&foKku] xSj&'kkldh; jktuhfr ls çR;{k

:i esa lEcfUèkr ugha gksrkA bl çdkj] rqyukRed jktuhfr] ,d gh ns'k dh jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dk ,sfrgkfld

lUnHkZ o jk"Vªh; lhekvksa osQ vkj&ikj rqyukRed vç.k;u gh ugha gS_ ;g blosQ lkFk] jktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa

o jktuhfrd O;ogkj rFkk ljdkjh rU=kksa dks çHkkfor djus okyh xSj&ljdkjh O;oLFkkvksa dk Hkh rqyukRed

vè;;u gSA

¶lcls vfèkd vkèkkjHkwr ckr rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ ckjs esa ;g gS fd vkt ;g ,d ,slk fo"k; gS ftlesa

vR;fèkd fookn gS D;ksafd ;g laØe.k&fLFkfr esa gSμ,d çdkj dh fo'ys"k.k 'kSyh ls nwljs çdkj dh 'kSyh

esa çLFkku dj jgk gSA¸

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blls Li"V gS fd rqyukRed jktuhfr dh ifjHkk"kk o çd`fr dh rjg bldk fo"k;&{ks=k Hkh fookn dk fo"k;gS blosQ {kss=k dks ysdj ijEijkokfn;ksa o vkèkqfud jktuhfr&'kkfL=k;ksa esa xgjk erHksn gSA thu Cyks.Msy JeanBlondel) us ;g fookn nks ckrksa ls lEcfUèkr crk;k gSA igyk gS rqyukRed jktuhfr dh lhek lEcUèkho nwljk gS ekudksa o O;ogkjksa osQ ikjLifjd lEcUèkksa lEcUèkh fooknA

bl çdkj] rqyukRed jktuhfr dk lEcUèk çeq[kr;k 'kklu&fØ;k osQ bnZ&fxnZ ?kwers jktuhfrd O;ogkj osQrqyukRed vè;;u ls gSA ijUrq 'kklu&fØ;k rhu Lrjksa ij lapkfyr gksrh gS ;k ;ksa dgsa fd ewY;ksa dk vfèkd̀rvkoaVu rhu Lrjksa ij ifjpkfyr gksrk gSA blfy,] ¶rqyukRed jktuhfr esa ifjpkyurk (operations) osQbu Lrjksa dk] ftuls ewY;ksa dk vkaoVu gksrk gS] ijh{k.k djuk egÙoiw.kZ gSA¸ ;g rhu Lrj gSaμ

(1) ewY;ksa o xUrO;ksa dk fu;eu (formulation of values and goals)

(2) ewY;ksa dks vkRelkr djuk o fufnZ"V fu.kZ;ksa esa :ikUrj.k (digestion of values and their transformationin goal decisions)

(3) fu.kZ;ksa dk dk;kZUo;u (implementation of decisions)

O;ogkjoknh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks ,d bysDVªksfud (electronic) ;U=k osQ :i esa ns[krs gSaA 'kklu&rU=kf}&ekxhZ çpkyu gSA ;g ,d ,slh e'khu gS] tks laosQr (signals) xzg.k djrh gS vkSj budk vU; laosQrksaesa :ikUrj.k djrh gSA rqyukRed jktuhfr dk lEcUèk 'kklu&rU=k }kjk xzg.k fd;s x;s laosQrksa o muosQ:ikUrj.k dh çfØ;k ls gSA bl çdkj rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ vè;;u&{ks=k esa] jktuhfrd lekt esa ewY;ksao xUrO;ksa osQ fu;eu dh çfØ;kvksa] bu ewY;ksa dks 'kklu&rU=k }kjk vkRelkr djuk o fufnZ"V fu.kZ;ksa esa:ikUrj vkSj Lohd`r fu.kZ;ksa osQ dk;kZUo;u ls lEc¼ çfØ;k,¡ lfEefyr dh tkrh gSaA

rqyukRed jktuhfrd dk bfrgkl yxHkx mruk gh çkphu gS ftruk jktuhfrd fpUru dk bfrgkl gS lEiw.kZfyf[kr bfrgkl gh rqyukRed jktuhfr dk bfrgkl dgk tk ldrk gSA blosQ loZçFke fpUrd o ys[kdgksus dk Js; vjLrw dks gh çkIr gSA vjLrw dh Hkwfedk rqyukRed jktuhfr dks Bksl vkèkkj nsus esa u osQoyegÙoiw.kZ ekuh tkrh gS] oju~ dbZ dkj.kksa ls ekSfyd Hkh dgh tk ldrh gSA vjLrw us ftu leL;kvksa dksrqyukRed fo'ys"k.k osQ fy, pquk o ftu i¼fr;ksa dk jktuhfrd vè;;u esa çpyu fd;k] os vkt HkhrqyukRed jktuhfr esa çpfyr gSaA

vjLrw us rqyukRed jktuhfr ij osQoy lS¼kfUrd cy gh ugha fn;k] vfirq rRdkyhu fo'o esa çpfyr 158lafoèkkuksa dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k djosQ jktuhfrd vè;;u dks lqfuf'pr rF;ksa ij vkèkkfjr fd;kAvkuqHkfod fo'ys"k.k dk ;g loZçFke ç;ksx FkkA vjLrw us viuh iqLrd iksfyfVDl esa jktuhfr dh vè;;ui¼fr;ksa lEcUèkh ç'u mBk;s vkSj vusdksa ç'uksa dk Lo;a gh bl iqLrd esa mÙkj Hkh fn;kA

rqyukRed jktuhfr dk vkèkqfud vè;;u] iqu%tkxj.k dky osQ jktuhfrd fpUru ls vkjEHk gqvk ekuk tkrkgSA bl dky esa jkT; dks ̂ nSoh* (divine) ugha ̂ ekuod̀r* ekuk x;k vkSj blfy, blosQ iquxZBu ;k uo&fuekZ.kdk ;k ;ksa dgsa blesa lqèkkj ekxZ ç'kLr gqvkA

rqyukRed jktuhfr dks rks eSfd;kosyh dh egÙoiw.kZ nsu jgh gS] D;ksafd mlosQ jktuhfr lEcUèkh lHkh fu"d"kZfofHkÂ 'kklu O;oLFkkvksa osQ rqyukRed vè;;u ij gh vkèkkfjr gSaA mldh iqLrd fçUl (Prince) osQ vè;;uls] rqyukRed jktuhfrd vuq'kklu dks mldh nsu dk laosQr feyrk gSA bl iqLrd esa eSfd;kosyh us ;gfopkj O;Dr fd;k gS fd jktuhfr dk O;ofLFkr o rqyukRed vè;;u D;ksa vko';d gS\ mlosQ fpUru oys[ku ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd jkT; euq"; }kjk fufeZr laLFkk gS vkSj jktuhfr dk mís'; lkekftd vfHk;U=k.k(social engineering) gSA

eSfd;kosyh lekt dks lacaèkksa dk çrhd crkdj bu lEcUèkksa dh fHkUurk dk laosQr nsrk gSA ;g lEcUèk ,dns'k esa gh fHkÂ&fHkÂ çdkj osQ ugha gksrs] oju~~ gj ns'k esa vyx&vyx çdkj gksrs gSaA

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eSfd;kosyh osQ jktuhfrd fpUru ls ,d ckr ;g Hkh mHkjrh gS fd jktuhfr dk mís'; lkekftd vfHk;U=k.k gSA

eSfd;kosyh us loksZÙke jktuhfr o lkekftd O;oLFkk osQ Kku osQ fy, fofHkÂ çdkj dh O;oLFkkvksa dh rqyukdks vfuok;Z ekuk gSA Lo;a mlus 'kkldksa dks ijke'kZ nsus osQ fy, fofHkÂ ns'kksa dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa o'kkldksa osQ dk;ks± dk vè;;u fd;k vkSj mudh ijLij rqyuk dj fu"d"kZ fudkysA ;g fu"d"kZ fçUl ukediqLrd esa 'kkld dks lq>ko osQ :i esa O;Dr gq,A

bfrgkl rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ fodkl dks mUuhloha 'krkCnh esa ys vkrk gSA bl dky dh jktuhfrdfopkjèkkjkvksa dh Hkwfedk rqyukRed jktuhfrd vè;;u osQ lEcUèk esa udkjkRed gh jgh gSA blls ;gvfHkçk; gS fd bl ;qx esa rqyukRed i¼fr osQ fodkl dks ;k rqyukRed v�

comparative politics and government...1. to make the students understand the conceptual bases of the...

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