comparative efficacy of three commercial vitamin and trace ... papers/jtas vol. 19 (1) apr....

Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 19(1): 81-87 (1996)ISSN: 0126-6128

Penerbit Universiti Pertanian Malaysia

Comparative Efficacy of Three Commercial Vitamin and Trace MineralPremixes for Rearing Broiler Chickens at Starter and Finisher Phases

O. ODUGUWA, B.K. OGUNMODEDE and A.O. FANIMOCollege of Animal Science and Livestock Production

University of AgricultureAbeokuta, Nigeria

Keywords: vitamins, trace minerals, premixes, broiler chickens, diets

ABSTRAKEnam kumpulan 45 anak ayam panggang Hubbard belum berjantina yang berusia satu hari telah dibandingkansecara rambang mengikut kesamaan pada fasa permulaan (0-5 minggu) kepada tiga diet isoklorik dan diet isonitrogenus yang dilindungi pada paras yang dicadangkan kepada para pengeluar dengan tiga vitamin komersil danpracampuran mineral surihyang diperolehi dipasaran tempatan dan dilabel sebagaipracampuran A, U dan £. Padafasa penamat (6-9 minggu) anak-anak ayam beralih tempat dibahagi kepada tiga kumpulan rawatan penamatdengan masing-masing dua replika tiap-tiap satu. Satu kumpulan rawatan, berterusan menerima pracampuran yangsama seperti semasa fasa permulaan, sementara dua kumpulan yang lain bersama pracampuran yang selebihnyayang tidak diberi pada fasa permulaan untuk kumpulan rawatan tertentu. Jenis pracampuran yang diberi makanpada fasa permulaan menampilkan perbezaan (P > .0.05) dalam pengambilan protein, tambahan berat min dantambahan berat per unit protein yang diambil oleh burung. Pengambilan protein dan tambahn berat bagipengambilan per unit protein tidak ketara perbezaannya (P< 0.05) pada fasa penamat. Urik serum dan panaskreatinin serum menunjukkan bahawa burung yang diberi makan pracampuran Z Pa€^a fasa permulaanmenggunakan protein pengimbang dengan lebih berkesan ber banding yang diberi makan dua pracampuran yang lain.Nilai-nilai perubah di perolehi untuk metabolit serum pada fasa penamat. Kesimpulanya, pracampuran yang untukpara pemanggang yang terdapat di Nigeria berbeza dari segi kandungan dan kesan pemakanan protein ayampemanggang. Adalah dicadangkan bahawa sekiranya kombinasi pracampuran hendak digunakan dalam menternakayam pemanggang, perhatian perlu ditekankan untuk memberi makanan pracampur yang berkualiti pada fasapermulaan.

ABSTRACTSix groups of 45 unsexed day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were randomly assigned in duplicate at the starter phase(0-5 weeks) to three isocaloric and iso-nitrogenous diets which were fortified at manufacturers' recommended levelswith three commercial vitamin and trace mineral premixes purchased locally and labelled as premix A, U and Z- Atthe finisher phase (6 -9 weeks) the birds were shuffled and subdivided into three finisher treatment groups of tworeplicates each. One treatment group continued to receive the same premix as during the starter phase, while the othertwo groups were assigned the remaining premixes not given at the starter phase for that particular treatment group.Thus nine premix combinations were used at the finisher phase. The premix type fed at the starter phase led todifferences (P>0.05) in the protein intake, mean weight gain and weight gain per unit protein intake of the birds.Protein intake and weight gain per unit protein intake were not significantly different (P<0.05) at the finisherphase. The serum uric and serum creatinine levels indicate that birds fed premix Z at ^ne starter phase utilized thedietary protein more efficiently than those fed the other two premixes. Variable values were obtained for the serummetabolites at the finisher phase. It was concluded that available premixes for broilers in Nigeria vary in theircontent and their effect of protein nutriture of broiler chickens. It is recommended that if combinations of premixes areto be used in rearing broilers, care should be taken to feed a proven premix of good quality at the starter phase.

O. ODUGUWA, B.K. OGUNMODEDE AND A.O. FANIMO

INTRODUCTION

Optimal use of protein is essential in anypractical feeding system. The extent ofprotein utilization in the diet of broilers isan important factor in determining the rateof growth.

It is well recognized that the nutritivevalue of the protein content of a diet isaffected by the presence and availability ofvitamins and minerals that accompany theprotein in a diet. Results of an earlier study(Oduguwa and Ogunmodede 1995) indi-cated that locally available premixes havediffering capabilities in supporting thegrowth of broiler chickens when used as asingle premix at two physiological growthstages. It was further noted that the effect ofthe premix profiles gradually diminished asthe birds matured.

The availability of premixes tends to beinconsistent due to the unpredictable eco-nomic situation in Nigeria. This necessitatesthe consideration of employing a combina-tion of premixes for rearing broilers. Thepresent study seeks to explore the comple-mental effects of using premixes either froma single source throughout or from differentsources at the starter and finisher phases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental Birds and their DietsSix groups of 45 unsexed day-old Hubbardbroiler chickens were each randomlyassigned in duplicate at the starter phase(0-5 weeks) to three isocaloric and iso-nitrogenous diets. These diets were fortifiedat manufacturers' recommended levels withthree commercial vitamin and trace miner-al premixes purchased locally and labelledas premix A, U and Z. At the finisher phase(6-9 weeks) the birds were shuffled andsubdivided into three finisher treatmentgroups of two replicates each. One treat-ment group continued to receive the samepremix as during the starter phase, whilethe other two groups were assigned the

remaining premixes not given at the starterphase for that particular treatment group.(Note that the manufacturer of premix Aprovided different premixes for starter andfinisher stages while the manufacturers ofpremixes U and Z had only one type ofpremix for both starter and finisher stages)(Table 1).

The composition of the experimentaldiets at the starter and finisher phases isshown in Table 2. Feed and water wereprovided freely. Weekly feed intake andgrowth rate of the birds were recorded;other parameters were calculated fromthese records. All birds in each replicatewere weighed together and the averageweight calculated.

Housing

The experimental birds were reared intiered brooder cages for the first four weeksof their life before being transferred to adeep litter house. Each compartment in thebrooder cages was heated by a 100-watttungsten filament bulb (white light). Thecompartments were covered with perfo-rated papers to prevent excessive ventila-tion and cold. The compartments of thebrooder cages (housing 45 birds each)provided adequate drinking and feedingspace.

After four weeks, birds were moved intoa deep litter house with a short side wallabout 1 m high topped with wire mesh,providing uniform-sized pens of about 3,1m x 1.12 m (for 15 birds). Each pen wasequipped with a fountain drinker (3-1 capa-city) and a rectangular wooden troughfeeder. No additional heat or light wasprovided in the pens after the birds weremoved. The ambient temperature of thehouse during the experiment was 26-32°C.

Nitrogen Retention

Nitrogen retention was determined at 5 and9 weeks in specially designed metaboliccages equipped with separate watering

82 PERTANIKA J. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 19 NO. 1, 1996

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF THREE COMMERCIAL VITAMIN AND TRACE MINERAL PREMIXES FOR REARING

TABLE 1Blood metabolites of the experimental birds at 5 and 9 weeks of age

Parameters Phase Premix A0-5 weeks(starter)

Premix U Premix Z S.E.X.

Serum totalprotein (g/dl)

Serum albumin

(g/dl)

Plasma totalprotein (g/dl)

Plasma albumin

(g/dl)

Serum uricacid (mg/dl)

Serum creatine(mg/dl)

6-9 weeks(finisher)

7.10

6.63a

7.81a

6.63

2.08a

2.42a

A U

6.51

5.64a

6.49a

6.21

1.91b

1.70b

A U

5.46

2.44b

6.59b

6.32

1.70c

1.43b

0.55

0.26

0.10

0.21

0.02

0.07

u

Serum totalprotein (g/dl)

Serum albumin

(g/dl)

Plasma totalprotein (g/dl)

Plasma albumin

(g/dl)

Serum uricacid (g/dl)

Serum creatine(mg/dl)

6.08b 6.00b 6.75a 5.92b 5.71b 5.74b 5.03c 5.38bc 4.80c 0.72

4.05b 3.99bc 4.50a 3.94bc 3.86C 3.86bc 3.25d 3.95bc 3.20d 0.06

6.82a 6.04ab 6.69a 6.18ab 5.83bc 5.80bc 5.52bc 5.34C 5.21C 0.26

5.00a 4.04bc 5.33a 4.92a 4.18b 4.06bc 3.86bc 3.84bc 3.68C 0.13

1.43d 1.45a 1.75b 1.25e 1.39de 1.49cd 2.01a 1.62bc 1.62bc 0.04

2.45e 2.12e 2.80b 1.88f 2.08e 2.24d 3.02a 2.44C 2.43C 0.03

abed Values with different superscripts on the same row were significantly different (P < 0.05)

troughs and feeders. For each metabolictrial, two birds were randomly selectedfrom each replicate and housed together ina compartment.

A 4-day acclimatization period wasallowed prior to a 3-day collection period.The weight of feed given to each group wasrecorded and the feeds were maintained atlow levels in the trough in order to avoid

spillage. During the collection of excreta,1 % boric acid solution was sprayed on thedroppings regularly to prevent the escape ofnitrogen. The total droppings voided fromeach replicate were then thoroughly mixedtogether in separate basins. Weighedrepresentative samples for each were thentaken in well labelled aluminum foilpackets. These labelled packets containing

PERTANIKA J. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 19 NO. 1, 1996 83


TABLE 2Composition of experimental diets

Ingredientsg/kg of diet

Yellow cornGroundnut mealSpent grainMenhaden fish mealBlood mealPalm oilBone mealOyster shellSalt* Vitamin/mineral

premix

Determined Analysis

Crude protein (g/kg diet)Crude fibre (g/kg diet)Ether extract (g/kg diet)Ash (g/kg diet)

Calculated AnalysisEnergy (ME) Kcal/kg

PremixA

560.0214.068.040.045.020.035.010.03.05.0

1000

221.847.754.375.2

3024.5

Starter RationsPremix

U

560.0214.068.040.045.020.035.014.03.01.0

1000

231.249.457.666.8

3024.5

PremixZ

560.0214.068.040.045.020.035.012.53.02.5

1000

228.648.759.790.3

3024.5

PremixA

558.0186.9120.135.030.015.035.010.05.05.0

1000

199.651.254.769.2

2998.0

Finisher RationsPremix

U

558.0186.9120.135.030.015.035.014.05.01.0

1000

203.550.051.671.8

2998.0

PremixZ

558.0186.9120.135.030.015.035.012.55.02.5

1000

202.448.853.172.3

2998.0

wet droppings were dried in the oven at 65°to determine the moisture content, andhence the dry matter, for each. Collectionwas on a daily basis so the above procedurewas repeated for the other two collectiondays. Dry droppings from the same repli-cates were then thoroughly pooled andground. The dried, pooled and groundsamples were stored in well labelled andcovered glass bottles for laboratory ana-lyses. The nitrogen retention was calculatedby the formula

Percentage nitrogen N2 in feed N2 indroppingsRetention = N2 in feed

Blood Metabolites

Blood samples were collected and analysedfor serum total protein, serum albumin,serum acid creatinine, plasma total protein

and plasma albumin when the birds werefive and nine weeks old. Six birds wererandomly selected from each replicate andtwo sets of blood samples were collectedfrom the birds in each replicate. Samples ofblood (4 ml) were taken by a carefulpuncture of the jugular vein. Samples forserum analyses were decanted after centri-fugation while EDTA was added to theblood samples and used for plasma analysis,which was carried out within four hours ofcollection. The decanted serum sampleswere stored in a freezer for subsequentanalysis.

Serum and plasma total protein weredetermined by the b^uret method ofReinhold (1953) while the determinationof serum and plasma albumin was bybromocresol green binding reagent meth-od of Doumas and Briggs (1972). Thephosphotungstate method of Caraway



(1963) was used to determine uric acid.Serum creatinine determination was byfolin Wu filtrate method. The dataobtained were subjected to analyses ofvariance and significant differences be-tween means were evaluated using Dun-can's multiple range test (Gomez andGomez 1984). All statements of statisticalsignificance were based on P<0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The premixes varied in the number andquantity of the vitamins and trace mineralspresent (Table 3). The differences observedbetween dietary treatments were probablydue to these differences since the premixeswere the only variable.

At the starter phase, birds on the dietfortified with premix Z gained more weightthan those fed on diets containing the other

two premixes (Table 4). The weight gain isan expression of the effect of the intake andutilization of protein. Table 3 shows thatpremix Z contains adequate levels of all thevitamins and trace minerals listed by NRC(1984). Premix A lacks micronutrients suchas vitamin B12, zinc, biotin, folate, vitaminK, pantothenate, cobalt and thiamin.Vitamin B12, zinc and folate (Akesson etal. 1982) are all known to play importantroles in the metabolism of protein, and theirabsence in premix A would have impairedprotein utilization by the birds fed thispremix. This is evident from the fact thatthe birds fed premix A diet ate as much asthose on premix Z diet but gained less atthe starter phase. Premix U probably couldnot stimulate enough protein intake toallow the broilers to fully express theirgenetic potential. The utilization of protein

TABLE 3Micronutrients in various premixes (per kilogram of feed)

Premix

Vitamin A(IU)Vitamin D(IU)Vitamin E(IU)Vitamin B2 (nig)Vitamin B3(mg)Vitamin B6(mg)Choline chloride (mg)Manganese (mg)Iron (mg)Copper (mg)Iodine (mg)Selenium (mg)Vitamin Ka (mg)Calcium pantothenate (mg)Vitamin B12 (nig)Zinc (mg)Cobalt (mg)Vitamin Bi (mg)Biotin (mg)Folio acid (mg)

A

Starter180002500

14124428

48012070102.20.2-------—

A

150002500

11104020

40012070102.20.2-

------

U

Finisher80001500

32.580.3-

1050.20.150.01330.0084.50.02--—

Z *NRCrequirement

(per kg of feed)

125002500

406

353.5

30010050

2.01.550.102.5

100.025

450.2252.00.051.00

1500200

103.6

273.0

13006080

8.00.350.150.50

100.009

40-1.800.150.55

* NRC 1984



Mean protein intake growth rate and nitrogen retention of experimental birds at starterand finisher phases

Parameter Phase0-5 weeks

(starter)

Premix A Premix U Premix Z S.E.X.

Protein intake(g/day)

Weight gain(g/day)

Weight gain/protein intake

Nitrogenretention (%)

6-9 weeks(finisher)

Protein intake(g/day)

Weight gain(g/day)

10.06a 8.33b 10.71a 0.53

14.04b 10.58c 16.81a 1.71

1.40a 1.27b 1.58a 0.16

50.27 49.43 42.96 8.25

A U Z A U Z A U Z

20.26 19.15 20.05 18.52 20.G0 21.95 18.67 19.50 21.58 1.00

26.01ab 26.21a b27.79a b 25.30b 23.31C 26.04ab 25.70ab 25.95ab 30.1 l a 1.78Weight gain/

protein intake 1.28 1.39 1.39 1.37 1.17 1.19 1.38 1.33 1.40 0.1Nitrogenretention (%) 47.53b 48.93b 57.12ab 60.54ab 71.87ab 64.40ab 65.83ab 59.42ab 7O.O7a 4.70

abc Values with different superscripts in the same row were significantly different (P < 0.05)

by birds fed on the diet containing thispremix was the lowest among the threetreatment groups as indicated by the valuesfor weight gain and the weight gain perunit protein intake.

There was no difference (P > 0.05)between treatments in protein intake atthe finisher phase (Table 4). The comple-mental effects of a combination of thepremix profiles was probably an importantfactor in stabilizing the protein intake atthis phase. Endogenous secretion of vita-mins (thiamin, niacin and pyridoxine)which are known to affect protein appetitein maturing birds should also be recognizedas an important factor in stabilizing proteinconsumption. Birds fed premix U diet atboth phases weighed less than those feddiets containing premix A or Z in bothphases. There was no difference in nitrogenretention value between treatments at thestarter phase. The high nitrogen retention

values of birds fed premix U diet in bothphases was not reflected in their live weight.

Birds fed premix A diet at the starterphase had consistently high protein levels inthe plasma and serum fractions. This isconsistent with findings of an earlier study(Oduguwa and Ogunmodede 1995). Highlevels of transaminating enzymes causinghigh dietary vitamin B6 (Chen and Marlatt1975; Saroka and Combs 1986) was thereason adduced for the high protein level inthe serum of birds fed on the diet withpremix A. Birds given premix A diet at thestarter phase and finished with premix Zdiet had the highest values for serum totalproteins and albumin fractions. In fact,treatment birds started with premix A dietand finished with any of the premix typeshad relatively high levels of both serum andplasma total protein and albumin fractionthan treatment birds that were started withother premix types.



Uric acid metabolism is influenced bythe amount of protein and amino acids inthe diet. Serum uric acid (Morgensten et al.1960) and creatinine (Eggum 1970) can beused as an indirect measure of proteinadequacy. Treatment birds were fed iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric diets, but thegroup that received premix Z gained moreweight at the starter phase and also had thelowest levels of uric acid in their serum.This indicates that more nitrogen/proteinwas incorporated into the body protein andless was excreted as uric acid. The samededuction could be made on the lowcreatinine levels obtained for the group ofbirds. Those fed with premix U diet at thestarter phase and finished with premix Adiet had consis tently low levels of serumuric acid and serum creatinine but the birdsdid not have the highest mean weight gains.The interaction of the various micronutri-ents in the combination of premix profilesin the bird at this stage (finisher phase)might have affected the metabolite levelswhich did not show in the weight changes.

The results of the study indicated thatthe available premixes for broilers inNigeria vary widely in their content andthus their effects on the protein nutrition ofbroiler chickens, and that younger birdstend to be more sensitive to the vitamin andtrace mineral profile fed to them. Thereforeif combinations of premixes are to be usedin rearing broilers, care should be taken tofeed a proven premix of good quality at thestarter phase.

REFERENCES

AKESSON, C , M FEHLING, C. JAGERSTAD andU. STERURAM. 1982. Effect of experimentalfolate deficiency on lipid metabolism in liverand brain. British Journal of Nutrition 47: 505-519.

CARAWAY, W.T. 1963. Standard methods. Clin-ical Chemistry 4: 239-245.

CHEN, L.H. and A.L. MARLATT. 1975. Effects ofvitamin B6 levels and exercise on glumaticpyruvic transaminase activity in rat tissues.Journal of Nutrition 105: 401-407.

DOUMAS, B.T. and H.G. BRIGGS. 1972. Stan-dard methods. Clinical Chemistry 7: 175.

EGGUM, B.O. 1970. Blood urea measurement as atechnique for accessing protein quality. BritishJournal of Nutrition 24: 983-988.

GOMEZ, A.K. and A.A. GOMEZ 1984. StatisticalProcedures for Agricultural Research. New York:Wiley.

MORGENSTEN, S.R., V. Flor, J .H. KAUFMANand B. KLAIN. 1966. The automated deter-mination of serum uric acid. Journal of ClinicalPathology 12: 748-766.

NRC. 1984. Nutrient requirements of domesticanimals. 1. Nutrient requirements of poultry.Washington, D.C.: National Academy ofScience.

ODUGUWA, O.O. and B.K. OGUNMODEDE.1995. Growth and protein utilization bybroiler chicks fed three commercial micro-nutrient mixtures. International Journal ofAnimal Science 10 [in press].

RE1NHOLD, J.G. 1953. Standard methods. ClinicalChemistry 1: 88.

SAROKA, J .M. and G.F. COMBS JR. 1986. Thelack of effect of a pyridoxine deficiency on theutilization of the hydroxl analogue of methio-nine by the chick. Poultry. Science 65: 764-768.

(Received 24 May 1995)(Accepted 4 October 1995}


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