¿cómo perciben las personas con asma los factores · interciencia 2014;5(2):79-88 desencadenantes...

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Interciencia 2014;5(2):79-88 Desencadenantes del Asma 79

¿Cómo perciben las personas con asma los factores desencadenantes? Un estudio piloto de construcción y

validación del Inventario de Desencadenantes del Asma (IDA)

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RESUMEN

Introducción:�2J=�R=NEA@=@�@A�B=?PKNAO�OKJ�?KJK?E@KO�?KIK�@AOAJ?=@AJ=JPAO�@A�ALEOK@EKO�@A�K>OPNQ??EÍJ�@A�=OI= �PK@KO�AOPKO�LQA@AJ�PAJAN�@EOPEJP=�LNAOAJP=?EÍJ�U�LAN?AL?EÍJ�@A�CN=RA@=@ �@ALAJ@EAJ@K�@A�?=@=�LK>H=?EÍJ�K�CAKCN=BÈ=���QJMQA�U=�ATEOPAJ�EJOPNQIAJPKO�L=N=�IA@EN�H=�LAN?AL?EÍJ�MQA�AH�L=?EAJPA�PEAJA�@A�AOPKO�B=?PKNAO �H=�I=UKNÈ=�OKJ�ATPAJOKO�U�JK�?QAJP=J�?KJ�QJ=�R=HE@=?EÍJ�AJ�HAJCQ=�?=OPAHH=J=��+QAOPNK� K>FAPERK� AO� @AO=NNKHH=N� U� R=HE@=N� QJ� EJOPNQIAJPK� KNECEJ=H� U� >NARA� MQA� B=?EHEPA� @E?D=�IA@E?EÍJ��Métodos: 0AOAJP=� L=?EAJPAO� @A�?KJOQHP=�=I>QH=PKNE=�?KILHAP=NKJ�AH�JQARK�EJOPNQIAJPK �MQA�EJ?HQUÍ�@=PKO�@AIKCN½ň?KO�U����ÈPAIO��AO?=H=@KO�AJ�BKNI=PK�)EGANP��OK>NA�H=�LAN?AL?EÍJ�@A�HKO�OECQEAJPAO�@AOAJ?=@AJ=JPAOĥ�?HEI= �AFAN?E?EKO �B=?PKNAO�AIK?EKJ=HAO �DQIK�@A�P=>=?K �NAʼnQFK�C=OPNKAOKB½CE?K �EJBA??EKJAO�respiratorias, polen, humedad, polvo, animales y alimentos.�0A�AOPQ@EÍ�OQ�R=HE@AV�U�?KJň=>EHE@=@�AR=HQ=J@K�H=O�I=PNE?AO�ÈPAI�PKP=H �ÈPAI�NAOPK �AH�=HLD=�@A� NKJ>=?D�U�NA=HEV=J@K�QJ�=J½HEOEO�B=?PKNE=H�ATLHKN=PKNEK�Ĥ?KILKJAJPAO�LNEJ?EL=HAO �NKP=?EÍJ�3=NEI=T��Resultados:�)KO�L=?EAJPAO�OA�AJ?KJPN=>=J�AJPNA�HKO���U����=ËKO�@A�A@=@ �?KJ�QJ=�IA@E=J=�@A����=ËKO�ĤN=JCK�EJPAN?Q=NPEH�@A�����0A�AJ?KJPNÍ�>QAJ=�?KJOEOPAJ?E=�EJPANJ=�AJ�H=�AO?=H=�CAJAN=Hĥ�Į���� ���Ĥ& �����ĥ�� ������ ����"J�AH�=J½HEOEO�B=?PKNE=H�ATLHKN=PKNEK�OA�K>PQRK�D=OP=�PNAO�=QPKR=HKNAO�I=UKNAO�MQA�H=�QJE@=@ĥ�� ��Ĥ�� ���R=NE=JV=�ATLHE?=@= �� ��Ĥ�� ����R=NE=JV=�ATLHE?=@=�U�� ��Ĥ�� ���R=NE=JV=�ATLHE?=@=��)QACK�@A�H=�NKP=?EÍJ �HKO�ÈPAIO�OA�=CNQL=NKJ�AJĥ�B=?PKN���Ĥ?HEI= �AFAN?E?EKO �EJBA??EKJAO�U�DQIA@=@ �B=?PKN���ĤAIK?EKJ=H �P=>=?K �NAʼnQFK �=JEI=HAO�U�=HEIAJPKO�U�B=?PKN���ĤLKHAJ�U�LKHRK��Conclusión:�"J�AOP=�LNEIAN=�B=OA �DAIKO�K>PAJE@K�EJBKNI=?EÍJ�R=HEKO=�MQA�LANIEPEN½�KLPEIEV=N�AH�&!��AJ�QJ�OECQEAJPA�AOPQ@EKĦ�AJ�AH�MQA�OA�AOLAN=�=ILHE=N�AH�P=I=ËK�@A�IQAOPN= �NA=HEV=N�QJ=�R=HE@=?EÍJ�LKN�?NEPANEK�U�?KJňNI=N�H=�R=HE@AV�@A�H=�AOPNQ?PQN=�AJ?KJPN=@=��

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Cómo citar el artículo: Guerreros AG, Torres-Zevallos H, Bazo-Alvarez JC. ¿Cómo perciben las personas con asma los factores desencadenantes? Un estudio piloto de construcción y validación del Inventario de Desencadenantes del Asma (IDA). Interciencia RCCI. 2014;5(2):79-88.

ABSTRACT

Introduction:� �� R=NEAPU� KB� B=?PKNO� =NA� GJKSJ� =O� PNECCANO� KB� K>OPNQ?PEKJ� ALEOK@AO� EJ� =OPDI=�� �HH� PDAOA� PNECCANO� ?=J� D=RA� @EBBANAJP� BKNIO� KB�LNAOAJP=PEKJ�=J@�LAN?ALPEKJ�KB�OARANEPU �@ALAJ@EJC�KJ�A=?D�LKLQH=PEKJ�KN�CAKCN=LDU���HPDKQCD�PDANA�=NA�=HNA=@U�EJOPNQIAJPO�BKN�IA=OQNEJC�L=PEAJP�LAN?ALPEKJ�KB�PDAOA�B=?PKNO �IKOP�KB�PDAI�=NA�HKJC�=J@�@K�JKP�D=RA�=�R=HE@=PEKJ�EJ�0L=JEOD��,QN�K>FA?PERA�EO�PK�@ARAHKL�=J@�R=HE@=PA�=J�KNECEJ=H�=J@�ODKNP�EJOPNQIAJP�B=?EHEP=PEJC�PD=P�IA=OQNEJC��Methods:�0ETPU�L=PEAJPO�KB�KQPL=PEAJP�OANRE?A�ňHHA@�PDA�JAS�EJOPNQIAJP �EJ?HQ@EJC�@AIKCN=LDE?�@=P=�=J@����EPAIO�KJ�=�)EGANP�O?=HA�KJ�LAN?ALPEKJ�KB�PDA�BKHHKSEJC�PNECCANOĥ�climate, exercise, emotional factors, tobacco smoke,

C=OPNK�AOKLD=CA=H�NAʼnQT �NAOLEN=PKNU�EJBA?PEKJO �LKHHAJ �DQIE@EPU �@QOP �=JEI=HO �=J@�BKK@��&PO�R=HE@EPU�=J@�NAHE=>EHEPU�SANA�OPQ@EA@ �AR=HQ=PEJC�PDA�EPAI�PKP=H �EPAI�NAOP�I=PNETĦ�PDA�Cronbach’s ĮĦ�=J@�@KEJC�=J�"TLHKN=PKNU�#=?PKN��J=HUOEO�ĤI=EJ�?KILKJAJPO �3=NEI=T�NKP=PEKJ��Results:�-=PEAJPO�SANA�>APSAAJ���=J@����UA=NO�KH@ �SEPD�=�IA@E=J�KB����UA=NO�KH@�ĤEJPANMQ=NPEHA�N=JCA�KB��������RANU�CKK@�EJPANJ=H�?KJOEOPAJ?U�S=O�BKQJ@�EJ�PDA�CAJAN=H�O?=HAĥ�Į������Ĥ& ���ĥ�������������&J�PDA�ATLHKN=PKNU�B=?PKN�=J=HUOEO�PDANA�SANA�QL�PK�PDNAA�AECAJR=HQAO�DECDAN�PD=J�PDA�QJEPĥ�����Ĥ������ATLH=EJA@�R=NE=J?A �����Ĥ������ATLH=EJA@�R=NE=J?A�=J@�����Ĥ������ATLH=EJA@�R=NE=J?A���BPAN�NKP=PEKJ �PDA�EPAIO�SANA�CNKQLA@�EJĥ�B=?PKN���Ĥ HEI=PA �"TAN?EOAO �&JBA?PEKJO�=J@�%QIE@EPU �B=?PKN���Ĥ"IKPEKJ=H �1K>=??K �/AʼnQT ��JEI=HO�=J@�#KK@�=J@�B=?PKN���Ĥ-KHHAJ�=J@�!QOP��Conclusions:�&J�PDEO�ňNOP�L=NP �EP�S=O�K>P=EJA@�QOABQH�EJBKNI=PEKJ �=HHKSEJC�QO�PK�KLPEIEVA�PDA��1&�EJ�=�OQ>OAMQAJP�OPQ@UĦ�SDANA�EP�EO�ATLA?PA@�PK�EJ?NA=OA�PDA�O=ILHA�OEVA �PK�I=GA�KJA�R=HE@=PEKJ�LAN�?NEPANEKJ �=J@�PK�?KJňNI�PDA�R=HE@EPU�KB�PDA�OPNQ?PQNA�BKQJ@�

Key words:��OPDI=��-AN?ALPEKJ�KB�=OPDI=�PNECCANO��3=HE@=PEKJ��

How do people with asthma perceive asthma triggers? A pilot study of elaboration and validation of an asthma triggers test

ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL

Interciencia 2014;5(2):79-88A. Guerreros Et al.80

ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL

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INSTRUMENTO"H� &!�� ?KJOP=� @A� @K?A� LNACQJP=O� ?ANN=@=O� ?KJ�NAOLQAOP=� AJ� BKNI=PK� )EGANP�� )=O� KJ?A� Ĥ��� LNEIAN=O�LNACQJP=O�?KNNAOLKJ@AJ�=�QJ=� EJ@=C=?EÍJ� OK>NA� H=O�«…causas que usted considera importantes en relación

a la aparición o empeoramiento de los síntomas

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ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL

Tabla 1. Medias, desviaciones estándar, correlaciones ítem-total-corregida para los 11 ítems y alpha de Cronbach de la escala IDA.

ClimaEjerciciosEmocionalTabaco5HÁXMRInfeccionesPolenHumedadPolvoAnimalesAlimentosEscala Total

2,81,72,12,10,43,11,82,92

1,71,4

21,9

0,740,670,951,10,690,720,810,80,830,840,725,8

2,6-3,01,5-1,91,8-2,31,9-2,40,2-0,62,9-3,21,6-2,02,7-3,11,8-2,21,5-1,91,2-1,6

20,4-23,4

0,600,480,460,720,620,680,500,640,440,680,40

-

0,850,860,860,840,850,850,860,850,860,840,860,86

0,79-0,900,80-0,910,80-0,910,77-0,890,79-0,900,78-0,900,80-0,910,78-0,900,80-0,910,78-0,900,81-0,910,81-0,91

Media Desviación Estándar IC 95% Media (*) Item-rest (**) Alpha (***) Alpha IC 95% (***)

(*) Usando estimación jacknife del error estándar.(**) r de Pearson para la relación entre cada ítem y la sumatoria del resto de los ítems.�����"MQIB�EF�$SPOCBDI�TJ�TF�FMJNJOB�FM�ÓUFN�TF×BMBEP��&O�MB�ÞMUJNB�mMB�TF�DPOTJEFSB�MB�FTDBMB�DPO�UPEPT�MPT����ÓUFNT�DPNQMFUPT�

Interciencia 2014;5(2):79-88 Desencadenantes del Asma 83

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ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL

Tabla 2. Correlaciones ítem-ítem de la escala IDA.

ClimaEjerciciosEmocionalTabaco5HÁXMRInfeccionesPolenHumedadPolvoAnimalesAlimentos

1,000,460,280,430,340,560,510,610,270,350,17

1,000,260,340,210,560,130,410,170,340,35

1,000,500,360,370,260,32-0,040,490,24

1,000,590,480,380,550,460,600,28

1,000,430,390,390,330,610,29

1,000,310,650,340,450,29

1,000,310,400,390,21

1,000,380,370,17

1,000,330,29

1,000,42 1,00

*+*****+*

+* * * **

***++ *

******+

*****+

****+

***

** *

+ *

Cli Ejer Emo Tab 5HÁ Infec Pol Hum Pol Ani Alim

(+) p <0,05 (*) p <0,01

Tabla 3. Saturaciones y comunalidades de los ítems en tres factores de la escala IDA.

ClimaEjerciciosInfeccionesHumedadEmocionalTabaco5HÁXMRAnimalesAlimentosPolenPolvo

0,770,750,780,77

0,760,610,650,780,55

0,650,83

0,700,630,720,710,700,670,630,740,340,540,73

Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Comunalidad

Obtenido tras rotación ortogonal (Varimax).

Interciencia 2014;5(2):79-88A. Guerreros Et al.84

ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL

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Tabla 4. Distribuciones de las respuestas de los 11 ítems de la escala IDA.

ClimaEjerciciosEmocionalTabaco5HÁXMRInfeccionesPolenHumedadPolvoAnimalesAlimentosDistribución Esperada

0,03,45,06,771,70,05,00,01,78,310,05,0

35,058,331,736,711,618,353,323,356,650,043,350,0

46,68,336,626,60,053,315,050,011,710,03,420,0

16,70,01,710,00,026,71,721,76,71,70,05,0

24,110,611,12,959,438,54,328,14,25,917,8

<0,0010,0310,0250,558

<0,001<0,0010,369

<0,0010,3770,2030,001

1,730,025,020,016,71,725,05,023,330,043,320,0

Nada en absoluto (%) Moderado (%) Severo (%) Muy severo (%) X2(*) p(*)Leve (%)Ítem

��$IJ�DVBESBEP�RVF�DPOUSBTUB�MB�EJTUSJCVDJØO�FTQFSBEB�ÞMUJNB�mMB�EF�MB�UBCMB�WFSTVT�MB�EJTUSJCVDJØO�PCTFSWBEB�FO�DBEB�ÓUFN�� �(**) Corresponde al valor p de la Chi-cuadrado. Cabe acotar que los valores p obtenidos también por la Prueba Exacta de Fisher resultaron similares (no conducen a conclusiones distintas).

Tabla 5. Correlación entre los onces primeros ítems del IDA y el último ítem sobre severidad de las enfermedad.

Rho de Spearman 0,52 0,55 0,48 0,64 0,50 0,66 0,54 0,65 0,47 0,47 0,37

Cli Ejer Emo Tab 5HÁ Infec Pol Hum Pol Ani Alim

Todas las correlaciones tuvieron un p<0.001en la contrastación de la hipótesis nula de independencia (Prueba t).

Number

Figura 1. Gráfico de sedimentación para los autovalores del análisis factorial exploratorio de los 11 ítems de la escala IDA.

Eige

nval

ues

5

4

3

2

1

00 5 10

Interciencia 2014;5(2):79-88 Desencadenantes del Asma 85

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