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Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

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Page 1: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Community ecology

Outline: • Community structure: attributes• Factors influencing the structure of communities• Community dynamics

Chapter 16-18

Page 2: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 3: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Community attributes

• # of species

• Relative abundance of species

• Nature of species interactions (food webs)

• Physical structure

Page 4: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Community structure

• Species richness (# of species within community)

10

Page 5: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Community structure

• Relative abundance (% each species contributes to the total number of individuals)

Page 6: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 7: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Stand one

Stand two

Page 8: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Simpson’s diversity index

• D = 0 - 1– 0: high diversity – 1: low diversity

• Stand one (Table 16.1): D=0.13• Stand two (Table 16.2): D=0.36

Page 9: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

DominanceYellow-poplar

Page 10: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Food webs

Page 11: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 12: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Keystone species

Page 13: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Functional groups

• Feeding level

• Exploitation of common resources (guilds)

• Photosynthetic pathway

• Shade tolerance

• Life history

Page 14: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Physical structure

Page 15: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 16: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Zonation

Page 17: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 18: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

supratidal

intertidal

subtidal

Page 19: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 20: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 21: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 22: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Association

• Relatively consistent species composition

• Uniform general appearance

• Distribution that is characteristic of a particular habitat

Page 23: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Organismic concept of communities

Page 24: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Continuum concept of communities

Page 25: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Factors controlling community structure

Page 26: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Fundamental niche

Page 27: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 28: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 29: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Species interactions

Page 30: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 31: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Keystone predation

Page 32: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Apparent competition

Page 33: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Indirect commensalism

Page 34: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Top-down vs. bottom-up control

Page 35: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 36: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

The number of trophic levels regulates plant, herbivore and carnivore numbers

B/comp: numbers limited by availability of resources (bottom-up regulation). Competition strong, predation weak.

T/pred: numbers limited by predation (top-down regulation).Competition weak, predation strong.

# trophic levels:

Page 37: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Stress tolerance and competition

Page 38: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Smooth cordgrassSalt meadow

cordgrass

Black needle rush

Page 39: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Environmental heterogeneity

Page 40: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 41: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Relationship between the number of plants per 300m2 plot beside the hood river, NWT, and an index (ranging from 0 to 1) of spatial heterogeneity in abiotic factors associated with topography and soil. More spatially heterogeneous plots had higher species richness.

Page 42: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 43: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Environmental quality

Page 44: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Plant species diversity in a control plot and a fertilized plot in the Parkgrass experiment in Rothamstead, England. Fertilized plots have lower species diversity. The Parkgrass experiment, which began in 1856, is the longest running ecological experiment.

Page 45: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Community stability

Types of stability:

1. Resilient community: returns to former state after disturbance

2. Resistant community: changes little in response to disturbance

Page 46: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Community dynamics:

Succession

Page 47: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Pioneer species

Late successional species

Primary succession

Page 48: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Secondary succession

Page 49: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

beach grass shrubs pines oak

Page 50: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Primary succession:

newly exposed substrate

Page 51: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Dryas sp.

An early succession species on glacial moraines in Glacier bay. Dryas is a symbiotic N-fixing plant

Page 52: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Populus trichocarpa Salix arctica

After Dryas, cottonwood and willows become established

Page 53: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Alnus incana

Alders become the dominant tree after 50 years

Page 54: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Tsuga mertensianaPicea sitchensis

“Climax”: mixed spruce-hemlock forest

Page 55: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Secondary succession: after disturbance

Page 56: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 57: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 58: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Den

sity

Autogenic vs. allogenic change

Page 59: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 60: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 61: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Allogenic environmental change

Page 62: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Oak-pine forest

Species diversity during succession

Page 63: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Page 64: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

High Low

Page 65: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

In New Zealand streams, less disturbed sites support more complex communities (i.e., communities with larger, more connected food webs)

Page 66: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Bark beetle/wood-boring beetle

Fungi/bacteria Predatory insects

Moss and lichen

Invertebrates/mice/

salamanders

Succession of heterotrophs

Page 67: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 68: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Changes over geologic time

Page 69: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 70: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 71: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Concept of community revisited

Page 72: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 73: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Concept of community

revisited

Page 74: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18
Page 75: Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18