community ecology mr. clark bethpage hs. key concepts community structure roles of species ...
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Community EcologyCommunity Ecology
Mr. Clark
Bethpage HS
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Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Community structureCommunity structure
Roles of speciesRoles of species
Species interactionsSpecies interactions
Changes in ecosystemsChanges in ecosystems
Stability of ecosystemsStability of ecosystems
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Community StructureCommunity Structure
Appearance
Species diversity
Species richness
Niche structure
Edge effects
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Species DiversitySpecies Diversity
• Species richness
• Species evenness
• Shannon- Weiner Index
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BiodiversityBiodiversity
LatitudeLatitude
DepthDepth
PollutionPollution
Theory of island biogeographyTheory of island biogeography
Ants Birds
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Ants Birds
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Click to view animation.
Types of two species interactions animation.
Sp
ecie
s D
iver
sity
Sp
ecie
s D
iver
sity
100
10
Latitude
80ºN 60 40 20 0
100
0
90ºN 60 30 0 30ºS 60
Latitude
(a) Ants(b) Breeding birds
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Number of individuals per diatom species
Nu
mb
er o
f d
iato
m s
pec
ies Unpolluted
stream
Pollutedstream
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High
Low
Rat
e o
f im
mig
rati
on
or
exti
nct
ion
Equilibrium number
Immigration and extinction rates
Number of species on island
(a)
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
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High
Low
Rat
e o
f im
mig
rati
on
or
exti
nct
ion
Small island
Effect of island size
Number of species on island
(b)
Large island
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
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High
Low
Rat
e o
f im
mig
rati
on
or
exti
nct
ion
Far island
Effect of distance from mainland
Number of species on island
(c)
Near island
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Immigration(near island)
Immigration(far island)
Extinction
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Click to view animation.
Area and distance effects interaction.
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General Types of SpeciesGeneral Types of Species
NativeNative
Non-native (exotic or alien)Non-native (exotic or alien)
IndicatorIndicator
KeystoneKeystone
FoundationFoundation
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Keystone Species
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sperm
Eggs
Sexualreproduction
Fertilized eggdevelopment
Organ formation
Egg hatches
Tadpole
TadpoledevelopsInto frog
Young frogAdult frog(3 years)
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Span worm Bombardier beetle
Viceroy butterfly mimicsmonarch butterfly
Foul-tasting monarch butterfly
Poison dart frog When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake
Wandering leaf insect
Hind wings of io mothresemble eyes of a much larger animal
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Predator Camouflage
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Species Interactions: CompetitionSpecies Interactions: Competition
Interspecific competitionInterspecific competition
PredationPredation
ParasitismParasitism
MutualismMutualism
CommensalismCommensalism
Resource partitioningResource partitioning
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Predators
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Defense Strategies
Sharp Edges
Poison Ivy
Spines
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Animal Defenses
Bright Color Warning
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Click to view animation.
Gause's competition experiment interaction.
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Resource Partitioning and Niche SpecializationResource Partitioning and Niche Specialization
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Species Interactions: PredationSpecies Interactions: Predation
PredatorPredator
PreyPrey
Prey acquisitionPrey acquisition
Predator avoidancePredator avoidance
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Symbiotic Species Interactions: Parasitism Symbiotic Species Interactions: Parasitism
Parasite Parasite
Host Host
Important ecological roles of parasites Important ecological roles of parasites
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Symbiotic Species Interactions: MutualismSymbiotic Species Interactions: Mutualism
Pollination mutualismPollination mutualism
Nutritional mutualism Nutritional mutualism
Gut inhabitant mutualismGut inhabitant mutualism
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Oxpeckers and black rhinoceros Clown fish and sea anemone
Mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in normal soil
Lack of Mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in sterilized soil
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Click to view animation.
Types of two species interactions animation.
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Symbiotic Species Interactions: CommensalismSymbiotic Species Interactions: Commensalism
Species interaction that benefits one and has little or no effect on the other
Species interaction that benefits one and has little or no effect on the other
Example: Small plants growing in shade of larger plants
Example: Small plants growing in shade of larger plants
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Ecological Succession: Communities in TransitionEcological Succession: Communities in Transition
Primary successionPrimary succession
Secondary successionSecondary succession
Pioneer speciesPioneer species
Successional speciesSuccessional species
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Two types of ecological succession animation.
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Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession
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Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession
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The Rate of SuccessionThe Rate of Succession
FacilitationFacilitation
InhibitionInhibition
ToleranceTolerance
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Ecological Stability and SustainabilityEcological Stability and Sustainability
Disturbance Disturbance
Climax community Climax community
Inertia Inertia
Constancy Constancy
Resilience Resilience
Precautionary principle Precautionary principle
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Table 8-1Page 158Table 8-1Page 158Table 8-1 Ecosystem Characteristics at Immature and Mature Stages of Ecological Succession
Characteristic
Ecosystem Structure
Plant size
Species diversity
Trophic structure
Ecological niches
Community organization(number of interconnecting links)
Ecosystem Function
Biomass
Net primary productivity
Food chains and webs
Efficiency of nutrient recycling
Efficiency of energy use
Immature Ecosystem(Early Successional Stage)
Small
Low
Mostly producers, few decomposers
Few, mostly generalized
Low
Low
High
Simple, mostly plant herbivorewith few decomposers
Low
Low
Immature Ecosystem(Late Successional Stage)
Large
High
Mixture of producers, consumers, and decomposers
Many, mostly specialized
High
High
Low
Complex, dominated by decomposers
High
High
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Resources depletion and degradation interaction