CommunityCommunity--based Adaptation, based Adaptation, Experiences in BoliviaExperiences in Bolivia

Clea Paz, Conservation InternationalClea Paz, Conservation International--BoliviaBoliviaStephan Halloy, The Nature ConservancyStephan Halloy, The Nature ConservancyNinNinóónn RRííos and James os and James AparicioAparicio, , NaturalezaNaturaleza y y ComunidadComunidad--PNCCPNCCOscar Oscar SaavedraSaavedra, Oxfam International, Oxfam InternationalKarina Karina YagerYager, Yale University, Yale University

April 2009April 2009

ContentsContents

General characteristics General characteristics CommunityCommunity--based adaptation in Sajama based adaptation in Sajama National Park (CI, IE, PNCC)National Park (CI, IE, PNCC)The The ChipayaChipaya in in SalarSalar de de CoipasaCoipasa (Rios and (Rios and AparicioAparicio))RaisedRaised fieldsfields in in thethe Beni Beni regionregion (Oscar (Oscar Saavedra)Saavedra)ConclusionsConclusions

BOLIVIABOLIVIA

Area: Area: 1.098.580 Km1.098.580 Km22

Population:Population: 9.4 million 9.4 million inhabitants inhabitants

More than 50% selfMore than 50% self--identified identified as indigenous (largest in Latin as indigenous (largest in Latin America), more than 30 America), more than 30 indigenous groups indigenous groups

Poverty: Poverty: Ranks 115 of 177 based on Ranks 115 of 177 based on UNDPUNDP´́ss HDIHDI

BOLIVIA, cont.BOLIVIA, cont.Bolivians, in particular rural inhabitants, highly Bolivians, in particular rural inhabitants, highly dependent on natural resourcesdependent on natural resourcesPopulation highly vulnerable to climate changePopulation highly vulnerable to climate change’’s negative s negative effectseffectsAndean ecosystems particularly vulnerable to climate Andean ecosystems particularly vulnerable to climate change change Lowlands face challenges: flooding and changes in Lowlands face challenges: flooding and changes in precipitation cycles in particularprecipitation cycles in particularTraditional knowledge plays an important role Traditional knowledge plays an important role UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) ratified as national law (UNDRIP) ratified as national law Integrating traditional knowledge and communityIntegrating traditional knowledge and community--based based approaches into adaptation planning is necessary approaches into adaptation planning is necessary

CommunityCommunity--based adaptation in based adaptation in Sajama National ParkSajama National Park

Sajama NP, located in the highlands Sajama NP, located in the highlands of Bolivia (southwestern part of of Bolivia (southwestern part of Oruro Department), Oruro Department), PunaPuna and Alto and Alto AndinoAndino regions, 4.000regions, 4.000--6.542 6.542 msnmmsnmCommunities of Sajama, Communities of Sajama, CaripeCaripe, , LagunasLagunas, , ManasayaManasaya and and PapelpampaPapelpampa((cantonescantones of Sajama, of Sajama, CaripeCaripe, , LagunasLagunas), ), around 170 families. around 170 families. CamelidCamelid (llamas, alpacas) herding main (llamas, alpacas) herding main activityactivityHighly vulnerable to climate change: Highly vulnerable to climate change: Glacier melting, dry ecosystems, Glacier melting, dry ecosystems, limited resourceslimited resourcesAlready experiencing climate change Already experiencing climate change effects: glacier melting, human health, effects: glacier melting, human health, wetlands drying, crop pests, wildlife wetlands drying, crop pests, wildlife diminishing.diminishing.

Sajama 2Sajama 2

Scientists, Policy Makers, NGOs

CommunitiesAdaptation Preliminary

Plan

Sajama 3, Sajama 3, ResultsResults

Perceptions on changes in winds, precipitation, snow levels, Perceptions on changes in winds, precipitation, snow levels, fauna and flora, wetlands gatheredfauna and flora, wetlands gatheredTimeline identifying major climatic eventsTimeline identifying major climatic eventsMapping and clay modeling of changes in snow in the SajamaMapping and clay modeling of changes in snow in the SajamaPresentation by scientists on glacier melting, pasture changes aPresentation by scientists on glacier melting, pasture changes and nd management options, biodiversity, and diseases in appropriate management options, biodiversity, and diseases in appropriate formatsformatsRich exchange and discussion between communities and Rich exchange and discussion between communities and scientistsscientistsParticipatory development of preliminary adaptation measuresParticipatory development of preliminary adaptation measures

Sajama 3Sajama 3

ResultsResults presentedpresented in in technicaltechnical reportreport andandbookletbooklet

Vulnerability and adaptation in the Vulnerability and adaptation in the ChipayaChipayaindigenous territory, Oruro indigenous territory, Oruro -- BoliviaBolivia

The Chipayas

• Ancient culture, 2,500 BC• Two communities in Bolivia: 1,850 hab.• High levels of poverty: 96.64%• Main activities: agriculture, herding, hunting, and fishing

Climate change effectsClimate change effectsProbable change Associated impacts

Temperature increase

• Increase disease and death among elders • Disease among cattle and wildlife• Pests on quinoa and cañahua crops

Loss of humidity

• Lower harvests of quinua y cañahua• Lower quantity and quality of water for humans, crops and cattle

Increase in wind intensity

• Soil erosion• Water salinity increases (from salt lake)• Pests in crops• Increased cattle diseases• Vegetation loss

Droughts and flooding

• Loss of agricultural and cattle production• Direct threat to vulnerable people’s lives• Soil salinity increases• Infrastructure damage

AdaptationPlan

PROGRAMS SUBPROGRAMS

ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT

Management and conservation ofnatural resources and environment

Culture and tourism

Agro-ecological productionECONOMIC

PRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT

Infrastructure for production

Health and basic servicesHUMAN DEVELOPMENT Infrastructure and education

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Municipal strengthening

ParticipantsParticipants

PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE CAMBIOS CLIMATICOS

COORDINACION Jehan Ninon RiosCARACTERIZACION DE LOS RECURSOS DE BIODIVERSIDADJames Aparicio E.CARACTERIZACION DE LOS RECURSOS AGROPECUARIOSBernardino CachacaJuan Carlos SoriaCARACTERIZACION SOCIOECONOMICA Y CULTURALHeriberto Gutiérrez CuellarMiguel CanazaVULNERABILIDAD Y CAPACIDAD DE ADAPTACIONJehan Ninon RiosJames Aparicio E.

Raised fields in the Llanos de Raised fields in the Llanos de MoxosMoxos

Recovering preRecovering pre--Columbian Columbian indigenous indigenous techniques for techniques for flood managementflood managementOxfam, Oscar Oxfam, Oscar SaavedraSaavedra