communication principle
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The communication principleand background of optical fiber
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First chapter The basic knowledge of optical fiber communication
Second chapter The sorting and basic
structure of optical fiber
Third chapter The basic parameter of optical fiber
Forth chapter The manufacture methodof optical fiber
The communication principle andbackground of optical fiber
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2
f
10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 1cm1dm10 5m 100km10 7
m
0 10Hz 100Hz 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M 1G 10G
1cm 100 m1mm 10 m 100nm1 m 10nm 1nm 100pm 10pm 1pm
10G 100G 1T 10T 100T 10 15T 10 17 T10 16 T 10 19 T10 18T 10 20T
1.6 m 1.5 m 1.3 m1.4 m 1.1 m1.2 m 1 m 900nm 800nm 700nm 500nm600nm 400nm
Infrared ray Ultraviolet radiation
X radiation
Y radiation
The application scope of optical fiber
wireless
TV
satellite
LW KWMW UKW dm cm
High frequency microwaveLow frequency
Alternating current
microwave
Visible light
Electro magnetic spectrum
Spectrum distribution
The basic theory of optical fiber communication
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singleprocessor
Transmitter
singleprocessor
sink
Optical fibre
The basic theory of
optical communication
The basic theory of optical fiber communication
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In the course of optical transmitting , it will have the actions which transmitsin the two different medium as below: one part will be refracted
another part will rip into the second medium and cause reflection
Medium 1
Refractingfactor n 1
Medium 2
Refractingfactor n2
1 2
1= 2 n 1Sin 1=n 2Sin 2
Medium 1
Refractingfactor n 1
Medium 2
Refractingfactor n 2
1
2
Optical reflecting and refracting law
The basic theory of optical fiber communication
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Refractive index n the speed of ray transmit in vacuum/the speed of ray transmit in the medium
1.0 1.0003 1.33 1.457 1.471 1.5~1.9 2.42
total reflection
when n 1>n 2 along with the ceaselessly increasing the angle of incidence, and whenthe angle of incidence reaching some value, the angle of refraction will reach 90 oC wecall this critical angle 0 When the angle of incidence > critical angle it will causetotal reflection
Medium1
Medium2
According with refraction
law, we can count outcritical angle this time 2
90 o Namelyn 1Sin 0=n 2Sin90 o
so Sin 0=n 2/n 1
medium
Refractivefactor
vacuum air water Multimodeoptical fiber
single modeoptical fiber
glass diamond
Optical law of total reflection
The basic theory of optical fiber communication
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Optical communication just about utilizing total reflection
theory when the angle of incidence satisfy to some conditions
ray can form total reflection in optical fiber( optical wave-guide),
and achieve the intention of long-distance transmission
envelop n 2 Fiber
core n 1
Thecenteraxes of opticalfiber
0
90- 0
envelop n 2
air n 0 1
The waveguide theory of optical fiber
The basic theory of optical fiber communication
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Very small single loss Impervious to electromagnetic
More safety Easy for operation
Large capacity
1Mb/s=1 ,000,000bits per second
2Mb/s= 30 lines
565Mb/s= 7680 lines
The merit of optical transmission
The basic theory of opticaltransmission
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First chapter The basic knowledge of optical fiber communication
Second chapter The sorting and basic
structure of optical fiber
Third chapter The basic parameter of optical fiber
Forth chapter The manufacture methodof optical fiber
The communication principle andbackground of optical fiber
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The formation andstructure of optical fiber
coat defence of dynam influence
coat(acrylic)250 m
coat 250m
standard single mode optical fiber Standard grads refraction factor of multi-modeoptical fiber
fiber core(SiO2+Ge+F) (mix germanium into silicon dioxide)
8.6-9.5 m
fiber core (polymethacrylic acid )
980m
envelop(SiO2+F)mix fluorin silicon
dioxide125 m
fiber core (mix germanium into silicon dioxide)50 m / 62.5 m / 100 m
coat1000m
Plastic opticalfiber
The sorting and basic structureof optical fiber
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coat coatenvelopcore
Optical fiber structure
The sorting and basic structureof optical fiber
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PCVD fiber:Core: SiO2+Ge+FCladding: SiO2+FPri. Coating: acrylicSec.Coating: acrylic
CoreCladding
Coating
Optical fiber formation
The sorting and basic structureof optical fiber
h d b
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Refractive index distribution
n2
n1
n2
n1
n2
n1
The sorting and basic structureof optical fiber
Th i d b i
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sorting by material
Series of silicon dioxide optical fiber
Many group share optical fiber
Plastic optical fiber
Optical fiber sorting
The sorting and basic structureof optical fiber
Th i d b i
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using in communication like optical cable
using in sensor like optical fiber top
using in transport picture like endoscope
other using like using in transport energy
sorting by purpose
Optical fiber sorting
The sorting and basic structureof optical fiber
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Th ti d b i t t
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G651muli-mode optical fiber the multi-mode optical fiber that operatingwavelength is 850nm and is used in LAN
G652 optical fiber the single mode optical fiber that operating wavelength is
1310nm G652A G652B: standard optical fiber G652C G652D low apex (total wave optical fiber
G653 optical fiber the single mode optical fiber that zero-dispersionwavelength is in 1.55 m window
G654 optical fiber the single mode optical fiber is used in benthal that endwavelength is in 1500 nm and calling the least attenuation single mode opticalfiber
G655 optical fiber the not zero-dispersion displacement of single mode
optical fiber that operating window is in 1550nm and calling not zero-dispersiondisplacement optical fiber
G655A single channel optical fiber(1995)G655B G655C DWDM (2000.10,2003.1)
G656 optical fiber using in DWDM system S+C+L cingulum not zero-dispersion displacement optical fiber
(2003.10advanced 2004.4try to agreement )
Optical fiber sorting
The sorting and basic structureof optical fiber
Th ti d b i t t
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Single optical fiber's characteristic
G.652 optical fiber
G.653 optical fiber
G.654 optical fiber
G.655 optical fiber
The most mature single mode optical fiber,but not hang the least attenuation togetherwith the least dispersion
The cambic single mode optical fiber, through
displacing to optical fiber end wavelength,gain the lowest attenuation
The transition single mode optical fiber , letthe zero-dispersion point shift to the leastattenuation region
A new-style single optical fiber, let the leastattenuation and low dispersion hang together
Single optical fiber's characteristic
The sorting and basic structureof optical fiber
Th ti g d b i t t
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1.sorting 2003.1.20~31 according to the optical fiber's application for
PMD and 1383nm`s attenuation requirement, ITU-T15 groupsubdivide G652 optical fiber into:4 kinds G.652A G.652B G.652C G.652D
2.Characteristic
1.G.652B G.652C G.652D can work in L wave cingulum2.G.652A G.652C the most great designed value of optical
fiber's PMD chain modulus is 0.5ps/km G.652B G.652D themost great designed value of optical fiber's PMD chain modulus is PMDQ 0.2ps/km
G652 Optical fiber sorting and characteristic
application
The sorting and basic structureof optical fiber
The sorting and basic structure
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3.application 1.G.652A support that G.957 stipulated SDH transport system,G.691 stipulated single access that having optical amplifier STM-16 2.5Gbit/s SDH transport system G.693 stipulated40km 10Gbit/s Ethernet system and STM-256 2.G.652B mostly support higher speed for exampleG.691andG.692 transport system to STM-64 10Gbit/ssome application that G.693 and G.959.1 in STM-2563.G.652C low apex optical fiber similar to G.652A opticalfiber attribute permit using in 1360~1530nm expanded
wavelength scope4.G.652D similar to G.652B`s attribute permit using in1360~1530nmexpand wavelength scope
G652 optical fiber sorting characteristic and
application
The sorting and basic structureof optical fiber
The sorting and basic structure
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G655 optical fiber sorting characteristicand application
1.sorting2003.1.20~31 according to optical fiber's application for
PMD and attenuation characteristic requirement G655 optical
fiber is subdivide into: 4 kindsG.655A G.655B G.655C2.characteristicThe newest single mode optical fiber make the best of minishing attenuation in C/L wave section and other EDFA
operating wave section characteristic the less attenuation is infavor of high speed transmission at the same time can restrainnon linear effects .
The sorting and basic structureof optical fiber
The sorting and basic structure
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G655 optical fiber sorting characteristic andapplication3.application
G.655A mainly sustain G.691 G. 692 G. 693 and G. 959.1 application to G. 692`sapplication according to the stated of dispersion characteristic of channel wave, the mostrestricted immit power, the classic least channel interval is not less than 200GHz
G.655B mostly sustain G.691 G. 692 G. 693 and G. 959.1 application to G. 692DWDM transport system , according to the stated of dispersion characteristic of channel wave,the most total immit power higher than G655A optical fiber's permissibility the classic leastchannel interval is 100GHz or less
G.655C the attribute similar to G.655B optical fiber but G.655C optical fiber have morestrict requirement to PMD permit STM-64 system's transport distance exceed 400km andG.959.1 STM-256`s application
High speed and great capacity transport systemITU-T G.655optical fiber
Long-distance land system
Long-distance benthal system
MAN system
like Caning's Leaf optical fiber Lucent's TrueWave RS optical fiber
like Corning`sSubmarine Leafoptical fiberLucent`sTrueWave XL optical fiber
like Corning`sMetroCor optical fiber
The sorting and basic structureof optical fiber
The sorting and basic structure
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The developing way of G.655 is applied in long-distance , big availability
dispersion area type
In MAN low water peak optical fiber have biggish applied foreground
the key is price now adopt G.652A G.652B optical fiber
G.652 optical fiber mainly use in access network, that professor better
regards its foreground the market scope is descended ,but still have the
leading status
multi-mode optical fiber mainly is used LAN the core diameter
gradually is developed from 62.5 m to 50 m the market scope is
gradually extended
Indoor layout will develop to use plastic fiber
The developing trend of optical fiber
application
The sorting and basic structureof optical fiber
The sorting and basic structure
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The technical proposal for
optical fiber chosen
Kernelnetwork
MAN Access network
A1a A1b applicable
G.652B useable applicable useable
G.652CG.652D
useable applicable
G.655BG.655C
applicable useable
Opticalfiber
category
Network structure
The sorting and basic structureof optical fiber
Th i i i i l d
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First chapter The basic knowledge of optical fiber communication
Second chapter The sorting and basic
structure of optical fiber
Third chapter The basic parameter of optical fiber
Forth chapter The manufacture methodof optical fiber
The communication principle andbackground of optical fiber
The basic parameter of
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geometrical measure parameter
optics and transmission characteristicparameter
mechanism and circumstanceperformance parameter
Sorting of optical fiber parameter
The basic parameter of optical fiber
The basic parameter of
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The geometrical measure parameter of optical fiber
diameter of fiber core fiber core/concentric degree of envelop outer diameter of envelop (d={d x+d y}/2) out of round degree of envelop (|d max -dmin |/d)
diameter of coat envelop/coat concentric degree warp degree of optical fiber R
R
The basic parameter of optical fiber
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The basic parameter of
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The optics and transmission performance
parameter of optical fiber
attenuation factor dispersion factor Cut-off wavelength bend dispersion polarized dispersion
model field diameter
The basic parameter of optical fiber
The basic parameter of
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definition Gaussian distribution of single mode opticalfiber, the model field diameter is optic field scopewhich is the diameter that distribute in 1/e, and
equal to the diameter of optic power distributein 1/e 2 to format a round .Definition: Power lower downto 0.135Po.MFD related to wavelengthSplice loss mostly depended
by MFD mismatchMFD can influence bCut-off loss, Dispersion and etc.Sales strategy: select fiberwith MFD matched well
Among optics and transmission performance parameter of
optical fiber------ model field diameter
The basic parameter of optical fiber
The basic parameter of
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Attenuation factor 10log(P 0/P L)/Lhere P 0 input power
P L output power that go through L length optical fiberL transmission distance
Definition: Loss(dB)=-10lg(Pout/Pin)Limited the transmission distance.Intrinsic losses: Rayleigh scattering, Material resonance(Ultraviolet & Infrared Absorption)
Extrinsic losses: Absorption, BCut-off losses
P 0 P L
L
The basic parameter of optical fiber
Among optics and tr ansmission performance parameter of optical
fiber------ attenuation factor
The basic parameter of
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a t t e n u a t
i o n
( d B / k m
)
Wavelengthnm)
1310 1550
0.36
0.20
typical spectrum attenuationof single mode optical fiber
OH -absorption maximum(so named water peak)
The basic parameter of optical fiber
Among optics and transmission performance parameter of optical
fiber------ typical spectrum attenuation chart
The basic parameter of
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definition Because transmission medium's refractive factor
relative to ray wavelength, and the transmission speedis different in same transmission medium . The degreeis reflected by refractive factor
The basic parameter of optical fiber
Among optics and transmission performance parameter of optical
fiber------ dispersion factor
The basic parameter of
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Theoretical max distance limited by the dispersion
2 sGb kmnm ps Dkm L /B
capacity 1550nm(G.652)
1550nm(G.655)
1310nm(G.652)
2.5Gb/s 928km 4528km 6400km
10Gb/s 58km 283km 400km
20Gb/s 14.5km 70km l00km
40Gb/s 3.6km 18km 25km
=10 5
The basic parameter of optical fiber
Among optics and transmission performance parameter of optical fiber------Theoretical max transmission distance limited by the
dispersion
The basic parameter of
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8
4
-4
01200
-8
18001400 1500 1600 1700
1
3
2
nm
4
D ( p s /
( n m k m
) )
Wavelength (nm)
1 Not no-dispersiondisplacement optical fiber
2 no-dispersion
displacement optical fiber
3 Dispersion
smoothness optical fiber 4 Not no-dispersion
displacement optical fiber
dispersion curve of different single mode opticalfiber
The basic parameter of optical fiber
Among optics and transmission performance parameter of optical
fiber------dispersion curve chart
The basic parameter of
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definition only the operating wavelength shorter than the
shortest wavelength of optical fiber is singlemode optical fiber. When exceeding ,onlytransport basic model, optical fiber is singlemode optical fiber in this time; except basicmode, also transport in high hypo-mode, the
optical fiber is multi-mode optical fiber.
Among optics and transmission performance parameter of optical
fiber------ Cut-off wavelength
The basic parameter of optical fiber
The basic parameter of
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Cut-off wavelengthDefinition:[2 na / V ] 2 Power in cladding vs VV
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Bend attenuation Macroscopic bend attenuation the imported attaching
attenuation come from that optical fiber bend in the way ofbending bigger than outer diameter of optical fiber s curvature
radius . Microcosmic bend attenuation the importedattaching attenuation come from that optical fiber get notequality force ,the optical fiber axes produce little abnormalbending.
The basic parameter of optical fiber
Among optics and transmission performance parameter of optical
fiber------ bend attenuation
The basic parameter of
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Definition
Base mode contains two quadrature vector ,two
polarization vectors will cause delay, thereby importpolarization mode dispersion.
The basic parameter of optical fiber
Among optics and transmission performance parameter of optical
fiber------ bend attenuation
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The basic parameter of
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Theoretical max distance limited by the dispersion
When the Bit rate exceed 10Gb/s, the PMD must be considered. Reduce fiber PMD value: improve fiber geometrical performance induce rotation to bare fiber
2 sGb 2km ps PMDkm =10 4
PMD (ps/4 km) 2.5 Gb/s 10 Gb/s 40 Gb/s
3.0 180km llkm
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Intrinsic and extrinsic reasons of PMD
elliptical
Cladding core
eccentric
cladding
air
voidstress elliptical
coatingeccentric
coating
Extrinsic Causes
stressbend
twist
poptical fiber
Among optic s and transmission performance parameter of optical
fiber------ polarization mode dispersion
The basic parameter of
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attenuation factor
dispersion factor cut-off wavelength
bend attenuation polarization modedispersion
In 1310nmwavelength 0.36dB/kmIn 1550nmwavelength 0.22dB/km
In 1310nmwavelength 0ps/(nmkm) In 1550nmwavelength 19ps/(nmkm)
cc 1260nm
Take 75mm to diameter coil 100circles1550nmwavelength attach attenuation
0.05dB
PMD 0.5ps/(km) 1/2
mode field diameter: 1310nm: 8-10 m; 1550nm: 9-11 m
poptical fiber
Among optics and transmission performance parameter of optical
fiber------ typical value of parameter
The basic parameter of
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Among optics and transmission performance parameter of optical fiber -----typical value of IUT criterion
ITUT- main criterion about optical fiber
poptical fiber
G 652 optical fiber G 653 optical fiber G 655 optical fiber
Mode field diameter( standardvalue)
8.6----9.5 m 7----8.3 m 8----11 m
the concentric angle error of mode field
Change not exceed + -(10%) Change not exceed + -(10%) Change not exceed + -(10%)
The cut off wavelength in Less2m long jumper cc
=
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Mechanism and circumstance
performance parameter optical fiber filtering level of stress
optical fiber tensile strength
optical fiber dynamic fatigueparameter
optical fiber static fatigueparameter
filtering stress 0.69GPaduration 1s
Typical value 500kpsi
n d 20
n s 20
poptical fiber
The basic parameter of
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optical fiber temperatureattenuation factor
optical fiber inundatedperformance
optical fiber agingperformance
Below -60 oC~+85 oC attachingattenuation
0.05dB/km
Below 23 oC after inundating 14days the attaching attenuation
0.05dB/km
temperature andhumidity attenuationperformance
Below -10 oC~+85 oC 98%RHattaching attenuation 0.05dB/km
Below 85 oC aging one month theattaching attenuation 0.05dB/km
poptical fiber
Mechanism and circumstance
performance parameter
The communication principle and
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First chapter The basic knowledge of optical fiber communication
Second chapter The sorting and basic
structure of optical fiber
Third chapter The basic parameter of optical fiber
Forth chapter The manufacture methodof optical fiber
p pbackground of optical fiber
The manufacture
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The technology workflow of optical
fiber manufactureThe basic chemical reactionformula of optical fiber as fellow
SiCl 4 + O 2 = SiO 2 + 2Cl 2
Its technology workflow as fellow
making
stick
dehydrating
Burningshrink
polishing
drawbenchingfiltering re-coiling
method of optical fiber
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The manufacture
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Outside vapor deposition (OVD)
belowtorch
O 2
SiCl 4
GeCl 4 O 2+H 2
Lacunarisstick perform
below
torch
O 2
SiCl 4
GeCl 4 O 2+H 2
O 2+H 2
Lacunarisstick pe rform
Vapor-phase-Axia deposition (VAD)
method of optical fiber
The manufacture method of optical fiber
The manufacture
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Technical requirement
high cleanlinelss
nitrogen protection
daub in high speed
cool in high speed
Driving settingfor stick perform
Graphit
e kiln
Stick perform
On line caliper
on line caliper
Coating mode
Coating mode
UVsolidifykilnUVsolidifykiln
crimper
Drawbench
method of optical fiber
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