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Schematic of solid manure systems Source: Purdue University Surface application of solid manure Source: Purdue University You are here: EPA Home Ag Center Ag 101 Pork Production Common Manure Handling Systems Common Manure Handling Systems Solid Lot Runoff Liquid Manure Lagoons Solid Manure Swine manure was historically handled as a solid, either deposited directly by grazing animals, or collected in bedding placed on solid shelter floors to absorb the urine. Pastured animals spread the manure over the land as they grazed. Manure deposited on solid floors is typically stored where it falls, with more bedding added as needed to maintain a dry floor. Liquid drains away from the manure dropped on an outside lot and must be collected in a storage, leaving the solid manure behind. The manure composts in place somewhat and is removed every few months. Fertilizer value is recovered by spreading on cropland to complete the nutrient cycle. Solid manure is normally surface applied, but in some cases may be incorporated into the soil with a farm tillage operation shortly after spreading. Composting is another option for solid manure management. Lot Runoff Ag 101 http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/ag101/porkmanure.html Last updated on 6/27/2012

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Handling pig manure is a major environmental challenge.

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  • SchematicofsolidmanuresystemsSource:PurdueUniversity

    SurfaceapplicationofsolidmanureSource:PurdueUniversity

    Youarehere:EPAHome AgCenter Ag101 PorkProduction CommonManureHandlingSystems

    CommonManureHandlingSystemsSolidLotRunoffLiquidManureLagoons

    SolidManure

    Swinemanurewashistoricallyhandledasasolid,eitherdepositeddirectlybygrazinganimals,orcollectedinbeddingplacedonsolidshelterfloorstoabsorbtheurine.Pasturedanimalsspreadthemanureoverthelandastheygrazed.Manuredepositedonsolidfloorsistypicallystoredwhereitfalls,withmorebeddingaddedasneededtomaintainadryfloor.Liquiddrainsawayfromthemanuredroppedonanoutsidelotandmustbecollectedinastorage,leavingthesolidmanurebehind.Themanurecompostsinplacesomewhatandisremovedeveryfewmonths.Fertilizervalueisrecoveredbyspreadingoncroplandtocompletethenutrientcycle.Solidmanureisnormallysurfaceapplied,butinsomecasesmaybeincorporatedintothesoilwithafarmtillageoperationshortlyafterspreading.Compostingisanotheroptionforsolidmanuremanagement.

    LotRunoff

    Ag101

    http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/ag101/porkmanure.htmlLastupdatedon6/27/2012

  • OptionsforhandlingmanurefromopenlotSource:PurdueUniversity

    Optionsforhandlingmanurefromopenlotholdingpondforrunoff

    fromoutsidelotSource:DavisPurdue

    Farms

    GrowfinishpigsonslottedfloorSource:PurdueUniversity

    Manureistypicallyscrapedfromoutsidelotseveryweekortwoandstackeduntilitcanbehauledtocropland.Itisimportanttokeepanoutsidelotrelativelyfreeofmanuretocontrolodorandsothatrainfallrunoffstaysmostlyfreeofmanure.Thisfacilitatesstorageofrelativelycleanrunoffforirrigationontocropland.Itisevenpossibletodivertrunofffromsmalloperationsdirectlytopastureortoavegetatedfilterstripwhereitcaninfiltrate.Itmustbepreventedfromenteringwaterways.Cleanupslopewaterandroofwatershouldbedivertedawayfromtheopenlottominimizetheamountofwastewaterthatmustbehandledasamanure.

    LiquidManureMostswinemanureishandledasaliquid.Manuretypicallyfallsthroughaslottedfloor(withthesizeofslotdependingonthesizeandageofanimal)intoeitheragutteroraconcretestoragepit.Storagepitsprovidesfrom312monthsstorageofthemanure.Thispitmayeitherbelocateddirectlyundertheslottedfloorandmaybefrom4'to10'deep.Insomeoperations,themanurefallsintoashallowpitorgutterwhichisperiodicallypumped,flushedordrainedtoalargeoutsidestorage.Theoutsidestoragemayeitherbeconstructedintheearthoracommercialsteelorconcretestoragepurchasedanderectedonsite.Storagesizeisdictatedbyregulatoryagenciesinmost

    statesandareusuallysizedlargeenoughtoholdatleastsixmonthsaccumulationinMidwesternstates.Thisavoidstheneedtoapplymanureduringthecropgrowingseasonandwhenweatherconditionsareunsuitablesuchasonfrozengroundorwhenthesoiliswetenoughthatheavyapplicationvehiclescouldcompactanddamagethesoilforcropproduction.

  • LiquidmanurepitagitationSource:PurdueUniversity

    SurfaceappliedliquidmanureSource:PurdueUniversity

    Fabricatedsteelmanurestorage

    InjectingliquidmanureSource:PurdueUniversity

    Liquidmanurefromstorageisnormallyagitatedthoroughlytomakethemanurenutrientcontentbetweenloadsmoreuniformandhauledtothefieldforapplicationinlargetankerwagonsortrucks.Liquidmanureiseitherappliedtothesoilsurfaceorisincorporatedduringorshortlyafterapplicationtocontrollossofvolatileammoniaandreleaseofodors.Incorporationisveryeffectiveatcontrollingrunoffofmanurenutrientsandreducingodorfromlandapplicationifdoneduringorwithinafewhoursafterapplication.Onemethodisasoilinjector,whereliquidmanureisinjecteddirectlyintothesoiltoadepthof6to9asthetankerpassesoverthefield.Thisimmediatecontactbetweenthemanureandsoilishighlyeffectiveatcontrollingodor.

    Inremoteareas,liquidmanuremaybepumpedtothelandapplicationsiteandthenirrigatedontocropland.Sprayirrigatingliquidmanureisaveryefficientmethodoflandapplication,intermsofspeedandlabor,butodoremissionscanbesignificanttherefore,itisnotfeasibletousethismethodinpopulatedareas.

  • TwostagelagoonsystemSource:PurdueUniversity

    Gravitydrain,flatbottomgutterSource:PurdueUniversity

    Reversehairpin,flatbottomgutterSource:PurdueUniversity

    RecirculatinglagoonwatertoflushmanurefromagutterunderaslottedfloorSource:PurdueUniversity

    LagoonsLagoonsaredifferentfromliquidmanurestoragebecausetheyareoperatedtoencourageanaerobicdigestionoforganicmaterialwhileitisbeingstored.Thisreducesodorwhenthetreatedmanureislandapplied.Aproperlydesignedandoperatedtreatmentlagoonismuchlargerandmoreexpensivethanaliquidmanurestoragewiththesamestoragetime,andtheorganicsolidsaremuchlessconcentratedintheliquid.

    IntheMidwest,anequalpartofrelativelycleandilutionwatermustbeaddedforeachpartmanure.Furthermore,manuremustbeaddedslowlyanduniformlytothelagoon,toavoidanupset(andsubsequentreleaseofodors)tothebiologicaltreatmentsystem.Onecommonmethodofdoingthisistoutilizeshallowpitsorguttersunderslottedfloorsanddrainorflushmanuretothelagoononafrequentbasis,usuallyeverythreedaystothreeweeks.Thisisdonebysimplypullingapluginthebottomofthepit,calledgravitydrain,useofascrapersystemrunningintheunderfloorgutter,throughaprocesscalleda"hairpen"gutterorbyrecirculatingavolumeofrelativelycleaneffluentfromthelagoontoflushmanureoutofthebuildingandintothelagoon.Recirculationinvolveseitheraflushingactionthattakesplaceseveraltimesadayora"pitrecharge"systemthatworksbasicallylikeatoiletthatisflushedeveryfewdays.

    Aportionofthelagooncontentsor"minimumdesignvolume"mustbeleftinthelagoonafteritscontentsarepumpedtothelandtoprovidealargenumberofmicrobialorganismstotreatthenewmanureenteringthesystem.Inspiteofproperoperation,thereisanoverturningofthelagooncontentsthatoccursinthefalloftheyearforacoupleofweeks,asambienttemperature

  • SinglecellwastetreatmentlagoonSource:PurdueUniversity

    Irrigationoflagooneffluentontocropland

    Source:PurdueUniversity

    dropsandcoolsthetoplayerofliquidinthelagoon.Asitsdensityincreases,itoverturnsordropstothebottomofthelagoon,forcingthebottomlayer,containingpartiallydigestedmanuresolids,tothetop.Thisphenomenonresultsinhigherodorlevelsforaweekortwoaroundthelagoon.MultipleLagoonsinseriesnormallyemit

    fewerodorsthansinglecelllagoons.

    Lagooncontentsarenormallyappliedtocroplandbysprayirrigationsystems.Ifthelagoonisproperlydesignedandoperated,sprayirrigationshouldnotreleasemuchodorbecausemostoftheorganicsolidsshouldhavebeenbiologicallydegraded.Inawelloperatedlagoon,typicaleffluentshouldhaveonlyabout20%asmuchnitrogen(N)andabout30%to40%asmuchphosphorous(P)andpotassium(K)astherawmanure,becauseoftreatmentandsedimentationofsolidstothebottomofthelagoon.NotethatthePandK"lost"actuallyaccumulateinthesludgeandmustbeutilizedproperlywhenremoved.Thesesolids,orsludge,mustberemovedeveryfewyearsandtheoperationshouldplantohandlethemasapartoftheirnutrientmanagementplan.Becausethismaterialismoreconcentrated,itmaybepracticaltohaulthesludgeoffsitetomoredistantcroplandthatcanbetterutilizethenutrientscontainedinthesludge.Becauseofthenuisancepotentialofthispartiallystabilizedmaterial,itshouldbeincorporatedasaliquidmanureifpossible.

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