combating child poverty in the eu · combating child poverty in the eu dominic richardson policy...
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Combating Child Poverty in the EU
Dominic Richardson
Policy Analyst (Child Well-being), OECD
European Parliament Public Hearing
2nd April 2008
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Main messages
• Child poverty in Europe is too high. Reducing it should remain firmly on the agenda
• Poverty is just one aspect of children’s lives that undermines happiness and productivity
• New data for monitoring child well-being to complement efforts to reduce child poverty is essential
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Where, who and why? Poor children in Europe.
• Child poverty in Europe is too high
• Child poverty in Europe varies by country
• Child poverty varies by age
• Child poverty occurs in families without work, and with lone parents
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Child poverty rates in the EU are higher than population rates
EU rate is 16% overall… but 19% for children
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Where, who and why? Poor children in Europe.
• Child poverty in Europe is too high
• Child poverty in Europe varies by country
• Child poverty varies by age
• Child poverty occurs in families without work, and with sole parents
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The youngest children are more likely to be the poorest children
Calculations from EU SILC 2005 data.
Underlined countries have rates at least 3 points higher than for children overall.
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Where, who and why? Poor children in Europe.
• Child poverty in Europe is too high
• Child poverty in Europe varies by country
• Child poverty varies by age
• Child poverty occurs in families without work, and with lone parents
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Working their way out of poverty is easier for some parents
Proportion decrease in poverty rates, 2 adult families, from no worker to one worker
Proportion decrease in poverty rates, 2 adult families, from no worker to two workers
Average decrease 65%
Average decrease 92%
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Children in lone parent families
• Rates of lone parents in Europe vary a good deal
• Lone parents are at an increased risk of being in poverty
• Employment works differently for lone parents across EU countries
• Social contributions to lone parents play a role
• What do we know about outcomes for children in lone parent families?
• How do we help lone parents into work?
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OECD average is 2.8 times the risk
The probability of a lone parent being in poverty if they are not working can vary dramatically
Rates of lone parent poverty are always higher in comparison to poverty in all households
OECD average is 31 per cent
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Children in lone parent families
• Rates of lone parents in Europe vary a good deal
• Lone parent households are at an increased risk of being in poverty
• Outcomes from employment are different for lone parents across European countries
• Welfare benefits to lone parents play a role
What do we know about outcomes for children in lone parent families?
How do we help lone parents into work?
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Getting Jobs for Parents
• Sufficient pay
• In work benefits and tax concessions
• Job seeking assistance and employer subsidies
• Flexible hours and leave
• Childcare
What are the outcomes for Children in jobless families?
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Children in northern Europe spend more time in childcare in the first years… in a number of countries preschool is near universal
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Getting Jobs for Parents
• Sufficient pay
• In work benefits and tax concessions
• Job seeking assistance and employer subsidies
• Flexible hours and leave
• Childcare
• What are the outcomes for Children in jobless families?
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…and helping those children whose families can’t work!
• Childcare
• Sufficient welfare benefits
• Training and Opportunities for parents
• Under what circumstances might joblessness be appropriate ?
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Poverty and Child well-being
• What is child well-being?
• How does this differ from child poverty? – by definition
– in measurement
• Why is child well-being important?– Informs policy
– Assesses policy
– Is policy
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Child well-being in Europe• Well being in EU 25
• What do we know about what drives differences in well-being?– Poverty
– GDP
– Family policy investment
– Housing, environment, education, health, risk behaviours, bullying
• What don’t we know?
• Negative adult outcomes for children with low levels of well-being are evident
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Child well-being in the EU 25
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Child well-being in Europe• Well being in EU 25
• What do we know about what drives differences in well-being?– Poverty
– GDP
– Family policy investment
– Housing, environment, education, health, risk behaviours, bullying
• What don’t we know?
• Negative adult outcomes for children with low levels of well-being are evident
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R = -0.54, p < 0.001
Child Well-being has a strong relationship with child poverty, but…
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R = -0.88, p < 0.001
…the relationship is much stronger for teenage fertility rates.
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Countries investing more on families generally do better, but low spenders can also do well.
R = 0.36, ns
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Child well-being in Europe• Well being in EU 25
• What do we know about what drives differences in well-being?– Poverty
– GDP
– Family policy investment
– Housing, environment, education, health, risk behaviours, bullying
• What don’t we know?
• Negative adult outcomes for children with low levels of well-being are evident
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Children on the margins: multiple deprivation
• Children in poverty and…– Low education
– With poor health
– Poor local services
– High levels of risk behaviour
– Suffering neglect or abuse
• The long term social and economic costs from such exclusion make the marginalisation of children both inequitable and inefficient
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What do we need…
• More data to monitor the well-being of the European child
• Better information on what works to enhance child well-being
• Coordination of policy and services
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Conclusions• Child poverty is too high, and should remain a key
concern for European policy makers…
• …however a sole focus on poverty is insufficient for improving the well-being of children.
• Work conditional benefits can combat rising poverty levels, but these have to be matched with commitments to high quality and appropriate childcare
• …and understanding what they mean for child well-being is critical
• New data for monitoring of the lives of children, their families and local environment is needed
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Contact details:
Dominic Richardson
Policy Analyst (Child well-being)
OECD
Tel.: 33 (0) 1 45 24 94 56