collecting pq economic data
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Collecting PQ Economic Data . CIRED 2011 Round Table 2b Frankfurt. Leonardo Polish seminar 2003 questionnaire. During seminars the participants were requested to fill up the questionnaire. Main targets for the survey were: PQ awareness PQ threats – ranking of problems, solutions - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Roman Targosz, European Copper [email protected]
Collecting PQ Economic Data
CIRED 2011 Round Table 2bFrankfurt
www.leonardo-energy.org
Leonardo Polish seminar 2003 questionnaire
During seminars the participants were requested to fill up the questionnaire.
Main targets for the survey were: - PQ awareness - PQ threats – ranking of problems, solutions- Electricity supplier user relations - Leonardo campaign appraisal.
The survey was inspired by AGH and executed together with PCPM
Out of more then 1000 seminar participants totally 307 filled up the questionnaire. Respondents filled up questionnaire during seminar - 97% and in a few cases sent them after going home.
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June 23 -24, 2004 14 of 24
Causes of main PQ problems
0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00%
No answer
Interruptions < 1 min.
Interruptions > 1 min.
Voltage dips and swells, transients
Harmonics
Flicker / frequent voltage fluctuation
Voltage value
Voltage unbalance
fFrequency changes
instalation itself (e.g. cable downsizing, faulty protection, earthing)
Survey results (6)
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June 23 -24, 2004 15 of 24
Main sources of PQ problems
0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00%
No answer
Converters, VSDs
UPS
Computers (electronics)Lighting
Motors (e.g. during start up)
Welding, melting (fluctuating load)
Other
Survey results (7)
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June 23 -24, 2004 16 of 24
Loads most sensitive to PQ deterioration
0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00%
No answer
Converters, VSDs
UPS
Computers (controls)
Capacitors
Motors
Switches; contactors and relays
Other
Survey results (8)
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June 23 -24, 2004 17 of 24
PQ mitigation equipment in your company
0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00% 60,00% 70,00%
No answer
No equipment
Stanby generator
UPS
Harmonic filtration
Overvoltage protection
Other
Survey results (9)
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Investigating relations between answers to questions – hypotesis checks (1)
Independent variable Correlation Dependent variableFrequency of PQ problem occurence (+)→ Voltage value as the main cause of PQ
problems
Frequency of PQ problem occurence No Other PQ disturbances as the main causes of PQ problems
Frequency of PQ problem occurence (-)→ Utility contacted primarily when experiencing PQ problems
Frequency of PQ problem occurence (+)→ Own technical staff contacted primarily when experiencing PQ problems
Frequency of PQ problem occurence (-)→ Supplier is very formal – relates to contract only and is not helpful
Frequency of PQ problem occurence (+)→ User is interested in higher prices of electricity at improved level of PQ
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Independent variable Correlation Dependent variable
Cost of single short interruption (+)→ Supplier is responsible for main PQ problems
Short power interruption as the main PQ problem (+)→ Cost of single short interruption
Number of selected causes of PQ problems (+)↔ Number of applied soultions of PQ
problems
Investigating relations between answers to questions – hypotesis checks (2)
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June 23 -24, 2004 22 of 24
Independent variable Correlation Dependent variableHarmonics as the main PQ problem
→NoNo→
Equipment which is the main source of PQ problems
Converters and VSDs
UPS
Computers and electronics
Lighting
Harmonics as the main PQ problem ←(+) Harmonic filtration as the PQ solution
Investigating relations between answers to questions – hypotesis checks (3)
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LPQI SurveyPQ cost indices (industry)
20151050
40
30
20
10
0120001000080006000400020000
40
30
20
10
0,250,200,150,100,05,
40
30
20
10
Mean = 0,625485Std. Dev. = 2,9393486N = 41
Total cost per kWh
Mean = 0,037493Std. Dev. = 0,0574037N = 41
Total cost per turnoverTotal cost per kW peak
Freq
uenc
y
Total cost per kWh€/kWh
Total cost per kW peak
€/kW
Total cost per turnover
(ratio)
Total cost per electricity bill
(ratio)
Total cost per employment€/employee
Cost / kWh dip & short interruption
€/kWh
Cost / kWh long interrupt.
€/kWh
Cost / peak kW dip & short interrupt.
€/kW
Cost per peak kW long interruption
€/kW
Mean 0,625 730,37 0,0374 7,530 8158 0,1352 0,0802 147 323
Std. Error of Mean 0,459 298,24 0,0089 5,330 2995 0,0922 0,0469 57 260
Median 0,031 95,57 0,0109 0,413 1218 0,0098 0,0012 28 4,18
Std. Deviation 2,939 1909,72 0,0574 34,163 19181 0,5903 0,3008 371 1670
Variance 8 3 647 060 0,0030 1 167,000 367 922 790 0,3490 0,0910 137 717 2 789 088
Minimum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Maximum 18,861 10 681 0,2375 218,552 113 638 3,7720 1,7090 1 771 10 681
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Technical conclusions from LPQI survey
Although there is no significant correlation between value of solutions investments and real PQ cost, a strong correlation exists between investment in PQ solutions and the hypothetical (mitigated) to real (unmitigated) PQ cost ratio.
One side effect of UPS’ use is the increased cost of harmonics. There is rather poor correlation between perceived consequences of
PQ and PQ solutions used. In other cases relation of these is difficult to justify from technical point of view. This somehow proves certain suboptimum in choosing PQ solution in particular case.
PQ solutions for all sectors covered [extrapolated from the €300 million identified by the Survey] ~ €13bn or less than 10% of PQ losses & 1% of the average estimated net profit.
In general “Services” apply a higher frequency of different PQ solutions than found in “Industry”. “Industry” tends to favour less costly, but also less universal - more tailored solutions whenever possible.
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PQ cost summary
Industry Services Total
Sector
0
20
40
60
80
100
PQ co
st b
ln €
8528,0%
1,50,5%
86,528,5%
4,61,51% 1,8
0,6%
6,42,11%
0,20,06%
1,10,35%
1,30,41%
51,216,89%
2,10,71%
53,417,6%
4,11,36%
00,02%
4,21,38%
Dips_and_short_interruptionsLong_interruptionsHarmonicsSurges_and_transientsFlicker_unbalance_earthing_and_EMC
PQ cost in EU >150 bln €
Dips 52,5 € bln Short inter. 34 €bln
Industry Services Total
Sector
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
PQ co
st b
ln €
1,40,45%
0,90,28%
2,20,73%
41,313,62%
3,31,08%
44,614,69%
3611,85%
20,65%
37,912,5%
63,620,97%
0,40,13%
6421,1%
2,90,94% 0,1
0,04%
30,98%
LaborWIPProcess_slowdownEquipmentOther_cost
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Mitigation of voltage dips
Small UPSCVTVoltage regulator
Large static UPSRotary UPS
Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)Grid upgrade
Philosophy of selecting PQ solution
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PQ consequence / solution correlation
PQ consequence PQ solution Relation
Relays and contactors nuisance tripping Harmonic filter (passive) significant
Noise interference to telecommunication lines Multiple independent feeder significant
Motors or process equipment are damaged Shielding and grounding significant
Motors or other process equipment malfunctions Back up generator very significant
Loss of synchronization of processing equipment Surge protection on key pieces of equipment significant
Loss of synchronization of processing equipment Harmonic filter (passive) very significant
Circuit breakers or RCD’s nuisance tripping Line conditioner or active filter significant
Circuit breakers or RCD’s nuisance tripping Back up generator significant
Capacitors bank failure Shielding and grounding very significant
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PQ investment effectivenes
0 5000000 10000000 15000000 20000000 25000000 30000000
Approximate_investment_in_PQ_solution
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
tota
l hyp
/tota
lOIL_CHEMICAL
SEMICONDUCTOR
BANKS
HOTELS
TELECOM
RETAIL
R Sq Linear = 0,576
0,000000 0,050000 0,100000 0,150000 0,200000 0,250000 0,300000
Investment_per_turnover
0,0000
0,0500
0,1000
0,1500
0,2000
0,2500
Tota
l_cos
t_pe
r_tu
rnov
er
14_pharma_spain
56_pharma_portugal
17_pulp-paper_spain
18_pulp-paper_uk
07_chemicals_uk
13_oil-petrol_spain
37_plastics_slovenia
12_metallurgy_spain
32_metallurgy_sloven
34_newspaper-publish
35_newspaper-publish
06_bank_spain
24_bank-slovenia
10_telecomms_spain
49_transport_france
53_transport_france
R Sq Linear = 0,036
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Perceived presence of disturbances
PHARMACEUTICAL
PULP_PAPER
OIL_CHEMICAL
CONTINUOUS_MANUF
SEMICONDUCTOR
FOOD_BEWERAGE
METALLURGY
NEWSPAPER_PUBLISHING
MANUFACTURING
HOSPITALS
BANKS
HOTELS
TELECOM
RETAIL
DESIGN
TRANSPORT
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00 Presence__of_HarmonicsPresence_of_Short_interruptionsPresence_of_Long_interruptionsPresence_of_Voltage_dips_and_swellsPresence_of_Transients_and_surges
0= no presence at all
4= very intensive
Perceived...
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(Perceived) PQ problem source
INDUSTRY SERVICES & TRANSPORT0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%CapacitorsContacts_and_relaysElectrical_motorsElectronic_equipmentLighting_equipmentProcessing_equipmentUPSVSD_other_static_convertWelding smelting
PQ problem source
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(Perceived) PQ consequences
INDUSTRY SERVICES & TRANSPORT0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Capacitor_bank_failureCircuit_breakersComputers_lock_upComputers_or_other_electronics_are_damagedData_lossElectric_shocks_to_employeesLights_flicker_blink_or_dimLoss_of_synchronization_of_processing_equipmentMotors_or_other_process_equipment_malfunctionsMotors_or_process_equipment_are_damagedNoise_interference_to_telecommunication_linesRelays_and_contactors_nuisance_trippingTransformers_and_cables_overheating
PQ consequences
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Equipment being affected
INDUSTRY SERVICES & TRANSPORT0
20
40
60
80
% o
f occ
uren
ce
CablesCapacitorsElectrical_motors
Electronic_equipmentLighting_equipmentNetwork_and_telecom
Relays_contactorsUPSVSDs_other_static_converter
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PQ solutions (perceived)
INDUSTRY SERVICES & TRANSPORT0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Valu
e
Backup_generatorDynamic_voltage_restorersHarmonic_filterIsolation_transformersLine_conditioners_or_active_filtersMultiple_independent_feederOversizing_equipmentShielding_and_groundingSite_generationStatic_transfer_switchesStatic_Var_CompensatorSurge_protectionUPSVoltage_stabilisers
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PQ measurement
INDUSTRY SERVICES & TRANSPORT0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
PQ_log__PQ_measuringPQ_log_UPS__loggingPQ_log__Fault_protectionPQ_log__SCADA
Measured_PQ_NoMeasured_PQ_RMS_voltageMeasured_PQ_Harmonic_spectraMeasured_PQ_Harmonic_THD
Measured_PQ_Voltage_unbalanceMeasured_PQ_FrequencyMeasured_PQ_Reactive_powerMeasured_PQ_Flicker
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PQ blame
INDUSTRY SERVICES & TRANSPORT0
1
2
3
PQ_blame__Natural_causesPQ_blame_NeighboursPQ_blame__Own_installationPQ_blame__Utility
PQ consequences blame
0 = no 4= high extreme
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PQ investment / PQ cost per turnover
PHARMACEUTICAL
PULP_PAPER
OIL_CHEMICAL
CONTINUOUS_MANUF
SEMICONDUCTOR
FOOD_BEWERAGE
METALLURGY
NEWSPAPER_PUBLISHING
MANUFACTURING
HOSPITALS
BANKS
HOTELS
TELECOM
RETAIL
DESIGN
TRANSPORT
File_Data
0,00%
2,00%
4,00%
6,00%
8,00%
10,00%
12,00%
Val
ue
Investment_per_turnoverTotal_cost_per_turnover
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PQ solution load coverage
PHARMACEUTICAL
PULP_PAPER
OIL_CHEMICAL
CONTINUOUS_MANUF
SEMICONDUCTOR
FOOD_BEWERAGE
METALLURGY
NEWSPAPER_PUBLISHING
MANUFACTURING
HOSPITALS
BANKS
HOTELS
TELECOM
RETAIL
DESIGN
TRANSPORT
File_Data
0,00%
20,00%
40,00%
60,00%
80,00%
100,00%
Val
ueLoad_coverage_Standby_generatorLoad_coverage_UPSLoad_coverage_Harmonic_conditioners_and_filtersLoad_coverage_Reactive_Power_CompensatorsLoad_coverage_Surge_protectionLoad_coverage_Static_Var_Compensators
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Power Quality Solutions adopted
“Services” sectors tend to invest more into original designs
“Industry” sectors often have to adapt existing possibly older installations to cope with current demands
Sectors that cannot allow for power interruptions tend to design reliability & resilience into their systems.
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CIGRE C4.107 Documents repository
All together > 400 documents
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Documents – Search; „voltage” or „dips”