cognitive radio
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• Cognitive Radio
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Cognitive radio
1 A 'cognitive radio' is an intelligent radio that can be programmed and configured
dynamically
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Cognitive radio - Description
1 The functions as an autonomous unit in the communications environment,
exchanging information about the environment with the networks it
accesses and other cognitive radios (CRs)
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Cognitive radio - Description
1 Some smart radio proposals combine wireless mesh network -- dynamically
changing the path messages take between two given nodes using cooperative
diversity; cognitive radio -- dynamically changing the frequency band used by
messages between two consecutive nodes on the path; and software-defined radio -- dynamically changing the protocol used by message between two consecutive nodes.
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Cognitive radio - History
1 The concept of cognition|cognitive radio was first proposed by Joseph
Mitola III in a seminar at Royal Institute of Technology|KTH (the Royal Institute of Technology in
Stockholm) in 1998 and published in an article by Mitola and Gerald Q. Maguire, Jr. in 1999. It was a novel
approach in wireless communications, which Mitola later
described as:https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-radio-toolkit.html
Cognitive radio - History
1 Cognitive radio is considered as a goal towards which a software-
defined radio platform should evolve: a fully reconfigurable wireless
transceiver which automatically adapts its communication
parameters to network and user demands.
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Cognitive radio - History
1 Traditional regulatory structures have been built for an analog model and
are not optimized for cognitive radio.[http://ssrn.com/abstract=732483
Patrick S
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Cognitive radio - Terminology
1 * Full Cognitive Radio (Mitola radio), in which every possible parameter observable by a wireless node
(or network) is considered.[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/srcha
bstract.jsp?arnumber=788210isnumber=17080punumber=98k2dockey=788210@ieeejrnsquery=%28%28mitola%29%3Cin%3Eau+%29pos=5access=no J. Mitola III and G. Q. Maguire, Jr., Cognitive radio: making
software radios more personal, IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, vol. 6, nr. 4, pp. 13–18,
Aug. 1999]
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Cognitive radio - Terminology
1 * Spectrum-Sensing Cognitive Radio, in which only the radio-frequency spectrum is considered.[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/srchabstract.jsp
?arnumber=1391031isnumber=30289punumber=
49k2dockey=1391031@ieeejrnsquery=%28haykin+%3Cin%3E+metadata%29+%3Cand
%3E+%2849+%3Cin%3E+punumber%29pos=0access=no S. Haykin, Cognitive Radio: Brain-empowered Wireless Communications, IEEE
Journal on Selected Areas of Communications, vol. 23, nr. 2, pp. 201–220, Feb. 2005]
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Cognitive radio - Terminology
1 Other types are dependent on parts of the spectrum available for cognitive radio:
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Cognitive radio - Terminology
1 * Licensed-Band Cognitive Radio, capable of using bands assigned to
licensed users (except for unlicensed bands, such as the U-NII band or the ISM band. The IEEE 802.22 working group is developing a standard for
wireless regional area network (WRAN), which will operate on
unused television channels.[http://ieee802.org/22/ IEEE
802.22]https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-radio-toolkit.html
Cognitive radio - Terminology
1 * Unlicensed-Band Cognitive Radio, which can only utilize unlicensed parts of the radio frequency (RF)
spectrum. One such system is described in the IEEE 802.15 Task
Group 2 specifications,[http://ieee802.org/15/pub/TG2.html IEEE 802.15.2] which
focus on the coexistence of IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth.
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Cognitive radio - Terminology
1 * Spectrum sharing: Spectrum sharing cognitive radio networks
allow cognitive radio users to share the spectrum bands of the licensed-band users. However, the cognitive
radio users have to restrict their transmit power so that the
interference caused to the licensed-band users is kept below a certain
threshold.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-radio-toolkit.html
Cognitive radio - Terminology
1 If the licensed users are using the bands, cognitive radio users share
the spectrum bands with the licensed users by restricting their transmit
power.
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Cognitive radio - Technology
1 The chief problem in spectrum-sensing cognitive radio is designing
high-quality spectrum-sensing devices and algorithms for
exchanging spectrum-sensing data between nodes
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Cognitive radio - Technology
1 The evolution of cognitive radio toward cognitive networks is
underway; the concept of cognitive networks is to intelligently organize a
network of cognitive radios.
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Cognitive radio - Functions
1 The main functions of cognitive radios are:Ian F. Akyildiz, W.-Y. Lee, M. C. Vuran, and S. Mohanty,
NeXt Generation/Dynamic Spectrum Access/Cognitive Radio Wireless Networks: A
Survey, Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal, September 2006.
[http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/surveys/radio.pdf][http://grouper.ieee.org/
groups/scc41/files/Communications_Magazine_article_on_SCC41.pd
f Cognitive Functionality in Next Generation Wireless Networks ]
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Cognitive radio - Functions
1 ** Transmitter detection: Cognitive radios must have the capability to
determine if a signal from a primary transmitter is locally present in a
certain spectrum. There are several proposed approaches to transmitter
detection:
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Cognitive radio - Functions
1 Chen, “[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/article
Details.jsp?reload=truearnumber=6507397 Wideband spectrum sensing for
cognitive radio networks: a survey],” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol
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Cognitive radio - Functions
1 ** Cooperative detection: Refers to spectrum-sensing methods where
information from multiple cognitive-radio users is incorporated for primary-user detectionZ. Li, F.R. Yu, and M. Huang,
“[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=5229125 A Distributed
Consensus-Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radios],” IEEE Trans.
Vehicular Technology, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 383-393, Jan. 2010.
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Cognitive radio - Functions
1 al ``[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=arnumber=4786456url=http
%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber
%3D4786456 Optimal power allocation for fading channels in
cognitive radio networks: Ergodic capacity and outage capacity], IEEE
Transhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-radio-toolkit.html
Cognitive radio - Functions
1 * Spectrum management: Capturing the best available spectrum to meet user
communication requirements, while not creating undue interference to other
(primary) users. Cognitive radios should decide on the best spectrum band (of all
bands available) to meet quality of service requirements; therefore, spectrum-
management functions are required for cognitive radios. Spectrum-management
functions are classified as:
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Cognitive radio - Cognitive radio (CR) versus intelligent antenna (IA)
1 An intelligent antenna (or smart antenna) is an antenna technology
that uses spatial beam-formation and spatial coding to cancel interference;
however, it requires an intelligent multiple- or cooperative-antenna
array. On the other hand, cognitive radio allows user terminals to sense whether a portion of the spectrum is being used to share spectrum with neighbor users. The following table
compares the two:
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Cognitive radio - Simulation of CR Networks
1 At present, modeling and simulation is the only paradigm which allows the simulation of complex behavior in the environments
cognitive radio networks. Network simulators like OPNET, NetSim and NS2 can
be used to simulate a Cognitive radio network. Areas of research using Network simulators include a) Spectrum Sensing
incumbent detection b) Spectrum Allocation an c) Measurement and modeling of
Spectrum usage.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-radio-toolkit.html
Cognitive radio - Future plans
1 IEEE 802.22: An Introduction to the First Wireless Standard based on
Cognitive Radios JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS, VOL
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