cognitive 08 - 04 short term memory

Short-Term Memory

Psikologi Kognitif

Cakupan:1. Multi-store model

Sensory stores Short- and long-term stores

2. Working memory Phonological loop Visuospatial sketchpad Central executive

3. Level of processing Evidence

4. Implicit learning Evidence Theoretical considerations

[ 1/4 ]Multi-store model

Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968):multi-store model

Multi-store model of memory: Sensory stores - very brief Short-term store - very limited Long-term stores - unlimited


Sensorystores

Sensorystores

Short-termstores

Short-termstores Long-term

storesLong-term

storesAtt

entio

n

Rehe

arsa

l

DecayDecay DisplacementDisplacement InterferenceInterference


`Sensory Stores Pioneer researcher:

Sperling (1960)

Question:Why do experiment subjects can only report 4-5 letters (out of 12)?


`Sensory Stores Visual sensory stores

= iconic stores

Experiments:(insert old pictures)


`Sensory Stores Haber (1983):

Sensory storage is irrelevant to normal perception

Treisman (1964):Adapted an auditory sensory store experiments(echoic stores)


`Short- and long-term stores Characteristic of short-term store:

Very limited capacity Fragility of storage

Primacy Effect

Recency Effect


0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

1 5 10 15Serial Position

Prob

ablit

y co

rrec

t

0 sec delay10 sec delay30 sec delay


`Short- and long-term stores Experimental procedure: Digit Span

Participants repeats back a series of random digits in the correct order (Miller, 1956)

Units of storage (STM): chunks

Capacity of storage (STM):7 + 2 chunks


`Short- and long-term stores Forgetting:

is (suspected) caused by displacement

Researches on forgetting:(1960) Brown and Peterson(1965) Waugh and Norman (1971) Reitman (1973) Watkins et al.(1990) Baddeley


`Short- and long-term stores Forgetting:

is (suspected) caused by displacement (interference)

Researches on forgetting:(1960) Brown and Peterson(1965) Waugh and Norman (1971) Reitman (1973) Watkins et al.(1990) Baddeley


`Short- and long-term stores Long-term storage:

information registers long-term storage if rehearsed


`Short- and long-term storesEvaluation:

1. Oversimplified view of STM

2. Oversimplified of LTM

3. STM isn’t really a gateway between sensory stores and LTM

4. Exaggerates roles of rehearsals.

[ 2/4 ]Working memory Pioneer researchers:

Baddeley & Hitch (1974)

Experiment Procedure:Dual-task experiment

Components of Working Memory1. Central executive2. Articulatory or phonological loop3. Visuospatial sketchpad

Phono-logicalloop

Phono-logicalloop

Executivecontrol

Executivecontrol

Visuo-spatial

sketchpad

Visuo-spatial

sketchpad

[ 2/4 ]Working memory

Phono-logicalloop

Phono-logicalloop

Executivecontrol

Executivecontrol

Visuo-spatial

sketchpad

Visuo-spatial

sketchpad

Primary system

Secondary system

Visual image-related

Speech-related

[ 2/4 ]Working memory Key Principles:

1. If two tasks makes use the same component,they cannot be performed successfully together

2. If two tasks make use of different components, it should be possible to perform them as well together as separately

Phono-logicalloop

Phono-logicalloop

Executivecontrol

Executivecontrol

Visuo-spatial

sketchpad

Visuo-spatial

sketchpad

Task 1 Task 2X X


Phonological Loop: Word-length effect:

Baddeley & Hitch (1974)

30

40

50

60

Short words Long words

Mea

n pe

rcen

tage

of w

ords

co

rrec

tly re

calle

d

70

80Auditory presentation;No suppression

Visual representation;No suppression

Auditory representation;suppression

Visual representation;suppression


Phonological Loop:

Consists of: A passive phonological store directly

concerned with speech perception An articulatory process linked to

speech production that gives access to the phonological store


Phonological loop: Process:

Phologicalstore

PhologicalstoreAuditory

word presentationAuditory

word presentationArticulatory

control processArticulatory

control process

Visual Word presentation

Visual Word presentation


Visuospatial Sketchpad: Consists of:

Logie (1995) The visual cache, which stores information

about visual form and color The inner scribe, which deals with

spatial and movement information.

It rehearses information in the visual cache and transfers information from the visual cache to the central executive


Central Executive: Resembles attentional system Functions:

Baddeley (1996)

1. Switching of retrieval plans

2. Timesharing in dual-task studies

3. Selective attention to certain stimuli while ignoring others

4. Temporary activation of LTM

[ 3/4 ]Level of processing Key Assumption:

Craig and Lockhart (1972) The level or depth of processing of a

stimulus has a large effect on its memorability

Deeper levels of analysis produce more elaborate, longer lasting, and stronger memory traces than do shallow levels of analysis.

[ 4/4 ]Implicit learning Seger (1994):

Learning complex information without complete verbalisable knowledge of what is learned

(compare to) implicit memory:memory that does not depend on conscious recollection

[ 4/4 ]Implicit learning

Characteristics of Implicit Learning - Reber (1993):1. Robustness:

relatively unaffected by disorders that affect explicit syst.

2. Age independence:is little influenced by age or developmental level

3. Low variability:smaller individual differences (compared to explicit syst.)

4. IQ dependence:is relatively unaffected by IQ

5. Commonality of process:common to most species

cognitive 08 - 04 short term memory

Technology