coetzee trevor_resource
TRANSCRIPT
Module 2
Resource Management
Trevor John Coetzee
212262114
WIL station: Addo Elephant National Park
P.O.BOX 52
Addo
6105
Tel: 042 233 8600
Author Email: [email protected]
Cell: 0743235797
Mentors: Ilse Welgemoed (Darlington Dam section)
Solomon Lefoka (Main Camp section)
Date of Submission: 21st of October 2015
2
Table of contents Page no.
1. INTRODUCTION 4
2. VEGETATION MANAGEMENT 4
2.1. Vegetation surveys 4
2.1.1 Vegetation survey on the Klein Winterhoek Mountain 5
2.1.2 Data Collection of botanical reserves in the Darlington dam section 6
2.1.3 Digital Herbarium of flowers in the Darlington dam section 7
2.2 Management 8
2.2.1 Search and rescue of flora/Restoration of Encephalartos spp 9
2.2.2 Propagation: Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) 10
2.2.3 Nursery 12
2.2.4 Control of invader plants: chemical & mechanical control of Tamarix chinensis) trees 13
2.2.5 Control of invader plants: Biological control of jointed cactus (Opuntica aurantiaca) 14
2.2.6 Fire management audit of Addo Elephant National Park 16
2.2.7 Controlled Stack burning of Alien tree logs: Chinese Tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis) 17
3. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 18
3.1 Wildlife surveys 18
3.1.1 Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) census 18
3.1.2 Mammal Communication Research 19
3.1.3 Small mammal survey 20
3.1.4 Water bird survey at the Darlington dam 21
3.2 Wildlife Management 22
3.2.1 Game Capture: Ear notching of the Black Rhino (Diceros bicornis bicornis) 23
3.2.2 Faunal rescue: Lion (Panthera leo) cubs rescue 24
3.3 Human-animal conflict 25
3.3.1 Road kills 25
3
3.3.2 Culling of warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) 26
4. SOIL MANAGEMENT 27
4.1 Introduction 27
4.2 Determination of soil textural class 27
4.3 Soil survey 28
4.4 Soil erosion control 29
4.5 Road Placement 30
5. WATER MANAGEMENT 31
5.1 Water infrastructure 31
5.1.1 Water hole Management 32
5.1.2 Replacement of borehole pump & pipes (shafts) 33
5.2 Management of water bodies 34
5.2.1 Rainfall measures at the Darlington Dam section of AENP 34
5.2.2 Recording water levels of Darlington dam 35
5.2.3 Water quality test at the Volkers River 36
Acknowledgements 38
References 39
Appendices 40
4
1. INTRODUCTION
The author was placed at Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) for his Work Integrated Learning (WIL) year in 2015.
The park was proclaimed in 1931 after a public outcry to protect the Eastern Cape’s last 11 African elephants
(Loxodonta africana) (SANPARKS 2015). The park currently covers approximately 178, 918 ha of which 124, 925 ha
are declared while 46, 932 ha are in the process of being declared, and 7, 022 ha are declared as Marine Protected
Area (MPA) (Fig 1) (SANPARKS 2015). As a result of the exponential growth in size, the park now encompasses five
of South Africa’s 9 biomes namely the Albany Thicket in the original Addo section (also in the Kabouga, Colchester,
Nyathi section), Fynbos in the Zuurberg section, Forest and the Indian Ocean Coastal Belt on the seaward of the
Woody Cape section and the Nama Karoo in the Darlington dam section (SANPARKS 2015). Thus the park has
reached a size where the park ecosystem is now relatively intact and able to accommodate many ecological
processes (SANPARKS 2015).
Figure 1 Map of Addo Elephant National Park (SANPARKS 2015)
2. VEGETATION MANAGEMENT
2.1 Vegetation Survey
5
2.1.1 Vegetation survey on the Klein Winterhoek Mountain
Background
On the 16th of March 2015 the author was assigned by his Senior Section Ranger Ilse Welgemoed to assist contracted team
with a cycad Encephalartos spp rehabilitation project on the Klein Winterhoek Mountain (see Compliance module). The
author saw the vegetation on the mountain formed an eco-tone where the Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos vegetation unit (FFq
6) meets the Groot Thicket vegetation unit (AT 3) (pers. obs. 2015; Mucina & Rutherford 2006). The author decided to
conduct a vegetation survey (Fig 2).
Figure 2 Showing the northern and southern phase of the Klein Winterhoek Mountain (Photo: Author)
Purpose
The purpose was to examine the species diversity of the Winterhoek Mountain’s north and south facing slope.
Method
Ideally six plots would have shown a better indication, but due to the time constraint only two plots of 3x3 m were marked on
each side of the mountain phase. Each plot was marked five meters from the top of the mountain phase. The GPS locations
of both plots were recorded for further reference. The plant species in the two plots was identified with reference to different
field guide books. The density percentage of each species as well as the percentage of bare rock and soil within each plot
was also recorded.
My contribution
It was the author’s initiative to explore the site, set up the plots and identified the species.
south north
6
Results
Table 1 Showing the species that was identified within each plot of the north and south facing slope (Mucina & Rutherford
2006).
North facing slope (AT3)
GPS location: 33°16’58.356”S 025°06’11.160”E
Elevation: 797 metres
South facing slope (FFq6)
GPS location: 33°16’58.710”S 025°06’10.932”E
Elevation: 797 metres
Species Density % Species Density%
Cotyledon orbiculata 10 Senecio pinifolius 5
Crassula rupestris 10 Erica cerinthoides 10
Felicia filifolia 10 Agathosma capensis 5
Elytropappus rhinocerotis 5 Leucadendron salignum 15
Euryops spathaceus 5 Anthospermum aethiopicum 10
Leucas capensis 5 Diheteropogon filifolius 10
Crassula perforata 5 Cannomois virgata 10
Aptosimum elongatum 5 Restio sejunctus 10
Lycium oxycarpum 5 Crassula cultrata 10
Eriocephalus africanus 5 Bare rock 5
Crassula cultrata 5 Bare soil 10
Bare soil 10
Bare rock 20
The author observed a difference in species diversity of the north and the south facing slope on the mountain (Table 1). The
richness was higher in the plot of the north facing slope. However the density of certain species was higher on the south
facing slope.
Recommendations
The author suggest a second survey to mark more plots on both slopes of the mountain to examine the species diversity in
a larger area of the mountain.
2.1.2 Data Collection of botanical reserves in the Darlington dam section
Purpose
The data was collected to add more accurate mapping of two botanical reserves’ geographical position in Addo Elephant
National Park (AENP). The two botanical reserves comprised of spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and the noors (Euphorbia
caerulescens). The reserves were used to compare the rate of herbivore impact on the density of the different vegetation
types outside the enclosures. The information was used for 3D mapping of South African National Parks’ (SANParks)
Geographical Information System (GIS).
7
Methods
A field vehicle and a cyber-tracker was used to locate the botanical reserves. The cyber-tracker was also used to record the
waypoints of each corner of the botanical reserves, as well as the elevation of each point. The team was also required to
write down the start and end point of the GPS-coordinates to determine in which direction the team walked when taking the
GPS-coordinates.
My contribution
It was the author’s duty to ensure that the GPS coordinates was recorded correctly and also the safeguarding of the cyber
tracker device (Fig. 3). The author was also responsible for transporting the team safely. The author took the initiative to
record the elevation of each way-point where the GPS coordinates were taken.
Results
The team found that each recorded way-point was at a different elevation. The compass direction of each point was also
recorded to support the latitude direction each camp.
Figure 3 Author and colleague recording GPS co-ordinates (Photo: Jansen)
Comments
The task was carried out effectively to ensure that the data was recorded accurately.
2.1.3 Digital Herbarium of flowers in the Darlington dam section
Purpose
The purpose of the photographing a digital herbarium was to update the plant species list of the Darlington dam section of
Addo Elephant National Park’s (AENP) for future identification purposes.
8
Methods
The author used an 8.1 megapixel digital camera to photograph flowering species located in the Darlington dam section as
well as the buffer zone. The identification of the species were done with the help of field guide books and also the Senior
Section ranger’s consultation.
My Contribution
The author was responsible for photographing all specimens and keeping record what time of the year it was flowering to
compare with the identification the field guide books.
Results
Figure 4 A Kapok bos (Eriocephalus ericoides) B Euphorbia enopla C Moraea polystachya D noors (Euphorbia
caerulescens) (Photos: Author)
The author took the initiative to label each photo with the species name (Fig 4). The labelled photos were electronically
loaded on a CD and given to the Senior Section ranger of the Darlington dam section as a future identification reference.
Comments
Unfortunately the author did not have a herbarium press to preserve specimens and suggested the idea to the Senior
Section ranger.
2.2 Management
A B
C D
9
2.2.1 Search and rescue of flora
Restoration of Cycads (Encephalartos longifolius) and (Encephalartos lehmanii)
Purpose
The purpose was to restore all remaining cycads (Encephalartos Longifolius) and (Encephalartos lehmanii) that were
recovered from a poaching incident on a farm located within the buffer zone of Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) (See
compliance module).
Method
The Encephalartos spp. were tagged by inserting a micro-chip in the bark of each recovered tree. The length and width of
each tree was measured as well as the sex and species name was recorded (Appendix 1). Thus a more accurate
description of each individual tree could be recorded on the registration form. One meter was measured from the ground
level of the tree to implant the microchip (consist of a unique code) in the bark of the tree. A pruning sealer was then applied
to prevent any fungi from infecting the tree. A scan device was used to retrieve the code which was linked the registration
data of the individual tree. The registration data reflected on the registration form and included all the dimensions of the
tree that was collected as well as the GPS location and the owner of the property’s details where the cycad was recorded.
In this way the tree could be traced back to its origin of growth ones it was tagged.
My Contribution
It was the author’s duty to measure the dimensions of the trees and to identify the species that was tagged (Fig 5A). The
author was also fully responsible for searching and locating the cycads Encephalartos spp. to insert the microchips.
Figure 5 A Author drilling hole in tree to insert microchip B Encephalartos lehmannii that was micro chipped (Photos:
Jansen)
A B
10
Results
Figure 6 Showing the average length of the rescued Encephalartos spp.
The average length size of the cycad species (Encephalartos longifolius) and (Encephalartos lehmanii) that was rescued
(Fig 6). It was found that the (Encephalartos lehmanii) (Fig 5B) species had the longest length sizes on average. A total of
14 cycad (Encephalartos spp.) were microchip-tagged from which seven were Encephalartos lehmanii and seven
Encephalartos lehmanii. Another eight Encephalartos spp. were found which were severely damaged but could not be
tagged or replanted (pers. comm. Eksteen 2015). However the GPS locations were recorded of the damage trees for further
reference.
Recommendations
The author recommended that several follow up observations should be done to detect any fungal infections which might
interfere with the recovery and growth of the rescued Encephalartos spp.
2.2.2 Propagation: Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) re-vegetation programme at the Darlington Dam section
Background
Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) and Biodiversity and Social Projects (BSP) has undertaken a spekboom (Portulacaria
afra) re-vegetation programme in degraded areas of the park (SANPARKS 2008). The programme uses different planting
techniques such blanket planting (regular space intervals of 2meter apart) and clumps (20 meter diameter in size/20 meter
apart) in different microclimates to test whether some are more effective at restoring thicket vegetation than others
(Bezuidenhout 2012). Degradation processes in the park resulted of several environmental factors, past land use and
current management practices (SANPARKS 2015). The Darlington dam section was affected by past herbivore
management practices which included the removal of basal vegetation cover and associated soil capping and ultimately
lead to soil degradation (SANPARKS 2015).
Purpose
The programme was aimed at restoring the lost ecological functionality processes such as nutrient cycling, soil chemistry,
and infiltration (SANPARKS 2015).
11
Methods
The blanket planting method was used to replant the spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and a jack-drill machine was used to
make holes. Branches were pruned off dense clustered spekboom below the slopes of the Zuurberg Mountain. Each branch
was cut at a 45 degree angle at the cut-off point to increase service area for water and mineral absorption. The branches
were then carried in bundles to allocated replanting sites. Each branch was planted at a depth of 20 cm to allow water
absorption and minerals from the topsoil. Branches with damaged epidermis were avoided as it might decay and prevent
the branch from sprouting further. Small amount of water was poured at dry patches into the drilled holes to soften the soil.
The soil around the branch was stomped to prevent it from collapsing.
My contribution
The author assisted a contracted team with the spekboom (Portulacaria afra) re-vegetation programme at the Darlington
Dam section during his service period at AENP. The author helped by collecting branch bundles and replanting it at the
allocated areas (Fig 7A). The author was also shown how to make holes with the jack-drill (Fig 7B).
Figure 7 A The author busy planting spekboom (Portulacaria afra) B The author drilling holes with jack drill (Photos:Jansen)
Results
The author found that a small number of herbivores occurred in the area and no herbivores were introduced by AENP in the
area yet (Welgemoed pers. comm 2015). Therefore the herbivore impact (trampling & browsing) on the sprouting spekboom
stems was minimal.
Recommendations
The author found that the person that drilled the holes was working sometimes too fast for the rest of the contract team to
find the drilled holes, which created open patches at the re-vegetation site. Therefore the author recommended that the
team should work together to ensure that the site gets re-vegetated according to contract specifications.
A B
12
2.2.3 Nursery
Background
The Biodiversity and Social Projects (BSP) component of Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) manages an indigenous
nursery as part of the park’s local socio-economic development programme (SANPARKS 2015).
Purpose
The main purpose of the programme is to propagate and cultivated indigenous plant species of the Greater Addo Elephant
National Park for the rehabilitation of degraded patches of land. (SANPARKS 2015). The nursery was also established to
focus on poverty alleviation by developing labour intensive projects that create temporary jobs in the short term while
simultaneously achieving biodiversity objectives by propagating and regenerating indigenous plant species and vegetables.
Methods
The nursery consist of four separate enclosures which is used for the different growth stages of the plants.
Propagation
Seed planting and Sprouts
Control
Harvesting
My contribution
The author assisted in general maintenance of all four different enclosures, by mixing fertilisers, propagating, replanting and
harvesting of indigenous plants and vegetables.
Figure 8 The author busy inspecting the growth phase of sprouts (Photo: Mgwenya)
13
Results
The spekboom (Portulacaria afra) was the species that were generally propagated. Other indigenous species that were
cultivated included:
Large Num-Num Natal plum (Carissa macrocarpa)
Wild olive (Olea europaea subsp Africana)
Common guarri (Euclea undulate)
Milkwood (Sideroxylon inerme)
Cape Honeysuckle (Tecomaria capensis) (Vlok & Euston-Brown. 2002)
Vegetables included:
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
Carrots (Daucus carota)
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) (Ensminger et al. 1994)
Recommendations
The author observed that the soil properties of the nursery were heavy clay which created waterlogged conditions during
rainy days (See Soil Management section). The author recommended that the contracted team should create small gullies
to that runoff into patches where water is needed most.
2.2.4 Control of invader plants: chemical & mechanical control of alien Tamarix chinensis trees
Background
Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) have put regulating measures into place to control alien plant such as jointed Cactus
(Opuntica aurantiaca), Prickly pear (Opuntia ficus –indica) and the Chinese Tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis) in terms of the
regulations 15 and 16 of the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (Act no 43 of 1983) (CARA) as well as the
regulations of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act no 10 of 2004 (NEMBA).
Purpose
The northern banks of the Darlington dam has been largely infested with the spread of the alien trees Chinese Tamarisk
(Tamarix chinensis). These species have a negative impact on the ground water availability in the area because of its high
amount of water consumption (SANPARKS 2008). Therefore the species is listed as category 1 in the NEMBA act requiring
immediate removed and destruction.
Method
A combination of the mechanical and chemical method were used to prevent the alien trees from spreading into other
areas. Two contracted teams from the EPWP projects were responsible for the alien clearing. The teams used chainsaws to
cut the stumps as low as possible to prevent any further growth. The HACHET herbicide was used to treat the slashed
stumps by mixing 500 grams with clean water in a 20 L Knapsack container (pers. obs. 2015). The mixture was sprayed
over the stump directly after the slashing of the tree’s trunk to enable the chemical to penetrate the vascular system which
14
ultimately seizes further lifespan of the tree. Only two knapsacks and two chainsaws were available per team (pers. obs.
2015).
My contribution
The author was responsible to apply herbicide onto the slashed stumps as well as stacking the slashed branches away from
the work area.
Figure 9 The author busy applying herbicide to a slashed tree stump (Photo: Jansen)
Results
The author found that a number of stumps were cut higher than the specific standard operating procedure which increased
the effort to spent time on cutting the trees because rectifying had to be done throughout the day. As a result the teams
spend more time in one area to ensure that the alien tree clearing was done up to standard of their contract’s terms. The
author also found that the stacking of the branches were placed too close to where the slashing took place.
Recommendations
The author recommended that the teams cut the stumps as low as possible to prevent the unnecessary follow up slashing
of the stumps. The author also recommended to split one team in two smaller groups where the one group removed the
slashed branches and the other group focused on stacking those branches properly
2.2.5 Control of invader plants: Biological control of jointed cactus (Opuntica aurantiaca)
Background
Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) has implemented a long term strategy to control the infested jointed cactus (Opuntica
aurantiaca) with a bio-control insect Dactylopius opuntiae as a target agent (SANPARKS 2015).
15
Purpose
The purpose is to detect and eradicate new invasions of alien species and control current populations to reduce negative
impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services (Fortuin pers. comm. 2015).
Methods
Cladodes of (Opuntica aurantiaca) were collected from infested areas and propagated in a nursery.
Bio-control agents were inoculated on the propagated cladodes which then fed on it.
The infected cladodes were then dispersed in the environment where (Opuntica aurantiaca) infestations occurred.
The bio-control agents distributed to other (Opuntica aurantiaca).
My contribution
It was the author’s duty to monitor the rate of the bio-control insect Dactylopius opuntiae inoculation on the Opuntica
aurantiaca by looking at the colour and texture of the cladodes.
Figure 10 Author inspecting colour of cladodes with guidance from Supervisor (Photo: Fortuin)
Results
The author was shown sites where Bio-control agents were introduced in 2014 and the results were evident as most of the
alien plants already died (Fortuin pers. comm. 2015).
Recommendations
The author recommended that the infested cladodes should be dispersed at the allocated sites as soon as the specimens
showed signs of infestations, because there were a number of specimens which were not dispersed at the time scheduled.
16
2.2.6 Fire Management Audit of Addo Elephant National Park
Background
The Main Camp of Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) predominantly does not consist of fire prone vegetation. However
there are several patches in the park which have been degraded into grassland as a result of ploughing through intensive
farming that makes it prone to fire. The Zuurberg section of the park consist of two fynbos vegetation units namely Zuurberg
Quartzite fynbos and Zuurberg shale fynbos which is also prone to fire (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). In that respect an
adaptive interface fire management system was suggested for AENP that would provide for the use of both natural and
artificial sources of ignition (SANPARKS 2015). According to the National Veld and Forest Fire Act, No 101 of 1998,
SANParks is obliged to be a member of the local fire protection association (FPA) to gain full legal benefit thereof and
stakeholder support (SANPARKS 2015). Therefore AENP signed an agreement with the Forest Fire Association which
more commonly referred to as Working on Fire (WOF) to delegate fire fighting obligations (SANPARKS 2008).
Purpose
The purpose of the agreement between WOF and AENP is to ensure that a suitable working infrastructure in place to
ensure that WOF attend to fires within the area of operation. The author assisted his Senior Section Ranger with an annual
fire management audit to in terms of AENP’s signed agreement with the WOF.
Method
To scrutinize all records available of base day-to-day-filed documentation of the WOF team such as daily
production report, Fire log report, and physical examination report (Appendix 2).
Inspection of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
Inspection of fire fighting equipment (FFE) (Appendix 3)
Inspection of access to fire prone sites i.e. status of fire breaks.
My Contribution
The author was assigned to scrutinise the Day-To-Day-filed documentation with guidance of a checklist. The author also
inspected fighting equipment with reference of an infantry list to confirm that all equipment was in place.
Results
It was found that all PPE and FFE was in place, but some fire breaks needed to be re-opened according to the production
unit standards of the agreement.
Recommendations
The author saw that the WOF teams did not have a Computer at their office and suggested to the Senior Section Ranger
that it would be more advanced if the WOF teams had a computer filed database as backup in case their hardcopy
documents got lost or damaged.
17
2.2.7 Controlled Stack burning of Alien tree logs: Chinese Tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis)
Purpose
The purpose of burning the alien trees Chinese Tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis) was to reduce high fuel loads under
conditions when the fire was kept relatively under control, as opposed to having the fuel burning in hot windy weather that
could lead to runaway fires (Welgemoed pers. comm. 2015)
Methods
A cool cloudy day with no strong wind speed was chosen to conduct the controlled stack burn to prevent a runaway fire that
could get dangerously out of control. The fuel load was cut and stacked into manageable heaps between a soil eroded
patch and a road which automatically acted as fire breaks. The team ignited the fuel load and kept a watchful eye if wind
speed increased and in which direction the fire spread. The team used fire beaters to control the flames direction and kept
the fire beaters against one another in an overlapping position when beating the fire to prevent an increase in wind that
might increase the intensity of the fire. A vehicle with a bakkie-sakkie full of water was also on sight to seize the flames if the
fire would get out of control.
My contribution
The author used a fire beater to assist his team mates to keep the fire under control (Fig 11). The author also kept a
watchful eye on the wind speed and direction to respond by beating the flames on the opposite side of where the wind
would direct it. This is to prevent any burn injuries as horizontal flames directed by wind would be difficult to avoid if
standing on the wrong direction.
Figure 11 Author and Ranger Mcebisi Toornaat blazing flames with fire beaters (Photo: Jansen)
Results
Fortunately the wind speed did not increase and the fire was controlled by rangers and the author and later terminated with
the bakkie-sakkie as soon as the fuel load burned out.
18
Recommendations
Although the author did not sustain any injuries while assisting the task, the issue of wearing the appropriate personal
protective equipment (PPE) was still a concern for health and safety reasons. The author recommended that the Senior
Section Ranger should have the necessary PPE such as safety visors, masks, fire proof boots, gloves and fire proof
fabricated overalls for the basic protection of an individual.
3. WILD LIFE MANAGEMENT
3.1 Wild life survey
3.1.1 Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) census
Purpose
The purpose of the exercise is to estimate the population size of Springbuck (Antidorcas marsupialis) in the Darlington dam
section of AENP to determine whether the population increased or declined over the last four years since the last
introduction (Ferreira et al. 2008). The database of the census was updated on a monthly basis and the method had to be
replicated by the exact same manner improve on accuracy and precision of the census (Erusan pers. comm. 2015).
Methods
There were a total of four observers used for the survey. The team made use of the road strip count method and counted all
the springbuck (Antidorcas marsupialis) which were visible from the road. The survey was done on a monthly basis making
use of the same resources to increase the precision and accuracy of the estimated springbuck (Antidorcas marsupialis)
population and prevent any form of bias that might influence the data recordings. The equipment that were used was data
recording sheets a scope binoculars and a GPS device to record the position of the area where each group or individual
springbuck (Antidorcas marsupialis) were found.
Figure 12 The springbok categories counted over two days.
The results showed that were more adult males counted than females on both days respectively (Fig. 12). However there
were less adult sub-males than adult sub-females counted on both census days respectively. The juveniles were in total
more than the lambs over the two day period. However the majority of Springbuck (Antidorcas marsupialis) counted over
the two day period could not be identified by their sex because the animals roamed out of sight to be observed properly.
19
My contribution
The author assisted in spotting, counting, identifying age groups and sex ratios of the springbuck (Antidorcas marsupialis).
Recommendations
The author recommended the census should be done further away from the dam as well because springbuck (Antidorcas
marsupialis) seen moving towards the west away from the dam but, could not be counted because the animals was moving
off the designated trail for doing the census.
3.1.2 Mammal Communication Research
Background
In 2011 a research team from University of Vienna’s Cognitive Biology Department in Austria, recorded different types of
elephant cow (Loxodonta africana) infrasonic vocalizations at Addo Elephant National Park and a few other Nature
Reserves around the world (Stöger-Horwath pers. comm. 2015). The vocal recordings was part of a Mammal
Communications Project where the pre-recorded low frequency vocals were played back to elephants bulls (Loxodonta
africana) during August 2015 to determine their individual responsive action. Humans are more responsive to high
frequency sounds and the infrasonic vocalizations that were played back to the elephant bulls (Loxodonta africana) were
lower than 10 hertz, therefore the experiment did not have an effect on human noise pollution (Stöger-Horwath pers. comm.
2015).
Purpose
The purpose of the research was to determine how elephant bulls (Loxodonta africana) responded to different types of
vocal calls of elephant cows (Loxodonta africana) and whether it has an effect on individual sexual selection.
Methods
The elephant cow (Loxodonta africana) infrasonic vocals were played back to the bulls in different categories namely; bark,
grunt, roar, snort and trumpet. Each infrasonic vocal was played back to a different elephant bull (Loxodonta africana). Only
one vocal were played to each bull and each bull was used ones per playback. An Infra 10 speaker (Fig 13A) was used to
play-back the vocals of an elephant cow (Loxodonta africana) to the elephants bulls (Loxodonta africana). The speaker was
transported on a vehicle’s loading bin and connected to a playback device the sound (Fig B), and an amplifier to regulate
the amount of power that the speaker needed to produce the sound (Baotic pers. comm. 2015; pers. obs. 2015). Another
vehicle was used to monitor the elephant bull’s (Loxodonta africana) response by recording the visuals on a video camera.
Each video clip recording of an elephant bull (Loxodonta africana) was saved on a data base under the elephant cow’s
(Loxodonta africana) vocal category that was played. A total of forty samples of infrasonic vocal playbacks and video clips
were recorded for the experiment analysis.
20
Figure 13 The Infra 10 speaker (Photo: Baotic) B The playback device (Photos: Author)
Results
The data was not analysed up until the submission date of this report. However, it was noticed that the elephant bulls
(Loxodonta africana) were responsive to the vocal recordings during the data collection period (Stöger-Horwath pers.
comm. 2015; pers. obs. 2015)
My Contribution
It was the author’s responsibility to drive one of the field vehicles to spot the elephant bulls (Loxodonta africana) for the
experiment. The author also assisted with setting up the equipment for the experiment and operated the playback device
whenever one of the research team members were not available to do it (Appendix 4).
Comments
It was sometimes difficult to convince the visitors in the park to co-operate with the experiment as it was important to reduce
all additional sounds when playing back the vocals to the elephant bulls (Loxodonta africana).
3.1.3 Small mammal survey
Purpose
The purpose of the small mammal survey was to identify different species and sex ratios in the riparian vegetation of the
Sunday’s thicket vegetation unit (Mucina & Rutherford 2006) at the Darlington Dam section of AENP.
Methods
The author used 10 Sherman traps for the experiment to capture the rodents alive. A mixture of peanut butter and oats
were used as bait to capture the rodents. Each trap was set 10 meters apart on transect of 100 meters. A total of 10
capture attempts was made to determine the species diversity the area. Each animal was marked when captured by cutting
a small bundle of fur from the body to identify if the same individual got caught more than once. The author used colour
markers to locate Sherman traps. Leather gloves were used to handle the animals when doing measurements and sex
identification. A total of ten capture attempts were done.
A B
21
My Contribution
The author was responsible for the whole experiment and ensured that no animal was harmed in the process.
Results
Figure 14 The different rodent species captured in the riparian vegetation of the Sunday’s thicket vegetation unit.
Two species were captured in the period in the 10 attempts (Fig. 14). It was found that both species were mostly diurnal as
the capture success was higher during the day. The Bush Karoo rat (Otymus unisulcatus) proved to have a higher capture
success than the Four-striped Grass Mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) (Stuart & Stuart 2007).
Comments
The traps were not set out on days or nights when it was cold, to prevent mortalities. The traps were also not set out for
more than 12 hours at a time to prevent animals being in captivity for too long which might cause the animal to develop
stress behaviour (pers. obs. 2015).
3.1.4 Water bird survey at the Darlington dam
Purpose
The purpose of the activity was to determine the diversity of waterbird species at the Darlington dam of Addo Elephant
National Park (AENP). Another objective was to determine the population size of those species over a period of time. The
information was used to update the Darlington dam section species list.
Methods
The author made a visual observation by use of a pair of binoculars and the Newman (2010) Birds of Southern Africa book
was used to identify the different species within a 2000 hectare (Welgemoed pers. comm. 2015) proximity of the Darlington
dam. A population count was done for each species observed in the area and were recorded on a note pad. A total of five
observations were made for the bird identification and population count. Observations and counts were mostly conducted in
the morning when birds became active.
22
My contribution
The author was responsible for conducting the whole survey but got assistance from a Field Ranger that had more
observation experience.
Results
Figure 15 Population counts of different inland waterbird species at the Darlington dam.
A total of 17 species were identified at the Darlington dam. It was found that the Intermediate egret (Egretta intermedia) had
the highest population abundance over 5 counts (pers. obs. 2015; Newman 2010). Species such as the Grey heron (Ardea
cinerea) and the Goliath heron (Ardea goliath) occurred singly or in pairs (pers. obs. 2015; Newman 2010). Other species
such as the Common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) and the Red-knobbed coot (Fulica cristata) were also seen but were
excluded from the graph because the species gathered out of visual range to be counted properly (pers. obs. 2015;
Newman 2010).
Comments
The five day count was stretched over a period of five months because there was only one day in a month that the author
had full access to do the survey. The lack of bird call recording equipment, transport and observation experience also
limited the author’s capability.
3.2 Wildlife Management
23
3.2.1 Game Capture: Ear notching of the Black Rhino (Diceros bicornis bicornis)
Background
On the 15th April 2015 the author was part of a game capture operation at Addo Elephant National Park. The objective was
to notch the Black Rhino (Diceros bicornis bicornis).
Purpose
The ear-notching of Black Rhino (Diceros bicornis bicornis) is a technique used to identify and count the animal population
in Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) (Zimmerman pers. comm. 2015).
Method
The chemical capture method was used to immobilise one animal at a time. The game capture team were divided into two
groups (aerial and ground team). A helicopter and a light aircraft were used for aerial spotting and darting of the animals
with a dart rifle. The animal was immobilised with a dose combination of 4 mg Etorphine hydrochloride (M-99) and 300mg of
Azaperone drug (Zimmerman pers. comm. 2015). The veterinarian Dr David Zimmerman then proceeded with the ear
notching by cutting off parts of the ear as a marking to identify the animal properly. According to Dr David Zimmerman pers.
comm (2015) the nerve senses are low in ears and the bleeding was stopped with a phosphate powder. Blood and skin
samples were also taken of the animal for DNA analysis. The animal became active when the drug Diprenorphine (M-5050)
was injected (pers. obs. 2015; Zimmerman pers. comm. 2015).
Results
Table 2 Showing the position and number sequence used if a Black Rhino (Diceros bicornis bicornis) got notched.
Position Top Middle Bottom
Right ear 40 20 10
Left ear 4 2 1
Each black rhino (Diceros bicornis bicornis) were captured, notched and released on the same day of the game capture.
The position-numbers of the notch animal was added up to get the definite number of the notched animal. Therefore if the
animal got notched top and middle right and bottom left, then the notched number of the animal was 61 (pers. obs. 2015).
My contribution
The author was asked to measure the rump, hind leg, horn length and circumference, tail length as well as the full length of
the animal from head to toe (Fig. 16A). The author also assisted the veterinarian with the notching of the animal by
positioning the ear and protecting the eyes and ears of the animal (Fig. 16B). The author also assisted with pouring water
over the animal to prevent the animal’s body temperature from overheating. This resulted as the side effect of the drug
cocktail (4mg M-99 & 300 mg Azaperone) cause the animal to lose control over regulating its body temperature (Bothma &
Du Toit 2010).
24
Figure 16 A Author taking measurements B The game capture team before rhino released (Photos: Jansen)
Recommendations
There were some communication errors between the team in the helicopter and the ground teams about identifying the
location where the animals has dropped down after the being darted. The author suggests that rangers that are more
familiar with the names of the different areas in the section should join the helicopter team to pass on more accurate
locations to the teams on the ground.
3.2.2 Faunal rescue: Lion (Panthera leo) cubs rescue
Background
In December 2015 a lioness (Panthera leo) died at Addo Elephant National Park’s (AENP) Main Camp and left three lion
(Panthera leo) cubs abandoned. A search operation was executed to find the cubs. The lioness (Panthera leo) had a radio
collar around her neck but the rangers had difficulty detecting the signal of the collar (lefoka pers. comm. 2015). After weeks
of searching the decomposed body of the lioness was found at the southern side of the park named Colchester (pers. obs.
2015). However there were no signs of the three cubs (pers. obs. 2015). After weeks of searching the cubs were seen by
Field Guides close to a waterhole which is in the centre of the Main Camp section (Lefoka pers. comm. 2015). The cubs lost
weight tremendously and one cub had an abscess tooth (pers. obs. 2015).
Purpose
The purpose of the intervention was because of ethical reasons (Lefoka pers. comm. 2015).
Methods
The three lion cubs were captured around 18:00 on Saturday the 10th of January 2015 (pers. obs. 2015). The Veterinarian
Dr David Zimmerman darted the cubs (Panthera leo) with anaesthetics to enable a proper health observation. The cubs
(Panthera leo) were placed in an isolated camp. The one cub (Panthera leo) had an abscess tooth and was removed by the
Dr Zimmerman (Fig. 17). The cubs (Panthera leo) were fed a fresh culled warthog (Phanocochoerus africanus) every third
day while being kept in isolation.
A B
25
Results
The lion cubs (Panthera leo) were kept in isolation for a duration of six months from where they translocated to a private
Game Reserve.
My contribution
The author helped maintaining the fence around the camp where the lion cubs (Panthera leo) were kept. The author helped
with the collaring and feeding of the lion cubs (Panthera leo).
Figure 17 The veterinarian observing the abscess tooth of the lion cub (Photo: Author)
Recommendations
The author recommended that the cubs (Panthera leo) should not be viewed by the public to avoid the cubs (Panthera leo)
from developing further stress symptoms.
3.3 Human-animal conflict
3.3.1 Road kills
Background
The R400 public road passes through the buffer zone of Addo elephant National Park’s (AENP) most northern boundary
which separates the park from adjacent farmlands (Fig. 1) (pers. obs. 2015). Thus caused many encounters between
animals and motor vehicles as animals tend to cross the road frequently (pers. obs. 2015).
Purpose
The purpose of monitoring road kills was to determine the type of wildlife that were killed over a period of time.
26
Method
The road kills were monitored by direct visual observations over 60 days. The data was recorded by taking photographs of
the species and the amount of encounters.
My contribution
It was the author’s responsibility to collect and analyse the data, but also received support from Field Rangers and Contract
Workers who collected data while driving the roads.
Results
Figure 18 The road kill numbers of different species over a 60 day period on the R400 public road
It was found that the animals that suffered the highest road kill fatality over the 60 days was the Scrub Hare (Lepus
saxatilis). A total of 66 road kills were recorded over the 60 days which indicated an average of one animal that was killed
per day.
Recommendations
Ideally, the author wanted to extend the road kill monitoring that could add as reference to implement prevention strategies
such as regular speed bumps and signage. Unfortunately the author’s resources (vehicle) and time was limited in the area
because he was transferred to another section of the park. However the author did recommend that the Senior Section
Ranger can use the data as platform to request additional sign boards along the R400 public road from the traffic
department.
3.3.2 Culling of warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus)
Purpose
The purpose of warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) culling was to control the species population at the Main camp of Addo
Elephant National Park (AENP) (Lefoka pers. comm. 2015).
27
Method
The warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) were located and shot with a .308 rifle. It was important to ensure that the
background of the targeted animal was clear of any other animal to prevent non-targeted mortalities.
My contribution
The author helped loading the carcasses onto the loading bin of the field vehicle at the culling site.
Results
Figure 19 The warthog numbers that were culled over three months.
Comments
The culling operations were done professionally in avoidance of visitors that might not understand the purpose of the
process.
4. SOIL MANAGEMENT
4.1 Introduction
The Darlington dam section of Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) is an area that has been comprehensively affected by
past intensive herbivore management practices (SANPARKS 2015). The removal of basal vegetation cover and associated
soil capping are evident, which led to soil degradation such as sheet, rill and gully erosions. The author gained all his soil
management practical experience at this section of AENP (SANPARKS 2015).
4.2 Determination of soil textural class
Purpose
The purpose of determining soil textural classes in the Darlington dam section was to test the drainage, water holding
capacity, aeration, erodibility, and organic matter content of the soil in the area.
Method
The procedure for analysing soil texture by “feel”, was applied for the exercise.
28
My contribution
It was the author’s initiative to perform the experiment.
Results
It was found that the soil was predominantly smooth which classified it as clay soil because it rolled easily into a thin stable
thread with no sandiness; smooth, plastic consistency (Fig. 20).
Figure 20 The clay soil thread without crumbling (Photo: Author)
Comments
Due to the lack of resources the author was unable to do a proper soil analysis, but recommended that the Senior Section
Ranger should make these resources and links available to the next Work Integrating Learning (WIL) year student at AENP.
4.3 Soil survey
Purpose
A soil survey was conducted at the Darlington Dam section of AENP, to determine the degree of soil degradation for the
implementation of strategies and methods on how to rehabilitate the site.
Methods
On the 11th of June 2015 a soil survey was done at a degraded site of 25 hectare in the Darlington section of AENP (Mapoti
pers. comm 2015). An 8.1 megapixel digital camera was used to photograph spots where soil degradation has been visible.
Observations were made based on the guidelines of the Erosion & Veldt Rehabilitation Guidelines Manual (Stroebel 2012).
There specifically focused on soil patches with no vegetation cover and slope areas which has been exposed to rainfall
water runoff.
My contribution
The author was responsible for making observations based on guidelines manual and photographing patches of soil
degradation at the allocated site. The author was also responsible for making notes based on observations that he made at
the site.
29
Results
Based on observations the author discovered that a number of dongas formed as a result of gully erosion created by rainfall
runoff at the upper-slope (Coetzee & Stroebel 2011). Evidence of rill and erosion was also observed which created patches
with capped soil where very little water infiltrated as flood marks were visible on the soil surface (Fig. 21A,B,C,D) (Coetzee
& Stroebel 2011).
Figure 21 A Gully erosion B Sheet erosion C Rill erosion D Poor rehabilitated patch made with hollows (Photos: Author)
Recommendations
The author recommended that the dongas should be reshaped to a gentler slope and then covered with geotextile and
mulch. This will improve rainwater infiltration and ultimately vegetation restoration (Stroebel 2012). The author also
recommended that the capped soil patches formed by sheet erosion should be rehabilitated with hollows to facilitate water
infiltration on soil surfaces. (Stroebel 2012).
4.4 Soil erosion control
Purpose
The purpose of soil erosion control in the Darlington Dam section was to prevent any further degradation which was caused
by past farming practises. Hence the fact that indigenous game were re-introduced in the area and control measurements
had to be into place to prevent further degradation.
Methods
As a result of a soil survey that was done recommended methods were applied to rehabilitate the area of 25 hectares.
Rehabilitation included a combination of methods which included making hollows, reshaping dongas, making erosion
control fences replanting vegetation which was removed when the dongas were made.
A B
C D
30
My contribution
The author assisted a contracted team in making hollows by digging holes of 600 X 500 mm wide and 200 mm deep with a
pic-axe. The author also assisted in reshaping dongas with a shovel to create a gentler slope.
Results
Most of the labour focused on making dongas and hollows due to the severity of soil erosion. The team spent more time on
reshaping dongas than making hollow due to the steep degree of slope relief (Fig. 22A).
Figure 22 Contract team making hollows B Brush packing with Sweet thorn Acacia karroo (Photos: Author)
Comments
Unfortunately, during the author’s participation in the activity there was a lack of mulch for the hollows as well as geotextile.
However some of the mulch was substituted with brush packing which was harvested from Sweet thorn Acacia karroo (Fig.
22B)
4.5 Road placement
Purpose
The purpose of road placements was to ensure the effective functioning of tourist and management roads by preventing any
soil from being washed away by rainfall runoff within the park’s boundary (Welgemoed pers. comm. 2015).
Methods
On the 5th and 6th of March the author was asked to join two Field Rangers to make rock barriers and rock beds on a
management road long the fence where gullies formed. The team loaded the rocks by hand on the trailer of a tractor and
transported the rocks to the eroded path. The driver of the tractor offloaded the rocks by using the hydraulic-lift of the trailer
to drop the rocks. The team then separated the piled up rocks and created an evenly spread rock-bed to prevent any further
soil to erode from the road.
A B
31
My contribution
The author helped loading the rocks on the trailer and making rock-beds at the eroded paths (Fig. 23).
Figure 23 The author and colleague filling rocks at the eroded patch (Photo: Jansen)
Results
The gullies were filled up with rocks which prevented vehicles to get stuck. The rock-bed also prevented animals to escape
or enter the park from underneath the fence.
Comments
The author recommended that other forms of soil rehabilitation methods such as gabions should also be applied.
5. WATER MANAGEMENT
5.1 Water infrastructure
Background
The Main Camp of Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) consist of a number of bore-holes which supply water to different
water holes within the park’s boundary (Lefoka pers. comm. 2015). The water is pumped in reservoirs from where it is
distributed through gravity fed pipelines to the different water holes (Lefoka pers. comm. 2015). The levels of the water
holes are controlled by a ball valve system. At times the elephants tend to uproot the underground pipelines that supply the
water holes, therefore it needs to be maintained on a regular basis (pers. obs. 2015).
32
5.1.1 Water hole management
Purpose
The purpose of maintaining the water supply to the water holes was to ensure consistent water supply for the animals in the
park especially during hot periods. The author assisted with many bore-hole maintenance routines at the Main Camp of
AENP.
Methods
The pipes were mostly repaired with socket-joints and hose clamps where leaks have been detected. Sometimes elephants
destroy the pipeline connections and then longer extensions were planted deeper in the soil. Other maintenance included
starting the pumps to fill the reservoirs, water-holes and bleeding the pipelines to remove air pockets to ensure sufficient
water supply (Fig 24 A ) The ball valve systems were checked regularly to ensure adequate functioning (Fig 24 B).
Figure 24 A Author bleeding the pipeline B Sergeant inspecting the ball valve (Photos: Author)
My contribution
The author assisted with pipe repairs using socket-joints and sometimes with wire if there were no hose clamps available.
Results
The pipes were connected and reinstalled as accurate as possible to ensure sufficient water supply.
Recommendations
The author recommended that the appropriate plumbing equipment should be available at all times, because the lack of
inappropriate equipment resulted in the constant repairing of the same pipelines.
A B
33
5.1.2 Replacement of borehole pump and pipes (shafts)
Purpose
The purpose for replacing the pump and shafts was to increase the water flow to the artificial waterholes for the animals. In
this way water availability would improve for the animals in the park (Lefoka pers. comm. 2015).
Methods
First the team erected a three leg-pulley-crane above the pump to pull out the old shafts from the bore hole (Fig. 25). Then
the team disconnected the pipes from the motor that led to the underground pump. The shafts were then pulled with the
three leg pulley-crane out of the bore hole. The old pump was connected to the bottom-shaft and was pulled last. Ones the
pump was disconnected and replaced, the new shafts were lowered after the new pump and reinstallation process was
done.
Results
The pump was replaced with a new one that improved water availability. The new shafts were then lowered underground
and the pump-rods which runs through the shafts were also replaced because was corroded.
My Contributions
The author helped to pull the pulley cable where the shafts were attached to the ones placed lower into the pump hole. The
responsibility required maximum physical strength because while the author was holding the pulley rope, the other team
members were either disconnecting or connecting shafts with a monkey-wrench, below the shaft that the author was holding
up with the pulley rope. The bore hole was 60 m deep and a total of 20 shafts each of three meters in length were lowered
down the bore hole together with the pump.
Figure 25 Author pulling the shaft with the pulley cable (Photo: Lefoka)
34
Recommendations
The author recommended that galvanised pipes should be used to improve the protection of the shafts against corrosion of
the mineral rich borehole water.
5.2 Management of water bodies
5.2.1 Rainfall measures at the Darlington dam section of AENP
Purpose
According to Mucina and Rutherford (2006) the Darlington dam area receives between 210 mm and 320mm rainfall per
year, primarily in late summer. The purpose was to determine if there was a rainfall difference between Volkers River (20
km north) and the Darlington dam (south), over three months.
Method
A rain meter was set up at the north and the south respectively. The rain meters were measured after each rainfall at the
two sites.
My Contribution
The author suggested the idea to his Senior Section Ranger to purchase two rainfall meters for the small experiment. It was
also author’s responsibility to measure the rainfall and record all measurements on a log sheet.
Results
Figure 26 Rainfall records of the Darlington dam north and south.
There amount of rainfall at the north and south of the Darlington dam was not significantly different (Fig. 26). However the
measurements showed that the southern parts received more rainfall throughout the three month period.
Comments
Unfortunately the author was unable to capture the rainfall recordings after the 4th of June 2015 because he was transferred
to another section.
35
5.2.2 Recording water levels of Darlington dam
Background
The Darlington dam is a manmade catchment which was built for irrigation of farm lands (DWAF 2015). The Sundays River
Irrigation Board (SRIB) manage the water release programme which is distributed into the Sundays River valley farmlands
under governance of the Department of Water affairs and Forestry (DWAF) (Kimberg et al. 2014). However the dam is
located within the boundary of Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) and forms part of Field Rangers’ responsibility to
monitor any changes in the dam’s water levels which may affected the biodiversity (SANPARKS 2008).
Purpose
The Darlington dam has a maximum storage capacity of 180.9 million cubic meters (DWAF 2015). The dam level has to be
monitored to prevent it from exceeding its storage capacity which could cause flooding below the dam walls (DWAF 2015).
Methods
The dam level was monitored with an electronic logger-sense device (Fig. 27A) and also manually by measuring the water
level in a sump (Fig.27B) which correlates with the actual water level inside the dam (Fig. 27C).
Figure 27 A Logger-sense instruments B Dam level sump C Actual dam level (Photos: Author)
A B
C
36
My contribution
The author assisted the Water Technician with recording the water level readings of the dam for the month of May to March
2015 (Fig. 28). The author also assisted with opening and closing the sluices with hydraulic operated switchboards and
pressure gauge monitoring.
Results
Figure 28 Darlington Dam water levels from March to May 2015.
Comments
Although the water quality is monitored mainly by the Department of Water Affairs, the author recommends that the field
rangers of AENP should also have their own water quality test kits to monitor any pollution within the dam.
5.2.3 Water quality test at the Volkers River
Background
The Volkers River forms part of the Orange-Fish-Sundays Inter-basin Water Transfer Scheme (IBWT) which flows into the
Darlington dam for irrigation purposes (DWAF 2015). The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) are
responsible for testing the water quality at the Volkers River (DWAF 2015).
Purpose
The IBWT flows through industrial areas and intensive farming practises which could possibly discharge pollutants in the
river system and cause hypertrophic conditions downstream (pers. obs. 2015). The purpose of testing the water quality at
the Volkers River is to detect any pollution traces that could affect the biodiversity in the area and the irrigation scheme.
Method
A water sample was collected ones a month from a monitoring station at the Volkers River. A 200ml sample was extracted
at a depth of 538 cm and preserved with Hg Cl2 (mercury chloride) in container (pers. obs. 2015; Thembani pers. comm.
2015).) (Fig. 29A,B). The samples were analysed at a DWAF laboratory by using micro and macro nutrients, PH and other
elements as water parameters. The amount of these parameters were examined to see if there is a high increase over time
(Thembani pers. comm. 2015).
37
Figure 29 A PAO showing author how to collect the sample. B Water sample in Hg C12 dilution (Photos : PAO)
My contribution
The author assisted a Principal Auxiliary Officer (POA) of DWA with collecting the water samples each month from February
to June 2015.
Results
Figure 30 Water quality parameter levels at the Volkers River monitoring station
It was found that Sodium (Na) levels was the highest in May 2015 only. Ca, Cl, EC, Mg and SO4 showed increasing levels
from February till May 2015 (Fig. 30).
Recommendations
The author recommended that the AENP Rangers should also be equipped with a water quality testing kit to collect water
samples at any time when there is suspicion of pollution. This will improve more accurate monitoring and rapid response to
pollution traces.
A B
38
Acknowledgements The author would like to acknowledge the following people for their guidance and assistance in the completion of this
module:
Linleigh Fortuin (BSP)
Roxanne Erusan (Scientific Services)
Ilse Welgemoed (Senior Section Ranger, Darlington Dam section AENP)
Solomon Lefoka (Senior Section Ranger, Main Camp AENP)
Elton Jansen (Environmenta Monitor)
Nondumiso Mgwenya (People and Conservation Officer)
Zanokhanyo Mnyamana (Field Ranger)
Dr Angela Stoger-Horwath (University of Vienna, Austria)
Anton Baotic (University of Vienna, Austria)
William Mapoti (Contractor at soil erosion site)
39
References
COETZEE, K STROEBEL, W. 2011. Practical Soil Erosion Control and Veld Rehabilitation in the Little Karoo. Prepared for
landowners and managers by the biodiversity project of the ostrich industry business chamber.
BOTHMA J. DU P. & DU TOIT J.G. 2010. Game ranch management. Van Schaik Publishers, Pretoria
DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY. 2015. Water transfer schemes in the middle orange. https://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/Mid_Orange/fish-sun.htm
STROEBEL, W 2012. Erosion & Veldt Rehabilitation Guidelines Manual.
FERREIRA, S. NOVELLIE, P. MANDELA, T. DE KLERK, J. BESZUIDENHOUT, H. 2008. Springbok declines:
Management, predation, sex ratio and Allee effects. SANParks field trip report.
ENSMINGER, A. ENSMINGER, M. KONLANDE, J. 1994. Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia. CTC Press. ISBN 0-8493-8981-
X.
KIMBERG, P.K, WOODFORD, D. J. WEYL, O. L. f, HUI. C, RICHARDSON, D. M, MSEZANE, T. P, VAN DER WALT, K. A,
SWARTZ, E. R, CHIMIMBA, C. T, ZENGEYA, T, ELLENDER, B. R. 2014. To understand the unintended spread and impact
of alien and invasive fish species in order to develop migration and prevention guidelines. Report No. K5/ 2039/ 25, Water
Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
MUCINA, L., & RUTHERFORD, M.C (eds). 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19.
South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
NEWMAN, V. 2010. Birds of Southern Africa. Commemorative edition. Struik Nature. Cape Town.
SANPARKS. 2008. Addo Elephant National Park: Management Plan 2008.
http://www.sanparks.co.za/conservation/park_man/approved
SANPARKS. 2015. Addo Elephant National Park: Management Plan review 2015.
http://www.sanparks.co.za/conservation/park_man/draft_plans.php
STUART, C & STUART, T. 2007. Field Guide to Mammals of Southern Africa. Fourth edition. Struik Nature. Cape Town.
VLOK, J.H.J. & EUSTON-BROWN, D.I.W. 2002. The patterns within, and the ecological processes that sustain, the
Subtropical Thicket Vegetation in the planning domain for the Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Planning (Step) Project.
Terrestrial Ecology. Research Unit Report No. 40, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
40
Appendices
Appendix 1 Cycad Encephalartos spp. Registration form.
Appendix 2 Physical examination report for fire fighting.
41
Appendix 3 Fire fighting equipment infantry list
42
Appendix 4 Confirmation of the Author’s participation with the Mammal Communication Research Project.
Dr. Angela Stöger-Horwath Department of Cognitive Biology University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna Tel.: +43 676 7837326 mail: [email protected]
To Whom It May Concern:
As the leader of the research project FWF P 26448 “Adaptive significance of formant modulation in
African elephants I herby verify that Trevor Coetzee participated in our study by significantly
contributing to our data collection in August 2015 at the Addo Elephant National Park.
Trevor Coetzee helped conducting playback experiments and acoustic recordings. In our research
project we use re-synthesis techniques and playback experiments to determine the perceptual and
functional relevance of specific formant characteristics of elephant infrasonic vocalizations; in
particular, we aim to examine whether the size exaggeration hypothesis also applies to elephants, the
largest terrestrial mammal.
Dr. Angela Stöger-Horwath Wien, 2.10.2015