cÜ lÜhÉf ybt - state · 2017-08-14 · dpfbvjpfdbcbvjcn:vfkrjcfjytpb hfqjybyffvthbrf,rjbnjgjjnyj...
TRANSCRIPT
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1 Nt vb b ht ubj yb...3
2 Ghb hjl yb ec kj dbz...12
3 ec kj dbz pf hfp db Nbt yf xj dti rf ltq yjcN...27
4 vt uf kj Gj kbc...35
5 Ghj vbi kt yb zN wty Nüh...47
6 pfj åb rf kz yb zN bp Njr...57
7 fGf kf xb Nt b jpfhr crb Nt Gkf yb yb...65
8 lük åj rb zN ñu...76
9 ñé yj Nj rhfq åht ébt...87
10 pt vt ltk crb zN wty Nüh...97
11 uj kt vb Nt hfd yb yb b Ght hbb...106
12 yt yf ct kt yf Nf düN hti yf jå kfcN...118
13 ñuj pf Gfl yf Nf uhf ybx yf jå kfcN...129
14 rf kb ajh ybz...136
15 Nb öjj rt fy crj Nj ct dth yj rhfq åht ébt...148
16 ct dth yb Nt pt vb...159
17 öf dfb Nt...166
htx ybr...174
ukfd yb uhf lj dt yf cfO...175
OfN crb cNj kb wb...176
rfh Nf yf 50-Nt Of Nf
CÜ lÜHÉf ybtCÜ lÜHÉf ybt
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1За авторите
Стивън С. Бърдзал е декан на Колежа за искуство и наука в Университета на
Чапъл Хил, Северна Каролина. Получил е магистърска и докторска степен по география от Университета на щата
Мичиган и е съавтор на четири книги и атласи, между които и „Пейзажи
от САЩ и Канада“.
Джон Флорин завежда катедра „География“ в Университета на Чапъл
Хил, Северна Каролина. Получил е магистърска и докторска степен по
география от Университета на щата Пенсилвания. Сред последните му
публикации са „Атлас на американското селско стопанство: американският рог на
изобилието“ в съавторство с Ричард Пилсбъри и „Пейзажи от САЩ и
Канада“съвместно със Стивън С. Бърдзал.
Преводач Иванка ТомоваРедактор Огняна Иванова
Настоящият текст представлява съкратен вариант на Regional Landscapes of the United States and Canada, Fourth Edition, by Stephen S. Birdsall and John Florin („Пейзажи от САЩ и Канада, IV издание, от Стивън С. Бърдзал и Джон Флорин). Copyright © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
На корицата(отляво надясно): мостът Голдън Гейт на входа на залива Сан Франсиско, долината Монюмънт в северна Аризона и фар на брега на Мейн.
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Reknehyjyfcktlcndj: Cütlbytybntofnbcfcthfpdbkbyfjcyjdfnf yf hfpyjjåhfpyj reknehyj yfcktlcndj.Fahjfvthbrfywbntbvfndféyb pfckeub pf yfwbjyfkyfnfreknehf. Dñujbpnjxybnt ofnb ctt jajhvbkjcjåtyreknehty htubjyyfbcgfyjfvthbrfywb,fvthbrfycrb bylbfywb b tdhjgtqcrb fvthbrfywb. Rbnfqwbnt jcnfdzn cdjqjngtxfnür dühöeébdjnf d nfrbdfuhfljdtrfnjCfyAhfycbcrjbYñQjhr.Njdfreknehyjhfpyjjåhfpbtt dféyf xthnf jn öfhfrnthyfnfabpbjyjvbzyfcnhfyfnf.
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Djnltkybntofnbnfpbeckjéytyfgjkbnbxtcrfcnhernehfvjétlf
8 9
uhflböfhfrnthtyhfqjy.Yfqdféybntntvb,rjbnjjghtltkzncfvjkbxyjcnnfyftlbyhtubjy,cfvyjujhfpkbxyb pfhfpkbxybnthtubjyb.Yttdüpvjéyjlfujdjhbvpffvthbrfycrbz Ñujpfgfl, åtp lfjnltkbvwtynhfkyjvzcnjyfåtpdjlbtnjbthjpbznf,pfCtdthfåtpytujdbnt cneltyb pbvb bkb pfCtdthjbpnjrfåtpuhfljdtntbghjvbiktybntghtlghbznbz.Cktljdfntkyj rkñxjdbzn tktvtyn, rjqnjghfdbtlbyhtubjybpwzkjtlyjhjlty,yttrfrnjqctcüjnyfczrüvlheubhtubjybyfjcyjdfnfyftlbyyfåjhjnghtldfhbntkyjjghtltktybghjvtykbdbdtkbxbyb, frfrdytujct cüxtnfdfjghtltktyyfåjhjneckjdbz.
Cktlcndbtjnnjdfyfithfpåbhfyt t hfpltkzytnj yf Cütlbytybntofnbyf14htubjyf(rfhnf1),dctrbjnrjqnjthfpuktlfydjnltkyfukfdf.Njdfcf:Vtufkjgjkbc,Fvthbrfycrbzn ghjvbikty wtynüh,Pfjåbrfkzybznbpnjr,FgfkfxbntbJpfhrcrbnt gkfybyb, Lükåjrbznñu, Ñéyjnj rhfqåhtébt, Ptvtltkcrbzn wtynüh, Ujktvbnt hfdybyb b ghthbb, Ujkfnf dünhtiyfjåkfcn, Ñujpfgflyfnf uhfybxyfjåkfcn, Rfkbajhybz, Nböjjrtfycrjnj ctdthyj rhfqåhtébt, CtdthybntptvbbÖfdfbnt.
Dnfpbrybufhtubjybnt cfghtlcnfdtyb lj ujkzvf cntgty rfnjjnltkyb nthbnjhbb, vfrfh xt dltqcndbntkyjcn nt yt cf nfrbdf.„Ectofytnj“pftlbyhtubjy,rjtnjbcrfvt lf dyeibv, taeyrwbz jnvzcnjnj,yjcüojnfrfbaeyrwbz
jn ghbcüofnf ve öfhfrnthbcnbrf.PfnjdfyfghbvthcbkyjbphfptybznehåfybcnbxtyöfhfrnthyfVtufkjgjkbccthfpuktélfdUkfdf4,yjhfpkbxyb fcgtrnb yf ghjvbiktyjcnnf, rjbnj dkbzzn dühöe YñQjhr,Abkfltkabz,Åjcnüyblheub düpkjdb ghjvbiktyb wtynhjdt,cücnfdkzdfob Vtufkjgjkbc, cthfpuktélfn d Ukfdf 5. „Ectofytnj“ gj jnyjitybt yf „Chtlybzpfgfl“, rfrnj jåbryjdtyj yfhbxfnnjpbhtubjy,tcdühpfyjcldfdféybfcgtrnf–uhflcrjbylecnhbfktybghjdbywbfkyjptvtltkcrb.Bldf
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1.Vtufkjgjkbc2.Ghjvbiktybznwtynüh3.Pfjåbrfkzybznbpnjr
4.FgfkfxbntbJpfhrcrbntgkfybyb5.Lükåjrbznñu
6.Ñéyjnjrhfqåhtébt7.Ptvtltkcrbznwtynüh
8.Ujktvbnthfdybybbghthbbnt9.Ujkfnfdünhtiyfjåkfcn
10.Ñujpfgflyfnfuhfybxyfjåkfcn11.Rfkbajhybz
12.Nböjjrtfycrjnjctdthyjrhfqåhtébt13.Ctdthybntptvb
14.Öfdfbnt
10 11
lheub. Hjkznf, rjznj ct düpkfufyf ntvbnt, t lf ghtljcnfdzn zcyfjnghfdyf njxrf pf bpgjkpdfyt yfbyajhvfwbznf pf lflty htubjy,
vfrfh xt dvyjuj ukfdb yzvf lfåült nhelyj lf hfpgjpyftv tktvtynb yf yfwbjyfkyf bkb rjynbytynfkyfutjuhfabz. ∆
nf fcgtrnf cf ljcnfnüxyj dféyb,pflfåülfnhfpuktlfybgjjnltkyjbgjlhjåyj.
Yf fvthbrfycrbz gtqpfé ytcüjndtncndfn cnhjub htubjyfkybuhfybwb. Tlby lzk jn cnhfyfnfvjét lf t pftn jn xfcnb yf ldfbkbgjdtxthtubjyf,fuhfybwbntyfvyjujhtubjybvjufnlfåülfnljcnf ujktvb ghtöjlyb pjyb, cülühéfob vyjuj jn öfhfrnthbcnbrbntyf tlby jn htubjybnt. D yzrjbvjvtynb ntpb pjyb jajhvznjåkfcn,rültnjöfhfrnthybntxthnbct cvtcdfn gj njkrjdf ytekjdbvbkb ckjéty yfxby, xt t nhelyjnfpb jåkfcn lf åült ghbxbcktyfrüv rjqnj b lf t jn htubjybnt.Ghbvthbpfnjdf cfxfcnbjnbdbwfnfvtélePtvtltkcrbzwtynühbUjktvbnthfdybyb,rfrnjbctrnjhbjn ghtöjlyfnf pjyf vtéle PtvtltkcrbzwtynühbLükåjrbzñu.
Htubjyfkybnt uhfybwb b cfvbnthtubjyb yt cf cnfnbxyb.Ghjvtyznctpfctkybxtcrbntvjltkb,jåotcndjnjhfpdbdfyjdbdféybntöyjkjubxybevtybz,ghjvtyznctbgjkbnbxtcrbntvjltkb;htubjybnt,jnhfpzdfqrb ntpbvjltkb, vjét lf cthfpibhzdfn, cdbdfn, pfhfélfn bkbbpxtpdfn. Hfpltktybtnj yf Cütlbytybntofnbgjhtubjybpf1492u.,rjufnjcnhfyfnftjnrhbnf,åbåbkjcüdctv hfpkbxyj jn njdf pf 1776,1865 bkb 1991 u. Yzvf jcyjdfybtlfcvznfvt,xtvjltkünpf2100u.ot åült gjljåty yf vjltkf pf2000u.
Bpexfdfytnjyfhtubjybnt,rjbnjcvt cüplfkb pf wtkbnt yf nfpb
rybuf,gjrfpdf,xtntcfjåjcjåtybtlbybwbbnjdfdjåobkbybbktcyjctecnfyjdzdf,vfrfhxtyzrjbhtubjyb vjufn lf ghtlcnfdkzdfnrjvåbyfwbb bpdüy yjhvfkybntjxfrdfybz. Lf hfpuktlfvt yfghbvthPfjåbrfkzybzbpnjr, rjqnj trjvåbyfwbzjngkfybybntFlbhjylfrdYñQjhrbctdthjbpnjxybzlzk jn Cütlbytybnt ofnb, bpdtcnty rfnj Yñ Byukfyl. Gjdtxtnjckexfqyb yfåkñlfntkb drkñxdfnåtp rjktåfybt wzkfnf nthbnjhbzyfYñByukfyldtlbyhtubjy,nüqrfnj ujlbyb yfhtlofnbnt yfYñByukfylcfjghtltkzybrfnjjnltkty htubjy cüc plhfdb reknehybdhüprb.Yj ghtp gjcktlybnt ltctnbktnbz d ñéyfnf xfcn yf YñByukfyl cf cnfyfkb ujktvb ghjvtyb, ghtlbpdbrfyb jn pfcbktyfbvbuhfwbzbehåfybpfwbz.
Yzrjkrj htubjyf cktldfn gjkbnbxtcrb uhfybwb. Pf Öfdfbnt ghbxbyfnfpfnjdftzcyf.Rfkbajhybzpftvf jnltkyj vzcnj d jrjkybzgtqpfépfhflbdjltofnfcbhjkzdghjvzyfnfyfreknehfnfyfFvthbrf b pfhflb „hfphtifdfytnj“ yfvtcnyb ghjåktvb c gjkbnbxtcrbchtlcndf.Vtufkjgjkbcjåbryjdtyjcktldfjxthnfybznfyfjrhüpbnt.
Rfrnj dtxt cgjvtyfövt, dczrfjnukfdbntpfjnltkybnthtubjybtgjcnhjtyf jrjkj tlyf bkb yzrjkrj jcyjdyb ntvb. Gjdtxtnj jnntpb ntvb cf bpdktxtyb, d rhftyckexfq ytghzrj, jn jcyjdybntntvbyfwzkfnfrybuf.Djghtltktybhtubjybyzrjbntvbctyfkfufngjcbkyj bkb gjjnxtnkbdj jn
12 13
Cütlbytybntofnb.Jcdtyxtbvfnjuhjvty ptvtltkcrb gjntywbfk,Dünhtiybnt hfdybyb lfdfn düpvjéyjcn lf ct ghtrjcb cnhfyfnf,åtp lf ct pfnhelyzdf ldbétybtnjjncthbjpybnjgjuhfacrbåfhbthb.Njdfektcyzdfbyntuhbhfytnjbyfhtubjyf,byfjnlfktxtybzPfgfldbrjyjvbxtcrfnf cnhernehf yfcnhfyfnf.JnnbxfytnjyfdjlbntyfhtrfVbcbcbgb b yf ytqybnt ghbnjwbcnfdfgjxnbbpwzkjdjåkfcnnf yf Dünhtiybnt hfdybyb. Njpbafrn cgjvfuf pf htubjyfkyjnjbyntuhbhfyt, rfnj ghtljcnfdznhfycgjhn b brjyjvbxtcrb wtynühpfptvbntyfpfgfljnFgfkfxbnt.
Yf ctdth b yf ctdthjbpnjr jnWtynhfkybnthfdybybtRfyflcrbznobn, yf xbznj gjdühöyjcn ktéfncnfhb, ndühlb ghtrhbcnfkbpbhfkbcrfkb.Gjyfljkeyfñudhfdybybnt gjljåyb crfkb cf gjrhbnb cücctlbvtynb, yfnhegfyb gjl vjhtnj,rjtnjyzrjuftpftvfkjwtynhfkyfnfxfcnyfcnhfyfnf.GjlltqcndbtnjyfthjpbznfRfyflcrbznobncttghtdühyfkdhfdybyf,jghtltkzoföfhfrnthfyfjåkfcnnf.
Rfyflcrbznobn,gjdtxtjndctrblheu ctdthyjfvthbrfycrbabpbrjutjuhfacrb htubjy, t åbk gjlkjétyghtpgjcktlybnt tlbyvbkbjyujlbyb yf ghtjåhfpzdfojnj düpltqcndbt yf juhjvyb rjynbytynfkybktlybwb.NtpbktlybwbgjrhbdfkbgjxnbwzkfRfyflfyfbpnjrjnCrfkbcnbnt gkfybyb b Åhtujdbntöhtåtnbbcnbufkbyfñughbåkbpbntkyj lj ctufiybnt ljkbyb yfhtrbntVbcehbbJöfqj.
Ktlün bpnhüudfk jn gjdühöyjcnnf crfkb, rjbnj ntéfkb vyjujnjyjdt,bubdkfxtkyfujktvbhfpcnjzybz.Rfyflcrbznobntjctzycjuhjvybrfvtyybåkjrjdt,pfctlyfkb nfv, rültnj ktlybwbnt cf ubbpödühkbkb. Ktlün, hfpnjgty gjgthbathbznfyfktlybwbnt,jåhfpedfk ujktvb htrb b ghjrfhdfkibhjrbyjdbgünbofrüvvjhtnj.
Ktlybwbnt jnvbkbvyjuj jn gjdühöyjcnnf yfObnf. Lytc gjxdtyfnf gjrhbdrf yf htubjyf jcnfdfnüyrf bkb bpjåoj yt cüotcndedf.Gjhflb cbkyj yfheityfnf cbcntvfyf jnnbxfyt ktlybrjdb jåhfpedfybz ghtghtxbkb günz yf vyjujgjnjwbbjndtkblheubdkfåbhbynfjntpthfbåkfnf,dvtcnjrüvvjhtnj.WtynhfkyfbctdthyfVbytcjnfyfghbvth, bpdtcnyb rfnj „Ptvznfyf10ntöbkzlbtpthf“,cfxfcnjnñéybzlzkyfgjrhbnbzcktlybwbObn, rjqnj yfdkbpf d ofnbntVbytcjnf,VbxbufybEbcrjycby.
Yf ñu, rültnj ktlün yt t åbknjkrjdfgküntybcbkfnfvecüjndtnyj t åbkf gjvfkrf, günzn yfktlybwbnt åbk jnrkjyzdfy bkbghtyfcjxdfyjngjdbcjrbdüpdbitybz.Yfghbvth günzn yf ktlf åbkghtghtxty d wtynhfkty Yñ Qjhrjn gkfybybnt ñéyj jn htrfVjöjr. Yzrjb gjntcyb ktltybåkjrjdt jåfxt ct ghjvüryfkbyfujht gj ljkbybnt yf ghbnjwbntyfVjöjr,rfnjgjcntgtyyjubhfpibhzdfkb b bplükåfdfkb. Lytclükåjrbnt, ntcyb tpthfAbyuüh dofnfYñQjhrbpgükdfnntpbeujktvtybjnktlybwbntljkbybbcüp
Ghtjåkflfdfobnt njgjuhfacrbxthnbyfCütlbytybnt ofnb vjufn
lf åülfn ghjcktltyb jnctdthyfñudwzkfnfcnhfyf(Rfhnf 2). Dünhtiyjcnnf yfcnhfyfnftjuhjvyf,jåibhyfhfdybyf, rjznj ct ghjcnbhfjnVtrcbrfycrbzpfkbdljRfyflcrfnfuhfybwfbjnnfvljFkzcrf.Utjuhfabnt,rjbnjctpfybvfdfnchfpdbnbtnj yf ptvybnt ajhvb,jnyfcznnjdfhfdybyyjghjcnhfycndj c dükyjjåhfpyb düpdbitybzrüvnhbhfpkbxybabpbrjutjuhfacrb htubjyf –Rhfqåhtéybnt hfdybybyfFnkfynbxtcrbzjrtfybyfVtrcbrfycrbz pfkbd, jåkfcnnf yfDünhtiybnt hfdybyb (yzrjb ubhfpltkzn yfUjktvbhfdybyb b yfWtynhfkyb hfdybyb) b Rfyflcrbzobn.
Rhfqåhtéybnt hfdybyb yf FnkfynbxtcrbzjrtfybyfVtrcbrfycrbz pfkbd ct ghjcnbhfnyf ctdthgjrhfq bpnjxyjnj rhfqåhtébt yfCütlbytybntofnb xfr ljñéybzrhfqyfYñByukfyl.Gjlntpbptvbktéfnvkflb,vtrb,ktcyjthjpbhfob crfkb, jnkjétyb d rücybutjkjérbdhtvtyf,rjufnjdükybntyfgkbnrbvjhtnfcfvbtkbceifnf.Ybcrbnt hfdybyb ct cgecrfn gjlgjdühöyjcnnfyfjrtfyfbjåhfpedfnitka,rjqnjyfvtcnfctghjcnbhflj400rbkjvtnhfyfdünht.
Yf ctdth, rültnj jåkfcnnf yfDünhtiybnthfdybybtpfåtktébvjgjöükvbcnf d chfdytybt c rhfq
åhtéybnt hfdybyb, gjxnbyzvf crfkbcn nthty. Njpbhtubjytrfnjxbybzcbpdbnyfujht hüå, gjrhbnf c lükåjrb gkfcnjdt enftxyb crfkb.Ntpbctlbvtynybyfckfubcfjåbryjdtyjljcnfgkjcrb;gjdtxtnj bpvtytybz d htkt
afcfhtpeknfnjnkjrfkyfthjpbzbkb,rfrnjtyfctdth,jnktlybrjdb yfnhegdfybz, jåhfpedfyb ghtpktlybrjdbz gthbjl. Utjkjérfnfcnhernehf yf Ujktvbnt hfdybybvfkrjcthfpkbxfdfjncnhernehfnfyfWtynhfkybnthfdybyb.Ghtjåkflfdfn ctlbvtynybnt yfckfub,düghtrb xt yf ctdth ct bplbufn byzrjb thjpbhfyb regjkjdblyb jåhfpedfybz, chtl rjbnj yfqpfåtktébntkyb cf ÅkfrÖbkc yfÑéyfLfrjnf.Vfrfh xt cf gjxnb öjhbpjynfkyb,enftybntptvybgkfcnjdtcf yfrkjytyb ktrj yf pfgfl, rfnjjåhfpedfntlyfgflbyfdgjkbntyfCrfkbcnbnt gkfybyb, rültnj cfhfpgjkjétybuhfljdtntyfRjkjhflj–LtydühbRjkjhfljCghbyuc.
UhfybwfnfvtéleUjktvbnthfdybyb b Wtynhfkybnt hfdybyb tghjrfhfyfjndthbufcnhüvybcrfkbcnbcrkjyjdt,åtktétobbpnjxybzrhfqyfgjrhbdrfnfjnhjykbdb enftxyb crfkb, jnrücyfkb ctghb thjpbznf yf Crfkbcnbnt gkfybyb,rjznjgjrhbdfhfdybybnt.
Öfhfrnthün yf nfpb jåibhyfjåkfcn yf Dünhtiyb hfdybybdkbztcüotcndtyjdühöebrjyjvbrfnfbpfctkybxtcrfnfbcnjhbzyf
Ghbhjlybeckjdbz
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14 15
vfof xfcnb jnCtdthyfLfrjnf bVbytcjnf.
Vjhcrjnj hfdybot åbkj pyfxbntkyjgjybcrjd gthbjlbyfhfpuühyfnf ktlybrjdf ltqyjcn. Njdfgjybéfdfkj jcyjdyjnj ybdj yfvyjuj htrb b ct cüplfdfkb eckjdbz pf pfcbktyf thjpbz. Jcdtynjdf vyjuj jn htxybnt ljkbybcnbufkbljnfv,rültnjtlytiybznjrtfy. Ghtp njpb gthbjl htrbntCücreüöfyf b Öülcüy, rfrnj bhtlbwf lheub htrb, ghjhzpfkbvyjuj gjlükåjrb ljkbyb. Cjnlhügdfytnj yfktlf b c bplbufytnj yf vjhcrjnj hfdybot, jrtf
yünpfkzkntpbdlükåfybljkbyb.Ldtjnyfqöeåfdbntghbcnfyboybjåkfcnbd cdtnf cfajhvbhfybgjnjpbyfxby:pfkbdünYñQjhrclükåjrfnf htrf Öülcüy b pfobnybntåfhbthb, bplbuyfnb jn CnfnüyFqkfylbKjyuFqkfyl;bpfkbdünXtcfgbqr, pfkznfnfjndjlfljkbyfyfhtrfCücreüöfyfbyzrjbjnujktvbnt q yzrjufiyb ghbnjwb,rfnjhtrbntGjnjvfrbLétqvc.
Yf bpnjr rhfqåhtéybnt hfdybybgjcntgtyyj ct cntcyzdfn gjrhfqjrtfyfdctdthyfgjcjrf,ghbnbcrfyb jnFgfkfxbnt, ljrfnj bpxtpyfn
lfdfntlbyjnyfqrhfcbdbntgtqpfébyfFvthbrf.
Gj wzkjnjñéyj ghjntétybt yfktltybnt vfcb, f cüoj b pfl nfpbkbybz,ktlybrjdbntjnkfufybz,fytthjpbznf cf jcyjdyf gjcktlbwf jnltqcndbtnj yf ktlybwbnt. UjktvbhfqjybjnjåkfcnnfyfDünhtiybnthfdybybktéfngjlktlybrjdbyfckfub(crfkbbghücn,bpödühktybjnktlybwbnt), rjbnj gjrhbdfn ptvznfyf lükåjxbyf jn tlby vtnüh ljgjdtxt jn 100 vtnhf. Nfv, rültnjktlybwbnt jcnfyfkb ytgjldbéyb pflükubgthbjlbjndhtvt,ctjåhfpedfkb gjdbcjrb öükvjdt, yfhtxtybvjhtyb. Hfpgjkjétybnt yf bpnjrCnfnüyFqkfyl,KjyuFqkfyl,Vfhnfc Dbyzhl,Yfynürtn bRtqgRjlcfvjhtyb,rjbnjåtktéfnrhfqyfnfnjxrf d ujkzvjnj jnrkjytybt yfktlybwbnt d ñujbpnjxyf gjcjrf.GtqpféünñéyjjnUjktvbnttpthftjctzyclükub,ybcrb,gjkerhüukböhtåtnb yfvjhtyb b lheub ktlybrjdbyfckfub.
TlbylzkjnjåkfcnnfyfDünhtiybnt hfdybyb jcnfdf ytpfctuyfn jnltqyjcnnfyfktlybwbnt.ÑujpfgflyfnfxfcnyfEbcrjycbybcüctlyfnfq, ghjcnbhfofnf ct yf 400 rbkjvtnhf ljkbyf yf htrf Vbcbcbgbjxtdblyjcfåbkbgjofltybåkfujlfhtybt yf ghjnbdjltqcndbtnj yfbpghfdbkbctghtlghbbélfobzktlåfhbthbrfnjgkfybycrfnfvtcnyjcnCñgbhbühyfctdthbyfghtyfcjxdfytnjyfktlfjnlükåjrbntljkbyb yf tpthfnf Vbxbufy b Cñgbhbüh. D htpeknfn yf ntpb ghjwtcbct jåhfpedf kjrfkyf jåkfcn jn
ktlybrjdb yfckjtybz, öfhfrnthbpbhfof ct c gjüukjdfnb, rhtörbcrfkybajhvb,jåhfpedfobtcntcndtybvjcnjdtbcdjljdt.
C jnlhügdfytnj yf ktltybntåkjrjdt ct jåhfpedfkb uhfvflybtpthf gj rhfbofnf yf ktlybwbnt.D ctdthybnt Ujktvb hfdybyb ldtjuhjvyb tpthf, Fufcbp b Htléfqyf, pftvfn jåkfcn, gjujkzvf jnjåkfcnnfyflytiybntUjktvbtpthf.Ghbgjyfnfnüiyjnjjnlhügdfytyfktlybwbnt ntpb tpthfgjxnbbpxtpyfkb. Lytc pf cüotcndedfytnjbvyfgjvyzyzrjufiyjnjtpthyjrjhbnj–hfdybyyfjåkfcn,pft
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2
16 17
Xfcnb jn htubjyf, jcjåtyj dñéyjwtynhfktyJhtujybdljkbyfnf yf htrf Cytqr dFqlföj, cfjctzybcdekrfybxybrhfnthb.
Gkfnfnfgjcntgtyyjcthfpibhzdfn yf ctdth, jåuhfélfqrb ljkbyfnf yf htrf Ñrjy d Fkzcrf. Dchfdytybt c nzö ujkzv lzk jnwtynhfkyf Fkzcrf ghtlcnfdkzdfibhjrf, gkjcrf hfdybyf, rültnjjnnbxfytnjyfdjlbnttckfåj.
Duhfybxtobnttlbyclheuofnb(åtpFkzcrfbÖfdfbnt)Nböjjrtfycrjnjrhfqåhtébt ct cücnjb ukfdyjjnldtgkfybycrbdthbub,cktldfob gjcjrf ctdthñu, rjbnj cfhfpltktyb jn ghtrücyfnb hfdybyb.D ñéyfnf xfcn yf RfkbajhybzÅhtujdbntöhtåtnbcfljcnfjåibhyb,cdühöjdt,dbcjrblj3000vtnhf. Jnnfv gjxnb lj uhfybwfnf cJhtujy gkfybybnt cf ybcrb bbplükétyb, hzlrj gjdbcjrb jn1000 vtnhf. Njdf t yfqujkzvfnfjåkfcndofnf,rültnjctyfåkñlfdfnhfpvtcndfybzyfptvybntgkfcnjdt b xtcnj cnfdfn ptvtnhtctybz.Gjghjntétybtyfuhfybwfnfvtéle Rfkbajhybz b Jhtujy, gkfybybntRkfvfncfgjdbcjrb,gjlükub b vyjuj gjrfvtybcnb b ytcbvtnhbxyb.Cbprkñxtybtyfgkfybybnt Jkbvgbr d ctdthjpfgfltyDfibyunjy Åhtujdbnt öhtåtnb djcnfyfkfnfxfcnyfJhtujybofnfDfibyunjy cf gjcrjhj ybcrb böükvbcnb,jnrjkrjnjgkfybycrb.
Dünhtiybnt hfdybyb gjrhfqrhfqåhtébtnj – Wtynhfkyfnfrfkbajhybqcrf ljkbyf, ljkbyfnfEükfvbn d Jhtujy b ybpbyfnf
Gñlébn Cfeyl düd Dfibyunjy –cf tlbycndtybnt ibhjrb hfdybybåkbpj lj Pfgflyjnj rhfqåhtébt.Ntpb hfdybyb cüc chfdybntkyjljåhbgjxdbgjllühéfndujkzvfcntgtyptvtltkbtnjgjNböjjrtfycrjnjrhfqåhtébt.
Yf bpnjr jn hfdybybnt cf gkfybycrbnt dthbub Cbthf Ytdflf bRfcrflybntgkfybyb.CbthfYtdflfbpuktélfnfrf,czrfijuhjvtyrücjn ptvznf ct t bprhbdbk yfujht,cüjndtnyj yf bpnjr b yf pfgfl, dcnhüvty vfcbd, jåühyfk yfqdbcjrfnf cb pfjcnhtyf xfcn yf bpnjr.VfrfhxtpfgflybntgjlcnügbrüvCbthfYtdflfytcfjcjåtyjcnhüvyb,yfbpnjrgkfybyfnfctbpdbczdfyfvtcnfyfgjdtxtjn3000vtnhf.Dekrfybxyfnf ltqyjcn t bpbuhfkfdféyf hjkz d bpuhfélfytnj yfRfcrflybnt gkfybyb. Yzrjb jnyfqbpdtcnybntdekrfybxybdühöjdtd Fvthbrf, rfnj dhüö Htqybüh bdhüöCtqynÖtküycdüdDfibyunjycfdntpbgkfybyb.
RkbvfnRkbvfnüntcüdregyjcnjnfnvjcathybnt eckjdbz ghtp dctrb tlbylty pf lükujujlbity gthbjl jndhtvt. Njq t htpeknfn jn dpbvjltqcndbtnj yf vyjuj hfpkbxybrjvgjytynb, yfqdféyb jn rjbnjcfntvgthfnehfnfbdfktébnt.
Rkbvfnbxybnt hfqjyb cf htpeknfn jn dpfbvjltqcndbtnj yf nhbutjuhfacrb afrnjhf. Gühdbzn jnnzö t utjuhfacrfnf ibhbyf. Jcnfyf dühntyt yf Ptvznf crkñxdfüuük c hfdybyfnf, d rjznj ktéb
yfgükyj ghb Rtqg Rjl. Jnnfv yfctdthjbpnjr rhfqåhtéybzn gtqpfét xfcn jn ctdthyjnj ghjlükétybtyf gkfybycrfnf cbcntvf Fgfkfxb.Fgfkfxbnt–thjpbhfybjcnfyrbjnyzrjufiyf vyjuj gjdbcjrf gkfybycrf dthbuf – jnltkzn vjhcrbzåhzu jn jåkfcnnf yf Dünhtiybnthfdybyb gj ghjntétybt yf ujkzvfxfcnjnbpnjxybntCütlbytybofnb.
Gjxdbnt d gjdtxtnj xfcnb yfnjpb htubjy cf gjdühöyjcnyb, fcnhüvybnt crkjyjdt, gjyfxfkjnhelyb pf jåhfåjndfyt, cf cüdühityj ytghbujlyb pf vjlthyjnjptvtltkbt, pfkfufoj bprkñxbntkyj vyjuj yf vtöfybpfwbznf.Vfkrbnt,kjrfkybhfdybybytgjpdjkzdfnlfcthfpuühytibhjrjvfofåyjuhflcrj bkb bylecnhbfkyj cnhjbntkcndj.Hfyybntpfctkybwbcbpytyflfecnfyjdzdfn,xtFgfkfxbntjnhtrfVjöjrdYñQjhryfñuljctdthyfnfxfcnyfFkfåfvfbplbufnhtfkyf åfhbthf ghtl ldbétybtnjyf pfgfl; gkfybycrfnf dthbuf tgjxnbbpwzkjytghtrücyfnf.
Pfgflyfnf xfcn yf Cütlbytybntofnb ct öfhfrnthbpbhf c gkfybybb c htprb, ujktvb ghjvtyb düddbcjxbyfnf. B ner abpbrjutjuhfacrbzn jåkbr ct jghtltkz jnnhbgjzcf,cktldfobgjcjrfctdthñu, rfnj Crfkbcnbnt gkfybyb yfbpnjrcfjnltktybjngkfybybntbljkbybntyfNböjjrtfycrjnjrhfqåhtébt c gjhtlbwf dbcjrb, cbkyjhfpxktytybgkfnf.
Djltob yfxfkjnj cb jn bpnjr,Crfkbcnbntgkfybyb,xbbnjdühöjdt gjyzrjuf ct bplbufn yf gjdtxt
jn2000vtnhfdbcjxbyf, cfjåühyfkb vfcbdybnt cb öhtåtnb rüvUjktvbnt hfdybyb. Lheuflt, yfghbvth d ñéyjwtynhfkyfnf xfcnyfEfqjvbyu,Crfkbcnbntgkfybybczrfi bpjåoj yt cüotcndedfn. DctdthybzlzkyfdthbufnfdFqlföj ghjlükujdfnbzn cbketn yfgjdtxtnj gkfybyb d njpb hfqjy,cktldfob gjcjrf ctdthñu, tbpvtcntyjnuhfvflybdekrfybxybcrfkb, ythfdyjvthyj thjpbhfyb dybpjnibhjrb,rfvtybcnbdthbub,rjbnjghtlcnfdkzdfnyfqujkzvfnfujkfbgecnfjåkfcndCütlbytybntofnbbpdüyFkzcrf.
Dbcjrbnt gkfnf yf wtynhfkybzPfgfl cüoj cf hfpyjjåhfpyb gjcdjz ghjbpöjl b jåkbr. Yfqñéybzn lzk, gkfnjnj Rjkjhflj, tbpuhflty jn gkünyb ctlbvtynybyfckfub, bplbufob ct yf dbcjxbyfgjdtxtjn1000vtnhfyfldünhtiybnthfdybybbyfrkjytybyfctdthjbpnjr. Gkfnjnj ghtlcnfdkzdfpfåtktébntkty gtqpfé jn rfymjyb,dekrfybxybdühöjdtbgzcüxybgecnbyb.
Yf ctdth åfctqyün yf htrbntRüküvåbz b Cytqr t pfgükdfyvyjujrhfnyj jn gjnjwb kfdf yflükåjxbyf gjdtxt jn 1000vtnhf.Yzrjufiyb b ctufiyb htrb cfjåhfpedfkb ghjkjvb d crfkbnt.Jajhvbkbzn ct d htpeknfn yfnjdf gtqpfé yfgjvyz pf gkfnjnjRjkjhflj, vfrfh xt ner kbgcdfcnügfkjdblyjcnnf,lükéfofctyfghjvtykbdfnf cüghjnbdf, rjznjenftxybntcrfkbyfgkfnjnjRjkjhflj cf jrfpdfkb yf thjpbznf.
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tcntcndtyfnf gjcjrf yf dtnhjdtnt,gkfybyfnf bpnkfcrdf düpleiyfnfvfcf yfujht, rültnj nz ct jökfélf. Ghb jökfélfytnj rjkbxtcndjnj dkfuf, rjtnj düpleiyfnf vfcfvjétlfpflühéb,yfvfkzdf.Dfktéb gflfn, frj ghb jökfélfytnjjnyjcbntkyfnf dkféyjcn ljcnbuyt100 ghjwtynf. Dkfufnf gflf dühöebpkjétyfnf yf dznühf cnhfyf, fgjldtnhtyfnf cnhfyf jcnfdf ceöf.Yfqdkféyfnf jåkfcn d CtdthyfFvthbrftgjrhfqNböjjrtfycrjnjrhfqåhtébtjnJhtujyljñéyfnfxfcnyfFkzcrf,rültnjghjgbnbjndkfuf dtnhjdt dhüökbnfn dühöegkfybybntgjrhfqåhtuf.Chtlybntujlbiybdfktébcfgjdtxtjn200cfynbvtnhfdwzkfnfjåkfcn,rfnjyf vtcnf yflödühkzn 300 cfynbvtnhf.
Gkfybybnt vjufn cüoj nfrf lfyfvfkzncvtrxfdfobztatrn,rjqnj rhfqvjhcrjnj dkbzybt jrfpdfdühöe ntvgthfnehfnf, rfrnj njdfcnfdfdwtynhfkyfnfpjyfyfNböjjrtfycrbz ctdthjpfgfl. PfgflybntRjhlbkthb (gkfybycrbvfcbd)düpgbhfnrhfqvjhcrjnjdkbzybtdühöenjpbåhzu.Yzrjbjnyfqujktvbnthfpkbrbdrjkbxtcndjnjdfktébbd ntvgthfnehbnt, htubcnhbhfybdühöeytujkzvfgkjodwzkfFvthbrf,ctyfåkñlfdfnvtélepfgflyfnf b bpnjxyfnf cnhfyf yf xfcnbjn Åhtujdbnt öhtåtnb. Åtpdjlbtnjyfwtynhfkyfnfbctdthyfnfxfcnyfdünhtiybz Pfgfl ct lükéb ljujkzvfcntgtyyfåfhbthfnf,rjznjbplbufn gkfybycrbnt dthbub yfPfgflf,cktldfobgjcjrfctdthñu.
YfbpnjrjnCrfkbcnbntgkfybybdkbzybtnj yf htktaf dühöe dfktébnt gjcntgtyyj yfvfkzdf, jnxfcnb pfojnj bpnjxybnt gkfybyb cfgjybcrb, gjhflb rjtnj yt ghtlcnfdkzdfn nfrfdf cjkblyf åfhbthfghtl ldbétybtnj yf düpleiybntvfcb b jnxfcnb pfojnj rkbvfnündüd dünhtiyjcnnf yf cnhfyfnf thtpeknfn jn cåkücürf yf ldtjuhjvybdüpleiybvfcb,ghtlrjbnj yzvf ghtgzncndbz – tlyfnf,yfcjxtyf yf ctdth jn Vtrcbrfycrbz pfkbd, lheufnf – yf ñu jnRfyflf.Chtofnfyfntpbdüpleiybvfcbtghbxbyfdhtvtnjdhtubjyflfghtvbyfdfghtpåehybgthbjlb.
Njdf ghtlcnfdkzdf xtndühnbznafrnjh,jrfpdfodféyjbckjéyjdkbzybt dühöe rkbvfnf: öfhfrnthün yf düpleiybnt vfcb b htébvün yf dtnhjdtnt. Rkbvfnün yfFvthbrf ct dkbzt pyfxbntkyj jncåkücürfvtélegjkzhybdüpleiybvfcb(jåbryjdtyjcneltyb,ceöbb ecnjqxbdb) b nhjgbxtcrb ghbvjhcrb düpleiyb vfcb (njgkb,dkféyb b ytecnjqxbdb). Gühdbntyfgbhfnlfktxyfñughtppbvfnf,fdnjhbntljcnbufnlfktxyfctdthghtp kznjnj. Gjdtxtnj xfcnb yfFvthbrf cf gjlkjétyb yf dkbzybtnj yf pfgflyb dtnhjdt, rjbnjghtlbpdbrdfn ghjvtyb düd dhtvtnjdbpnjxyfgjcjrf.Nfrfrjynbytynfkybzn rkbvfn yf dünhtiyjcnnfyfcnhfyfnftbpnkfcrfyyfBpnjxyjnjrhfqåhtébt.
Dpfbvjltqcndbtnj yf ntpb rkbvfnbxybafrnjhbjghtltkzjåjcjåzdfytnjyfrkbvfnbxybnthtubjyb
jhåbnfnfqjrjkjCküywtnj.Döjlfyf ujlbiyfnf jåbrjkrf yf Ptvznfjrjkj Cküywtnj gühdj Ctdthyjnjgjkerükåj,fcktlnjdfñéyjnjcfbpkjétybyfgjdtxtghtrbcküyxtdbküxb.RjufnjdCtdthyjnjgjkerükåjtkznj,dvtcnfnfcgjdbcjrf utjuhfacrf ibhbyf lybnt cfgjlükub, f d rhfqybnt ctdthybnjxrbyfcnügdfgthbjlyfgjcnjzyyf lytdyf cdtnkbyf. Ghtp pbvybntvtctwbgthbjlbntyflytdyfcdtnkbyfcfgjrhfnrbdvtcnfnfcgjdbcjrf utjuhfacrfibhbyf,ljrfnjdhfpgjkjétybnt gj yf ñu vtcnflybnt cf gjlükub, rfrnjgjlükujtbghzrjnjdüpltqcndbtyfcküyxtdbntküxb.
Dnjhbznafrnjh t pfktuyfk düddpfbvjltqcndbtnj vtéle ceif bdjlf.Ceifnfctyfuhzdfbjökfélf gjåühpj jn djlfnf. Düd dünhtiyjcnnf yf rjynbytynf vtcnfnf,jnlfktxtybjnujktvbdjlybåfctqyb,ctöfhfrnthbpbhfncgjujktvbctpjyyb hfpkbrb d ntvgthfnehfnf,jnrjkrjnjvtcnfnfgjrhfqåhtébznf. Ujlbiyfnf fvgkbnelf yf ntvgthfnehfnf d xfcnb jn ctdthybntUjktvbhfdybybcnbuflj65uhflecf gj Wtkpbq; yf yzrjb vtcnf cfjnåtkzpfyb ujlbiyb hfpkbrb dntvgthfnehfnf lj 100 uhflecf gjWtkpbq (jn 50 uhflecf gj Wtkpbqlj50uhflecfgjWtkpbq).
Ghjnbdjgjkjéyj zdktybt ctyfåkñlfdfdrhfqvjhcrbntvtcnf,jcjåtyjyfpfgflybzåhzuyfrjynbytynf, hfpgjkjétyb d chtlybntutjuhfacrb ibhbyb. Ntpb vtcnfbvfn gjvfkrb ntvgthfnehyb
fvgkbnelb d htpeknfn yf nfrfyfhtxtyjnj rhfqvjhcrj dkbzybt.Ktnybntbpbvybntntvgthfnehbcfgjevthtyb pfhflb yfcjxbkbnt ctrüv ceifnf ghtlbvyj pfgflybdtnhjdt,bldfobjnjrtfyf.Öjhbpjynfkybntbdthnbrfkybntjrtfycrb ntxtybz yfvfkzdfn ctpjyybnthfpkbrb d ntvgthfnehfnf yfgjdühöyjcnnfyfdjlfnf.Evthtyfnfntvgthfnehfyfdjlfnfrjynhjkbhfrhfqybntntvgthfnehybcnjqyjcnb yf düpleiyfnf vfcf yflgjdühöyjcnnf.
Åkbpjcnnf lj ujktvb djlybåfctqybdkbztcüojnfrfgjkjébntkyjdühöerjkbxtcndjnjyfdfktébnt – d rhfqåhtéybnt vtcnfjåbryjdtyj gflfn gjdtxt dfktéb.Ghbxbyfnf pf njdf t zcyf; yflujktvbntdjlybåfctqybbvfgjujkzvjbpgfhtybtbgjnjpbyfxbyctedtkbxfdf dkfufnf d fnvjcathfnf.Njdf jn cdjz cnhfyf edtkbxfdfdüpvjéyjcnnf pf jåhfpedfyt yfdfktéb. D nfpb pfrjyjvthyjcnjåfxtbvfdféybbprkñxtybz,rüvrjbnj ct xbckzn åtpdjlyjnj rhfqåhtébt yf ñéyf Rfkbajhybz bFhrnbxtcrbzåhzuyfFkzcrf.
Nhtnbzn dféty utjuhfacrb tktvtyn,rjqnjdkbztdühöerkbvfnf,thtktaün.Yfqjxtdblyftpfdbcbvjcnnf vtéle dbcjxbyf yfl vjhcrjnjhfdybotbntvgthfnehf,rfnjyfgjdbcjrbntvtcnfntvgthfnehfnf t gjybcrf. Hjkznf yf htktafjåfxt yt ct juhfybxfdf lj ner,pfojnjnjqdkbztbyfdüpleiybntntxtybz.Frjtlyfujkzvfgkfybycrf dthbuf ktéb yfghtxyj yf
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crfnf uhfybwf. Njdf t jåkfcn cghtlbvyj ceånhjgbxty rkbvfn,rültnjrjkbxtcndjnjyfdfktébntyttljcnfnüxyj,pflfhfcnfnlühdtnf. Bpnjxyjnj ghjlükétybt yfgfcbofnf, Ghtühb Etlé, ghtcbxfBkbyjqb cnbufljpfgflybzrhfqyf Bylbfyf, rültnj dfktébntzdyj cf ljcnfnüxyb, pf lf hfcnfnnfvlühdtnf.
Ieåhfwbntjnpfrühytkböhfcnbjåbryjdtyj dbhtzn ghb ceö rkbvfn.NfpbhfcnbntkyjcntcüchtljnjxtyfdhfdybybntyfwtynhfkybzPfgfl. Hfpyjjåhfpbtnj q drkñxdfjnrfrnecbntyfÑujpfgflljuücnbnt rkjytcnb ieåhfwb yf ñéyfRfkbajhybz bvtcrbnjdbnt lhüdxtnfyfNtrcfc.
Neylhfnf yf lfktxybz Ctdth tcktlcndbt jn ghtrfktyj cneltybzbceörkbvfn,ghbrjqnjytdbhttlheuf hfcnbntkyjcn jcdty nhtdb,kbitb b vüöjdt. Neylhfnf pftvfb vfkrb hfqjyb lfktx yf ñu dCütlbytybntofnb,rültnjrkbvfnbxybnt eckjdbz düd dbcjrbntgkfybybcfytåkfujghbznybpfhfcntéfyflühdtnf.Yfctdthuhfybwfnfyfujhfnfpfgjxdfjngjybcrbdüpdbitybz,ljrfnjytctljcnbuytuhfybwfnfyflühdtnfnfcgjhtlutjuhfacrfnfibhbyf.
GJxdbÖfhfrnthün yf gjxdfnf yf tlyjvzcnj ct jghtltkz jn nfrbdf tktvtynbrfnjrjhtyybcrfkb,rkbvfn,htktabuybtobhfcntybzbébdjnyb.Cnjnbwbnthfpkbxybnbgjdtgjxdfcfhtpeknfnjndpfbvjltqcndbtnj
yf ntpb tktvtynb. Dczrf jnltkyfgjxdf t eybrfkyf pfhflb rjvåbyfwbznfjncdjqcndf(yfghbvthwdznbcnhernehf) b cücnfd (drkñxbntkyjjhufybxybdtotcndfbltqcndbtnjyfgjxdtybntrjkjblb).
Rjkjblbntcfvfkrbgjxdtybxfcnbwb.Ntöybntcdjqcndfbdkbzybtnjbv dühöe gjxdfnf cf ckjéyb bdféyb.Gjxdtyfnfrbctkbyyjcn(bkbfkrfkyjcn)yfghbvththtpeknfnjnbpvtytybtnjbcütlbytybtnjyfgjxdtybntrjkjblb.Rbctkbyybntgjxdbcf öfhfrnthyb pf cnelty, dkfétyrkbvfn;fkrfkybntgjxdbjåbryjdtyjctchtofndceöbjåkfcnb.Gjdtxtnjgjxdbdjcyjdybntptvtltkcrbhfqjyb yf bpnjxybnt Cütlbytybofnbcfevthtyjljcbkyjrbctkbyyb. Pf lf ct jnuktélfn yf nzöjåhfåjndftvb reknehb, nhzådfgthbjlbxyj lf ct ljåfdz dfh pfytenhfkbpbhfytyfrbctkbyyjcnnf.
Wdtnüntvjétåbyfqjxtdblybzn åtktu yf gjxdfnf. Nüvybznwdzn jåbryjdtyj t gjrfpfntk pfbpjåbkbt jn jhufybxyb dtotcndf,f xthdtybzn – pf yfkbxbt yfétktpyb cütlbytybz. Rfnj wzkjjåfxtwdtnünthtpeknfnjngjxdjjåhfpedfobnt ghjwtcb. Yfghbvthåktljcbdfnf gjxdf yf ctdthybntbukjkbcnyb ujhb t htpeknfn jnghjcverdfobnt ct ghtp gjdühöyjcnybzckjqyfgjxdfnfjhufybxyfvfnthbzbvbythfkb.
Gjxdtyfnf cnhernehf, jghtltkzof cgjcjåyjcnnf yf gjxdfnf lfpflühéf b ghjgecrf djlf, pfdbcbjn cüjnyjitybtnj vtéle hfpkbxybnt gj ujktvbyf xfcnbwb d gjx
yf cnhfyfnf. Yf bpnjr jcyjdybzntktvtyn yf ghjvtyb d rkbvfnf tntvgthfnehfnf; yf pfgfl cf dfktébnt.Yfbpnjrhfpkbxbznfvtélerkbvfnbxybnt htubjyb pfdbczn jnghjlükébntkyjcnnfyfdtutnfwbjyybzgthbjl–gthbjlünjndhtvtnjyfgjcktlyfnfckfyfghtpghjktnnflj gühdfnf ckfyf ghtp tctynf – bjn vfrcbvfkyfnf chtlyf kznyfntvgthfnehf bkb vbybvfkyfnfpbvyfntvgthfnehf.Yfpfgflrkñxjd tktvtyn cf chtlybnt ujlbiybdfktéb, vfrfh xt evthtybnt ntvgthfnehb cf dféty fcgtrn yf ghbvjhcrbz rkbvfn yf Pfgflyjnjrhfqåhtébt.Yfbpnjrgjctdthybnthfqjyb cf jåbryjdtyj gjceöb; yfpfgfl nt cf gjcneltyb. Yf bpnjrukfdtytktvtynpfghjvtybdrkbvfnf t utjuhfacrfnf ibhbyf; yfpfgflnjdfthtktaün.
HfcnbntkyJcnÅjnfybwbnt ujdjhzn pf rkbvfrcyfhfcnbntkyjcn, rjznj jghtltkznrfnjcüdregyjcnjnhfcntybz,rjbnjcthfpdbdfnbhfpvyjéfdfnytjuhfybxtyjyftlyjvzcnjghbeckjdbt,xt njdf vzcnj bvf cnfåbkty rkbvfn,ljåhfgjxdfbljåhjjndjlyzdfyt. Lytc pf gjdtxtnj yfctktybhfqjybyfFvthbrfnjdfgjyznbtytjpyfxfdf gjxnb yboj. „Tcntcndtyfnf“ hfcnbntkyjcn, frj bpjåoj tcüotcndedfkf, t lj nfrfdf cntgtyjncnhfytyf, hfpvtcntyf b gjlvtytyf,xtlytchzlrjctchtof.Dñujbpnjrfyfghbvthyzrjufiybntcvtctybujhbjnibhjrjkbcnybbbukjkbcnyblühdtnfcfbpctxtybbgjl
vtytybcbrjyjvbxtcrbgjdféybntbukjkbcnybujhb.Nhtdbcnbnthfcntybz yf hfdybybnt b ghthbbnt cfghtytctybukfdyjjnTdhjgf.Vtcnybnt fvthbrfycrb ghtlitcndtybwbyf nfpb hfcnbntkyjcn cf bpxtpyfkbbkbpfojnjcfghtlkfufkbgjkjifgfif pf ctkcrjcnjgfycrbntébdjnyb, bkb pfojnj yt cf vjukb lfecnjzn yf yfcnügktybtnj yf cüdhtvtyybzxjdtirbhjlbyfghtytctybntjnytujhfcntybz.Gjxnbdcbxrj jn jyjdf, rjtnj t jwtkzkj jnrkbvfrcyfnf hfcnbntkyjcn, t dPfgflfbdCtdthf.
Bvfyzrjkrjyfxbyflfctjåjcjåzn hfcnbntkyb jåkfcnb. Yfqghjcnbznvjét åb t rfnj ct hfpltkb nthbnjhbznf yf Cütlbytybntofnbyfnhbujktvblzkf–ujhb,gfcbofbpfrühytkböhfcnb.Yzrjuf ujhbnt gjrhbdfkb gjxnb wtkbzBpnjr, wtynhfkyjnj b ctdthyjnjNböjjrtfycrj rhfqåhtébt, gjdbcjrbnt gkfybyb yf Pfgflf b tlbyibhjr gjzc düd dünhtiyjcnnf yfCtdthf.UjhbntyfNböjjrtfycrjnjrhfqåhtébt,yfwtynhfkybzPfgfl,yfCtdthfbyftlbyntctygjzcdLükåjrbz ñu åbkb bukjkbcnyb bcücnfdtyb jn vyjuj hfpkbxybdbljdt. Ujkzvf xfcn jn Jöfqj bgjybcrbnt ljkbyb yf htrfVbcbcbgb,rfrnjbwtynhfkyfnfxfcnyfhtubjyf yf Ujktvbnt tpthf åbkbgjrhbnbcibhjrjkbcnybujhb.
Gfcbofnf pftvfkb ujkzvf xfcnjnjåkfcnnfyfDünhtiybnthfdybyb, drkñxbntkyj gjxnb wtkbzhfqjy yf Ujktvbnt hfdybyb jnNtrcfc b Yñ Vtrcbrj lj rfyfl
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ujhtobnt, ceöb ktnf. Chtofn ct dwtynhfkyf bñéyf Rfkbajhybz bcüojcfdbcjrjghjlernbdyb.
Eknbcjkbnt bkb éüknjptvybntgjxdb ghtlcnfdkzdfn rhfqybzntnfg d thjpbznf b gjxdjjåhfpedfytnj d Cütlbytybnt ofnb. Nt cthfpdbdfn d hfqjyb c bpjåbkybdfktéb b ghjlükébntkyb gthbjlbåtpckfyb,yfghbvthdÑuf.Hfpvthbntyfgjxdtybntxfcnbwbcfvfkrb b ujkzvfxfcn jn hfpndjhbvbzvfnthbfk b ukbyfnf ct jnyfcz dljkybnt ckjtdt.Ntpb gjxdbvjufnlf åülfn gkjljhjlyb, yj dbcjrfnfrbctkbyyjcn,ghjcverdfytnjbthjpbznfxtcnjcüplfdfnghjåktvb.
Tynbcjkbnt cf ythfpdbnb gjxdb,ndühlt vkflb, pf lf ghjkbxb ghbnzö düpltqcndbtnj yf jrjkyfnfchtlf.Ntctchtofnyfvyjujvtcnf b d vyjuj hfpyjdblyjcnb, jnCfylÖbkcyfYtåhfcrfljfkedbfkybntrhfqhtxybhfdybybdljkbyfnf yf htrfVbcbcbgb. Gj jnyjitybt yf ptvtltkbtnj gjntywbfkybntbvdüpvjéyjcnbcfhfpkbxyb,yjfkedbfkybntgjxdbyfrhfqhtxybnthfdybyb,bpdktxtybjnåjufnbntgjdühöyjcnybckjtdtgjujhybntntxtybz yf htrbnt, cf chtl yfqgkjljhjlybntgjxdbyfFvthbrf.
vbytHfkybHtcEHcbCüotcndedf jghtltktyf dhüprfvtéle yföjlbofnf yf gjktpybbprjgftvb,ytjåöjlbvbpfyeélbnt yf ntérfnf ghjvbiktyjcn, butjkjérfnfcnhernehfyfptvybntgkfcnjdt. B nhbnt jcyjdyb dblfcrfkb – enftxyb, vtnfvjhayb b
dekrfybxyb –vjufn lf cülühéfnyzrfrüd dbl vbythfkb, rjbnj cfbrjyjvbxtcrb gjktpyb pf öjhfnf.Enftxybntbvtnfvjhaybnt crfkbcf ghtjåkflfdfofnf ceåcnhernehfbntjåbryjdtyjcülühéfngjdtxtvbythfkb c ibhjrj ghbkjétybt,jnrjkrjnjdekrfybxybntcrfkb.
Enftxybntcrfkbcfhtpeknfnjngjcntgtyyjnj enfzdfyt yf vfkrbndühlbxfcnbwbyflüyjnjyfvjhcrbåfctqyb.Yfghbvth,frjgkbnrj vjht uhfybxtkj c åtpdjlyfptvz,dühöerjznjgjyzrjufgflfkb lüéljdt, djlfnf b uhfdbnfwbjyyfnf cbkf jnyfczkb xfcnbwbntyf gzcürf rüvvjhtnj b nt pfczlfkbyflüyjnjve.Nüqrfnjnjpbghjwtc ct gjdnfhzk, dctrb ckjqgzcür ghbnbcrfk ljkybnt gkfcnjdt, rfnj ckzufk b dndühlzdfkgzcüxyfnfvfcf, jnkjétyf yzrjkrj öbkzlb ujlbyb gjhfyj. Nfrf,cültqrb gj yfkbxbtnj yf ckjtdtgzcüxybr, cnfdf zcyj rfr cf ctjåhfpedfkb gjyt yzrjb jn crfkbnt,rjufnjvjhcrjnjlüyj ctgjdlbuyfkj b yfuüyfkj ghb hfpvtcndfybz d ptvyfnf rjhf, pf lf ctjåhfpedfngkfybybnt.
Ghtlbjrjkj300vbkbjyfujlbybghtprfvtyjdüuktybzgthbjlyfGfktjpjqcrfnfthf,rfrnjujyfhbxfn utjkjpbnt, eckjdbznf d gjdtxtnj cüotcndedfob jåkfcnb jnceifnfåbkbnfrbdf,xt ctbpdühibkbgjhtlbwbjnenftxybghjwtcb. Ytghjöjlbvb, åkfnbcnb hfqjyb,jåhfckbcuücnfhfcnbntkyjcn,åbkbyfdjlytybbgjrhbnbcenftyb ptvyb gkfcnjdt. D yzrjb cke
dfnf.Xfcnbwbntyfgzcürfcfyfqtlhbznvfnthbfkdcnhernehfnfyfgjxdfnf,xfcnbwbntyfyfyjcfbvfnchtlyb hfpvthb, f ukbyfnf t yfqabyf. Gjxdb, yfhtxtyb ukbytcnkmjc, cülühéfnd ujktvbghjgjhwbbxfcnbwbbjnnhbnthfpvthfbctcvznfnpfyfqljåhb.Ntcfljcnfnüxyj öjvjutyyb, pf lf pflühéfn dkfuf, yj d cüojnj dhtvtvjufnktcyjlfgjtvfndjlf.
Fvthbrfycrjnj vbybcnthcndj yfctkcrjnj cnjgfycndj t bphfåjnbkjrkfcbabrfwbjyyf cbcntvf yf gjxdbnt, rjznj gjrfpdf rjb cf yfqdféybnt nbgjdt gjxdb pf lfltyhfqjy yf cnhfyfnf. Fhblybnt gjxdb,rjbnjctchtofnukfdyjdñujpfgflf,cfgjxdbyffhblybnt(ceöb)hfqjyb. Nt cf åtlyb yf jhufybxybdtotcndfbytcfujlybpfptvtltkbt.Gjlpjkybntgjxdbjåbryjdtyjct hfpdbdfn d ghjökflty, dkfétyrkbvfn,vfrfhxtcfhfpghjcnhfytybbdctdthyfAkjhblf.Ntcfljcnfrbctkbyyb,cybcrjcülühéfybtyf öhfybntkyb dtotcndf b cf gjlöjlzobcfvjpfjghtltktybreknehb,rjbnjjåbxfnrbctkbyyfchtlf.Neylhjdbnt gjxdb, rjbnj cüoj ytcf gjlöjlzob pf ptvtltkbt, ctcdühpdfn cüc cnelty, dkféty rkbvfn, rfrüdnj bvf dFkzcrf.Gjxdfnf t gkbnrf, xtcnj ghjcverfyfjndjlf,fckjzngjlgjdühöyjcnnft gjcnjzyyj pfvhüpyfk. Dbcjrjgkfybycrbnt gjxdb, rjbnj ct chtofndPfgflyfDühlébybz,ÑnfbFkzcrf, cf vfkrj hfphfåjntyb byzvfn ybrfrdf cnjqyjcn jn ptvtltkcrfuktlyfnjxrf.
Vjkbcjkbnt cf xthyjptvyb gjxdbyfgjkeåtpdjlybntbceånhjgbxybrkbvfnbyfwtynhfkybnt,ctdthyjwtynhfkybnt b ctdthjpfgflyjnböjjrtfycrbnt hfqjyb yf cnhfyfnf. Nt cf ntérb, nüvyjrfazdb ljxthyb,chtöfdfcnhernehfbdbcjrjöhfybntkyjcülühéfybt.NtcfchtlyfqljåhbnttcntcndtyjgkjljhjlybgjxdbdcdtnfblfdfngjxnbwzkfnfpühytyfhtrjknfyfFvthbrf.
Fkabcjkbntbkbrfytktybntujhcrbgjxdbcfyfdnjhjvzcnjcktlvjkbcjkbntgjjnyjitybtyfptvtltkcrbgjrfpfntkb.Ntcfgjxdbyfchtlyjdbcjrbntujhbbkbyfuhfybwbntvtéleujhbntbgfcbofnf.Gjjnyjitybt yf rkbvfnf cf „evthtyb“ gjxdb. Chtofn ct d hfqjyb,rjbnjcfljcnfnüxyjdkféyb,pflfct yfnhegfn ukbytcnb xfcnbwb, yjyt xfr njkrjdf dkféyb, pf lf ctjåhfpedfn ghjcverfyb bkb thjpbhfybgjxdb.
Fkabcjkbnt bvfn nhb gjlhfpltktybz,dczrjjnrjbnjtcdühpfyjcjghtltktyb rkbvfnbxyb jcjåtyjcnb.Elfkabntcfgjxdbyfibhjrjkbcnybnt ujhb yf Chtlybz pfgfl.Vfrfh b ljcnf rbctkbyyb, nt cfdbcjrjghjlernbdyb, rjufnj rüvnzöctljåfdzdfh,pflfctytenhfkbpbhf rbctkbyyjcnnf. Ecnfkabntcf gjxdb, rjbnj ct chtofn dgjnjgkbnt hfqjyb, rültnj rjkbxtcndjnjdfktébtvyjujhfpkbxyjdpfdbcbvjcnjnctpjybnt,bcfyfqhfpghjcnhfytybdNtrcfcbJrkföjvf.Ntcfdbcjrjghjlernbdybghbyfgjzdfyt. Rcthfkabnt cf gjxdbyf ghjökflybnt dkféyb pbvb b
24 25
gkfybyb, ct bpdkbxfn ytujktvbrjkbxtcndfytan.
Åtpcüvytybtjåfxtyfqujktvbntytantyb gjktnf cf dñéybnt hfdybyb, gjrhfqVtrcbrfycrbz pfkbdbñéyfRfkbajhybz. Tlby ujkzvgjkerhüu jn ltqcndfob ytantybrkfltywb t hfpgjkjéty gj wzkjnjghjntétybtyfåhtujdfnfkbybzyfNtrcfcbKebpbfyf.Lheugjkerhüu,rjqnj yf vtcnf t ghtrücyfn, ctghjcnbhf jn wtynhfkty Rfypfc yfñughtpJrkföjvfbyfpfgflghtpwtynhfktyNtrcfcljYñVtrcbrj.Vtéle b pfl ntpb ldt ujktvbjåkfcnbktéfnjotldtvyjujdféybgjktnf–dBpnjxtyNtrcfcbd„Jgfirfnf“ (cntcytyfnf xfcn jnnthbnjhbznf)yfctdthjpfgfltyNtrcfc.Jcdtynzöjnujkzvjpyfxtybtcf b gjktnfnf d ñéyf Rfkbajhybz.Ghtp chtlfnf yf 60nt ujlbybyf 20 dtr pfgjxdf hfphfåjndfytnjyf yföjlbof yf ytan b ghbhjltyufpgjctdthybzcrkjyyfFkzcrf.
Vtnfvjhaybntcrfkbctajhvbhfn gj cüdctv hfpkbxty yfxby jnenftxybnt crfkb. Gjl cbkfnf yfjuhjvty yfnbcr, eghféyzdfy xhtpgjcntgtyyfnf ltajhvfwbz yf ptvyfnf rjhf, dünhtiyfnf cnhernehfyf gjhfyj ajhvbhfkb ct crfkbvjét lf ghtnühgb vtnfvjhajpfbkblfctghjvtyb.Njkrjdfcbkyjtyfkzufytnj,eghféyzdfyjdghjlükétybt yf öbkzlb ujlbyb, bnjkrjdf dbcjrf t bpküxdfyfnfntvgthfnehf, xt cfvfnf vjktrekzhyf cnhernehf yf crfkfnf ctghjvtyz. Nfpb nhfycajhvfwbzjåzcyzdf pfoj vtnfkybnt helb,
ljåbdfybpfyeélbntyfbrjyjvbrfnf,ctchtofnyfqxtcnjdhfqjybyfvtnfvjhaybcrfkb.
Vyjuj jn vbybnt, d rjbnj pfgühdb gün ct ljåbdfn vtnfkybhelb, cf hfpgjkjétyb gjrhfqRfyflcrbz obn. Hfpdbnbtnj yfheljåbdfvjétlfåültghjcktltyj gj jgbcfyfnf jn ytuj lükuflüuf, ghjcnbhfof ct jn CtdthybzFnkfynbxtcrb jrtfy b ibhjrjnjecnbt yf htrfCtqynKjhüyc ghtpUjktvbnt tpthf b yf ctdth ghtpRfyflfljCtdthybzktljdbnjrtfy. Lüufnf ghjlükéfdf jn ldtntcnhfyb yf tpthjnj Cñgbhbüh: dctdthty Vbxbufy, Ebcrjycby bVbytcjnf, rültnj ct ljåbdfnvtlbétkzpj.
Dnjhfpjyfyfvtnfvjhaybcrfkbthfpgjkjétyfgjrhfqbpnjxyfnf xfcn yf Fgfkfxbnt. Dféybgjktpyb bprjgftvb, jnrhbnb nfvjnpfctkybwbntyfYñByukfyl,cfvtlnfbétkzpjnj.
Nhtnbujkzvheljljåbdtyhfqjyt jåjcjåty jn pfgflybnt gkfybyb.Hfpghücyfnb pfktéb jn pkfnj bchtåhj, yzrjb jn nzö åjufnb,ghbdkbxfkb pkfnjnühcfxb b heljljåbdyb rjvgfybb d bpjkbhfybvtcnyjcnbyfñujnVtrcbrfycrfnf uhfybwf lj wtynhfkyf Fkzcrf.Jnujkzvjbylecnhbfkyjpyfxtybtcfujktvbntpfktébyfvtl,wbyr,jkjdj, vjkbålty b ehfy d njpbpfgfltyhtubjy,rfrnjbgjvfkrbyföjlbofyfdjkahfv,öhjv,vfyufyblheubgjktpybbprjgftvb.
Ytåbdflfctcvznf,xtyeélbntyf fvthbrfycrfnf bylecnhbz cf
xfb jhufybxybnt dtotcndf ghtlcnfdkzdfkb ntxyjcn, pfctlyfkf duüyrbntyfytghjgecrkbdbcrfkbbcktlvyjujdhtvtbpdktxtyfrfnjytan. Gjdtxtnj jn ntpb ytantybpfktébcfcdühpfybclheudnjhbxty ghjlern jn cüobz gthbjl –ghbhjlybz ufp. D lheub ckexfbjhufybxybnt dtotcndf ct ghtdühyfkb d ndühlb gkfcnjdt düukbof,rjbnj gjyzrjuf åbkb c ltåtkbyfcfvj yzrjkrj cfynbvtnhf, yjgjyzrjufbcnjnbwbgünbgjdtxt.
GjljåibhybjåkfcnbdCtdthyfFvthbrfktéfnctlbvtynybyfckfub, jåhfpedfyb ghtp rfvtyjdüuktybz gthbjl. Ntpb jåkfcnb, rültnjåbvjukj lf ct jnrhbzn düukbof,ytanbkbghbhjltyufp,ctyfvbhfnd Wtynhfkybnt b d Ujktvbnt hfdybyb, d xfcnb yf rhfqåhtéyfnfhfdybyfyfVtrcbrfycrbzpfkbd,dlzkjdtyfNböjjrtfycrbntgkfybybbljkbyb,jrjkjFhrnbrfbdyfuüyfnbntbyfxegtybpfgflybrhfbofyfFgfkfxbnt,rfrnjbdbpnjxybntCrfkbcnbgkfybyb.
Yf jåibhyb ghjcnhfycndf jnntpb ctlbvtynyb hfdybyb cfjnrhbnb ujktvb yföjlbof yfvbythfkb.YfqdféybntpfktébyfdüukbofdFvthbrfcfhfphfåjntyb d rfvtyjdüuktybz åfctqy yfFgfkfxbnt. Vbybnt d njpb gjxnbytghtrücyfn åfctqy d bpnjxyfnfxfcn yf Rtynürb, d Pfgflyf Dühlébybz b d pfgflyfnf xfcn yfGtycbkdfybz cf gühdbnt hfphfåjntyb vbyb b nt ljcnfdzn gjxnbgjkjdbyfnfjnyeéybntyfFvthbrfdüukbof.
Lj ytjnlfdyf ujkzvf xfcn jnjcnfyfkbnt düukbof, ljåbdfyb dCütlbytybnt ofnb, ct gjkexfdfnjn Bpnjxybz wtynhfkty åfctqy,rjqnjktébyfgjxnbwzkfnfnthbnjhbzyfBkbyjqbctghjcnbhfljpfgflyfBylbfyfbpfgfltyRtynürb. Vfrfh xt xfcn jn düukbofnfyfnjpbåfctqyctbpgjkpdfpfghjbpdjlcndj yf étkzpj b cnjvfyf,gjdbcjrjnj bv cülühéfybt yfczhfcdtélfbpgjkpdfytnjbvghtlbvyj lj jnjgktybt b ghjbpdjlcndjyftktrnhjtythubz.
Pfgflybzn wtynhfkty åfctqy,cüojnfrfujkzv,ctghjcnbhfgjlFqjdf b Vbcehb, rfnj yf ñu ctcntcyzdf b yfdkbpf d bpnjxyfJrkföjvf. Düukbofnf d njpbåfctqy cf c vfkrj gjkjij rfxtcndj d chfdytybt c düukbofnf dbpnjxybntåfctqybbhfphfåjndfytnjyfntpbyföjlbofpfgjxdfytjnlfdyf.
DbpnjxybntgjrhfqybybyfCrfkbcnbnt gkfybyb bvf vyjétcndjvfkrb b yzrjkrj ujktvb yföjlbof yf åbnevbyjpyb rfvtyyb düukbof. Ghtp gjcktlybnt ldfltctnujlbybujktvbyföjlbofcthfphfåjndfn d Efqjvbyu b Vjynfyf.Bvf b yzrjkrj ujktvb yföjlbofyf kbuybnyb (rfazdb) düukbof dctdthybntUjktvbhfdybyb.
Hfpghücyfnb pfktéb yf ytan bghbhjlty ufp bvf bp wtkbz rfvtyjdüuktyåfctqyyfFgfkfxbnt.JnñétyBkbyjqbjnñéyjwtynhfkyfnfxfcnyfVbxbufy,rfrnjbjnyzrjb vtcnf d ctdthybnt Ujktvbhfdybyb b ctdthybnt Crfkbcnb
26
yfgükyj pfljdjktyb jn juhjvyjnjhfpyjjåhfpbt yf gjktpyb bprjgftvb, rjbnj ct chtofn d ntpb nhbpjyb yf vtnfvjhayb crfkb.Yzrjkrjvbythfkb,ytjåöjlbvbyfvjlthyfnf bylecnhbz (yfghbvthrfkfq, vfyufy b dbcjrjrfxtcndtyåjrcbnpffkevbybq)ytctchtofnd Fvthbrf d ljcnfnüxyb rjkbxtcndf, pf lf pfljdjkzn yeélbnt yfdünhtiybz gfpfh. Jot gjdtxt, xtedtkbxfdfytnj yf bylecnhbfkybzrfgfwbntntcüghjdjltyjjnedtkb
xtyj nühctyt yf vyjuj vbythfkb.Düghtrb njdf yt cfvyjujlühéfdbnt,rjbnjhfpgjkfufncüccüobntbkbgjytcåkbprbljgühdjyfxfkybntpfktébyfCütlbytybntofnbrfnjrjkbxtcndjbrfnjhfpyjjåhfpbtyfhelbbujhbdj.
Bpjåbkbtnj jn gjktpyb bprjgftvb buhft htifdfof hjkz pf hfpdbnbtnjyfjuhjvybzghjbpdjlcndtyj bylecnhbfkty rjvgktrc yfFvthbrf. ∆
27
Rjufnjpfgühdbgünåbkfjnrhbnfjntdhjgtqwbnt, cnhfyfnf, rjznj
lytc gjpyfdfvt rfnj Cütlbytybnt ofnb, bvfkf vfkjåhjqyj, hfpghücyfnj vtcnyjyfctktybt, yfåhjzdfoj jrjkj800000leib,gjujkzvfnf xfcn jn rjbnj åbkb cüåhfyb dvfkrbgktvtyybtlbybwb.
Reknehfnf yf fvthbrfycrbntbylbfywb åbkf ndühlt hfpyjjåhfpyf. Cfvj gj rfkbajhybqcrjnjrhfqåhtébt ct ujdjhtkb ytrjkrjcnjnbylbfktrnf.Bylbfywbntgetåkj, rjbnj yfctkzdfkb lytiyj YñVtrcbrj,bdthjznyjcfbpgbndfkbreknehyjnj dkbzybt yf fwntrbntjnñu,ébdttkbduhfljdtbcnhjtkb ckjéyb yfgjbntkyb cbcntvb.Gktvtnj gfqñnb jn Ujktvbzåfctqy ébdttkb düd dhtvtyybébkbof c nhücnbrjdb gjrhbdb bdjltkbgjkexthufhcrbébdjn,rfnjctbpöhfydfkbczlbdyblbdbhfcntybz b lhtåty lbdtx. Tcrbvjcbnt(byebnbnt),rjbnjctpfctkbkbgjcktlyb, ghtlb lf ghbcnbuyfn tdhjgtqwbnt,ghtytckbvyjujjnreknehfnf yf cüåhfnznf cb jn UhtykfylbzbCbåbh.
Vfrfhxtdyzrjbvjvtynbfvthbrfycrbnt bylbfywb düpgbhfkbtrcgfypbznf yf tdhjgtqcrjnj pfctkybxtcndj, d gjdtxtnj ckexfbghbyjcünbvpfreknehfnftvbybvfkty.Vyjuj jn nzö bpvhtkb jnghtytctybjnTdhjgfbyatrwbjpybpfåjkzdfybz rfnj tlhf ifhrf b
vjhåbkb, jot ghtlb lf dkzpfn d ghzr rjynfrn c tdhjgtqwbnt.Bylbfywbntcültqcndfkbvyjuj yf ghbcnbufobnttdhjgtqwb,jcjåtyjghtpgühdbnt ltctnbktnbz yf pfctkybxtcndjnj, yj yfqxtcnjåbkb bpåbdfyb bkb ghjujy
dfyb d htpthdfnb yf Pfgfl. Cghbldbédfytnj yf pfctkybxtcrfnfuhfybwf yf Pfgfl, fvthbrfycrbntbylbfywb b ntöybnt htpthdfnbcktldfkbdcüofnfgjcjrf.
PfctkybxtcRbvJltkbVfrfh xt yt t düpvjéyj lf ctgjcjxbnjxyjrjkrjleibcfdktpkbjnTdhjgfbdgjvfkrfcntgtyjnFahbrfdcnhfyfnf,rjznjlytcyfhbxfvtCütlbytybofnb,vjétvlf yfghfdbv jcyjdfntkyjnj ghtlgjkjétybt,xtwbahfnftåkbpj60vbkbjyf.
YfqhfyybntbvbuhfynbghbcnbufnjnctdthjpfgflyfTdhjgf.Ghbgühdjnj ghtåhjzdfyt yf yfctktybtnjyfCütlbytybntofnb ghtp 1790 u.gjdtxt jn ldt nhtnb jn åzkjnjyfctktybt t jn åhbnfycrb ghjbpöjl, f yf dnjhj vzcnj gj xbcktyjcn cf ghtctkybwbnt jn ytvcrb böjkfylcrbghjbpöjl.
Tvbuhfwbjyyfnf dükyf rüvCtdthyf Fvthbrf pfnbödf vtéle1760u.b1815u.Njdftdhtvtyfgthbjlbxyb djqyb d Tdhjgf bCtdthyfFvthbrf,rfrnjbdhfqjyfyfFnkfynbxtcrbzjrtfy.Vtéle1815u.byfxfkjnjyfGühdfnf
eckjdbzpfhfpdbNbtyfxjdtiRfltqyjcN
ukfdf
3
28 29
cdtnjdyf djqyfghtp1914 u. bvbuhfwbznf ct edtkbxfdf dczrj cktldfojltctnbktnbt.
Ghtpgühdfnfgjkjdbyfyfgthbjlf 1815–1913 yfqvyjujåhjqybghjlükéfdfnlfåülfnghtctkybwbnt jn ctdthjpfgflyf Tdhjgf. Ghtpcktldfobnt ltctnbktnbz d ghtctkybxtcrbntdükybctdkbdfngjnjwböjhf jn ñéyf b bpnjxyf Tdhjgf.Rüv1913u.gjdtxtjnxtnbhbgtnbjn dcbxrb bvbuhfynb cf jn ntpbxfcnb yf Tdhjgf, jcjåtyj jnBnfkbz,FdcnhjEyufhbzbHecbz.
Nfpb ghjvzyf t cktlcndbt jnBylecnhbfkyfnfhtdjkñwbz.Pfgjxyfkf ghtp 18 dtr yf ÅhbnfycrbntjcnhjdbbdÖjkfylbzbÅtkubz,nzct hfpghjcnhfyzdf yf ñujbpnjrghtp cktldfobnt cnj b gtnltctnujlbyb. C yfdkbpfytnj yf bylecnhbfkbpfwbznf, cvühnyjcnnf yfvfkzdf b yfctktybtnj åühpj ct edtkbxfdf.Brjyjvbrfnfctjhbtynbhfrüv ghjvbiktyjnj ghjbpdjlcndj,uhfljdtntcthfphfcndfnbåhjznyfctkcrjnj yfctktybt cüjndtnyjyfvfkzdf. Dct gjujkzvjnj nühctytyfhfåjnybwbpfghjvbiktyjcnnfyflödühkzgjntywbfkyfnfhfåjnyfcbkfbpfnjdfvyjujöjhfbcrfnlftvbuhbhfn.
Cvznfct,xtghtctkybwbntdCütlbytybntofnbbpåbhfnhfqjyb,rjbnjghbkbxfnyfhjlybntbvvtcnfdTdhjgf. Rfnj ghbvth d njdf jnyjitybtctcjxbujktvbznåhjqcrfylbyfdcrbghtctkybwbdVbytcjnfbLfrjnf. Vjét åb bvf bpdtcnyfbcnbyf d njdf ndühltybt, yjgjdféyjnj t, xt gj dhtvtnj yf
yfqujkzvfnfcrfylbyfdcrfbvbuhfwbz pfctkybxtcrfnf uhfybwf cnbuflj ntpb ofnb. D gjdtxtnj ckexfbvjpfqrfnf jn tnybxtcrb vjltkb dFvthbrfctjajhvzdöjlfyfnühctytnjyfyjdbdüpvjéyjcnb–düpvjéyjcnb, jnrhbdfob ct jnyfxfkjyfqxtcnj d ptvtltkcrbnt ptvb, ljrjbnj cnbuf pfctkybxtcrfnf uhfybwf,fcktlnjdfbduhfljdtnt.
Ujkzvjnj bprkñxtybt d bvbuhfyncrbz pfctkybxtcrb vjltk tpfctkdfytnj yf xthyjrjéb dFvthbrfycrbz ñu. Xthyjrjébnt cfbpghfntyb ghbyelbntkyj rfnj hjåbd gkfynfwbbnt yf htubjyf b ghtlcnfdkzdfntlyfvfkrfxfcnjnujkzvjnj ghbldbédfyt yf fahbrfywbrüv Rfhbåcrbz åfctqy, ctdthjbpnjxyjnjrhfqåhtébtyfñéyfFvthbrf b Fvthbrfycrbz ñujbpnjr.CktlvfcjdjnjghtctktybtjnTdhjgfnjdfcbuehyjtdnjhjnjyfqvyjujkñlyj günedfyt yf lükuj hfpcnjzybt d xjdtirfnf bcnjhbz.Vjét åb 20 vbkbjyf leib cfyfgecyfkbFahbrf.Ghtlgjkfuf ct,xtgjvfkrjjn500000xthyjrjébcf ghbcnbuyfkb d Cütlbytybntofnb. Gjdtxtnj jn nzö dthjznyjbldfn jn Rfhbåcrj vjht, f yt jnFahbrf.Lfyybntjnghtåhjzdfytnjyfyfctktybtnjjn1790u.gjrfpdfn,xt 20 ghjwtynf jn fvthbrfycrjnjyfctktybt t jn fahbrfycrb ghjbpöjl.CktlnfpblfnfbvbuhfwbznfjnFahbrf t vfkrf, f ghjwtynün yfxthyjrjéjnjyfctktybtyfvfkzdf.
Cütlbytybnt ofnb ghbtvfn gühdbntdféybpfrjybpfjuhfybxfdfytyf bvbuhfwbznf ghtp 20nt ujlbyb
yf20dtr.Juhfybxtybznf,rfrnjbUjkzvfnfltghtcbzjn30ntujlbybb Dnjhfnf cdtnjdyf djqyf ghtp40nt ujlbyb, cürhfofdfn bvbuhfwbznf lj vbybvev d chfdytybt cjyjdf,rjtnjnztåbkfghtp1913u.Jn 1945 ujlbyf yfcfv åhjzn yfbvbuhfynbnt ktrj ct t edtkbxbk.Vyjujgjkbåthfkybbvbuhfwbjyybpfrjybctghbtvfnghtp60ntujlbybyf20dtr.Drhfzyf80ntujlbybVtrcbrj,AbkbgbybntbFynbkcrbnt jcnhjdb cf yfqujktvbntbpnjxybwbyfghtctkybwbdCütlbytybnt ofnb. Lytc Cütlbytybntofnb jåbryjdtyj ghbtvfn jrjkj700000ktufkybbvbuhfynbujlbiyj.Jrjkj275000xeéltywbdkbpfn ytktufkyj d cnhfyfnf dczrfujlbyf.
Gühdbnt bvbuhfyncrb ctkbof cfvfkrb, d åkbpjcn lj jrtfyf bjåühyfnb gjdtxt rüv Tdhjgf,jnrjkrjnjrüvptvznf,rjznjubtpfjåbrfkzkf. Rjufnj rjktåkbdjpfgjxdfn lf ct jnlfktxfdfn jnjrtfybnt, pfctkybwbnt ghjlükéfdfn lf cktldfn djlybnt günbof,pfojnj nt bv jcbuehzdfn nühujdcrbvjcnrüvåhtufbdféyfdhüprf c Tdhjgf. Nfrf åhbnfywbnt ctecnfyjdzdfn yf hfpxktytybz åhzuyfpfkbdfXtcfgbqrbdkbdfobntctdytujhtrbbghjnjxdfnrfnjnüyrfbdbwfctkbofnfcbgjcrfkbcnbzåhzu yf YñByukfyl. Öjkfylwbntct ghbldbédfn yfujht gj htrfÖülcüy jn Yñ Fvcnthlfv (YñQjhr), f ahfywepbnt gjcntgtyyjpftvfnåhtujdtntgjujhyjnjntxtybtyfhtrfCtqynKjhüyc.
Ghtp gühdbnt 150 ujlbyb jnyfxfkjnj yf gjcnjzyyjnj tdhjgtqcrjpfctkybxtcndj–ljrüv1765u.– tdhjgtqwbnt ct ghbldbédfn yfpfgfl,yjytgjlfktxjnbpnjxybntcrkjyjdtyfFgfkfxbnt.CktlnjdfdghjlükétybtyftlbydtruhfybwfnfctbpvtcndfljNböbzjrtfybghtp 1890 u.Fvthbrfycrjnj åñhjpf ghtåhjzdfyt yf yfctktybtnjjåzdzdf, xt fvthbrfycrfnf pfctkybxtcrf uhfybwf t ljcnbuyfkfrhfqybzcbgeyrn.
Nfpb cnhtvbntkyf pfctkybxtcrftrcgfypbzthtpeknfnjnghtjhbtynfwbzdyfukfcbntyföjhfnfbpdüyTdhjgf.Dyfxfkjnjyf19dtrdctgjdtxt fvthbrfywb ébdtzn ceåtéltybtnj, xt cülåfnf bv tjnhtlbkf lf gjrjhzn rjynbytynf.Gjptvktybnt pfrjyb yf cnhfyfnfdctgjdtxtektcyzdfntrcgfypbznf.Jcdty njdf rjkrjnj gjdtxt ctedtkbxfdf yfctktybtnj, njkrjdfgjdtxt öjhf ct yflzdfn, xt otghtecgtzndébdjnf,rfnj ctghbldbédfnyfpfgfl.
DbpnjxyfnfgjkjdbyfyfCütlbytybntofnb,yfpfgflljRfypfcbYtåhfcrf, pfctkybxtcrbzn ghjwtcvtnjlbxyj cktldf pfgflyf gjcjrf.Tcntcndtyj, ghbldbédfytnj cnfdfgjåühpj ghb bpgjkpdfytnj yfjghtltktyb nhfycgjhnyb günbofrfnj htrf Jöfqj, b gjåfdyj yflheubvtcnf.
Pfctkybwbnt ctghbldbédfnåühpjyfpfgflrüvjåibhybntnhtdbcnbjåkfcnb.HtrfVbcbcbgbbvyjujåhjqybnt q ghbnjwb ghtlkfufnktcyb günbof rüv dünhtiyjcnnf
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yf cnhfyfnf b pfctkybwbnt jnrhbdfn juhjvyf nthbnjhbz, rjznj ctghjcnbhf jn pfgflybnt gjrhfqybybyf Fgfkfxbnt xfr lj Ujktvbnthfdybyb, c jnkbxyf jåhfåjndftvfptvzbcöeåfdrkbvfnpfjnuktélfytyfptvtltkcrbreknehb.
YjyfpfgfljnCrfkbcnbntgkfybyb b d Fkzcrf pfctkybxtcndjnjyt t hfdyjvthyj. Ujkzvf xfcn jnnfpb jåibhyf nthbnjhbz t bkbvyjujceöf,bkbvyjujujhtof,bkbpfvhüpyfkfbytvjétlfctjåhfåjndf. Crfkbcnbzn nthty cgüdfnhfycgjhnf b juhfybxfdf ljgükybntkyj hfpdbnbtnj yf ptvtltkbtnj.Pfctkybxtcndjnj ct cüchtljnjxfdfdjåkfcnb,rjbnjbvfnzdtybrjyjvbxtcrbgjntywbfk.Dhtpeknfnyfnjdf chtl byfxt gjxnb åtpkñlybzgtqpfé bpybrdfn rfnj njxrbjnltkybhfpghücyfnbctkbof.
Ghtp1990u.yfctktybtnjyfCütlbytybntofnbtgjxnb250vbkbjyfleib,rfnjuücnjnfnftghbåkbpbntkyj 235 leib yf rdflhfntyrbkjvtnüh. Vjétv lf gjcjxbvnhbukfdybpjyb,drjbnjnjébdtt.Tlyf gühdjyfxfkyf pjyf pftvftlby rdflhfyn, uheåj jajhvty jnuhfljdtnt Åjcnüy (Vfcfxectnc),Xbrfuj (Bkbyjq), Ctqyn Kebc(Vbcehb) b Dfibyunjy, jåkfcnRüküvåbz:7jn12ntyfqyfctktybfvthbrfycrbofnf cf d nfpb pjyf.Njdftjåkfcnnf,rjznjcthfpdbdfyfqhfyj, b rjznj jnrhfq dhtvt tyfqyfghtlyfkf d brjyjvbxtcrjjnyjitybt. Eljåybnt tcntcndtybgünbofbxeltcybntghbcnfybofgjfnkfynbxtcrbz åhzu cf cdühpfyb d
wzkjcnyf nhfycgjhnyf vhtéf. Dnfpbjåkfcnbkbytlfktxjnytzctyfvbhfn yzrjb jn yfqljåhbntptvtltkcrbptvbyfcnhfyfnf,rfrnjbåjufnbyföjlbofyfvbythfkybhtcehcb.
Lheuf, dnjhbxyf pjyf jåödfofñéybnt b pfgflybnt ghtltkb yfgühdbxyfnfpjyfbghjlükéfdfyfpfgfl lj bpnjxybnt lzkjdt yfUjktvbnt hfdybyb. Ujkzvf xfcnjn yfqljåhbnt ptvtltkcrb ptvbyfFvthbrfcfdnfpbpjyfbgjxnb dcbxrb gjntywbfkyb ptvtltkcrb ptvbctjåhfåjndfn.Gjujkzvfnf xfcn jn nfpb jåkfcn t yfctktyf,vfrfhxtuücnjnfyfyfctktybtnj rfnj wzkj t gjybcrf dchfdytybt c gühdjyfxfkyfnf pjyf.Ner uhfljdtnt cf hfpgjkjétybgjyfibhjrj b gjhfdyjvthyj,jnrjkrjnjdgühdjyfxfkyfnfpjyf,b cf ghtlbvyj wtynhjdt yfjåotcndtyb eckeub b yf ghjvbiktybghtlghbznbz.
B yfrhfz, tlyf gthbathyf pjyfpftvfnthbnjhbznfyfpfgfljnwtynhfkybnt Ujktvb hfdybyb. D nfpbyt jcjåtyj yfctktyf pjyf ghjlükéfdf lf ljvbybhf vjltkün yfpfctkdfyt b yf brjyjvbxtcrb hfcntédvtcnfcjghtltktygjntywbfk pf hfpdbnbt. Vfrfh xt yzrjbjåkfcnb ctuf cf uücnj yfctktyb –jcjåtyj hfqjyün yf rfkbajhybqcrbz pfkbd yf Cfy Ahfycbcrj båfctqyfyfKjcFylétktc,rfrnjbhfdybyfnf yf Gñlébn Cfeyl dofnf Dfibyunjy – gjujkzvfnfxfcnjnnfpbnthbnjhbzjcnfdfhzlrjyfctktyf.
HfpdbnbtnjyfghjwtcfyfvjåbkyjcndCütlbytybntofnbvjétlfåült hfpltkty yf nhb gthbjlf.Gühdbzn t gthbjlün yf ldbétybtjnbpnjryfpfgfl,cktlnjdftldbétybtnj jn ctkcrb rüv uhflcrbhfqjyb,byfrhfztctufiybzngthbjl,rjufnjgjdtxtnjghbldbédfybzyfujktvbhfpcnjzybzcnfdfnvtéle jåkfcnb yf vtnhjgjkbb. Rfrnjytjnrkjyyj ct t ghbldbédfkj yfpfgfl c dczrj bpvbyfkj ltctnbktnbt, gj cüobz yfxby yfctktybtnjyf cnhfyfnf ct t ehåfybpbhfkj.Frj ghtp 1790 u. gjvfkrj jn 10ghjwtynfjnyfctktybtnjåbvjukjljhbyfqjåojlfctjghtltkbrfnjuhflcrj,ghtp1990u.gjdtxtjnnhbxtndühnbjnytujghbyflktébrüvnfpbrfntujhbz.
Wbnbhfyfnf cnfnbcnbrf jnhfpzdfyt cfvj yfvfkzdfyt yf ctkcrjnjyfctktybt d jnyjcbntkyb cnjqyjcnb,yjcüojbyfvfkzdfytdfåcjkñnybcnjqyjcnbyfåhjzyföjhfnf, pftnb cüc ctkcrjcnjgfycrbnhel.Vtéle1960u.b1987u.yfghbvth åhjzn yf öjhfnf, rjbnjébdtzn b hfåjnzn düd athvb,yfvfkzdf jn yfl 15 vbkbjyf ljgjl6vbkbjyf.
Ldbétybznfjnbpnjryfpfgflbjn ctkcrf rüv uhflcrf Fvthbrfjnhfpzdfn ghtlcnfdbnt pf njdfrültnhzådflfctnühcznbrjyjvbxtcrb åkfujghbznyb düpvjéyjcnb.Gühdj, cghbldbédfytnjyfuhfybwfnfyfpfgflcnfdfnljcnügybdctgjdtxt b gjdtxt jåhfåjndftvbptvb.Dnjhj,bvfjuhjvyjnühctytyfuhflcrfhfåjnyfcbkf,ghtlbpdb
rfyj jn Bylecnhbfkyfnf htdjkñwbz. Cktl rfnj fvthbrfywbnt cnfdfn ghtlbvyj uhflcrb ébntkb bdüpvjéyjcnbnt pf brjyjvbxtcrjåkfujltycndbtctnühcznduhfljdtnt, hfpyjjåhfpbtnj d jgjkpjndjhzdfytnjyfntpbdüpvjéyjcnbyfkfuf gjdtxtnj jn gjyfnfnüiybntghbldbédfybz yf yfctktybtnj lfcnfdfnvtélevtnhjgjkbbnt.
Cnfnbcnbxtcrbnt lfyyb pf yfctktybtnj yf Cütlbytybnt ofnb pf70nt b 80nt ujlbyb yf 20 dtrgjrfpdfn, xt t yfcnügbk xtndühnbdfétygthbjlyfvjåbkyjcn.Hfqjyb,drjbnjghjlükébntkyjdhtvtyt t bvfkj ybrfrdf ghjvzyf bkbyfctktybtnj bv t yfvfkzdfkj, cthfphfcndfn. Jnkbxty ghbvth pfnjdftujkzvfxfcnjnÑuf.
Vyjuj yfåkñlfntkb bprfpdfnghtlgjkjétybtnj, xt Cütlbytybntofnbcfcnfyfkbgjcnbylecnhbfkyfcnhfyf.Njdfjpyfxfdf,xtjcyjdybntjåkfcnb,drjbnjbvfhfpdbnbt,cf jåotcndtybnt eckeub b ghjatcbbnt,rjbnjjåhfåjndfnbcüplfdfnbyajhvfwbz.Åhjznyffvthbrfywbnt, pftnb d ghjvbiktyjcnnf, ct tedtkbxbk cüdctvvfkrj ghtp gjcktlybnt ldt ltctnbktnbz, ljrfnjhfåjnyfnf cbkf d cathfnf yfjåotcndtybnt b ghjatcbjyfkybeckeub ct hfldf yf ujkzvj nühctyt. Ujkzvf xfcn jn hfåjntobnt dghjvbiktyjcnnf,rjkrjnjbvfkrjlf ct t edtkbxbk ntöybzn åhjq, tpftnfcghjbpdjlcndjyfdbcjrjrfxtcndtyb,vfkrbgjhfpvthghjlernb rfnj tktrnhjyyb xfcnb, rjbnjvjufn lf ct bphfåjndfn gjxnb yf
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dczrült.Nfrfdctgjdtxtbgjdtxtöjhfbvfndüpvjéyjcnlfébdtzn,rültnjgjétkfzn.
EHåfybPfwbzGjxnbdwzkfFvthbrfbvfuhflcrb jåkfcnb, rjbnj cf yfhfcyfkbgj åhjq yf yfctktybt b gkjo. Dyzrjbckexfbébntkbntcfctedtkbxbkbnjkrjdfvyjuj,fhfpvthbntyfwtynhfkybntuhfljdtcfcnfyfkb njkrjdf ujktvb, xt jcyjdybehåfybcnbxyb hfqjyb cf ct cktkbb cf jåhfpedfkb uhjpljdt jn uhfljdt. Yfqjxtdblty ghbvth pfnjdf t uhegfnf ujktvb uhfljdt,ghjcnbhfobctjnÅjcnüy(Vfcfxectnc) lj Dfibyunjy, jåkfcnRüküvåbz,gjrhfqctdthjbpnjxybzfvthbrfycrb åhzu. Lheuf uhegfuhflcrb hfqjyb – gjyfibhjrjhfpghücyfnb b c gjvfkrb wtynhfkyb uhfljdt – bvf gjrhfqñéybntrhfbofyfUjktvbnttpthf.Vbkejrb (Ebcrjycby) bXbrfuj(Bkbyjq)cfjgjhybntnjxrbyfhtubjyf yf pfgfl, f Åüafkj (YñQjhr) b Gbncåühu (Gtycbkdfybz)– yf bpnjr. Yzrjb yfåkñlfntkbghtldbélfn, xt ñéyf Rfkbajhybz–jnCfyLbtujljCfyAhfycbcrj – t cktldfofnf cthbz jnuhflcrbjåkfcnb,rjbnjotctcktzndrhfzyf20dtr,rfrnjotctcktzn bpnjxyjnj rhfqåhtébt yfAkjhblfbwtynhfkyfAkjhblf.
Gjdtxtnjujktvbuhflcrbchtlbof ct hfpdbdfn nfv, rültnj ctghtcbxfn nhfycgjhnyb günbof.Xtcnj dféyfnf ghtctxyf njxrf tdhüprfnf ceifdjlf. Yzrjb uhfl
crb wtynhjdt cf hfpgjkjétyb yfvjhcrbz åhzu bkb yf ecnbtnj yfhtrf. Lheub – yf tcntcndtyb gkfdfntkyb djlyb günbof. Nhtnb cfhfpgjkjétybyfhtrbbkbrfyfkb,rjbnjcfghbujltyblfjcbuehzdfnyfuhfljdtntbpkfpyfvjht.Dféyb,hfpåbhfct,cfblheubafrnjhb: öfhfrnthün yf dünhtiyjcnnfyf cnhfyfnf, åkbpjcnnf lj fknthyfnbdtynhfycgjhn,pfobntyjcnnfbljhbxbcnjnfnfyfjrjkyfnfchtlf.Nfrf bkbbyfxt, nfv,rültnj cnjrbböjhfnhzådflfåülfnghtdjpdfybjntlbydblnhfycgjhntygünljlheu,bvfdüpvjéyjcnbpfghthfåjndfyt,hfpvzyf,ghjbpdjlcndj,gfrtnbhfyt, ghjlféåf b gjregrfyfcnjrb.
D nfpb jhbtynfwbz yf uhfljdtntrüvdjlybgünbofbvfbbprkñxtybz, rfrdbnj cf Fnkfynf (Léjhlébz),Ltydüh(Rjkjhflj)bLfkfcAjhn Eühn (Ntrcfc), yj b nt cfdüpybryfkbjrjkjcnfhbnhfycgjhnyb günbof. Fnkfynf yfghbvth,hfpgjkjétyf yf ñéybz rhfq yfFgfkfxbnt,cnfdfdfétywtynühyfétktpjgünybzghtdjpyfÑufghtp60ntujlbybyf19dtr.
vJltkbyfHtubJyfkybREknEHb
CgjhtlyzrjbndühltybzvjonfyfCütlbytybntofnbtdnjdf,xtntcfyfqujkzvfnfbyfquücnjyfctktyfnf cnhfyf d cdtnf, jåtlbytyfutjuhfacrb b cjwbfkyj jn jåotpbr. Düghtrb njdf gjdtxtnj jnhtubjybnt,jåjcjåtybdnfpbrybuf,cfgjytjnxfcnbreknehybhtubjyb.
Htubjyfkybnt hfpkbxbz d reknehfnf vjufn lf åülfn bphfptyb gjvyjuj hfpkbxyb yfxbyb. Bylbfyf,Rtynürb,JöfqjbBkbyjqcüplfdfnvyjuj gjdtxt ujktvb rjktéfycrbåfcrtnåjkyb buhfxb yf ukfdf jnyfctktybtnj d chfdytybt cüc chtlybzåhjqnfrbdfbuhfxbpfwzkfnfcnhfyf. Ujkzvjnj vyjpbycndj jnhfyybntbpgükybntkbyfrüynhbcfjnujhybnthfqjybyfÑuf.
Gtqpféünyftlyfjåkfcntcüxtnfybtnj jn ghbhjlyf chtlf b reknehyj dkbzybt. Cbcntvfnf pf gfhwtkbhfyt yf ptvznf, ibhjrj ghbkfufyfdCütlbytybntofnbghtp19dtr, ghtdhüof gtqpféf yf ujkzvfxfcnjnChtlybzpfgfldelbdbntkyjhfpvthtybghfdjüuükybwb.Ytvcrbnt b fyukbqcrbnt athvthb jnñujbpnjxyf Gtycbkdfybz cnhjznujktvb jåjhb pfébdjnyb b gktdybwb pf crkflbhfyt yf ckfvf cghbcnhjty jn tlyfnf cnhfyf yfdtc,bplbufoctyfldnjhbztnfé.Rjkrjnj b lf cgjhzn bpcktljdfntkbntyf yfhjlyfnf fhöbntrnehf pf ghjbpöjlf yf ntpb cuhflb, dcbxrb ntcftlbyjleiyb,xt„gtycbkdfycrbznöfvåfh“ t dféty bltynbabwbhfotktvtyn d reknehybz gtqpfé yfofnf.Dvyjujuhfljdttnybxtcrbnthfqjyb vjufn lf åülfn jnrhbnb,ghjcnjrfnjctghjcktlznbvtyfnfyf vfufpbybnt b htcnjhfynbnt dvfkrbrdfhnfkb.
Vfrfhxtvyjujfcgtrnbyfreknehfnf cf ytgjrkfnbvbb ecnjqxbdb, ghjvzyfnf düghtrb dcbxrj tgjcnjzyyf xthnf yf fvthbrfycrfnfreknehf.Vyjujjnbpvtytybznfcf
htpeknfnjn ghjvtybnt d ntöyjkjubznf b brjyjvbxtcrbnt eckjdbz.Vbuhfwbznftlheudfétyafrnjh.
Chtl jnltkybnt tktvtynb yffvthbrfycrfnf reknehf tlby jnyfqbynthtcybnt b gjrfpfntkyb thtkbubznf.Vyjuj jn gjujktvbntöhbcnbzycrbhtkbubbcfghtytctybdFvthbrf jn tdhjgtqcrb ghtctkybwb. Hfpghtltktybtnj yf dthjbpgjdtlfybznfcüjndtncndfyfjåkfcnbnt, rültnj cüjndtnybnt ghtctkybxtcrb uhegb b ntöybnt gjnjvwbcücnfdkzdfnujkzvfxfcnjnyfctktybtnj. Yfghbvth ytvcrbnt bcrfylbyfdcrbnt pfctkybwb ghtyfczn cdjznf kñnthfycrf dzhf dctdthybnt Ujktvb hfdybyb b dctdthjpfgflybz lzk yf Ptvtltkcrbz wtynüh. BcgfyjtpbxybntébntkbyfÑujpfgflf,tdhjgtqwbnt jn ñéyf b bpnjxyf Tdhjgf dCtdthjbpnjrf, Chtlybz pfgfl bgjdtxtnj ujktvb uhfljdt bpdüyÑuf,rfrnjbahfywepbntjnFrflbz,pfctkbkbctdñéyfKebpbfyf–dcbxrbntjåzcyzdfnibhjrjnj hfpghjcnhfytybt yf rfnjkbwbpvfdFvthbrf.
Cütlbytybntofnb cf cüoj nfrfvzcnj, rültnj ct hfélfn yjdbltqcndfobhtkbubb.Yzrjkrjdthjbpgjdtlfybz rfnj Tgbcrjgfkyfnfwührdf(yzrjufxfcnjnfyukbqcrfnfFyukbrfycrfwührdf)düpybrdfndrhfzyfFvthbrfycrfnfhtdjkñwbzjn18dtr.Pfhflbhfpwtgktybt,yfcnügbkjcktlUhfélfycrfnfdjqyf, ghtpdbnthbfycndjnj dCütlbytybntofnbtghtlcnfdtyjjnyzrjkrjdthjbpgjdtlfybz.
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Bvf b lheuj jåzcytybt b nj tcüpblfntkyjcnnf yf fvthbrfycrfnfhtkbubz. Jnltkyb öjhf cüplfdfncfvjcnjzntkyb wührdb bkb uhegbåjujvjkwbctjnltkznjntlyfwührdfbcüplfdfnlheufpfhflbcgjhjdtgj nfrbdfdüghjcbrfnj nükredfytnjyfÅbåkbznfbkbwührjdyjnjeghfdktybt.
Tlyf vtcnyf fvthbrfycrf wührdftWührdfnfyfBbcecÖhbcnjcb Cdtnbbnt jn Gjcktlybz lty,bpdtcnyfrfnjVjhvjycrfwührdf.Jcyjdfyf d ctdthyfnf xfcn yfofnf Yñ Qjhr d chtlfnf yf 19dtr,nzgjcntgtyyjtghtytctyfjngjcktljdfntkbnt cb yf pfgfl, dnühctytyfbpjkbhfyjvzcnj,rültnjntlfctecnfyjdznblfcüåkñ
lfdfn dzhdfybznf cb. D rhfqyfcvtnrf bpåjhün gflf dühöeÑnf.LytcgjdtxtnjébntkbyfÑnfcfvjhvjyb.
ÅfgnbcnbntjnÑufcfbynthtcyjcüxtnfybt yf yzrjkrj jn bpkjétybntgjujhtjåzcytybz.ÅfgnbpvüntghtytctydFvthbrfjn tdhjgtqcrb ghtctkybwb rfnj ytjabwbfkyfwührdf, nühctof cdjåjlf yf htkbubjpyfnf bpzdf. Ghtp gjcktlyfnfnhtnbyf yf 19 dtr nz ct yfkfufrfnj tktvtynyfñéyzirfnfreknehf b cnfdf jcyjdyf htkbubz yfhtubjyf. Chtl åtpcgjhybnt rhbnthbbpfreknehyfghbyflktéyjcnyftlyfjåoyjcnrüvÑuf t cüotcndedfytnj yf gjyt tlyf åfgnbcnrfwührdf. ∆
35
Ghtp1961u.tlbyahtycrbutjuhfageåkbredfvjyevtynfkyj bpcktl
dfytyfcbkyjehåfybpbhfybzhtubjy, hfpgjkjéty d ctdthjbpnjxybnt Cütlbytybofnb. Ghjatcjh Éfy Ujnvfybpexfdfldfltctnujlbybjåkfcnnf, ghjcnbhfof ct jnñétyYñ Öfvgiüh b ctdthty VfcfxectncljDfibyunjy,jåkfcnRüküvåbz(Rfhnf3).Njqndühlb,xtnjdfttlby„vyjujcgtwbfktyhtubjy“bujyfhbxfVtufkjgjkbc.
Vtufkjgjkbc düpybrdf gjrhfqctdthjbpnjxyjnj rhfqåhtébt yfCütlbytybntofnbjngjcntgtyyjnjckbdfytyfujktvb,jnltkybvtnhjgjkbb.Yfctktybtnjyfntpbuhfljdt ct edtkbxfdf b gjcktlbwbnt jnnjdfedtkbxtybtcthfpghjcnbhfndgjvfkrbnt yfctktyb vtcnf, jgfcdfobrfnjjåhüxbujktvbntuhfljdt.Gjujktvbntghtluhflbzdntpbghücntyjdblyj hfpgjkjétyb yfctktyb vtcnf jn cdjz cnhfyf cüojljghbyfcznpfwzkjcnyjnjehåfybcnbxyjhfphfcndfyt.Düpybryfkbntdhtpeknfn yf njdf düyiyb htubjybyf vtnhjgjkbbnt d rhfqyf cvtnrfpfgjxdfnlfctckbdfntlbyclheublfjajhvznjåibhtyehåfybcnbxtyhtubjy.
Jcyjdyfnf öfhfrnthbcnbrf yfVtufkjgjkbc t „ehåfybcnbxyjcnnf“. Bpgjkpdfqrb d hfpkbxyf cntgtycathfnfyfehåfybcnbxybeckeub,vbkbjybntöjhf,rjbnjébdtznd njpb htubjy, jcbuehzdfnåbnbtnj
cb d tlyf ehåfybcnbxyf chtlf, xbbnj düyiybajhvb cfhfpgjkjétybdåkbpjcntlyflj lheuf. Bvf öbkzlbexhtéltybz b ébkboybcuhflb, vfkrb vfufpbyb bubufyncrb nühujdcrb wtynhjdt, afåhbrb, hfabythbb,
ébkboyb rdfhnfkb, åtypbyjcnfywbb b pfrecdfkyb, chtl rjbnj cfhfpghücyfnb crkfljdt pf dhtvtyyjcüöhfyzdfytyf cnjrbnt, ghtyfczybcrjhfåb,dkfrjdtbnjdfhybfdnjvjåbkb – b dcbxrj njdf gj800rbkjvtnhjdjnj ghjntétybt yfhtubjyf.
Yj dVtufkjgjkbc bvf bvyjujptktyb gkjob. Yzrjb jn nzö cfgfhrjdt bkb lheub nthtyb pfgjxbdrf b hfpdktxtybz; gjdtxt jn3vbkbjyf ötrnfhf cf jåhfåjndftvfptvz.
Düghtrb xt Vtufkjgjkbc bvfcvtcty öfhfrnth, bvtyyj juhjvyjnj uhflcrj ghbcücndbt ghfdbhtubjyfnjkrjdfdfétydCütlbytybnt ofnb. Ltctn jn 46nt vtnhjgjkbb yf cnhfyfnf, rjbnj bvfngjdtxt jn 1vbkbjy leib yfctktybtghtp1990u.,cfhfpgjkjétybdVtufkjgjkbc. Htubjyün gjtvf 17ghjwtynf jn wzkjnj yfctktybt yfCütlbytybntofnb cfvj dühöe 1.5ghjwtynfjngkjonfyfcnhfyfnf.
Chtlybzn ljöjl yf ukfdf jnyfctktybtnjtdbcjr,fdchfdytybtcücchtlybntcnjqyjcnbpfcnhfyfnfltkün yf pftnjcnnf d eckeubnt bghjatcbbnt t gjujkzv.Nhfycgjh
vtufkjGjkbc
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36
nünbrjveybrfwbbntcfcbkyjhfpdbnb, rjtnj jnxfcnb ct lükéb yfrhfqåhtéyjnj vtcnjgjkjétybt yfhtubjyf. Bpöjlybnt geyrnjdt yfghbåkbpbntkyj 40 ghjwtynf jndcbxrb vtéleyfhjlyb günybxtcrbgjktnb cf d wtynhfkybnt uhfljdtyfVtufkjgjkbc.F gjxnb 30 ghjwtynf jn fvthbrfycrfnf trcgjhnyfnühujdbz ghtvbyfdf ghtp itcnntukfdybghbcnfybofyfhtubjyf.
HfPGJkJétybtnJyfvtufkJGJkbc
PfojnjxyjnfpbxfcnyfCütlbytybntofnb ct t hfpdbkf gj njpbyfxby? Dbyfub, rjufnj nfrüd düghjc ct pflflt yf yzrjq utjuhfa,jnujdjhün, c rjqnj njq pfgjxdf,jåbryjdtyjtcdühpfychfpgjkjétybtnj yf htubjyf. B yfbcnbyf, dckexfz cVtufkjgjkbc vzcnjnj bgjkjétybtnj yf njpb jåibhty
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37
ehåfybcnbxty htubjy cülühéfnjåzcytybt pf ytujdbz ghjbpöjl bhfpdbnbt.
Vyjujjnutjuhfacrbntöfhfrnthbcnbrb yf htubjyf cf dblyb jnytujdbnt jxthnfybz. Hfpgjkjétygjrhfq åhtuf, bpnjxybzn rhfq yfVtufkjgjkbc t cbkyj yfxegty.Gjkejcnhjdb ct dhzpdfn d Fnkfynbxtcrbzjrtfy.Yzrjbjnhfpghücyfnbnt gjrhfq åhtuf jcnhjdb cfljcnfnüxyj ujktvb, pf lf åülfnyfctktyb. Pfkbdb b htxyb ecnbzghjybrdfn d ceifnf b rfnj yzrfrüd juktlfkty jåhfp jnhfpzdfndhzpdfytnj yf ceifnf d jrtfyf.Åkfujlfhtybt yf njdf ldecnhfyyjghjhzpfyjrhfqåhtébtgjdtxtxfcnb jn ceifnf ct ghbåkbéfdfn ljjrtfyfbgjnjpbyfxbyctjcbuehzdfgjujkzvljcnügljtdnbydjltynhfycgjhn, jnrjkrjnj frj åhtuüncktldfitgjghfdfkbybz.
Rfhnbyfnfnhzådflfctljgükybbcjnkbxybghbcnfybof,fVtufkjgjkbc t hfpgjkjéty yf tlyb jnyfqljåhbnttcntcndtybghbcnfybofdFvthbrf.CtdthyfnfgjkjdbyfyfVtufkjgjkbc t åbkf gjrhbnf cktljdt ghtp yfqrücybz ktlybrjdgthbjl yf rjynbytynf. C njgtytnjyf ktltybnt vfcb ct jåhfpedfkbujktvb htrb, rjbnj ghtkbdfkb.Gjlltqcndbtnjyfthjpbznfhtrbntghjhzpfkb lükåjrj ybcrfnf rhfqåhtéyf hfdybyf. C bplbufytnj yfvjhcrjnjhfdybotgjybcrbnthtxybljkbybåbkbpfktnbbjåhfpedfkb ibhjrb ecnbz, f jrtfycrbznåhzu åbk bpvtcnty rüv dünhtiyjcnnf yf ceifnf. Ntpbktlybrjdb
htxyb ljkbyb jajhvbkb yzrjb jnghbcnfybofnf, rjbnj gjrücyj ctjrfpfkb vyjuj gjktpyb pf hfpdbnbtnjyfVtufkjgjkbc.
Lheufnf ujkzvf gjkpf jn ltqyjcnnf yf ktlybwbnt t gjcgtwbabxyf pf tlyj bkb ldt vtcnf dhtubjyf. Ujktvbnt rjkbxtcndfghücn, rfvüyb b lheub jnkjvüwb,bphjdtybjnghjgerdfobnt ctktlybwb, ct yfckjébkb rfnj vjhtyb,rjufnj xtkybnt ktltyb vfcb ctjnntukbkb. Ghb jnntukzytnj yfktlybwbntjcnfyfkftlyfdthbufjncrfkbcnböükvjdtnjxyjyfñujnlytiyjnj rhfqåhtébt yf Rüytnbrün.Ntpbvjhtybctghtdühyfkbdjcnhjd,rjufnjybdjnjyfvjhcrjnjhfdybot ct gjrfxbkj, f jcnhjdüncthfpibhbkjnjrtfycrbntyfyjcb.Jcnhjdün jåfxt yt cnfyfk vyjujibhjrbpfnjdfytvjuüklfåültyfhtxty lheujzxt jcdty KjyuFqkfyl(Lükubznjcnhjd).
KjyuFqkfylcültqcndfpfhfpdbnbtnj yf yñqjhrcrjnj ghbcnfybotd ldt ukfdyb yfcjrb. Gühdj, lükébyfnfyfåhtujdfnfkbybz,rjznjt ljcnügyf pf ghbcnfyboyf ltqyjcn, ghb njdf dtxt dyeibntkyfgjrhfqhtrfÖülcüy, ctedtkbxfdfpyfxbntkyj. Dnjhj, rjufnj tlyfehåfybcnbxyf jåkfcn ct hfphfcndfjrjkj ujkzvj, yfgükyj hfpdbnjghbcnfybot, njdf hfphfcndfytgjhfélf ytjåöjlbvjcn jn gjdtxtghjcnhfycndj. Gjlöjlzof ptvz,rjznj lf gjtvt ehåfybcnbxyjnjhfphfcndfyt yf yñqjhrcrfnfjåkfcnyfpfgfljnhtrfÖülcüydYñLéühpbbvfkjcfvjljåkfnf
38 39
nf, d rjbnj yfökedfk ghbkbdün, becnjqxbdfnf yf thjpbz dthbuf jncrfkb, yfhtxtyf Gfkbcflc. Yfbpnjr jn Öülcüy bvf cfvj tlyfnzcyfbdbwfceif–jcnhjdVfyöfnüy. Yj jndül htrf Bcn t KjyuFqkfyl,hfdybyyfljktrjöükvbcnf ptvz åtp hfpgjkjétybnt rfnjghtuhflf åkfnf yf Yñ Léühpb.Yñqjhrcrbnt hfqjyb Åherkby bRebyccthfpdbdfnhfyjdpfgflybzrhfq yf Kjyu Fqkfyl, f jcnhjdünghtlkfuf vyjuj ghjcnhfycndj pfgjyfnfnüiyfehåfybcnbxyftrcgfypbzyfbpnjr.
VfrfhxtVtufkjgjkbchfpgjkfuf c vyjuj jnkbxyb ghbcnfybof,yzrjkrj lheub utjuhfacrb öfhfrnthbcnbrb yf htubjyf ljghbyfcznjcjåtyj vyjuj pf ehåfybcnbxyjnjhfpdbnbt yf brjyjvbrfnf. Rkbvfnün yt t bprkñxbntkyj vtr, yjktnfnf jåbryjdtyj cf ljcnfnüxyjlükub b dkféyb, pf lf cüplfdfnåkfujghbznyb eckjdbz pf jåhfåjndfytyfptvznf.Gjxdbntcfhfpyjjåhfpyb – yfdünht d cnhfyfnf jnÅjknbvjh, Vthbkfyl b Abkfltkabz b Gtycbkdfybz gjxdbnt cfgjljåhbjngjdtxtnjgjxdbdåkbpjcnljYñQjhr.
XthnbntyfhtktafñéyjjnYñQjhr cüoj nfrf åkfujghbzncndfnehåfybcnbxyjnjhfpdbnbtyfhtubjyf.Jnfnkfynbxtcrjnjrhfqåhtébtrüv dünhtiyjcnnf yf cnhfyfnf ctyfåkñlfdfvyjujhfdyfrhfqåhtéyf hfdybyf, cktldfyf jn dükyjjåhfpyf, xtcnj öükvbcnf vtcnyjcn,yfhtxtyGblvjyn.Gjlythfdyjvthyj öükvbcnbz htkta yf Gblvjyn
ktéfnvyjuj cnfhb,vyjuj ndühlbcrfkb. Njpb gjdühöyjcnty ckjq ytct gjllfdf yf thjpbz b ybdjnj yfGblvjynctpflühéfyflybdjnjyfrhfqåhtéyfnf hfdybyf. Nfv, rültnj jn Gblvjyn bpnbxfn htrb, ctjåhfpedfnåühptbbvfkrbdjljgflb, cktldfob tlyf kbybz, rjznjnhfcbhf abpbrjutjuhfacrfnf uhfybwf – nfpb uhfybwf t bpdtcnyfrfnjGünzyfdjljgflbnt.
Hfyybnt pfctkybwb ecnfyjdzdfn,xt dthbufnf jn djljgflb t tlyjghtgzncndbt ghtl vjhtgkfdfytnj,yj t åtpcgjhty bpnjxybr yf djlyftythubz. Gjrhfq djljgflbnt düpybrdfn ctkbof, hfpgjkjétybljrjkrjnj t düpvjéyj yfdünht dceifnf, yj c jcbuehty ljcnüg ljjrtfycrbnt rjhfåb, ghtdjpdfobcnjrb.Jcdtynjdf,nüqrfnjGünznyf djljgflbnt xtcnj t yfxfkyfnfnjxrf d nhfycgjhnybz wbrük, cnjrbnt,ljrfhfybyfceifnf,bkbcnjrbnt,ghtlyfpyfxtybpfbpyjc,nhzådf lf åülfn hfpnjdfhtyb yf hfpybvtcnf gj ytuj, pf lf åülfn nhfycgjhnbhfyb gjyfnfnür gj lheuyfxby.Ntpbvtcnfcüojnfrfbvfngjkpf jn cnjrb, ghtldbltyb pfbpyjc,rjbnjctldbéfnjndünhtiyjcnnf yf cnhfyfnf rüv yfxfkyfnfnjxrfyfghtdjpdfytnjbvgjdjlf.D vyjuj ckexfb yf ntpb vtcnf cthfpdbdfn b ghjvbiktyb ghjbpdjlcndf.
Nfpb xfcn yf Ctdthyf Fvthbrfct yfvbhf yf bkb åkbpj lj yfqghtrbzvjhcrbgünvtéleTdhjgfb gkjljhjlybnt gkfynfwbb yfRfhbåcrbntrjkjybbbñéyfFvt
hbrf, jcjåtyj yf dhüofyt rüvljvf.Pfnjdfghbcnfybofnf,jrjkjrjbnj gjrücyj ct hfphfcndfVtufkjgjkbc, cfeljåybcgbhrbbåkfujghbzncndfncbkyjhfpdbnbtnjyf ghtpjrtfycrfnf nühujdbz, rjznj åühpj ct hfpibhzdf ghtp 18 b19dtr.
Htifdfojpfhfpdbnbtnjyfnjpbhtubjythfpgjkjétybtnjyfuhfljdtntzlhfcghzvjdünhtiyjcnnfyfcnhfyfnf.AbkfltkabzbÅjknbvjhåühpj ct hfphfcndfn, nüq rfnj bldfnf uhflf cf wtynüh yf chfdybntkyj ujkzv b gkjljhjlty ptvtltkcrb hfqjy. Günbof rüv dünhtiyjcnnfyfcnhfyfnfctghjrfhdfnhfyjbntljghbyfcznpfhfpdbnbtnj yf nühujdcrbntaeyrwbb yfntpb uhfljdt. Jn Åjcnüy rüv dünhtiyjcnnfgjxdbntcfåbkbbghjlükéfdfn lf åülfn vyjuj gkbnrbb rfvtybcnb, f nthtyün t ljcnfythfdty pf ljåhj ptvtltkbt, yjöükvjdtnt yf YñByukfyl cf gjrhbnb c ibhjrjkbcnyb lühdtnf båjhjdbujhb,rjbnjcfyfqgjlöjlzobznvfnthbfkpfcnhjtéyfrjhfåb. Jcdty njdf bvf ljcnüg ljbpdüyhtlyjåjufnbntyfhbåfrhfqåhtéyb djlb yf Yñ Byukfyl bgjyfljkeyfñudhfqjyfyfpfkbdfXtcfgbqr.
Ujkzvjnj pyfxtybt, rjtnj bvfljcnügyjcnnf, rjufnj ct jwtyzdfhfpgjkjétybtnj yf tlby uhfl, tdct gfr yfqjxtdblyj d ckexfz cYñQjhr, xbtnj jcyjdyj ghtlbvcndj t, xt ct yfvbhf yf döjlf yfyfqljåhbztcntcndtygünghtpFgfkfxbnt. Htxyfnf cbcntvf Öülcüy
Vjöjr, gjrücyj hfpibhtyf xhtprfyfkfBhb,étktpjgünybkbybbbvfubcnhfkb, jcbuehzdf ljcnüg ljUjktvbnttpthfyfpfgfl,rjbnjjncdjz cnhfyf jcbuehzdfn ljcnüg ljjåibhyfnf dünhtiyjcn yf cnhfyfnf.Cüccrüczdfytnjyfhfpcnjzybznf vtéle yfctktybnt vtcnf b cecrjhzdfytnj yf brjyjvbxtcrfnfltqyjcn düd Dünhtiybnt hfdybyb,ujktvb rjkbxtcndf jn ghjbpdtltybntcnjrbctghtyfczndehåfybcnbxybntwtynhjdtyfVtufkjgjkbc.Uhflün, rjqnj ct jåkfujltntkcndfyfqvyjujjnnjdfhfpdbnbtyfnühujdbznf, t uhflün, rjqnj bvf yfqujkzv tcntcndty ljcnüg lj dünhtiyjcnnf:YñQjhr.
Ghtp rjkjybfkybz gthbjl yfFvthbrf, c hfpdbnbtnj yf nühujdbznf vtéle Tdhjgf, Rfhbåcrbzhfqjybfvthbrfycrbzrjynbytyn,dgjujktvbnt ghbcnfyboyb uhfljdtyfctdthjnÅjknbvjhpfgjxdfnlfct gjzdzdfn vfkrb ghjvbiktybghtlghbznbz. C hfpdbnbtnj yfehåfybcnbxyfnfbylecnhbzyfhfcndfnühctytnjyfhfåjnyfhürf,fnzctjcbuehzdf, rfnj ct ghbdkbxfnbvbuhfynb jn ctdthjpfgflyf Tdhjgf bkb ct jnrkjyzdfn ujkzvåhjqctkcrjcnjgfycrb hfåjnybwb jnptvtltkbtnj, rjtnj gür djlb ljedtkbxfdfytyfyfctktybtnjduhfljdtnt. Åfyrb b lheub abyfycjdbbycnbnewbb ufhfynbhfn bydtcnbwbbdvtcnybghjbpdjlcndfbghtdjpyfcnjrb. Hfpdbnbtnj d cathfnf yfeckeubnt,yfnühujdbznfyftlhjbyflhtåyj,yfwtynhjdtntpfbyajhvfwbzbrjynhjkdjlbljgjyfnf
40 41
nüiyf ehåfybcnbxyf trcgfypbz,rfnj yfqvyjuj ct hfphfcndfn uhfljdtnt Yñ Qjhr, Abkfltkabz,ÅjcnüybÅjknbvjh.
Yfqpfåtktébntkyjnj yf njpbhtubjy yt tafrnün, xt ntpb uhfljdt ct hfphfcndfn, f xt xtnbhbnfrbdf ujktvb uhflf (dgjcktlcndbt nt cnfdfn gtn c Dfibyunjy)ghjlükéfdfn lf ct hfphfcndfn dåkbpjcntlbyljlheu.Dfibyunjy,hfpåbhf ct, t eybrfkty, pfojnjvfrfh lf t hfpgjkjéty gj Günzyfdjljgflbnt,hfphfcndfytnjvetghzrj cdühpfyj c hfpibhzdfytnjyf cnhernehfnf yf yfwbjyfkyjnjghfdbntkcndj.Lheubntxtnbhbuhflf, yfhtl c vyjétcndj gjvfkrbuhfljdt, hfpgjkjétyb gj jcnf yfVtufkjgjkbc, lükéfn nkfcürf dhfpdbnbtnj cb lj ujkzvf cntgtyyfbrjyjvbxtcrbghbxbyb.Njkrjdf ujkzvj t yfwbjyfkyjnj hfpdbnbt ghtp 19 dtr b njkrjdf cbkybcf dhüprbnt vtéle dünhtiyjcnnfb ntpb xtnbhb ghbcnfybof, xtybrjt jn nzö ytvjét bpwzkj lfgjtvtgjnjrfjncnjrb,ghtlyfpyfxtybpfyzrjqjncüctlbntbrjyrehtynbnt ve. D yfxfkjnj yf 20dtrjåobntbrjyjvbxtcrbhtcehcbyfntpbjuhjvybuhfljdtljcnbufnrjynbytynfkybhfpvthb.
EHåfybcnbxyJnJJåRHüétybt
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nf.Dbcjrbcuhflb,jébdtybekbwb,ghtyfctktyb ébkbof b bylecnhbfkybghtlghbznbzcthtledfncdctdüpvjéyb reknehyb bycnbnenb –ntfnhb, cbvajybxyb jhrtcnhb,veptbyfbprecndfnfbujktvbåbåkbjntrb. Gjyzrjuf d jxbnt ctyfåbdfnbghjzdbyfegflür–hfpheitybcuhflb,pflhücntybjnghtdjpyb chtlcndf ekbwb b pfvühctydüpleö.Ntpb, fblheubghjzdbctyfåkñlfdfn d vtnhjgjkbbnt yfVtufkjgjkbc.
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jcjåtyjcndtxtytctcdühpdfcfvjcüc cnfhbnt uhfljdtzlhf. Juhjvyb uhegb cuhflb bpybrdfn rfnjuhjpljdt d ghtluhflbznf, rjbnjpfjåbrfkznrfnjghücntywtynhfkybntuhfljdt;vyjujjnntpbcuhflb pftvfn gjujkzvf gkjo,jnrjkrjnj ytåjcnühufxbnt d wtynühf yf yzrjq ujkzv uhfl. Nfpbghjvzyf, f yt vtcnjgjkjétybtnjyf ébkboybnt hfqjyb, czrfi ctjnhfpzdfyfqvyjujyfvtcnjgjkjétybtnj yf hfåjnybntvtcnf b yfyfxbyfyfghbldbédfytljnzö.
Zcyjt,xtehåfybcnbxybntjåkfcnb cf gtqpféb yf ghjvzyfnf, fghjvtybnt d Vtufkjgjkbc cüjndtncndfn yf ytjåbryjdtybz öfhfrnthyfhtubjyf.Ghjvtybntnfvcfytghtrücyfnb, lhfcnbxyb b ctbpdühidfn d vfofåb, ytgjpyfnblheufltgjcdtnf. ∆
47
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Ctdthjbpnjxybnt Cütlbytyb ofnb,cbprkñxtybtyfctdthyfnfxfcnyf Yñ Byukfyl, cf yfqdféybznghjvbikty htubjy yf cnhfyfnf(Rfhnf 4). Njpb htubjy d jåobkbybbuhfybxbjnnhbntcbcnhfybcLjkbyfnf yf htrfJöfqj,Vtufkjgjkbc b ñéybnt Ujktvb tpthf.Pfgflybzn rhfq yf htubjyf yt tnjkrjdf zcyj jxthnfy; njq gjcntgtyyj ct ckbdf c ghtlbvyj ptvtltkcrbzgtqpféyfñéyfBylbfyf,Bkbyjqbghjlükéfdfjndülytuj.
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wf yf cnhfyfnf ct yfvbhf ytgjchtlcndtyjljrhfqybntvenjxrb.
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Rfrdj njxyj ghtlcnfdkzdf fvthbrfycrbzn Ghjvbikty wtynüh tnhelyjlfcthfpåthtgjhflbytujdbz cbkyj bphfpty ldjqcndtyöfhfrnth. D vyjuj jnyjitybzébpytyjcnnfbghjlernbdyjcnnfyfctkcrjnj yfctktybt yf nfpb nthbnjhbz cf cüplfdfkb htcehcbnt bnühctytnj yf bylecnhbfkyf ghjlerwbz. Ecgtöbnt d ptvtltkbtnjgjllühéfn hfyybnt gfpfhyb wtynhjdt yf htubjyf, f gjcntgtyyjnjvtöfybpbhfyt yf ptvtltkbtnjyfkfuf nühctytnj yf hfpyjjåhfpyfghjvbiktyfghjlerwbz.Drhfzyf19 dtr ct zdzdf ytjåöjlbvjcn jnltctnrb öbkzlb éündfhrb, dühifxrb b dczrfrdb ctkcrjcnjgfycrbbycnhevtynb.Nhfrnjhb,vfibyb pf åfkbhfyt, gjvgb b dctgjcgtwbfkbpbhfyf ctkcrjcnjgfy
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Dünhtiyfnf xfcn yf fvthbrfycrbzGhjvbiktywtynühhfpgjkfufcüojnfrfcjnkbxybdüpvjéyjcnbpf ljcnüg lj hfpkbxyb vtcnf.Cdühpdfob åjufnbz yf vtnfkybhelbRfyflcrbobnbåjufnbntyfghbhjlyb ujhbdfDünhtiyb hfdybyb,gtnntUjktvbtpthf–Cñgbhbüh,Vbxbufy,Öñhüy,BhbbJynfhbj – ghtlcnfdkzdfn dünhtitydjlty gün, rfrüdnj yzvf d cdtnf.Cfvj ldt gjpyfxbntkyb düpdbitybz ct bplbufn vtéle Ujktvbnttpthf.Tlbyvfküryfrkjyjnjrjkj 6.7 vtnhf vtéle tpthjnjCñgbhbüh b tpthfnf Öñhüy bVbxbufy t ghtjljkzy xhtp cbcntvf jn ikñpjdt ghb Cjkn CtqynVfhb, Vbxbufy, bpuhfltyf ghtp
1855u.Ljcnfgjujkzvfnfhfpkbrfdüd dbcjxbyfnf vtéle tpthfnfBhbbJynfhbjåbvjukfcthbjpyjlf pfnhelyb djlybz nhfycgjhn, yjd Jynfhbj t gjcnhjty rfyfkünEtkfyl (jndjhty ghtp 1829 u.), pflfctpfjåbrjkbdjljgflünYbfufhf,frfyfkünBhbtbpuhflty(ghtp1825 u.) d YñQjhr, pf lf vjétxfcn jn njdfhybnt ghtdjpb lfbpåtuyfn bpwzkj tpthjnjJynfhbj.Rfnj ct bprkñxfn ntpb cüjhüétybz,tpthfnfghtlkfufnyfhfyybntpfctkybwb yf Fvthbrf yfl 800rbkjvtnhf tdnby nhfycgjhn.Gjrücyj,ghtp19d.bdyfxfkjnjyf 20 dtr cüobzn njpb tdnbynhfycgjhn ct jrfpdf jn htifdfojpyfxtybtpfjytpb,rjbnjghtdjpdfnétkzpyfnfhelfyfRfyflcrbzobnlj rfvtyjdüuktybnt åfctqyb dBkbyjq, Bylbfyf, Jöfqj, PfgflyfDühlébybz b Gtycbkdfybz. Ljujkzvf cntgty bylecnhbfkybntvjoyjcnb, rjbnj ct hfpdbdfn gjñéybnt rhfbof yf Ujktvbnt tpthf,vjufnlfåülfnjåzcytybcntpbtcntcndtybdüpvjéyjcnbpfljcnügljlheubxfcnbyfcnhfyfnf.
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50 51
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Pfhflb eybrfkyjnj cüxtnfybt jnghjcnhfycndtyb düpvjéyjcnb bghbhjlyb htcehcb xtcnj ct cvznf,xtGhjvbiktybznwtynühdCütlbytybnt ofnb ct cücnjb cfvj jnnfpb dünhtiyf nthbnjhbz. Jghtltktybz rfnj „bylecnhbfkybzn Chtltypfgfl“bkb„cühwtnjyfbylecnhbfkyfFvthbrf“vjufnblfhfpgfkdfn düjåhfétybtnj, yj jn utjuhfacrfuktlyfnjxrfntcfytgükyb. Fvthbrfycrbzn ghjvbiktywtynüh drkñxdf b dünhtiyjnjzlhj, b Vtufkjgjkbc – ehåfybcnbxybzhtubjy,xhtprjqnjdünhtiyjcnnf yf cnhfyfnf ct drkñxdf dvtéleyfhjlyfnfnühujdbz.
Lj 1830 u. ehåfybcnbxyjnj bbylecnhbfkyjnjhfpdbnbtyfhtubjyf t juhfybxtyj gjxnb bpwzkj ljFnkfynbxtcrjnj rhfqåhtébt bptvbntytgjchtlcndtyjjrjkjghbcnfybofnf. Tdhjgtqcrjnj pfctkybxtcndjjndülFgfkfxbntctbphfpzdf d hfpghücyfnj cfvjpfljdjkzdfoj ct ptvtltkbt b d yzrjkrjehåfybcnbxyb wtynühf, hfpgjkjétybyfghtlybgjpbwbb.Vtéle1830u. b yfxfkjnj yf fvthbrfycrfnfUhfélfycrf djqyf ghtp 1860 u.yfctktybtnj düd dünhtiyjcnnf yfcnhfyfnf ct edtkbxfdf, ptvtltkbtnjcnfdfgjghjlernbdyjbpfgjxdfhtljdyj lf ghjbpdtélf bpkbiüwb,rjtnj cüplfdf ytjåöjlbvjcn jn
ltqcndfobgfpfhybwtynhjdt.Jcyjdfybznf pf hfpdbnbtnj yf htubjyfcf pfkjétyb d gjcntgtyyjnj ghtvbyfdfytrüvwtynhfkbpbhfybghtdjpb, rjufnj étktpjgünyb kbybbpfgjxdfnlfghjhzpdfnDünhtiybnthfdybyb.
Ntöyjkjubxtcrbnt ghjvtyb, rjbnjghzrjdkbzzndühöeghjvbiktyfnf utjuhfabz yf Cütlbytybntofnb, cf uhegbhfyb jn utjuhfafLéjy Åjhxühn d xtnbhb gthbjlfbkb„bcnjhbxtcrbtgjöb“,rfrnjubyfhbxfnjq.
D „Létjuhfabr Hbdñ“ Åjhxühnjghtltkzyfqhfyybzgthbjl,1790–1830, rfnj Tgjöf yf rjhfåyjnjgkfnyjbrfhewfnf.Ghtpnjpbgthbjlgjxnbdcbxrbuhfljdtbuhflxtnfcfcdühpfybcghtdjpbyfcnjrbgjdjlf.Fnkfynbxtcrbntghbcnfybof b uhfljdtnt, düpybryfkb rhfqyzrjb jn rhfqåhtéybnt htrb, cfukfdybnt ehåfybcnbxyb wtynhjdt.Ghtpnjpbgthbjlgjujkzvjehåfybcnbxyjhfpdbnbtdüddünhtiyjcnnf yf cnhfyfnf bvf gjrhfq jcyjdybnt dünhtiyb djlyb günbof –htrf Vjöjr, Ujktvbnt tpthf bhtrfJöfqj.
Dnjhbzn gthbjl, 1830–1870, pfgjxdfcyfdkbpfytnjyfétktpybwfnf,rjznjdüdtélfhflbrfkyfghjvzyf d ghbldbédfytnj gj ceif.Tgjöfnfyfétktpybzrjyjnyfxfkjcnbvekbhf gjyfnfnüiyjnj hfphfcndfytyfdtxtbpuhfltybntghbcnfyboybwtynhjdt.Yjdbntétktpjgünyb vhtéb ct bpuhfélfn nfrf,xtghtctxybntbvnjxrbctcüåbhfnd ghbcnfyboybnt uhfljdt. Jcdty
ljgükybntkyjnj hfphfcndfyt yfgjujktvbnt ghbcnfyboyb uhfljdt,rjbnj crjhj cktl njdf ct ghtdhüofn d Vtufkjgjkbc, yfqujkzvjhfpdbnbtjnåtkzpdfnnfrbdfuhfljdt rfnj Gbncåühu (Gtycbkdfybz),Cbycbyfnb (Jöfqj) b Kebcdbk(Rtynürb), dcbxrbnt yf htrf Jöfqj;Åüafkj(YñQjhr),Bhb(Gtycbkdfybz),Rkbdkfyl(Jöfqj),Ltnhjqn(Vbxbufy),Xbrfuj(Bkbyjq)bVbkejrb(Ebcrjycby),dcbxrbntyfljkybnt Ujktvb tpthf; b CtqynKebc(Vbcehb),Vtvabc(Ntytcb)bYñJhkbüyc (Kebpbfyf), dcbxrbntyfhtrfVbcbcbgb.
Tgjöfnf yf cnjvfytyfnf htkcf,1870–1920, gjkexfdf nkfcür jnghjbpdjlcndjnjyfcnjvfyf,gjlvzyfnfyfétktpybnthtkcbcgjplhfdb b gjntérb cnjvfytyb htkcb,edtkbxtyjnj nühctyt yf åbnevbyjpybdüukbofbedtkbxtyjnjghjbpdjlcndj yf tktrnhjtythubz.Vfrfh xt yfqujkzvj ehåfybcnbxyjhfpdbnbtctyfåkñlfdfduhfljdtnt gj gthbathbznf yf Ghjvbiktybzwtynüh,bvfyzrjkrjdféybbprkñxtybz – vyjujåhjqybntgjvfkrb uhfljdt åkbpj lj rfvtyjdüuktybnt åfctqyb, åkbpj ljUjktvbnt tpthf bkb yf yzrjz jnukfdybntétktpjgünybkbybbvtélegjujktvbnt uhfljdt.Ntpb uhfljdtecgzdfnlfctyfkjéfn,pfojnjétktpjgünyfnf vhtéf gjrhbdfgkünyjhtubjyfvtélehtrfJöfqjbUjktvbnttpthf.Frhüy,RfynüybQüyucnfey d Jöfqj cf åtpcgjhybghbvthbdnjdfjnyjitybt,pfojnjcf hfpgjkjétyb vtéle Gbncåühu,
uhfl yf düukbof b cnjvfyf bRkbdkfyl,ghbcnfybotyfétkzpyfhelfbuhflyfcnjvfyf.
Xtndühnbzngthbjl,1920–1960, tTgjöfnfyfeljåcndfnfcfdnjvjåbkfbcfvjktnf.Jcyjdybntgjcktlbwbjnyjdjdüdtltybznfdnhfycgjhnf, rfrdbnj cf fdnjvjåbkün bcfvjktnün, edtkbxfdfn bylbdblefkyfnf vjåbkyjcn b yfvfkzdfnltkf yf nhfycgjhnybnt hfpöjlb dwzkjcnybz ghjbpdjlcndty ghjwtc.Bylecnhbznf ct yfcjxdf rüvjåkfcnb, rültnj yfctktybtnjyfhfcndf yfqvyjuj; njdf cf ghtlbvyj jåkfcnbnt pf jnlbö (Rfkbajhybz,Akjhblf,Fhbpjyf) bpdüynhflbwbjyybzghjvbiktywtynüh.
Cütlbytybnt ofnb yfdkbpfn dyjdgthbjlcktl1960u.,rjqnjåbvjuük lf åült yfhtxty Tgjöf yfbyajhvfwbjyybnt ntöyjkjubb. Nüqrfnj brjyjvbrfnf yf Cütlbytybntofnb cnfdf dct gjpfdbcbvf jncüåbhfytnj b jåvtyf yf byajhvfwbz, yfxbybnt yf jåhfåjndfyt bghtlfdfyt yf nfpb byajhvfwbzcültqcndfnpfhfpdbnbtnjyfbylecnhbb, rjbnj yt ct yeélfzn jntdnbynhfycgjhnyfjåtvybnjdfhbbkbjnujktvbcnhegdfybzyfyfctktybtnjyftlyjbkblheujvzcnj.Njdf ghtlgjkfuf, xt jytpbafrnjhb,rjbnjcfcültqcndfkbpfhfpdbnbtnjyfuhfljdtntdGhjvbiktybzwtynüh ghtp gühdbnt ldt nhtnb jn20 dtr, dtxt yzvf lf ghtljcnfdznyf ntpb uhfljdt cgtwbfkyb ghbdbktubbpfhfpdbnbtghtpcktldfobntltctnbktnbz,vfrfhxtrdfkbabwbhfyfnf hfåjnyf cbkf, ujktvbnt
52 53
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uHflJdtdHtubJyfNüqrfnj düpybrdfytnj yfÅjcnüy,YñQjhr,Abkfltkabz b Åjknbvjh jn cfvjnj yfxfkj t nzcyjcdühpfyjchfpdbnbtnjyfnühujdbznf b c abyfycjdbnt åjhcb, xbznjltqyjcnnzcnbvekbhf,ntpbghbcnfybofb ntöybnt cfntkbnb pfgjxdfnlfghbdkbxfnyfctktybtlükujghtlbghjvbiktybznjnhfcüklfcnfytdjltodbrjyjvbrfnfyfCütlbytybnt ofnb. Vfrfh xt ghjvbiktyjcnnfctjhbtynbhfrüvbpnjxyjnjrhfqåhtébt, ghbdkbxfyf jn düpvjéyjcnbntpfghtdüpöjlybvtcnybgfpfhb, jn ghbbélfofnf juhjvyfnheljdf cbkf b jn ktcybz ljcnüglj djlty nhfycgjhn, brjyjvbrbntyfgjdtxtnjuhfljdtyfVtufkjgjkbc pfgfpdfn zcyj bphfpty cgtwbfkbpbhfyöfhfrnth.
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rjbnjcfctghtdühyfkbdjnltkybybcrbgkfybyb,rjufnjdjlyfnfthjpbzghtvtcnbkfcrfkbntjnvtcnfnfbv. Dhüö Rfnflüy, yt gjvfkrjdyeibntkty, dkfcndf yfl gtqpféfyfwtynhfktyVtqy.
Vfrfh xt gkfybybnt jajhvznjåkbrf yf ctdthyfnf xfcn yf YñByukfyl (drkñxbntkyj b yfofnfYñ Qjhr), yfctktybtnj ébdtt bhfåjnbdljkbybntbhfdybybntyfhtubjyf.YfqujktvbnfrbdfjåkfcnbcfljkbyfnfyfhtrfRüytnbrünvtéle Yñ Öfvgiüh b Dühvjyn,hfdybyfnf yf tpthjnj Ifvgktqy,gjrhfq ctdthyfnfxfcnyf uhfybwfnf DühvjynYñQjhr, b ljkbyfnfFhjecnür d ctdthty Vtqy. Vyjétcndj gjvfkrb hfdybyb jgfcdfnrhfqåhtébtnj, f åtpåhjq gjnjwbghjhzpdfngkfnjnjyfibhblküé.
Pfjåbrfkzybzn bpnjr t vzcnj,rültnj ct chtofn gjkzhyb, rjynbytynfkyb b ghbvjhcrb düpleiybntxtybz,dhtpeknfnyfrjtnjrkbvfnün hzlrj t ujhto – gjxtcnjnjq t cnelty b jåbryjdtyj t dkféty.Gjhflbnjdf,xtctyfvbhfyfbpnjxyfnfcnhfyfyfFvthbrf,düpleiybnt vfcb cüplfdfn rjynbytynfktyrkbvfnbjuhfybxfdfnrhfqvjhcrjnjdkbzybtdhtubjyf.Ujkzvfnf hfpkbrf d rkbvfnf vtélerhfqåhtébtnj b dünhtiyjcnnf ctpfcbkdfjotgjdtxtbjnyfkbxbtnjyfgkfybyb.
Kfåhfljhcrjnj ntxtybt, rjtnjghtvbyfdf yfñu gjrhfq Pfjåbrfkzybz bpnjr, t cneltyj. Ljhb drücyjkznjcfvjyfqåtpcnhfiybntgkedwbctjcvtkzdfnlfdkzpfnpf
vfkrj düd djlfnf. Düghtrb njdfrkbvfnün gj rhfqåhtébtnj t pyfxbntkyjjvtrjntypfhflbåkbpjcnnfljjrtfyf.Dtutnfwbjyybzngthbjl ytlfktx jn åhtuf t åkbpj 70lyb gjlüküu jn chtlybz 120lytdty gthbjl pf dünhtiyjcnnf yfcnhfyfnf.Chtlybntpbvybntvgthfnehbgjrhfqåhtébtnjxtcnjcfc3lj6uhflecfgjWtkpbqgjdbcjrbd chfdytybt c åkbprb vtcnf yfceifnf.Jåhfnyj, düd dünhtiyjcnnf ktnybnt ntvgthfnehb cf vfkrjgjdbcjrb.
Crhfqvjhcrjnjdkbzybttcdühpfyf xtcnfnf jåkfxyf gjrhbdrf bvüukf, jcjåtyj gj ñéyfnf rhfqåhtéyfbdbwf,fnjdfdjlbljjotgjujkzvj gjybétybt yf ntvgthfnehbnt ghtpkznjnj.Cktljdfntkyjnertnhelyjlfctjnuktélfnreknehb,rjbnjjåbxfnkznyfnjgkbyfbcküyxtdfcdtnkbyf.
Gjxnb yfl wtkbz htubjy gflfnpyfxbntkyb dfktéb, jåbryjdtyjvtéle 100 b 150 cfynbvtnhfujlbiyj.Dfktébnt jåbryjdtyj cfhfdyjvthyj hfpghtltktyb ghtpwzkfnf ujlbyf. Cytujdfktébntjåoj dptnj cf jåbkyb b cytuünjcbuehzdfvtéle25b50ghjwtynfdkfufyfgjdtxtnjvtcnf.Düddünhtiyjcnnf gflf chtlyj 250 cfynbvtnhf cyzu ujlbiyj. Pbvyfnfcytéyfgjrhbdrfåkbpjljåhtuftytgjcnjzyyf, cytuün xtcnj ct njgbb jujkdf ptvznf, yj düd dünhtiyjcnnfnjqctpflühéfdczrfpbvfjnnhbljgtnvtctwf.
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yfctktybtbbylEcnHbzPfjåbrfkzybzn bpnjr yt t vzcnj,rültnj ktcyj ctébdtt b hfåjnb.Cehjdbzn rkbvfn, öükvbcnbznnthty b gjdühöyjcnybnt crfkbcnbgjxdb juhfybxfdfn hfpdbnbtnj yfptvtltkbtnj,jcdtydyzrjbjcjåtyjjåkfujltntkcndfybvtcnf.Pfctuf ner cf jnrhbnb cfvj ytpyfxbntkyb pfktéb yf yzrjkrj dblfgjktpyb bprjgftvb. Dcbxrj njdf,yfhtl c vfkrbz vtcnty gfpfh bjnyjcbntkyfnf bpjkbhfyjcn, juhfybxfdf hfpdbnbtnj yf ghjbpdjlcndjnj.Pfnjdfghtlbvcndfnf,rjbnj bvf nfpb jåkfcn, ghbljåbdfnchfdybntkyjgjujkzvjpyfxtybt.
Pfjåbrfkzybzn bpnjr ytdbyfub tåbk dcnhfyb jn ukfdybz gün. NüqrfnjcfbplfltybyfghtlbctdhzpdfnyfdünhtdFnkfynbxtcrbzjrtfy, åhtujdtnt yf njpb htubjy cfåbkbchtlgühdbntxfcnbyfYjdbzcdzn,yfrjbnjtdhjgtqcrbntbpcktljdfntkbbpfctkybwbcfctyfnürdfkb.Ghtpchtlfnfyf17dtrvyjujjnvfkrbntghbcnfybofyfwtynhfkty b ñéty Vtqy ghbñnbkbfyukbqcrb pfctkybwb. Pfctkdfytnjdüd dünhtiyjcnnf yf cnhfyfnfåbkj düpgbhfyj jn fvthbrfycrbntbylbfywbljchtlfnfyf18dtr.
Pf hfyybnt tdhjgtqcrb pfctkybwbåjufnbntyfhbåfdjlbgjrhfqåhtébtnjyfVtqyåbkbjnytgjchtlcndtyj pyfxtybt. Djlbnt dgkbnxbybnt, rjbnj cf ibhjrbgzcüxyb yfcbgb yf lükåjxbyf jn30lj60vtnhfdjrtfyf,hfpgjkjétyb gj düyiybnt rhfbof yfitkaf, cf åjufnb yf hbåf.Gkbn
rjcnnf gjpdjkzdf yf cküyxtdbntküxblfghjybrdfnktcyjdjrtfycrbnt lükåbyb, rjtnj cnbvekbhfhfpdbnbtnj yf gkfyrnjy, jcyjdyföhfyfyfvyjujhbåb.Cneltyjdjlybnthbåbrfnjnhtcrfbgbrifcfd bpjåbkbt. Bpgjkpdfqrb njpbhtcehc, hfyybnt pfctkybwb pfgjxyfkblfbpyfcznpyfxbntkybrjkbxtcndfjcjktyfnhtcrf.
Lheubzn jcyjdty htcehc yfhtubjyf cf ujhbnt. Dtqvenjdbznåjh t ghtjåkflfdfobzn lühdtctydbldujhbntyfYñByukfyl.Ntpbdtkbrjktgyb lühdtnf ct bplbufkbyfdbcjxbyfgjdtxtjn60vtnhfbhfcntkb ghfdj yfujht.Gjkextybznjnnzölühdtyvfnthbfkåbkxbcn,ktr, yj plhfd b ktcyj jåhfåjndftv. Gjxnb dcbxrb ltdcndtyb ujhbdtxtcfbpxtpyfkb,fdnjhjnjbnhtnjnjgjrjktybt,rjbnjcfjcnfyfkb,cfybcrbbåtpjcjåtyfcnjqyjcndchfdytybt c ghtlbiybnt. UjhbntghfdznofnfVtqyrjhfåjcnhjbntktywtynüh.
Ptvtltkbtnj t nhtnfnf jcyjdyfltqyjcn yf hfyybnt pfctkybwb, yjathvbnt bv åbkb vfkrb, f ghjlerwbznf – juhfybxtyf. Ptvznf ctjåhfåjndfkfukfdyjpflfctjcbuehbghtgbnfybtnj.
PtvtltkbtnjdctdthyfnfxfcnyfYñ Byukfyl ljcnbuf yfqujkzvjhfpdbnbt d cfvjnj yfxfkj yf 19dtr.Yj ldf ghjwtcf, bpdühidfobctyflheubvtcnfdFvthbrf,crjhjpfgjxdfnlfjnrücdfnöjhfnfjnathvbnt, jnyfxfkj gjtlbybxyj, fcktlnjdf–vfcjdj.Tlbybznghjwtc t pfdkflzdfytnj yfPfgflf.D
yfxfkjnj yf dtrf uhfybwfnf yfpfctkybxtcndjnj ct ghtvtcndfjndül Fgfkfxbnt rüv gkjljhjlybntjåhfåjndftvbptvbñéyjjnUjktvbnt tpthf. Cktl njdf, ghtp20ntujlbybyf19dtr,bpuhfélfytnjyfrfyfkfBhb,fgjrücyjbyflheubrfyfkbjotgjyfpfgfl,ghfdbgfpfhbntyfbpnjxyjnjrhfqåhtébtgjljcnügybpfathvthbntjn pfgflybnt htubjyb. Åtlybntathvb d ujhyfnf xfcn yf YñByukfylåühpjpfueådfnbvfkrbntgfpfhbpfctkcrjcnjgfycrbghjlernb, dytctyb jn nfrbdf vtcnfrfnjJöfqjbBylbfyf.ÉbntkbntyfYñByukfylbpjcnfdznathvbntcbbctdkbdfndvbuhfwbjyybzgjnjryfpfgfl,pflfcvtyznytgkjljhjlyfnfptvzcgkjljhjlyf.
Dnjhbzn elfh dühöe ptvtltkbtnjyfnjpbhtubjytyfytctycüojdrhfzyf18dtrbyfxfkjnjyf19dtr c hfpdbnbtnj yf ghjvbiktyjcnnfdñéyfnfxfcnyfYñByukfyl, rültnj pfgjxdf Bylecnhbfkyfnf htdjkñwbz d Cütlbytybntofnb. Bylecnhbfkyjnj hfpdbnbtgjhfélf ujkzvj nühctyt yfhfåjnyf cbkf. Yf njdf nühctytjnyfxfkjjnrkbrdfnathvthbntjnYñByukfyl,rjbnjbcrfngjdbcjrj pfgkfofyt b cnfåbkty ljöjl,rfrüdnj bv ghtlkfufn ghjvbiktybnt ghtlghbznbz. Gjibhjrjnjbpgjkpdfyt yfltncrbzbétycrbznhel,jcjåtyjdntrcnbkybntafåhbrb, ghfdb ghjvbiktybz nheljot gjbpujlty d chfdytybt cücptvtltkcrbz.
Egflüründptvtltkbtnjghjlükéfdf dtxt cnj b gtnltctn ujlbybgjxnb d wtkbz htubjy yfPfjåbrfkzybzbpnjr.Lytcathvbntdnhbntofnf yf ctdthyfnf xfcn yf YñByukfyl pftvfn gjvfkrj jn 10ghjwtynf jn ptvznf; ghtlb cnjujlbyb ntöybzn lzk t åkbpj 50ghjwtynf. Ljghtlb tlyj bkb ldtltctnbktnbz yfctktybtnj yf vyjujuhfljdt d ctdthyfnf xfcn yf YñByukfylyfvfkzdf,cktldfqrbtlyfntyltywbz, ghjlükéfdfof gjdtxtjndtr.Ptvtltkbtnjctbpntukzjnöükvbcnbnt vtcnyjcnb, rjbnj gjcntgtyyj ct ghtdhüofn jnyjdj dujhb.Ljhbdljkbybntgjxdbntxtcnj ct jrfpdfn ndühlt ytgkjljhjlyb, rkbvfnün – ndühlt cnelty, fathvbnt–ndühltvfkrbpfljöjlyfctkcrjcnjgfycrfghjlerwbz.
Nfv,rültnjptvtltkbtnjjcnfdfdféyf ltqyjcn d Pfjåbrfkzybzbpnjr, nj ct cgtwbfkbpbhf d jnuktélfytnjyf tlyfreknehfb ctcüchtljnjxfdf d yzrjkrj åkfujghbznybpfnfpbwtkvtcnf.Yfghbvth rbctkbyybnt gjxdb yf jrhüuDfibyunjy b d ctdthjbpnjxtyVtqycfghtdühyfkbnjpbhfqjydtlby jn jcyjdybnt wtynhjdt dFvthbrf, rültnj ct jnuktélfncbybåjhjdbyrb.
Vfrfhxtptvtltkcrfltqyjcncthfpdbdfyfvyjujvtcnfdhtubjyf,ldtdféybctkcrjcnjgfycrbjåkfcnb pfckeéfdfn cgtwbfkyj dybvfybt. Tlyfnf t ljkbyfnf yf htrbntCtqynLéjybFhjecnürdctdthjbpnjxtyVtqybpfgfltyYñÅhüypebr(dRfyflf).Ukbytcnjgtcüxkb
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dbntgjxdbyfnfpbjåkfcncfdüpvjéyjyfqljåhbntpfjnuktélfytyfrfhnjab,frhfnrbzndtutnfwbjytygthbjlåkfujghbzncndfgjkexfdfytnj yf ghtdüpöjlyf htrjknf,rjznjibhjrjctbpgjkpdfyflheubvtcnfpfgjctdtyvfnthbfk.Nercthfpdbdfghtlbvyjvtöfybpbhfyjtlhjptvtltkbt.
Ghjbpdjlbntkbnt yf rfhnjab jnljkbyfnf ghtébdzdfn ntéürgthbjl ghtp gjcktlybnt yzrjkrj ltctnbktnbz pfhflb yfvfktyjnj nühctyt yf rfhnjab b ghtlgjxbnfybznfyf rjycevfnjhbnt rüv rfhnjab,jnuktélfyb yf pfgfl. D htpeknfnyf njdf ctuf ljvfiybnt gnbwb bzqwfnf, ljcnfdzyb ukfdyjjn ujktvbghjbpdjlbntkbdñéyfnfbwtynhfkyfnfxfcnyfVtqy,jcbuehzdfngjkjdbyfnf jn ctkcrjcnjgfycrbzghböjl yf ofnf – ldjqyj gjdtxt,jnrjkrjnj jcbuehzdfn ghjbpdjlbntkbntyfrfhnjab.
Dnjhfnf jåkfcn t hfdybyfnf yftpthjnjIfvgktqy, xbznj åkbpjcnljVtufkjgjkbcqjcbuehzdfujkzvj nühujdcrj ghtlbvcndj ghtlgjjnlfktxtybnt jåkfcnb d ghjlféåfnf yf vkzrj – yt jcjåtyjeljåty pf nhfycgjhnbhfyt, tdnbyghjlern,rjqnjåühpjcthfpdfkzbytvjét lf ct cüöhfyzdf ghjlükébntkyj dhtvt. Hfdybyfnf Ifvgktqycyfålzdfcvkzrjbuhfljdtnt Yñ Qjhr b Åjcnüy. Ktnybznctpjy d nfpb jåkfcn tvtr b dkféty, f nfrüd rkbvfn t ljåüh pfaehféyb reknehb. Ghjökflybntktnfcfgjlöjlzobbpfjnuktélfytyfvktrjlfqybrhfdb.
Dühvjyn jnlfdyf pftvf djltojvzcnjdCütlbytybntofnbgjghjbpdjlcndjyfvktxybghjbpdtltybzyf ukfdf jn yfctktybtnj. Rhfdtathvbntbvfylhbntjcbuehzdfn90ghjwtynf jn ctkcrjcnjgfycrfnfghjlerwbzyfofnf,fvyjujjnnzöct yfvbhfn d hfdybyfnf yf Ifvgktqy.
Ujkzvlzkjn ptvznf yfPfjåbrfkzybz bpnjr t pftnf jn ujhb,pfnjdf bpuktélf bpytyfldfoj, xtnerytthfpdbnflühdjghthfåjndfntkyf ghjvbiktyjcn. Yj gjhflbytrjynhjkbhfyfnf ctx d vbyfkjnjb ytljcnfnüxyj gkfyjvthyjnjpfktczdfytvyjujjnujhbnt,pftkbvzcnjnj yf yzrjufiybnt lühdtnf,yt cf ljåhjrfxtcndtyb pf ghjbpdjlcndj ybnj yf lühdtyvfnthbfk,ybnjyflühdtctygekg.
Bprkñxtybt d nfpb juhfybxtyfgj cdjz rfgfwbntn lühdjghthfåjndfntkyf ghjvbiktyjcn t ghjbpdjlcndjnj yf lühdtcbyf d ctdthtyVtqy.Ner,yfyzrjbjnyfqnhelyjljcnügybntvtcnfdbpnjxybntCütlbytyb ofnb, rültnj gjujkzvfnfxfcnjn ujhcrbnt gkjob ct eghfdkzdfn jn yzrjkrj xfcnyb cjåcndtybwb, lühdjghthfåjndfytnj jcnfdfdfétyjnhfcük.
Hbåjkjdün cüoj jcnfdf dféty,vfrfh b bpgbndfo pfnhelytybz,jnhfcük d brjyjvbrfnf yfPfjåbrfkzybz bpnjr. Ekjdün yfjvfhb d Vtqy düpkbpf yf 80–90ghjwtynfjnwtkbzekjdyfjvfhbdCütlbytybntofnb;Vtqybvfdjltoj vzcnj d ghjbpdjlcndjnj yfhbåybrjycthdb.
D htubjyf ct ghfrnbredfn ldfdblfjrtfycrbhbåjkjd.Rhfqåhtéybzn hbåjkjd, rjqnj t yfqdféybzn, bpgjkpdf vfkrb gkfdfntkybcüljdtbbpbcrdfchfdybntkyjvfkrb bydtcnbwbb, f ytujdbzn yfqwtytyekjdcfjvfhbbnhtcrf.Lükåjrjdjlybznhbåjkjdbpbcrdfvyjujgjujktvbgkfdfntkybcüljdtbgjujktvb bydtcnbwbb. Gjdtxtnjhbåb, ekjdtyb gj rhfqåhtébtnj,rfnjnhtcrf,rfvåfkfbgfknec,cflüyyb.
Lükåjrjdjlybzn hbåjkjd d gjcktlyj dhtvt t pfcnhfity jn yfcnjqxbdjnjnühctytyfytandCütlbytybnt ofnb. Jgfctybznf, xtåjufnjnj yf hbåf rhfqåhtébt otåült pfvühctyj jn bycnfkbhfytnjyf gtnhjkyb cjylb, cf jnödühktybb ghtp 1979 u.Vbybcnthcndjnj yfdünhtiybnt hfåjnb lfdf hfphtitybt pf ghjexdfybz yf yzrjkrjytantybrjvgfybb,rjbnjjnrhbdfnujktvb bpnjxybwb yf ytan b ghbhjltyufp.
Rfnjbprkñxbvytanfbghbhjlybz ufp, lheub cehjdbyybbpnjxybwb d htubjyf yf Pfjåbrfkzybzbpnjr pfctuf yt ct hfphfåjndfn.Ytdbyfub jåfxt t åbkj nfrf. DFlbhjylfrcttljåbdfkfétkzpyfhelfgjdtxtjncnjujlbybbpfgfcbntnfvcfdctjotpyfxbntkyb,yjrfgfwbntnün yf vbybnt t chfdybntkyjvfkür.
Dekrfybxybnt b vtnfvjhaybntcrfkb yf YñByukfyl jnlfdyf cfghtdühyfkbnfpbjåkfcndüddfétyghjbpdjlbntk yf cnhjbntkybvfnthbfkb. D wtynhfkty Dühvjyn b
gjrhfqwtynhfkyjnjrhfqåhtébtyfVtqy bvf vyjuj rfhbthb pf uhfybn. Dühvjyn t yf gühdjvzcnj dCütlbytybntofnbgjghjbpdjlcndjyf vhfvjh. Ghjbpdjlcndjnj yfdcbxrbntpbcnhjbntkybvfnthbfkbyttnjkrjdfdféyjdchfdytybtcghjbpdjlcndjnjyfvbythfkbdlheubxfcnbyfrjynbytynf,yjnjghjlükéfdf lf t dféty tktvtyn dbrjyjvbrfnfyfldfnfofnf.
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GjdtxtjngjkjdbyfnfyfctktybtyfPfjåbrfkzybz bpnjrébdtt d uhfljdt.Düghtrbnjdfdhtubjyfbvfvfkrjehåfybcnbxybjåkfcnb.Ldfnf yfqujktvb uhflf d ctdthyfnfxfcn yf YñByukfyl cf Åühkbyunüy dofnfDühvjyn bKebcnüy dofnfVtqy c jrjkj 40 000 leibyfctktybt.
Vfkrbnt vfofåb yf ukfdybnthtubjyfkybwtynhjdt pfufndfnrjzåbvjukf lf åült jcyjdyfnf ghbxbyfpfchfdybntkyjybcrjnjybdjyfljöjlyfukfdfjnyfctktybtnjd htubjyf.Gjdtxtnj ljåht pfgkfntyb ghjatcbb d Cütlbytybntofnb ct eghféyzdfn d ujktvbntuhfljdt, f d njpb htubjy yzvfåfpfpfnfrbdfghjatcbb.Vfrfhbgjvfkrj jn gjkjdbyfnf, yj dctgfr dbcjr ghjwtyn jn hfåjnyfnfcbkf t fyufébhfyf d cathfnf yfabpbxtcrbznhel,rjqnjgjnhflbwbztyfqybcrjgkfntybzndFvthbrf. Kbgcfnf yf ujkzv vtcntygfpfhbnhelybznljcnügljujktvb ehåfybcnbxyb jåkfcnb jpyfxf
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df,xtjcyjdybntghjvbiktybghjbpdjlcndf yt cf gjckeébkb pfåfpf, dühöe rjznj lf ct hfpdbznyfqhfpkbxybbylecnhbfkybjnhfckb,rfrnjtcnfyfkjyflheubvtcnfdCütlbytybntofnb.
Düghtrb njdf bvf jcyjdfybt lfct jxfrdf, xt brjyjvbrfnf dctdthyfnfxfcnyfYñByukfylotctjébdb.Lfyybntjncnfnbcnbxtcrjnj ghtåhjzdfyt yf yfctktybtnjyfCütlbytybntofnbghtp1980u.gjrfpdfn, xtVtqy, YñÖfvgiühb Dühvjyn cf tlbycndtybnt ofnbbpdüyÑuf b Pfgflf, xbtnj yfctktybtyfhfcndfgjåühpjdchfdytybt cüc chtlybnt cnjqyjcnb pfcnhfyfnf. Ghtp 80nt ujlbyb YñÖfvgiühghjlükéfdflfyfhfcndfljcnfgjåühpjdchfdytybtcntpbcnjqyjcnb, f Dühvjyn b Vtqy ctpflühéfn vfkrj gjl chtlyjnjhfdybot.
Bvf yzrjkrj ghbxbyb pf nfpbåkfujghbznyf ghjvzyf d ghbhfcnfyfyfctktybtnj.Tlyfnftgjcntgtyyjnj hfphfcndfyt yfVtufkjgjkbcyfctdth.Chfpibhzdfytnjyfuhfljdtnt yf ehåfybcnbxybz htubjyyjdbntgthbathybjåkfcnbctehåfybpbhfnb cnfdfnxfcnjnehåfybcnbxyfFvthbrf,fnüqrfnjöjhfnfnühczn vtcnf pfébdttyt gjyflfktx jn ujktvbnt uhfljdt, gthbathbznf yfVtufkjgjkbc ct bpntukzegjhbnj yf ctdth b yfdkbpf dYñByukfyl.
Ctdthyfnf xfcn yf YñByukfylghbdkbxf cüoj nfrf yjdb ghjbpdjlcndf, ukfdyj yf ktrfnf bylecnhbz, cüc chtlyj ujkzvf hfåjnyf
cbkf. Nt ct hfpgjkfufn d htubjyf,pfojnjbvtybléühb,bhfåjnybwbcvznfn,xt tljåhtlf ctébdttdvfküruhflbdåkbpjcnljghbhjlfnf.Jcdtynjdfgjcnhjzdfytnjyfyzrjkrj vtéleofncrb ijctnf dhtubjyfghtp60ntujlbybjcbuehzdfgjktctyljcnügljlheubvtcnfdcnhfyfnf.
Nehbpvün t ghjwüanzdfof bylecnhbz d ctdthyfnf xfcn yf YñByukfyljnchtlfnfyf20dtr.TpthjnjGkfcbl, ljvfrby yf pbvybntjkbvgbqcrb buhb ghtp 1932 u. b1980 u., t tlyj jn vyjujnj vtcnfpf crb cgjhn. Xhtp ofncrbz gfhrFlbhjylfr, yfqujktvbz ofncrbgfhryfFvthbrf,dkfcnbntyfYñQjhr rjynhjkbhfn cücnjzybtnj yfujkzvfxfcnjnnfpbjåkfcn.
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Vtéle Åke Hblé b gühdfnfdthbuföhtåtnbtUjkzvfnfljkbyf.Hfpcnkfyf åerdfkyj gj wzkfnflükébyfyfnjpbhtubjy,ljkbyfnf(rjznj d ujkzvfnf cb xfcn tgjcrjhjöükvbcnf,jnrjkrjnjhfdybyyf)ttlbyjnbcnjhbxtcrbdféybntvfhihenbdFvthbrf,bpbuhfkf rfnj öfhfrnthyf utjuhfacrfxthnf yt gjvfkrf jåtlbybntkyfhjkzpfyfctktybtnjyfFgfkfxbnt,jnrjkrjnjcfvbntgkfybyb.
D yfqpfgflyfnf xfcn yf nfpbgkfybycrf cbcntvf t Gkfnjnj yfFgfkfxbnt.Yfbpnjrnjuhfybxbctlbycnhüvtycrkjy,bpdtcntyrfnjFkbutqybqcrbz ahjyn, rjqnj tyfqcthbjpyfnfåfhbthfbpnjxyjjnCrfkbcnbnt gkfybyb ghtl ldbétybtnj yf pfgfl d cnhfyfnf. Htktaün yf njpb htubjy t htpeknfnukfdyjjnhtxyfnfthjpbz,yfrjznjtåbkfgjlkjétyfdünhtiyfnfhfdybyf. Thjpbznf cüplfdf crfkbcn,yfctxty htkta c ntcyb ljkbyb,ghjhzpfybjnhtrb,rjbnjuhfybxfncüc cnhüvyb, jcnhb gkfybycrbdthbub.Ctdthybzn lzkyfFkbutqybqcrbzahjyn,dYñQjhrbGtycbkdfybz, bvf gjpfjåkty, gjjvtrjnty gtqpfé. Rfnj ct bprkñxfnyzrjb jnltkyb jåkfcnb, hfdybyybvtcnyjcnb ct chtofnhzlrj.Gjdtxtnjyfctktybvtcnfcfjuhfybxtybdvfkrbnthtxybljkbyb.
Gkfybycrfnf dthbuf JpfhrEjiünjpfgfpdfhtktafyfhtubjyfbd jåob kbybb yfgjvyz pf Fgfkfxbnt,yjcktldfgjcjrfbpnjrpfgfldvtcnjctdthjbpnjrñujpfgfl.GkfybybntEjiünjyfñughtlcnfdkzdfn cthbz jn yfuüyfnb ecgjhtlyböhtåtnb b ljkbyb. Nt cf jnltktybjn Jpfhr jn yzrjufiyf gflbyf, drjznjtktuyfkjrjhbnjnjyfhtrfFhrfypfc. Jpfhrcrbnt gkfybyb cfythfdyf, öükvbcnf jåkfcn jn thjpbhfybgkfnf,vyjujcöjlybcGkfnjnjyfFgfkfxbnt.
yfctktybtnJyffGfkfxbntPfctkybwbnt ghtrjczdfn Åke
HblébyfdkbpfndujhbntyfFgfkfxbnt tldf d rhfz yf rjkjybfkybzgthbjl,cnjbgtnltctnujlbybujlbyb cktl gühdjyfxfkyjnj pfdkflzdfytyffvthbrfycrjnjbpnjxyjrhfqåhtébt.Yfqktcybznbgühdjyfxfkyj bpgjkpdfy vfhihen pfUjkzvfnf ljkbyf b gkfybybntjndülytztghtpñujbpnjxyfGtycbkdfybz,rültnjÅkeHblétcfvjtlyf öükvbcnf dthbuf. Vyjujpfctkybwb yfGtycbkdfybz cvznfn,xtgkfybycrbntptvbyfctdthbyfpfgfl cf ytujcnjghbtvyb. Pfnjdfgjcntgtyyj hfpghjcnbhfn ctkbofnfcb yfljke gj ljkbyfnf düd Dühlébybz.Crjhjrüvnzöctghbcütlbyzdfn lheub, rjbnj ct ghbldbédfn jnñéybnt hfdybyb yfdünht dcnhfyfnf.
Gjrücyj, d rhfz yf 18 dtr,pfctkybwbntpfgjxdfnlfctecnfyjdzndljkbybntbdntcybntltabktnfyfpfjåbrfkzobntubgkfybyb.
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Ptvznf,rjznjbpåbhfn,tytgkjljhjlyf d chfdytybt c jåkfcnbnt gjyfpfgfl.Crfkbcnbznnthtybökflybzn gkfybycrb rkbvfn ghfdznnjpb htubjy ytgjlöjlzo pf hfpdbnbtnj yf ptvtltkcrb cnjgfycndf.Cfvj d yzrjb jn gjghjcnjhybnthfdybyb ct hfpdbdfn ytvyjuj yfåhjqujktvbgkfynfwbb.
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Tlbydfétyhtpeknfnjnkbgcfnfyf gkfynfwbb b ehåfybcnbxyj hfpdbnbtt,xtrüvhfyybntpfctkybwbct ghbcütlbyzdfn cüdctv vfkrjyjdb bvbuhfynb. Öjhfnf jcnfdfnnfv,rültnjcf,bcntxtybtyfdhtvtnj ghbdühpfyjcnnf rüv ctvtqcndj, jåoyjcn b ptvz ct pfcbkdfdct gjdtxt. Nfpb htubjyfkyf ectlyfkjcn djlb lj jåjcjåzdfytnj yftlyf reknehyf bylbdblefkyjcn,ytöfhfrnthyfpfjcnfyfkbntCütlbytyb ofnb. Fgfkfxbnt cnfdfn dctgjhfpkbxyb, ghjcnj pfojnj jcnfdfnytghjvtytyb.
Yfctktybtnj yf Fgfkfxbnt tjnyjcbntkyjåtlyj.Dyzrjbjåkfc
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Ñéyfnf xfcn yf jåkfcnnf yfqzcyjjnhfpzdföfhfrnthfyfgkfybybntbpffvthbrfywbntnjxyjnjdfcfFgfkfxbnt.Yjvyjujjnrfpfyjnj pf ébntkbnt yf htubjyf dfébcüoj nfrf pfJpfhrcrbnt gkfybybbpfctdthybzlzkyfFgfkfxbnt.
ÉbntkbntyfctdthybntFgfkfxbct jnüéltcndzdfnvyjuj gjvfkrjchtubjyfrfnjwzkj.Ntåtpcgjhyjébdtzn chtl cüobz gkfybycrbhtkta,fbvfnbyzrjbjnhfyybntghjåktvbdhfpdbnbtnjyfhtubjyf,cdühpfyb cüc cnhüvybnt crkjyjdt.Yj åtlyjcnnf ner yt t njkrjdfdblbvf,rjkrjnjyfñu.Jcdtynjdf
rüv hfyybnt pfctkybwb jn ctdthjpfgflyf Tdhjgf d nfpb jåkfcn ctghbcütlbyzdfn b yjdb öjhf. Njdfdféb jcjåtyj pf Gtycbkdfybz bctdthyfnf xfcn yf Pfgflyf Dühlébybz, rültnj rfvtyjdüuktyfnfghjvbiktyjcn ghbdkbxf vyjujbpnjxyjtdhjgtqcrb tvbuhfynb drhfzyf19byfxfkjnjyf20dtr.
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Nhfycgjhnün d ctdthybnt Fgfkfxb ct gjljåhzdf vyjuj gjåühpj,jnrjkrjnj d ñéybnt Fgfkfxb,jnxfcnb pfojnj ner gkfybybnt cfgjyfrücfybbybcrb,gjhflbrjtnjcfgjktcyjghjöjlbvb.JcdtynjdfcåehyjnjhfpdbnbtyfujhybzChtlty pfgfl ctdthybnt Fgfkfxb cnfdfnwtynühyfyfqdféybzhfphfcndfoctnühujdcrjghjvbiktygjzcyfFvthbrf.Crjhjghtpgkfybybntpfgjxdfnlfghtvbyfdfnrfnjktynbnhfycgjhnyb dhüprb, cütlbyzdfobbpnjxybnt b pfgflybnt xfcnb yfwtynhfkybz ghjvbikty htubjy.Rfnj gjcktlbwf jn njdf ctdthybntFgfkfxbbrjyjvbxtcrbcthfpdbdfnvyjujgjdtxt(jcjåtyjwtynhfkyfbpfgflyfGtycbkdfybzbYñQjhr),jnrjkrjnjñéybntFgfkfxb.
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bRJyJvbxtcRbbPfctkybxtcRbvJltkbD ghtlcnfdbnt yf fvthbrfywbnt
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Tlyf chtlyj ujkzvf athvf dFgfkfxbntbvfcfvjjrjkj40ötrnfhf ptvz.Jcdty njdf crfkbcnbznnthty, ytgkjljhjlyfnf gjxdf brhfnrbzn dtutnfwbjyty gthbjl pf
gjujkzvfnfxfcnjnhtubjyfjuhfybxfdfnbpgjkpdfytnjyfyfkbxyfnfjåhfåjndftvf ptvz b gjcnfdzn yfghtlty gkfy gfcbofnf bébdjnyjdülcndjnj.Nüqrfnjjåhfåjndftvbnt gkjob cfvfkrbbhfpghücyfnbdljkbybnt,tatrnbdyjnjbpgjkpdfyt yf ctkcrjcnjgfycrf ntöybrf tgjxnb ytdüpvjéyj. Rhfqybznhtpeknfnjndcbxrjnjdft,xtctkcrjcnjgfycrbnt ljöjlb cf ybcrb.Vyjuj jn athvthbnt d htubjyfghbåzudfnljlheubltqyjcnb,pflfcb jcbuehzn ljgükybntkty ljöjl,rjqnjlfbvgjpdjkblfytyfgecrfnathvbntcb.
Ptvtltkbtnjdgjujkzvfnfxfcnyf htubjyf t jn yfqjåo nbg, n.t.ybnj tlby jnltkty ptvtltkcrbghjlern bkb cüxtnfybt jn yzrjkrjnfrbdfghjlernfyzvfghtdtcdbrjyjvbrfnf yf ctkcrjnj cnjgfycndj. Byntypbdyjnj ébdjnyjdülcndj t yfqjåbxfqybzn b dthjznyj yfqcvbcktybzn yfxby jnptvtltkcrfuktlyfnjxrf,gjrjqnj ct jgjkpjndjhzdfn cnhüvybntöükvjdt. Htlbwf reknehb rfnjnñnñy, zåükrb, ljvfnb b ptktbvfn dféyj pyfxtybt d yzrjbljkbyb, f nñnñyün, jnuktélfydühöe vfkrb gkjob, t yfqhfpghjcnhfytyfnf bylecnhbfkyf reknehf dñéybntFgfkfxb.Wfhtdbwfnf t jcyjdyfnf jåhfåjndftvfreknehfdhtubjyf,yjnzjåbryjdtyj ct bpgjkpdf düdathvbnt pfaehfé.
Bvfyzrjbdféybbprkñxtybzdnjpb vjltk yf gjkevfhubyfkyjptvtltkbt. Ljkbyfnf Ityfyljf
düdDühlébybzyfghbvthdvbyfkjnj t yfhbxfyf ébnybwfnf yfDühlébybz.Drhfzyf19dtrrjyrehtywbznf c gitybwfnf, jnuktélfyfdgkjljhjlybntptvbyfLükåjrbzñubyfUjktvbnthfdybyb,bpnkfcrdfnfpbljkbyfjnébnybzgfpfh yf Fvthbrf.Vfrfh xt nerdct jot ct jnuktélf pbvyf gitybwf,jcyjdyjnjghjbpdjlcndjctuft ckfvf b wfhtdbwf pf aehfé,rfrnj b zåükrb, f cüojb geqrb,rjtnjbvfdféyjvtcnyjpyfxtybt.Ghjbpdjlcndjnjyfvktxybghjbpdtltybz b yf zåükrb t dféyj dvyjuj ljkbyb yf wtynhfkyf Gtycbkdfybz. Ljkbyfnf yf Ntytcbcüojtujkzvptvtltkcrbhtubjy,rültnj yfqdféyb cf aehféybntreknehbbébdjnyjdülcndjnj.
DgjujkzvfnfxfcnyfFgfkfxbntjcyjdtycgünybryfathvthcndjnj t düuktljåbdün. Gjxnb gjlwzkjnjFkbutqybqcrjgkfnjktéfnujktvb yföjlbof jn åbnevbyjpybdüukbof, rjbnj jåödfofn yfqujktvbzrfvtyjdüuktyhtubjydcdtnf. Düukboybnt gkfcnjdt cf jujktyb jn cüobnt htrb, rjbnj xhtpthjpbjyyfnf cb ltqyjcn cüplfdfncrfkbcnbzhtktayfgkfnjnj.
Düukbofnf yfFgfkfxbnt ghbljåbdfn pyfxtybt ghtp 60nt ujlbybyf 19 dtr, crjhj cktl fvthbrfycrfnfUhfélfycrfdjqyf.Ghbxbyfnf pf nühctytnj bv t cdühpfyf chfpdbnbtnj yf yjd nbg rjrcjdbgtob pf ghjbpdjlcndj yf xeuey bcnjvfyf, nüq rfnj rjrc ct ljåbdfjnåbnevbyjpybdüukbof.Åjufnbntdüukboyb yföjlbof d ñujpfgflyf
Gtycbkdfybz b ctdthyfnf xfcn yfPfgflyf Dühlébybz jcbuehzdfnujhbdj yf Gbncåühu, Gtycbkdfybz,pflfctghtdühytuhflünghtpnjpbgthbjldUhflyfcnjvfyfnf.Rjufnjghtp20dtrcnhfyfnfpfgjxdflfbpgjkpdf tktrnhbxtcrf tythubz,düukbofnf jn Fgfkfxbnt jcbuehzdfnujhbdjpftktrnhjcnfywbbntgjbpnjxyjnj rhfqåhtébt b d ghjvbiktybzwtynühdüddünhtiyjcnnfyfcnhfyfnf.
Cktl rfnj ct hfpdbdf ecgtiyjgjdtxtjngjkjdbydtr,rfvtyjdüuktyfnf ghjvbiktyjcn pfgjxdf lfpfgflfghtp50ntujlbybyf20dtr.Ghjbpdjlcndjnj cbkyj yfvfkzdf,pfojnj ytanün b ghbhjlybzn ufppfvtyzn düukbofnf rfnj jcyjdtybpnjxybryfujhbdj.Vtéle1950b1960u.vyjujrfvtyjdüuktybhfqjyb pfueådfn gj tlyf xtndühn jnyfctktybtnjcb.Gjcktldfkfnfbrjyjvbxtcrf ltghtcbz, rjznj pflükåjxfdfjotgjdtxtdctjåofnfåtlyjcndFgfkfxbnt,cüplfdfdyzrjbjåkfcnbvyjujntérbghjåktvb.
Lytc dct gjujktvbzn tythubtyukfl, rfrnj b nhtdjufnf pf yfkbxbtnj b ctåtcnjqyjcnnf yf hfphfåjndfytnjyfgtnhjkybntpfgfcb,fcüojbnhtdjufnfpfåtpjgfcyjcnnfyf fnjvyfnf tythubz, jnyjdj ghtyfcjxdfn dybvfybtnjrüvytjåöjlbvjcnnf jn düukbof pf ghjbpdjlcndj yf tktrnhbxtcrf tythubz.Yjdbnt tktrnhjcnfywbb bpgjkpdfnjuhjvyb rjkbxtcndf vtcnyb düukbofpfghjbpdjlcndjyftktrnhbxtcndj, ujkzvf xfcn jn rjtnj ctghtödühkzdjåkfcnbbpdüyhtubj
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yf. Jn Fgfkfxbnt ujlbiyj ctbpyfczn åkbpj 100 vbkbjyf njyfdüukbof.
Düukbof jnFgfkfxbnt ct ljåbdfn gj yzrjkrj hfpkbxyb yfxbyf.Ifönbnt,rjbnjcfctbpgjkpdfkbdvbyfkjnj, dct jot cfvyjuj dféyb, jcjåtyj d ctdthybnt xfcnb yfhtubjyf.Ghbkfufytnjyfcüdhtvtyyb ntöybrb pf hfphfåjndfyt yfvbyb gjl ptvznf (c juhjvyb gjldbéyb cjylb b pfåjqyb vfibyb,rjbnj bpnhüudfn düukboybz gkfcnb uj gjkfufn dühöe nhfycgjhnybktynb, pf lf åült bpytcty yfgjdühöyjcnnf)jpyfxfdf,xtpftlyfvbyenf jn tlby gkfcn vjufn lfåülfnbpdktxtybnjyjdtdüukbof.
Ljåbdfytnj yf düukbof jngjdühöyjcnnf yf ptvznf, rjtnj tgjtdnbyj, rjufnj düukboybntgkfcnjdt cf ktcyj ljcnügyb, bvfdct gjujkzvj pyfxtybt. D wtynhfkyfnf xfcn yf htubjyf (ukfdyjbpnjxty Rtynürb, pfgflyf DühlébybzbñéyfnfxfcnyfPfgflyfDühlébybz),rültnjlytcctyfvbhf yfqujkzvjnj ghjbpdjlcndj,juhjvybvfibybjnvtcndfncrfkbntgj crkjyjdtntyfldüukboybntgkfcnjdt b cktl njdf dlbufn jujktybnt düukbof. Bpdkbxfytnj yfdüukbofgjnjpbyfxbyjnyzrjkrj gkfcnf yf tlby crkjy cüplfdfjcjåtycnügfkjdbltyhtkta,rjqnjjnlfktx bpuktélf rfnj gjhtlbwfjn dct gjvfkrb renbb, cnhegfybtlyfdühöelheuf.
JrjkjgjkjdbyfnfjndüukbofnfdRtynürbbgjxnbdcbxrbdüukbofdJöfqjbFkfåfvfctljåbdfngj
vtnjlf yf gjdühöyjcnyj jujkdfytyf ptvyb gkfcnjdt, ljrfnj gjdtxtjndüukbofnfdGtycbkdfybz,Dühlébybz b Pfgflyf Dühlébybz –rfrnjbldtnhtnbjndüukbofnfjnwtkbz htubjy yf Fgfkfxbnt – ctljåbdfndhelybwb.
Gühdbzn dféty rfvtyjdüuktyåfctqydFgfkfxbntyt tåfctqyünyf åbnevbyjpyb düukbof d gkfnjnj.Bpdkbxfytnjyfntpbdüukboftghtlitcndfyjjnhfphfåjndfytnjyfåfctqyf c fynhfwbnyb düukbof dctdthybzrhfqyfdthbufnfbljkbyfnfdGtycbkdfybz.Fynhfwbnybntdüukbof cf vyjuj gjndühlb, åtplbvybbctbpgjkpdfnpfjnjgktybtyf ébkbof. Fynhfwbnün t dféyjujhbdjpfnjgtytyfhelblj60ntujlbybyf19dtr,rjufnjctdüdtélfn yjdb ntöyjkjubb pf ghjbpdjlcndj yf rjrc jn åbnevbyjpybdüukbof. Dct gjvfkrjnj bpgjkpdfyt yf düukbofnf pf jnjgktybt,rfrnj b kbgcfnf yf fknthyfnbdyjghbkjétybt yf fynhfwbnybnt düukbof, djlb lj brjyjvbxtcrf ltghtcbz d htubjyf. Vfrfh xt bvfpyfxbntkyb pfgfcb jn fynhfwbnybdüukbof, ghjbpdjlcndjnj lytc tvbybvfkyj.
Düukbofnfcfyjécldtjcnhbtnf pf yfctktybtnj yf Fgfkfxbnt.Lükuj dhtvt nt jcnfdfn brjyjvbxtcrf jgjhf pf ujktvb xfcnb jnhtubjyf b jcbuehzdfn hfåjnf, ghzrjbkbytghzrj,yfcnjnbwböbkzlböjhf. Yj ltctnrb öbkzlb leibpfubdfnghbpkjgjkerbdvbybnt,fåtpåhjq lheub cnfdfn éthndf yfcbkbrjpfnf, jn rjznj ct hfpåjkz
dfn,cktlrfnjlükubujlbybdlbidfn düukboty ghfö. Düpcnfyjdzdfytnj yf ghjbpdjlcndjnj, rjtnj ctyfkfuf ctufjnyfhfcyfkbntyeélbyf gfpfhf, ct jcüotcndzdf ukfdyjxhtp gjujkzvj vtöfybpbhfyt yfghjbpdjlcndtybnt ghjwtcb.D gjdtxtnj ckexfb ghfdfnf pf hfphfåjndfytnj yfvbyb cf lfltyb yfrjhgjhfwbb, rjbnj cf ub gjkexbkbjnlfdyfbyfybcrbwtyb.VfrfhxthtlbwfofnbdFgfkfxbntcfdüdtkb ljgükybntkyj jåkfufyt pfljåbdyfdüukbofyfntöybntnthbnjhbb, lfyüwbnt jcnfdfn ybcrb bgjujkzvfnf xfcn jn gtxfkåbntbpnbxfjnhtubjyf.
Ojctjnyfczljlheubghjvbiktybghjbpdjlcndf,jåkfcnnf,rültnjctchtofnuhfybwbntyfJrkföjvf,RfypfcbVbcehbdJpfhrcrbntgkfybyb, jnlfdyf t dfétyjkjdyjljåbdty wtynüh. D ñujbpnjxtyVbcehb, bpdüyFgfkfxbnt, ct ghjbpdtélfjkjdjgjdtxtjn250ujlbybbdwzkfFvthbrfnjpbjnhfcükjcnfdf yfqcbkyj hfpdbn nfv.Vbcehb t jcbuehzdfk gjujkzvfnfxfcn jn jkjdjnj, ljåbdfyj dCütlbytybntofnb, f ctuf ghjbpdtélfgjdtxtjnnhbxtndühnbjnjåofnfghjlerwbzpfcnhfyfnf.
GühdbznytantyrkfltytwdCütlbytybnt ofnb t hfphfåjnty dctdthyfGtycbkdfybzghtp1859u.bnjpb ofn t djlto d cnhfyfnf gjghjbpdjlcndjyfgtnhjkgjxnbghtpwtkbz 19 dtr. Lytc nfpb jåkfcnpfljdjkzdf cfvj vfkrf xfcn jnyeélbnt yf cnhfyfnf jn cehjdytan, yjjcnfdfdfétyghjbpdjlb
ntk yf dbcjrjrfxtcndtyb vfckf bcvfpjxybvfnthbfkb.
B yfrhfz, ñujbpnjxty Ntytcb tdctjotyfqdféybznhfqjydCütlbytybnt ofnb, rültnj ct ljåbdfwbyr. Jcdty njdf yzrjkrj vbybjrjkj Lürnfey, Ntytcb, åkbpj ljuhfybwbntcücCtdthyfRfhjkbyfbLéjhlébz,cftlbycndtybntdféybghjbpdjlbntkb yf vtl ñéyj jnhtrfVbcbcbgb.
GHJuHfvbPfHtubJyfkyJHfPdbnbt
Rfrnj düukbofnf, b htrbnt yfFgfkfxbnt cf yjé c ldt jcnhbtnfpfhtubjyf.Yzrjbjnnzöcfdféybnhfycgjhnyb günbof b djlyfnftythubzctbpgjkpdfpfyfqhfyybntvtkybwb b lücrjhtpybwb. Ntpbhtrb bvfn b cdjznf kjif cnhfyf,pfojnj xtcnj yfdjlyzdfn ntcybntcb ljkbyb, rjufnj dfkzn gjhjqyblüéljdt.Ñéybntgkfybybcfyfqdkféybzn hfqjy d cnhfyfnf yfbpnjrjnNböjjrtfycrbzåhzu.
Pflfåültrjynhjkbhfyftlyfjnntpbhtrb,Ntytcb,ctghbkfufyfqujktvbzn b vjét åb yfqecgtitygkfy pf htubjyfkyj hfpdbnbt dfvthbrfycrfnfbcnjhbz.Ghtp30ntujlbyb yf 20 dtr ct ghtlghbtvfnltqcndbz lf ct dghtuyt djlyfnfcbkfyfhtrfnfbnzlfctbpgjkpdfpfgjljåhzdfytyfbrjyjvbxtcrbnteckjdbzdwzkfnfljkbyfyfNtytcb. D htpeknfn yf njdf „NtytcbDfkbJnjhbnb“(NDJ)tyfnjdfhtyflf ghtdühyt Ntytcb d gkfdfntkyfhtrf.Gjcnhjtytrfyfkpfiktgjdtc ibhbyf nhb vtnhf, rjqnj cnbuf
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yfujhtgjhtrfnfxfrljYjrcdbk,Ntytcb.
GjxnbdcbxrblheubltqyjcnbyfNDJvjétlfcthfpuktélfnrfnjkjubxyj ghjlükétybt yf gühdjyfxfkyfnf pflfxf. Hfpdbnbtnj yfyfdbufwbznf drkñxdf bpuhfélfytyf gjhtlbwf jn zpjdbhyb cntyb,rjbnj lf gjllühéfn ybdjnj yfdjlfnf b lf yt ljgecrfn yfdjlyzdfybz. Cktl rfnj bvf zpjdbhybcntyb, tcntcndtyj t lf bvf b öblhjtythubqyb cüjhüétybz. LytcNDJrjynhjkbhfyflnhbltctnzpjdbhf yf htrbntNtytcb bRtynürb,rüvgjdtxtnjjnrjbnjbvfbpuhfltyb tktrnhjcnfywbb. Pf ghjbpdjlcndjnjyfjrjkj80ghjwtynfjntktrnhbxtcndjnjyfNDJctbpgjkpdfn njgkjtktrnhbxtcrb wtynhfkb,drkñxbntkyjltctn,rjbnjhfåjnzncdüukbof,byzrjkrjfnjvybwtynhfkb. NDJ jgjkpjndjhzdf åkbpjgtnltctn njyf düukbof ujlbiyj btyfqujktvbznrjycevfnjhyfdüukbofdFgfkfxbnt.
Tdnbyjnj tktrnhbxtcndj ghbdkbxfdljkbyfnfyzrjbbylecnhbfkybghjbpdjlcndf, rjbnj rjycevbhfnvyjujtktrnhjtythubz,drkñxbntkyj tlby ujkzvpfdjl pf fkevbybqñéyjjnYjrcdbk.Gühdbznbpcktljdfntkcrbwtynühpffnjvyftythubz d cnhfyfnf t gjcnhjty d JerHblé,pfgflyjjnYjrcdbk,pfhflbyfkbxyfnftythubzdujktvbrjkbxtcndf.Yjrcdbk,XfnfyeufbNhjqybzn uhfl – Åhbcnjk, Léjycüy bRbyucgjhn, cf dféyb ghjvbiktybwtynhjdt.NDJcnfdfbukfdtyghjbpdjlbntk yf öbvbxtcrb njhjdt,
lheughjvbiktyrkjy,rjqnjbpbcrdfvyjujtktrnhbxtcrftythubz.
D hfqjybnt yfl zpjdbhbnt NDJghtlghbtvflheufdféyfghjuhfvfpf rjynhjkbhfyt yf thjpbznf düdathvbnt jn ljkbyfnf.Wtknf t lfct pflühéb xfcn jn ghtkbdfobntdjlbdüdathvbntblfctyfvfkbntvgjnj,crjtnjtpthfnfctgükyzncyfyjcyfgjxdf.
Jcdty djlyjnj åjufncndj, „Ntytcb Dfkb Jnjhbnb“ ghbntéfdf 250000 ötrnfhf ptvz gjrhfq htrfnf.Dühöe nfpb ptvz cf bpuhfltybrehjhnybctkbofbcgjhnybåfpbbctuf hfqjyün t ujkzv wtynüh pfjnlböbhfpdktxtybz.
Ghtp 1965 u. Rjyuhtcün ghbtvfPfrjypfgjyfnfnüiyjhfpdbnbtyfFgfkfxbnt,dhtpeknfnyfrjqnjctcüplfdf Htubjyfkyf rjvbcbz pfFgfkfxbnt. Gjtkf jnujdjhyjcnnfpfhfpdbnbtnjyftlyfjåkfcn,rjznj ct ghjcnbhf jn Yñ Qjhr ljFkfåfvf, Rjvbcbznf bphfpöjldfyzrjkrj vbkbfhlf ljkfhf, pf lfcüébdb brjyjvbrfnf yf htubjyf.Gühdjyfxfkyfnf q pflfxf t lfgjljåhb cücnjzybtnj yf günbofnfdFgfkfxbntcyfltélfnf,xtnjdfotyfvfkbbpjkfwbznfbotyfcühxbghjbpdjlbntkbntlfyfdkzpfndnjpbhtubjy.
Lheufltqyjcnyfghfdbntkcndjnjct bphfpzdf d bpuhfélfytnj yfGkfdfntkyf cbcntvf yf htrfFhrfypfc. Cbcntvfnf, gjcnhjtyfghtp60ntb70ntujlbybbjnrhbnfghtp1971u.,ghtlcnfdkzdfgkfdfntkty rfyfk, ibhjr nhb vtnhf,gj htrf Fhrfypfc jn vzcnjnj,
rültnjnzctdkbdfdhtrfVbcbcbgb, lj Rfnecf, Jrkföjvf, vfkrjgjyfljkejnNükcf.Njdfdjlbljedtkbxfdfyt yf htxybz nhfabr blj ghjbpdjlcndj yf tktrnhbxtcrftythubz jn vyjétcndjnj zpjdbhb,bpuhfltyblferhtgznntxtybtnjyfhtrfnf.
Rfrdj t åültotnj yf htubjyf?Fgfkfxbnt b Jpfhrcrbnt gkfybybcüccbuehyjcnyzvflfcnfyfnxfcnjnGhjvbiktybzwtynühyfFvthbrf, f b vfkwbyf d njpb htubjyétkfzn njdf. Yj düghtrb dcbxrjghjvzyfctectof.Xfcnbjnñéybnt gkfybyb d Léjhlébz, Ctdthyf
bñéyfRfhjkbyfbNtytcbghtébdzdfnhfpwdtndcnhjbntkcndjnjyfwtynhjdtpfjnlböbhfpdktxtybzbyf rehjhnyb ctkbof. Pfvjéyböjhf ct jnntukzn lf ébdtzn dCtdthyf Rfhjkbyf, Dühlébybz,Jpfhrcrbnt gkfybyb b Ejiünj.Lükujujlbiyfnf ntyltywbz yfjåtpkñlzdfytyfhtubjyf,vfrfhblf yt t yfgükyj bpxtpyfkf, yfvfkzdf,fhfpkbrfnfvtéleljöjlbntyf ukfdf jn yfctktybtnj d njpbhtubjy b jcnfyfkbnt Cütlbytybofnb gjcntgtyyj ct cnjgzdf. Dbrjyjvbxtcrjjnyjitybtvjétåbyfqkjijnjtjnvbyfkj. ∆
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Htubjyün yf ñéyzirfnfreknehf – Lükåjrbznñu(rfhnf7)–vjétlf
ct hfpuktélf rfnj utjuhfacrjcüxtnfybtjneåtéltybz,yfukfcb, vjltkb, yfdbwb bbycnbnewbb.Vyjujjnhfyybnt vjltkb b jn ctufiybntghjvtyb bvfn zcty utjuhfacrböfhfrnth; lheub cf cktlcndbt jnutjuhfacrblfltyjcnb.
Yf nthbnjhbznf yf Ñuf cüotcndedfn ujktvb hfpkbxbz. Rhfqåhtébtnj yfVtrcbrfycrbz pfkbd,ñéybnt gkfybyb, ghtlgkfybybntGblvjyn d Léjhlébz, Ctdthyf bÑéyf Rfhjkbyf b vyjuj ctdthybxfcnb düd dünhtiyjcnnf yf Ñufbvfn cdjb dfhbfynb yf ñéyzirfreknehf. D cüojnj dhtvt jåfxtjåojnj vtéle nzö t „ñéyzxtcndjnj“.
yfcktlcndJnJYfqhfyyfnf tdhjgtqcrf rjkjybpfwbzyfFvthbrfbvfpfwtkhfpdbnbt yf nühujdcrb dhüprb b hfphfåjndfyt yf ghbhjlyb åjufncndf. Frhfqåhtéybnt hfdybyb ñéyj jnpfkbdfLtkfethbjcjåtyjyfñujnpfkbdfXtcfgbqrbpuktélfnbpdüyhtlyj gjlöjlzob pf ptvtltkbt.Lükubnt ujhtob ktnf, htljdybntdfktébbvtrbntpbvbgjpdjkzdfnyf pfctkybwbnt lf jnuktélfn bhtlbwflheubreknehbjcdtyjytpb,rjbnj ct jnuktélfn d ctdthyfTdhjgf. Gj vyjujåhjqybnt htrb,rjbnj ghtcbxfn hfdybyfnf, vjufn
lf ct ldbéfn gjyt vfkrbhtxyb cüljdt b njdf lfdfdüpvjéyjcn cdjåjlyj lf cthfphfcndfn ctkbofnf vtélehtrf Létqvc düd Dühlébybz b htrf Jknüvüöj dLéjhlébz. Uücnjnfnf yfyfctktybtnj jcnfdf ybcrf d
gjxnb wtkbz htubjy, f uhflcrjnjyfctktybt, rjtnjébdtt d ctkbof,gjujktvb jn hfpvthbnt yf tlyjctkj, ct cüchtljnjxfdf d ghbcnfyboyb uhfljdt (Yjhaür, Dühlébybz;Ebkvbyunüy,CtdthyfRfhjkbyf; Xfhkcnüy, Ñéyf Rfhjkbyf;Cfdfyf, Léjhlébz) bkb gjrhfqdféybnt gkfdfntkyb htrb (Hbxvüyl, Dühlébybz, f gjrücyjRüküvåbz, Ñéyf Rfhjkbyf bJuücnf,Léjhlébz).Cbkyj bpzdtybnt ghjdbywbfkyjptvtltkcrbtktvtynb yf ñéyzirfnf reknehfyfkfufn tlby vjltk, rjqnj ctpfgfpdfljchtlfnfyf20dtr.
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D rhfz yf 80nt b ghtp 90ntujlbybyf19dtrdüddcbxrbñéybofnb ct düdtélfn htcnhbrnbdybpfrjyb,rjbnjyfkfufnhfcjdjhfpltktybt düd dct gjdtxt jåkfcnb yfébdjnfdnjpbhtubjy.Jabwbfkyfnf ctuhtufwbz bvfvyjuj utjuhfacrbbphfétybz.Ltqcndfnldtjnltkybexbkboybcbcntvb.Nhzådflfctcnhjznbgjllühéfnjnltkybhtcnjhfynb, vtcnf pf jnlbö b hfpdktxtybz,uhflbycrbgtqrb,uhflcrbxtivb,njfktnybblheubvtcnf,rültnjbvf gjntywbfkyb düpvjéyjcnb pfrjynfrnb vtéle åtkb b xthyb.Ébkboyjnj cnhjbntkcndj t hfpltktyjyfhfqjybpfåtkbbpfxthyjrjéb.Ljcnügünljyzrjbghjatcbbt pfnhelyty, f gj jnyjitybt yfbpåbhfntkybntghfdfyfxthyjrjébnt juhfybxtybznf ct yfkfufn rfrnjjnrhbnj,nfrfbghbrhbnj.
Dghjlükétybtyfåkbpj50ujlbybcktlrhfzyfUhfélfycrfnfdjqyf gjnjrün jn xthyjrjéb, rjbnjyfgecrfnÑuf,ctedtkbxfdfcüdctvvfkrj.Ghtp 1870 u. 91.5 ghjwtynfjndcbxrbxthyjrjébdCütlbytybntofnbébdtzndÑuf,fghtp1910u.ntöybznlzkt89ghjwtynf.Ghtpcktldfojnjltctnbktnbtjåfxtåhjzn yfxthyjrjébnt tvbuhfynbhzprjctedtkbxfdfbnjpb„hfcnté“ctlükéb yf htcnhbrnbdybnt pfrjyb,yfcbkbtnj b brjyjvbxtcrbnt eckjdbz, rjbnj tldf gjpdjkzdfn lf ctghtébdzdf. Jcdty njdf Gühdfnfcdtnjdyf djqyf ghbyeélfdf bylecnhbbnt yf Ctdthf ecbktyj lf„bpntukzn“ xthyjrjéb (f cüoj bjåtlytkbåtkbébntkb)jnÑuf.
Lj 1914 u. yfwbjyfkyfnf bylecnhbzhfpxbnfyfvbkbjybtdhjgtqcrb tvbuhfynb, pf lf pfljdjkbjuhjvyjnj nühctyt yf hfåjnyfcbkf.Ghtp1910u.gjdtxtjntlyfnhtnfjnébntkbntyfCütlbytybntofnb cf hjltyb d xeéåbyf bkbbvfn gjyt tlby hjlbntk, hjltybpdüyFvthbrf.
Rjufnj c bpåeödfytnj yf djqyfnf njpb ghbnjr yf öjhf cgbhf,jcnfdfdüpvjéyjcnnfnjqlfåültgjgükyty jn htlbwbnt yf åtphfåjnybnt b gjkeåtphfåjnybntñéyzwb.
Brjyjvbrfnf yf Ñuf vjét åbyt t ozkf lf gjcnhflf jn njdfvfcjdjyfgecrfyt, frjtvbuhfynbntytcfåbkbjntlyfjghtltktyfdüphfcnjdf ghjckjqrf. Gjdtxtnjxthyjrjéb, rjbnj pfvbyfdfn, cfvtéle18b35ujlbyb.Ntpböjhf,bphfcyfkbdÑuf,bpébdzdfnyfqghjlernbdybntcbdbrjyjvbxtcrjjnyjitybt ujlbyb bpdüy htubjyf.Vyjujjnjytpb,rjbnjjcnfdfn,cfbkbgjdüphfcnyb,bkbgtycbjythb,bkbdctjotytcfctdrkñxbkbdhfåjnyfnfcbkf.Juhfybxtybntdüpvjéyjcnb pf ghjatcbjyfkyj hfpdbnbt yf xthyjrjébnt cüoj nfrfdjlzn lj pfueåfnf yf vyjuj jnyfqdbcjrjrdfkbabwbhfybntvkflböjhfdhtubjyf.
Lheuf gjcktlbwf jn Uhfélfycrfnfdjqyftpflükåjxfdfytnjyfdtxt cüotcndedfofnf crkjyyjcnlf ct pfobnfdfn bynthtcbnt yfjghtltkty ckjq jn yfctktybtnj.ÑuünttlbycndtyfnfxfcnjnCütlbytybntofnb,rjqnjtghtébdzk
djtyyfjregfwbz,bpflfctghtukünyt njdf eybétybt, nhzådf lfbpvbytgjdtxtjntlbydtrblfcthfpdbtpyfxbntkyjbrjyjvbrfnf.
Uhfélfycrfnf djqyf b gthbjlünyfhtrjycnherwbzbpbuhfdfndféyfhjkz pf cgkjnzdfytnj yf åtkbntñéyzwb. „Ytgjrjktåbvbzn ñu“ tjghtltktybt, rjtnj gjrfpdf, xtwtkbzn htubjy ukfcedf tlbyjleiyj,rjtnjxtcnjghtlcnfdkzdfhzprj jnrkjytybt jn ntyltywbbnt dcnhfyfnf. Djqyfnf b htrjycnherwbznf ct cdühpdfn cücCtdthfb cHtgeåkbrfycrfnf gfhnbz, pfnjdfåtkbnt ñéyzwb ct ghtdhüofn degjhbnb jgjpbwbjyyj yfcnhjtybltvjrhfnb.Rjufnj htifdfn lf ctjcdjåjlzn jn bltjkjubxtcrfnfjådühpfyjcn c Ltvjrhfnbxtcrfnfgfhnbz, nt pfgjxdfn rhfcyjhtxbdjlf ct yfhbxfn „ñéyzirb ltvjrhfnb“.Lytcgjkbnbxtcrbntghjvtyb d cnhfyfnf b ghjvtybnt dñéyzirfnf reknehf hfprkfofnytgjrjktåbvjcnnf yf Ñuf. Lühéfdybnt ckeébntkb yf bpåjhyblküéyjcnb ghtlcnfdzn wtkbzgjkbnbxtcrbcgtrnüh,yjvyjujjnnzö ghjlükéfdfn lf jncnjzdfnyzrjbjncnfhbntwtyyjcnb.
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84 85
Ljchtlfnfyf20dtrgjujkzvfnf xfcn jn ñéyzirjnj yfctktybtb jcjåtyj ytujdbnt djlfxb düpghbtvfn cüåbnbznf nfrf, czrfiÑuüntjnltkyfcnhfyf,rjznjytjöjnyj ghbtvf, xt nhzådf lf ghjlükéb jnyjitybznf cb cüc ctdthybz cb cüctl. Jn rhfz yf 30ntujlbybjåfxtbjcjåtyjjnrhfzyf40ntujlbybdhtubjyfpfgjxdfnlfghjybrdfn düyiyb dkbzybz b ntyltywbb, rjbnj hfpxegdfn ytujdfnfbpjkfwbz.
BrjyjvbrfnfyfÑufghtp30ntujlbyb yf 20 dtr yt t vyjujgjhfpkbxyf jn brjyjvbrfnf ghtp1870 u. – ghtlbvyj ptvtltkcrf,ghjbpdtélfof ctkcrjcnjgfycrbcehjdbybukfdyjpfbpyjc,åtlyfyfrfgbnfkb, cbkyj pfdbcbvf jn ctkcrjcnjgfycrbébdjnyb babpbxtcrbnhel,ltqcndfofxhtpbpgjkbxfhb b fhtylfnjhb, jhbtynbhfyfrüvgjufczdfyt yf lükujdt. Bylecnhbfkyjnj ghjbpdjlcndj, ljrjkrjnjcüotcndedf,jcbuehzdfybcrbljöjlbbtyfcjxtyjrüvvfkrbvtcnybgfpfhb. Ehåfybcnbxyfnf cnhernehfyfhtubjyfghjlükéfdflfjnhfpzdfjhbtynfwbznfrüvvfkrbgfpfhyb wtynhjdt, uhflxtnf yfétktpjgünybkbybb,vfkrbuhfljdtcntrcnbkyb afåhbrb b jrhüéyb wtynhjdt,rjbnjghtlcnfdkzdfnyfdkbpfobz d Ñuf ehåfybcnbxty tktvtyn.
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crbltqyjcnb,hfpdbdfobctd uhfljdtnt;ghjwtynünyfhfåjntobntdptvtltkbtnj öjhf ghjlükéfdf lfyfvfkzdf. Njpb ghjwtc t cüghjdjlty jn hzprj edtkbxfdfyt yfhfåjnyfnf cbkf d ghjvbiktyjcnnfb d cathfnf yf eckeubnt. Jcdtynjdf bylecnhbznf yfÑuf pfgjxdflf ghjzdzdf cbkyf ntyltywbz rüvhfpdbnbt yf hfpkbxyb jnhfckb; nzdtxtytctjuhfybxfdfljgühdbxyfnf ghthfåjnrf yf cehjdbyybvfnthbfkb.
Dctkcrjnjcnjgfycndjctyfåkñlfdf cüofnf ntyltywbz. Gfverünjcnfdf yfqdféyfnf bylecnhbfkyfreknehf pf htubjyf; lheub nfrbdfreknehb cf nñnñyün, pföfhyfnfnhücnbrf,aücnüwbnt bjhbpün.Yjhfqjyün,drjqnjctufctjnuktélfgfver, gj cdjbnt hfpvthb t rfnjåktlf czyrf yf gühdjyfxfkybzhfqjy.Njdfcntcyzdfytctlükébbyf egflürf yf cnfhbntafåhbrb cgfverjxbcnfxyb vfibyb d yzrjbxfcnbyfyzrjufiybzghjbpdjlbntktyhfqjy.
Ljrfnj ujcgjlcndjnj yf gfverfdühdb rüv cdjz rhfq, ecrjhtyjhfpdbnbtåtktéfnébdjnyjdülcndjnjbghjbpdjlcndjnjyflheubreknehb, yfghbvth yf cjz. Cbkyj ctedtkbxfdf b ghjbpdjlcndjnj yfujdtélj vtcj, pfojnjathvthbntjcbuehzdfn gfcbof c gjöeåfdfnhtdf b aehféyb reknehb, rfnjbpgjkpdfn gjdbcjrjrfxtcndtyböbvbxtcrbnjhjdt.Dcüojnjdhtvtcthfpdüélfnyjdbgjhjlbljvfiybébdjnyb, rjbnj gjyfczn ljåhtujhtobnt, dkféyb ktnf yf Ñuf.
Ghtpgjcktlybnt30ujlbybwzkfnfghjlerwbzdcnhfyfnfyfåhjqkthbb gbktnf t bylecnhbfkbpbhfyf b tcüchtljnjxtyfyfñu.
Jot gjlhfvfnbxyb ghjvtyb ctyfåkñlfdfndbpgjkpdfytnjyfctkcrjcnjgfycrf ntöybrf. Yfdczrült,rültnjtdüpvjéyj,dghjbpdjlcndtybzghjwtcctbpgjkpdfnvfibybb ctuf ptvtltkbtnj d htubjyf tvyjuj gjtatrnbdyj, jnrjkrjnjyzrjuf.Ghtp30ntujlbybnhflbwbjyyfnf ajhvf yf fhtylfnjhcndjgjxnbbpxtpdfbhzprjctedtkbxfdfnhfpvthbntyfathvbntdÑuf.
Edtkbxfdf ct b vbuhfwbznf jnctkcrbnt rüv ehåfybcnbxybnthfqjybyfÑuf,rjtnjtcdühpfyjcexfcnbtnjyfnjpbhtubjydhfpdbnbtnj yf yfwbjyfkyfnf brjyjvbrfcktlUjkzvfnfltghtcbzdrhfzyf30nt ujlbyb.Ghtp1940 u. dÑufbvf cfvj 35 uhflf c yfctktybtgjdtxtjn50000leib.Ghtp1950u. åhjzn yf uhfljdtnt cnfdf 42, fghtp 1980 u. ljcnbuf 75. Htlbwfvfkrb ñéyzirb uhfljdt xthgznébpytyjcn jn gjujktvbnt hfphfcndfobctwtynhjdt.
Ghbntufntkyfnfcbkfyfuhfljdtnt t ujkzvf pfhflb hfpdbnbtnj yfbylecnhbznf b gjzdfnf yf yjdbjnhfckb,rfrnjcnfdfdptvtltkbtnj, f njdf djlb lj hfpyjjåhfpyfbylecnhbfkyfghjlerwbz.Ltkünyfhfåjnyfnf cbkf d ghjvbiktyjcnnfhzprjctedtkbxfdf,bnjdüddcbxrbxfcnbyfhtubjyf.Nhflbwbjyybnt ghjbpdjlcndf – yf cnjvfyf,nñnñytdb bpltkbz b ntrcnbk –bpdtcnyj dhtvt jcnfdfn dféyb pf
htubjyf, yj ueåzn djltojnj cbvzcnj, nüq rfnj pfgjxdfn lf cthfpdbdfnblheubltqyjcnb.GhjbpdjlcndjnjyfcbyntnbxybvfnthbbdCtdthyf b ñéyf Rfhjkbyf b yfujnjdj jåktrkj ukfdyj d ctdthyfLéjhlébzhfpibhzdfcgtrnühfjnltqyjcnb ljhb d njpb njkrjdfibhjr bylecnhbfkty jnhfcük.Öbvbxtcrfnfbylecnhbzcthfpdbdfvyjuj åühpj gj rhfqåhtébtnj yfVtrcbrfycrbzpfkbd.Åühpjcthfpdbdf b vtåtkyfnf bylecnhbz dghtlgkfybybntGblvjyndwtynhfkyfnf xfcn yf Rfhjkbyf, f lühdjghthfåjndfntkybntpfdjlbdbpnjxybnt hfdybyb b d rhfqåhtéybnthfdybyb yf Pfkbdf ghbljåbdfngjujkzvj pyfxtybt. Rjhfåjcnhjtytnj ghjlükéfdf lf ct hfpdbdf dYjhaür, Dühlébybz, yj ct gjcnhjzdfn b yzrjkrj rjhfåjcnhjbntkyb pfdjlf d Vtrcbrfycrbzpfkbd; cfvjktnjcnhjtytnj d Vfhbtnf, Léjhlébz, ghbdkbxf dbcjrjrdfkbabwbhfyf b ljåht gkfntyfhfåjnyfcbkfdhfqjyfyfFnkfynf.
Yfqdféyjnj jåfxt t, xt cktlrfnjchtlybzngjnhtåbntkjnÑufpfgjxdf lf gjkexfdf gjdbcjrljöjl,vtcnybzngfpfhcthfpibhzdf ljcnfnüxyj, pf lf vjét lfghbdktxt yfñu vyjuj ghjbpdjlbntkbyfgjnhtåbntkcrbcnjrb.Njdfedtkbxfdf nühctytnj yf ytctkcrjcnjgfycrfhfåjnyfcbkf,rjtnjjpyfxfdfgjdtxtöjhfcgjdbcjrbljöjlbberhtgdfytyfvtcnybzgfpfh.
Åühpjnj bylecnhbfkyj hfpdbnbtyfÑuft cktlcndbtjnhfphfcndfobz ct htubjyfkty gfpfh, rjqnj
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nühcbbvjétlfgkfnbdctgjdtxtcnjrb b eckeub. Düghjcün jåfxtjcnfdf: Pfoj gfpfhün ct hfpibhzdf?Tlbyjnujdjhyfnjpbdüghjct,xt Pfrjybnt pf htuekbhfyt yfptvtltkbtnj(1935u.bcktlnjdf),rjbnj ghbtvfatlthfkyjnj ghfdbntkcndj,lfdfnjcyjdybzcnbvekpfhfpdbnbtnjyfgfpfhf.
Ghtlb pfrjybnt lf dkzpfn dcbkf, wtybnt yf ctkcrjcnjgfycrfnfghjlerwbzctjghtltkznljujkzvfcntgtyjn ghtlkfufytnj b nühctytnj yf vtéleyfhjlybnt gfpfhb. PfÑuf njdf jpyfxfdf, xt wtybnt yfvtcnybz gfver yfghbvth pfdbcznjn ecgtiyfnf bkb ytecgtiyfnfhtrjknfyfgfverdlheubxfcnbyfcdtnf. Ytoj gjdtxt, ctkcrfnfhfåjnyfhürfdgfverjdbnthtubjyb yfÑuf ct rjyrehbhf c ghjbpdjlbntkbnt yf gfver d tlyf cdtnjdyf brjyjvbrf, rjznj jcnfdfghtlbvyj rjkjybfkyf. Rjufnj gjcbkfnf yf Pfrjybnt pf htuekbhfytyf ptvtltkbtnjljöjlbntbwtybntdctkcrjnjcnjgfycndjcnfdfncüjnyjcbvb rüv ljöjlbnt d yfwbjyfkybntbylecnhbb,cbkyjghjvtytybzngfpfhyfÑufgjtvfdtlyfdüpöjlzof gjcjrf, rjznj cktldf b ljlytcdnjpbhtubjy.
Lheuf yfvtcf yf atlthfkybntdkfcnb, rjznj bvf ujkzvj pyfxtybt pf cjwbfkyfnf cnhernehf yfÑuf, t htitybtnj yf Dühöjdybzcül jn 1954 u. lf jnödühkb düpghbtnfnf åkbpj 70 ujlbyb gjhfyjctuhtufwbjybcnrfnf ljrnhbyf„jnltkyb,yjhfdyb“.Njdfhtitybtghtlbpdbrdfghjvtybdcjwbfkyfnfutjuhfabz yf Ñuf, cnbufob ljdcbxrb xfcnb yf cnhfyfnf, rültnjhfcjdfnf ghbyflktéyjcn jghtltkzdüpvjéyjcnbntyföjhfnf–ghjvtyb,xbbnjgjcktlbwbytcfjnpdexfkbblytc.
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Ñéybnt gjrhfqybybyf Cütlbytybntofnb vjufn lf åülfn
hfpltktyb yf ldt ghbåkbpbntkyj hfdyb xfcnb. Tlyfnfgjkjdbyf,ñujpfgflyfnfuhfybxyf jåkfcn, bvf lükufuhfybwfgjceifcVtrcbrjbjåödfoftlyfjåibhyfdünhtiyfjåkfcn,rjznjtgjdkbzyfdvyjujjnyjitybz jn Vtrcbrj. Lheufnfgjkjdbyf, rjznj ot hfpuktlfvtner,cktldfrhfqåhtébtnjbpnjxyjjn ecnbtnj yf htrf Hbj Uhfylt dNtrcfc lj Ctdthyf Rfhjkbyf bdrkñxdf gjkejcnhjd Akjhblf(rfhnf 8). B ldtnt nthbnjhbb cfjåkfcnbyfñéybntibhbyb,rjbnjct ghtgjrhbdfn d tlyf njxrf dñéyfnfxfcnyfNtrcfc,yjñéyjnj rhfqåhtébt ct jnkbxfdf zcyjjn ñujpfgflyfnf uhfybxyf jåkfcn,rfrnj ct jnkbxfdfn tlby jn lheudcbxrbjcnfyfkbcüctlybhtubjybdFvthbrf.
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Baton Rouge
New Orleans
Colorado River
Ar kansas River
MISSISSIPPI
Savannah River
Columbus
ChattahoocheeRiver
Alabama River
Mississippi River
Naples
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TENNESSEE NORTHCAROLINA
CharlotteARKANSAS
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Yfqdféybjnctltvntwbnhecjdbgkjljdt, rjbnj ct jnuktélfn dofnf, cfgjhnjrfkbntbuhtqgahenün. Ghtp 1992 u. cf ghjbpdtltybgjdtxtjn6vbkbjyfnjyfgjhnjrfkb.Jn1945u.yfcfvdctgjujkzvlzkjngjhnjrfkjdfnfghjlerwbz–jrjkj80ghjwtynflytc–ctjåhfåjndf, f jcnfyfkbzn ct ghjlfdfrfnjghtcybgjhnjrfkb.Jåhfåjndfytnj yf gjhnjrfkbnt (ukfdyj pfvhfptyrjywtynhfn)jcbuehzdfhfpdbnbtnj yf ujkzvf bylecnhbz düdAkjhblf, rjznj gjpdjkzdf vyjujgjujkzv lzk jn yfctktybtnj yfofnf lf ct jåkfujltntkcndf jnnfpb cgtwbabxyf reknehf, jnrjkrjnj frj cüobnt gkjljdtnt cfvjct bpghfoföf yf ctdth d ghzcyjcücnjzybt.Jcdtynjdfjåhfåjntyfnf ghjlerwbz gjpdjkzdf wtkjujlbiybghjlféåb,fytcfvjctpjyybghbåhfytnjyfgkjljdtnt.
Eckjdbznf , ghb rjbnj ctjnuktélfnuhtqgahenbbgjhnjrfkb, cüdgflfn gjxnb yfgükyj, yjnühctytnj yf uhtqgahenb rfnjwzkjtgjvfkrjbntcücnfdkzdfncfvj jrjkj tlyf xtndühn jn ghjlerwbznf yf gjdféybnt gjhnjrfkjdb yfcféltybz. Gjhnjrfkb buhtqgahen ct jnuktélfn cüoj drhfqybz ñéty lzk yf Ntrcfc,rültnj ct ghbkfuf bprecndtyjyfgjzdfyt.
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Jhbpün t gjvfkrj dpbcrfntktyrüv rkbvfnf d chfdytybt cücpföfhyfnfnhücnbrf.Ghbljcnfnüxyj yfgjzdfyt jhbpün ephzdf pftlbyctpjydpfdbcbvjcnjnnjgkbyfnf,rjznjgjkexfdfghtpkznjnj.DhtubjyfyfÑéyjnjrhfqåhtébtjhbp ct jnuktélf d Kebpbfyf b
90 91
Ntrcfc, rültnj ct ghbkfuf bprecndtyjyfgjzdfyt.
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Vjåbqk, Fkfåfvf, rhfqåhtéyfnfxfcn yf Vbcbcbgb ct ghtdhüof dghjwüanzdfo nehbcnbxtcrb hfqjyc åtpåhjq öjntkb, vjntkb, htcnjhfynbbbprecndtybgkféjdt.
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Yt dcbxrb nehbcnbxtcrb fnhfrwbb pfdbczn jn bpnjxybwb, rjbnjghbhjlfnf ghtljcnfdz. Gjcnhjzdfytnj yf Lbcybeühkl ghbdkbxfvbkbjybgjctnbntkbjnlheubofnbdñéyjwtynhfkyfAkjhblf.Vyjujljgükybntkybyjdbfnhfrwbbcfhfpgjkjétybdnfpbxfcnyfofnf,jcjåtyjjrjkjJhkfylj,rültnjcthfpxbnfyfnehbcnbbyfgtxfkåbnt,rjbnj nt yjczn. Jxfrdf ct njpbujkzvwtynühpfjnlböbhfpdktxtybz d wtynhfkyf Akjhblf lf ctghtdühyt düd dünhtiyj cdühpdfojpdtyj vtéle bpnjxyjnj rhfqåhtébt yfAkjhblf b cregxtybnt gjpfgflyjnjrhfqåhtébtuhfljdt.
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itybt yf ptvtltkbtnj ecgtiyjnjjnuktélfytyfptktyxewbyfcühxfdf jgbnbnt yf ghjbpdjlbntkbnt lfgjkexfdfn htrjknf wtkjujlbiyj.YjrjufnjctckexbdÑéyfAkjhblflfgflytpbvyfckfyf,ujkzvfxfcn jn htrjknfnf vjét lf åültgjdhtltyf.Gjcüobzyfxbywbnhecjdbnt gkjljdt yf Akjhblf ctåthfn vtéle jrnjvdhb b rhfz yfvfqbfrjyfcnügbpbvyjpfcnelzdfyt,phttobntgkjljdtctgjdhtélfn. Yt gjvfkrf pfgkföf pf ghjbpdjlbntkbnt yf pföfhyf nhücnbrfd Kebpbfyf cf b ytyfdhtvtyybntcbkybdtnhjdtghtppbvfnf.
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nfrf, xt lf cnfyt gjgkfdfntkyf.Léfrcüydbk yfghbvth t tlby jncnfhbnt rhfqyb geyrnjdt, rültnjétktpjgünybnt kbybb jn LéjhlébzyfdkbpfndüdAkjhblf.Njqcüojtbwtynhfkyfnjxrfyftlbyhfqjy,rjqnjctghjcnbhfyfpfgfllj„Jgfirfnf“yfofnfbyfdkbpfdNtrcfc,fyfñucnbufljgkjljhjlybnt wtynhfkyb gkfybyb. Dhtpeknfn yf njdf Léfrcüydbk cthfpdbdfåühpjjotghtlblfåülfngjcnhjtyb vfubcnhfkyb dhüprb,rjbnj lf ufhfynbhfn hfphfcndfytnjve.
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Lheubzn dféty uhfl d pfgflybzlzkyfÑéyjnjrhfqåhtébt,rjqnj jn 1970 u. cnfdf yfqujktvbznuhfl d wtkbz htubjy, t rjhtyyjghjnbdjgjkjéty yf Yñ Jhkbüyc.Öñcnüy,Ntrcfc,tyjduhfldvyjuj jnyjitybz. Jnyfxfkj njq yt tghbcnfybotyuhfl,yjcnfdfnfrüdcgjcnhjzdfytnj (pfgjxyfkj ghtp1873 u.) b vyjujrhfnyj bpdühidfybnt gjljåhtybz yf Öñcnüycrbzrfyfk, ghtcbxfo gkbnrbz pfkbdUfkdtcnüy. Ghbcnfybotnj pfgjxdflf buhft gjdféyf hjkz pf hfpdbnbtnj yf uhflf d rhfz yf 40ntujlbyb yf 20 dtr, rjufnj yfåbhfcbkb vtcnyfnf ytanjöbvbxtcrfbylecnhbz.
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Ghbhjlybnt eckjdbz d Ptvtltkcrbz wtynüh ghtljcnfdzn vyjujåkfujghbznybdüpvjéyjcnbpfhfpdbnbt yf nhfycgjhnf. Jot ghtlbyfdkbpfytnjyfétktpybwbntbhfpibhzdfytnj yf günyfnf vhtéf,htxybnt b tpthybnt dhüprb dhtubjyf jcbuehzdfn ktcty b tdnbyghtdjp yf cnjrb lj bpnjxybntrhfqåhtéybwtynhjdtbljukfdybntvtéleyfhjlyb nühujdcrb ghbcnfybof.
Yfqhfyybnt ctkbof d htubjyfdüpybrdfnrhfqgjujktvbntdjlybgünbof. ñéybnt Ujktvb tpthf,htrf Jöfqj, htrbnt Bkbyjq,Ejåfi b Ebcrjycby yf bpnjr jnVbcbcbgbbhtrfVbcehbyfpfgfljnuhflRfypfccfjcyjdybntgünbof,gjrjbnjpfctkybwbntdkbpfndnjpb htubjy b cktl njdf bpyfcznghjlerwbznf cb yf gfpfhf. Bpnjxybnt Ujktvb tpthf ghtlkfufn gjghzrghtdjp gjvfhihenfVjöjr
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Hfpgjkjéty yf Ujktvbz pfdjqyf htrf Jöfqj, uhfl Cbycbyfnb dJöfqj cnfdf jot ghtp 1820 u.ukfdybzn hfpghtltkbntkty wtynühyf ctkcrjcnjgfycrf ghjlerwbz jnñujbpnjxybnt lzkjdt yfPtvtltkcrbzwtynüh.UhflRfypfcdVbcehb, hfpgjkjéty nfv, rültnj Rfypfc ct dkbdf d Vbcehb, cüoj cthfpdbdf hfyj pfhflb ujktvbntrjkbxtcndf ptvtltkcrb ghjlernb,rjbnjctghtdjpdfngjhtxybzgün.Vtcnjgjkjétybtnj yf Xbrfuj,åkbpj lj yfqñéybzrhfq yf tpthjnj Vbxbufy b yf rhfnrj hfpcnjzybtgjceifjnujhyjnjntxtybtyfhtrfBkbyjq,cüojcgjvfufpf åühpjnj hfpdbnbt. Düpvjéyjcnbnt pf jcüotcndzdfyt yf nhfyc
gjhnyb ltqyjcnb, rjbnj njdf vtcnjgjkjétybt jcbuehzdf, cf ljhfpdbnb xhtp vhtéfnf jn rfyfkb bgünybnt dhüprb, bpuhfltyb yfpfgfl b yf ñu ghtp gkjljhjlybzPtvtltkcrb wtynüh, f gjrücyj byf bpnjr lbhtrnyj lj hfphfcndfobntctuhfljdtyfVtufkjgjkbc.
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yfgitybwfrfnjljvbybhfojnhfcük yf ctkcrjnj cnjgfycndj dwtkbzPtvtltkcrbwtynüh.
Wfhtdbwfnf t reknehfnf, rjznjyfqljåhtjnujdfhzyfbpbcrdfybznfyfghbhjlyfnfchtlfbbvfyfqdbcjrf brjyjvbxtcrf düpdhüoftvjcn. Ljåht ghbcgjcjåbvf rüvdkféybzktntyrkbvfn,wfhtdbwfnfdbhttljåhtdhtubjyf,rültnjlybntcflükubbujhtob,fyjobnt–njgkb.Htrjknfnftdbcjrfbgjhflb njdf, xt nfpb reknehf hfcntyfuücnj b dczrj cnüåkj lfdf gjldfbkbgjdtxtrjxfyf.Jcdtynjdfujkzvjnj rjkbxtcndj kbcnf jndczrjhfcntybtvjufnlfctbpgjkpdfn pf aehfé, cktl rfnj åülfnyfhzpfyb b jåjufntyb c yzrjbljåfdrb.
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Tlyf jnkbxbntkyf xthnf jn gtqpféfyfwtynhfkyfnfxfcnyfPtvtltkcrbzwtynühtgjkecbvtnhbxyjnj ghfdjüuükyj hfpghtltktybt yfnthbnjhbznf. Gühdjyfxfkybnt 13fvthbrfycrb ofnf jajhvzn dünhtiybntcbuhfybwb,åtplfcktldfnjghtltkty ghbywbg, bpgjkpdfqrbptvktvthcrfnf cbcntvf, pf lfjåjpyfxfn rült vbyfdfn hfpltkbntkybntkbybb,rfnjctjckfyznyfdblbvbnt xthnb yf gtqpféf, yfgjcjrbntyfrjvgfcfbyfvthrbntpf lükébyf. Ytcbvtnhbxyj jajh
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Lheuj öfhfrnthyj ghjlükétybtyf uhfybwbnt yf Ptvtltkcrbz wtynühctyfåkñlfdfjrjkjpfgflybntUjktvbtpthf,rültnjyftlyfnzcyfbdbwfrhfqåhtujdtntyftpthjnjVbxbufy d Ebcrjycby b Vbxbufyvjét lf ct jnuktélfn gkjljdt.Åkfujndjhyjnjdkbzybtyftpthjnjpfåfdzwüantéfyflühdtnfnfghtpghjktnnf lj gjcktlyfnf ckfyf, fcüojnfrfpfåfdzbgühdfnfgjgfhdfof ckfyf ghtp tctynf. Dféybgkjljdt, rjbnj ct jnuktélfn ner,cf xthtib, zåükrb b d gjvfkrfcntgty – uhjplt. Gjljåyf rfhnbyfctyfåkñlfdfbgjñéybzåhzuyftpthjnjBhb,jcjåtyjdyzrjkrjnjrhfqtpthybjrhüpbyfGtycbkdfybzbpfgfltyYñQjhr,rültnjghjbpdjlcndjnj yf uhjplt pftvf dféyjvzcnjjntlbydtryfcfv.
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Pfhflbghtlbvcndfnf,rjbnjbvfcjznf, ujkzvlzkjncjtdjnjghjbpdjlcndjtcüchtljnjxtyjdPtvtltkcrbz wtynüh. Nhflbwbjyyjnjhtledfytyfreknehbghtpnhbbkbxtnbhb ujlbyb jncnügdf vzcnj yfhtledfytnj yf ébnyb reknehb bcjzghtpldtujlbyb.Dyzrjbckexfb d ñéybnt lzkjdt yf htubjyfhfyyj cüphzdfob cjhnjdt cjzvjét lf ct pfcflzn d rücyf ghjktncktlhtrjknfjnpbvyfgitybwf,rfnjgjnjpbyfxbyathvthbnthtledfn nhb reknehb (wfhtdbwf,gitybwf,cjz)yfdctrbldtujlbyb,åtp njdf lf yfvfkzdf ghjlernbdyjcnnfghtpyzrjzujlbyf.
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Drybufnf cb Ujktvbnthfdybyb bcnjhbrünEjknüh Ghtcrjn Etå
hfpdbdf bltznf, xt tvbuhfynbntjnctdthjpfgflyfTdhjgf,pfctkbkbujkzvfxfcnjnCütlbytybntofnb,ctcåkücrdfn c nhb ujktvb „ghtlbpdbrfntkcndf yf jrjkyfnf chtlf“,rjufnj ct jpjdfdfn chtl ptvb, crkbvfnnjkrjdfhfpkbxtyjnrkbvfnf yf hjlybnt bv vtcnf, xtptvtltkcrbnt reknehb b pfctkybxtcrbntvjltkb,hfpdbnbdTdhjgf,nerctjrfpdfnytgjlöjlzob.Gühdjnj jn ntpb ghtlbpdbrfntkcndf tdbcjrfnf kznyf ntvgthfnehf bdbcjrfnf dkféyjcn yf düpleöf dÑujbpnjrf.Dnjhjnj t åtpdjlbtnjyf Ñujpfgflf b yf dünhtiybnthfqjybyfPfgflf.Nhtnjnjcfytjåznybnt ghthbb, vbyfdfob ghtpwtynhfkyfnf xfcn yf cnhfyfnf(Rfhnf10).
Chtlghjåktvbnt,rjbnjdüpybrdfndntpbghthbqybghjcnhfycndf,nhzådflfjnåtktébv,xtchtlybntujlbiybdfktébcfvyjujgjvfkrj d chfdytybt c dfktébnt yfBpnjrf, yj ner xtcnj ct bpdbdfncbkybåehb,dböheirb,uhfleirbbnjhyflj.Gjlyfgjhfyfpbvybdbtkbwbcnelünctecbkdfbcytuünctyfnhegdf yf juhjvyb ghtcgb.Ktnybntujhtob,ceöbdtnhjdtbpceifdfngjxdfnfbgjyzrjufzjndzdfnyfujktvbrükåtcnbjåkfwbghfö.
Jcrülybnt djlyb htcehcb yfhtubjyf yt vjufn lf gjllühéfn
hfcntéf yf lühdtnfnf jcdtygjrhfq htrbnt. Vyjuj jnntpbhtrbcfvfkrbbntrfnythfdyjvthyj. Athvthbntjn Bpnjrf, cdbryfkb lfbvfn d bpjåbkbt djlf pfgjctdb b pfébdjnyb, rfrnjb ghtljcnfnüxyj lühdty
vfnthbfkpfcnhjté,juhféltybzbjnjgktybt,nhzådflfctghbcgjcjåznrüvcüdctvhfpkbxybeckjdbz,rjufnj pfgjxdfn lf ct pfctkdfn dUjktvbnthfdybyb.
GHbHJlybEckJdbzyfHfdybybnt
Htktaün b hfcnbntkyjcnnf yfUjktvbnt hfdybyb cf chtl yfqtlyjjåhfpybnt d Cütlbytybnt ofnb.Hfyybnt pfctkybwb, rjbnj cktldfnvfhihenf pf Jhtujy, ecgzdfn lfcnbuyfn Nböjjrtfycrjnj rhfqåhtébtcfvjpftlbyctpjy,nüqrfnjghthbbnt ct ghtrjczdfn ktcyj.Htubjyün ct yfvbhf bpwzkj düdabpbrjutjuhfacrbnt uhfybwb yfjåkfcnnf yf dünhtiybnt hfdybyb.Ctlbvtynybnt crfkb cf ktrj yfrkjytyb.Yflvjhcrfnfdbcjxbyfctedtkbxfdfgjcntgtyyj,gjxnbytpfåtktébvj, jn bpnjr yf pfgfl.Gjbpnjxybzrhfqnztcfvj500vtnhf, ljrfnj yf pfgflLtydüh,ofnfRjkjhflj, bvfyflvjhcrfdbcjxbyfgjdtxtjn1500vtnhf.
Jn abpbrjutjuhfacrf uktlyfnjxrfyfqjåibhybznlzkjnUjktvbnthfdybybcfDbcjrbnthfdybyb,rjbnj ct ghjcnbhfn gj pfgflybz
ujktvbNthfdybybbGhthbbNt
ukfdf
11
rhfq yf htubjyf jn ñéty NtrcfcyfctdthljñéyfYtåhfcrf.Njpblzk,gjrhbncgküntyckjqenfqrb,rjbnj xtcnj cf bpwzkj gtcüxkbdbbcbkyjghjgecrkbdb,dgjujkzvfnf cb xfcn t hfdty. Cfvj gjrhfqhtrb, yfghbvth d Crjncåküa yfhtrfGkfndpfgflyfYtåhfcrfbkbdrfymjyfGfkjLehjyfhtrfHtldctdthjpfgfltyNtrcfc,dhtpeknfnyf thjpbznf vtcnybzn htkta tgjdbcjr. Åfctqyün yf tpthjnjFufcbp, rültnj yzrjuf cf åbkbyfqujktvbnt tpthf jn gthbjlf yfgktqcnjwtyf, tlheufbprkñxbntkyjhfdybyyfjåkfcn,rjznjdrkñxdfljkbyfnfyfhtrfHtlyfctdthdCtdthyfLfrjnfbVbytcjnf.
Yt dcbxrb lzkjdt yf htubjyfbvfn njkrjdf tlyjjåhfpty htkta.Yfqåtpcgjhyjnj bprkñxtybt cfÅkfr Öbkc d Ñéyf Lfrjnf bEfqjvbyu. Ntpb öükvjdt, rjbnjghtlcnfdkzdfn jåibhyf regjkjdblyfjåkfcnjnthjpbhfybdekrfybxybcrfkb,cfcdühpfybgjcdjtnjjåhfpedfytbgjhtktafcbcücCrfkbcnbnt gkfybyb yf pfgfl. Dñéty Ntrcfc gkfnjnj Tlefhlc tcbkyjthjpbhfyjbgjñujbpnjxybzrhfq,rültnjuhfybxbcrhfqåhtéyfnf ljkbyf, bvf vyjuj rfymjyb.CfylÖbkc d wtynhfkyf b ctdthjpfgflyf Ytåhfcrf jajhvzn uücnfckjéyfvhtéfjnjåhfckbcnhtdfgzcüxyb lñyb,vyjuj jn rjbnj cfdbcjrbgjdtxtjn30vtnhf.Gzcürün, bpuhfélfo lñybnt, t yfdzngj ñéybnt rhfbof yf rjynbytynfkybnt ktlybwb ghtp gthbjlf yfgktqcnjwtyf. Yfxegty, ghbxelkbd
htkta,rjqnjthtpeknfnjnltqcndbtnjyfdznühfbdjlyfnf thjpbzyfenftxybcrfkb,töfhfrnthtypfjyfpb xfcn jn gkfnjnj Vbcehb,rjznjyttåbkfgjrhbnfcktlybwb–jnctdthyfYtåhfcrfyfctdthljhtrf Vbcehb. Yf ctdth jn htrfVbcehb b yf pfgfl jn åfctqyf yftpthjnj Fufcbp lheufnf xfcn jngkfnjnj Vbcehb, rjznj t åbkfgjrhbnf c ktlybwb, vfrfh b yfvtcnf lf t hfdybyyf, bvf vfkrbtpthf, vjhtyb b lheub ktlybrjdbxthnb.
Ptvtltkbtnj t eybojébkj ljujkzvf cntgty gühdjyfxfkyfnfnhtdyf hfcnbntkyjcn, yj gjdkféybntbpnjxyblzkjdt(jåkfcnbntyfctdth,rültnjgflfnujlbiyjgjdtxtjn60cfynbvtnhfdfktéb,fyfñu–gjdtxtjn90)cfghtlcnfdkzdfkb åtprhfqyf ghthbz c nhtdf,dbcjrf vtéle 30 cfynbvtnhf b 1vtnüh. Gj pfgflybnt rhfbof yfHfdybybntdbcjrfnfnhtdfjncnügdfvzcnjyfgjybcrbnt,gjhfphtltybneab, rjbnj vjufn lf jwtktzn dgjkegecnbyybnt eckjdbz yf pfgflybntHfdybyb.
Ghthbqybntnhtdbbvfnlükåjrf,ckjéyf rjhtyjdf cbcntvf, rjznjjåbryjdtyj ljcnbuf vyjuj lükåjrj d gjxdfnf, rfnj lfdf düpvjéyjcnyfytnjkrjdfdbcjrbntcnhürjdtnhtdflfbpgjkpdfnyfkbxyfnfdjlf. Pfhflb pfgktntybnt rjhtybhfpjhfdfytnj yf ghthbznf tbprkñxbntkyj nhelyj. Gühdbntpfctkybwb xtcnj nhzådf lf bpgjkpdfnntérbhfkf, ntuktybgjyzrjufjn20ébdjnyb,pflfhfpxegzn
CANADA
Havre
Great Falls
Helena
Billings
Minot
Bismark
Grand Forks
Fargo
Sheridan
Casper
CheyenneSalt Lake City
Rapid City PierreHuron
Aberdeen
North Platte
CreteLincoln
Omaha Des Moines
MinneapolisSt. Paul
Duluth
Denver
Colorado Springs
Pueblo
Santa Fe
Albuquerque
El Paso
Salina
HutchinsonLiberal Wichita
TopekaKansas City
Little Rock
St. Louis
TulsaEnid
Oklahoma CityAmarillo
LubbockWichita Falls
Fort WorthDallas
Odessa
Laredo
San Antonio
AustinWacoSan Angelo
Shreveport
BeaumontHouston
TEXAS
KANSAS
SOUTH DAKOTA
IOWA
MINNESOTANORTH DAKOTA
WYOMING
COLORADOUTAH
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
ARIZONA
MEXICO
Phoenix
Gulf of C
alifornia
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NEWMEXICO
Las Vegas
Spokane
North Platte
SouthPlatte
Missouri River
NEVADA
IDAHO
MISSOURI
OKLAHOMA
WASHINGTON
LOUISIANA
ARKANSASArkansas River
Colorado River
Co
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Missouri River
Arkansas River
Mississipp
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Missouri River
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108
RfhNf
10109
njhaf.Ghthbqybznnjhavjétlfåült„yfhzpfy“yfujktvbgfhxtnf,rjbnjctbpgjkpdfnrfnjneökbpfcnhjtéyfrüobghtphfyybzgthbjl yf tdhjgtqcrjnj pfctkdfyt yfHfdybybnt.
Njgkbzn, dkféty, nhjgbxtcrbghbvjhcrb düpleö, rjqnj yfökedfjnVtrcbrfycrbz pfkbd b t ukfdybznbpnjxybryfdkfufdHfdybybnt, jåbryjdtyj ct yfcjxdf yfujhtrüv Ljkbyfnf yf Vbcbcbgb, fcktl njdf ghjlükéfdf yf ctdthjbpnjr, rfnj gjlvbyfdf bpwzkjujkzvfxfcnjn pfgflybntUjktvbhfdybyb. D htpeknfn yf njdf yfpfgfl cbkyj yfvfkzdf chtlyjnjrjkbxtcndj dfktéb. DRfypfc yfghbvth, chtlyjnj ujlbiyj rjkbxtcndjdfktébdfhbhfjn105cfynbvtnhfdüddkféybntñujbpnjxybxfcnblj40cfynbvtnhfdgjkegecnbyybzñujpfgfl.
DUjktvbnthfdybybbvfgthbjlb, ghtp rjbnj gflfn gjdtxt jnjåbxfqybnt dfktéb. Ntpb gthbjlbyfcnügdfn,rjufnjnhjgbxtcrbdüpleiybvfcbctldbéfnyfctdthjpfgfl jn Vtrcbrfycrbz pfkbd bgjgflfn yfl xfcnb jn Hfdybybnt.Yf ntpb htlrb gthbjlb jåfxt ytvjétlfcthfpxbnf.Pfofcnbtyfathvthbnt jn Hfdybybnt jrjkjnhbxtndühnbjnlüéljdtntgflfnjn fghbk lj fduecn, rjufnj ghjlükéfdf åühpbzn hfcnté yf reknehbnt.
Xfcnjndfktébntdhtubjyfghtpghjktnnfbkznjnjcfgjdhtvtyfcbkybuhüvjntdbxybåehb.Uhfleirfnf gjyzrjuf t htpeknfn jn ntpb
åehb. Ktltybnt pühyf, xbbnj hfpvthb ljcnbufn gjdtxt jn 5 cfynbvtnhf d lbfvtnüh, vjufn lf eybojéfnyfntéfkfnf,ephzkfgitybwf. Ujkzvf xfcn jn ñéybnt bpfgflyjwtynhfkybnt Hfdybyb xtcnj cnfdfn éthndf yf åehb c uhfleirb,yjchtlyjpfwzkfnfcnhfyfyfqvyjuj uhfleirb gflfn dñujbpnjxtyEfqjvbyu.
Njhyfljnj,xbqnjdühnzoctdüpleity cnükå hfpdbdf crjhjcngjujkzvf jn 350 rbkjvtnhf dxfc, tlheufhfpheibntkyfghjzdfyf åehbnt d Ujktvbnt hfdybyb.Vfrfh xt aeybznf yf njhyfljnjgjhfpzdf vfkrf gkjo, xtcnbntåehb, rjbnj ct bpdbdfn yfl wtynhfkybnt Hfdybyb, uj ghtdhüofndüd dféty hbcrjd tktvtyn yfhtubjyf.
DznühüntyjécldtjcnhbtnfpfUjktvbnt hfdybyb. Crjhjcnnf yfrücybntghjktnybbktnybdtnhjdtdwtynhfkybntbdñéybnthfdybybt chtl yfqdbcjrfnf pf dünhtiyjcnnf yf Fvthbrf. D vbyfkjnjnjdfcttbpgjkpdfkj,pflfctedtkbxb tatrnbdyjcnnf yf dznühybntvtkybwb d htubjyf. Gjcnjzyybntdtnhjdt jåfxt jpyfxfdfn, xt dgjujkzvfnfxfcnjnhtubjyfrjkbxtcndjnjdkfuf,rjtnjctbpgfhzdfbjnltkzjnhfcntybznf,tujkzvj.
Pbvybzndznühibyerctgjzdzdf,rjufnjceö,chfdybntkyjnjgükdüpleö jn Nböjjrtfycrjnj rhfqåhtébtctghbldbédfyflCrfkbcnbnt gkfybyb. Rjufnj ct cgecyt dUjktvbnt hfdybyb, düpleöün ctpfnjgkzjotgjdtxtbcnfdfvyjuj
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gjnjgük jn cneltybnt rjynbytynfkyb düpleiyb vfcb, rjbnj cfjåbxfqyb pf htubjyf ghtp pbvfnf.Nböjjrtfycrbzn düpleö dhtvtyyjbpnkfcrdf cneltybz düpleö jnpfgflybnt Hfdybyb b ntvgthfnehfnf åühpj b hzprj ct gjdbifdf. Cnjdfbynthtcyjzdktybtjnxfcnbctjåzcyzdf pfoj pbvfnf d gjdbcjrfnf pfgflyf jåkfcn t vfkrjgjnjgkf d chfdytybt c bpnjxybzrhfqyfHfdybybnt.
Jcdty njdf ujlbiyfnf ghjlükébntkyjcn yf åtpcytéybz ctpjydfhbhf d ibhjrb uhfybwb cghzvjchtlyfnf ghjlükébntkyjcn.Rfrnjb ghb ujlbiybnt ntvgthfnehb,rjbnj ct ldbéfn d ujkzv lbfgfpjy,hfpkbrbntctedtkbxfdfn,rjkrjnjgjdtxtctjnbdfyfctdth.
Cytuün, dznühün b cnelün cfghjzdb yf tlby jn yfqjgecnjibntkybnt tktvtynb yf rkbvfnf dHfdybybnt: cytéyfnfåehz.Pbvyfnf dbtkbwf bpkbpf ghtp pbvfnf,rjufnj vyjuj cneltyf gjkzhyfdüpleiyf vfcf ct ghbldbédf yfñu gjrhfq Crfkbcnbnt gkfybyb bctcgecrfdHfdybybnt,ghjvtyzqrbjåbxfqyfnfgjcjrfyfldbétybtyfåehznf jn pfgfl yf bpnjr. Frjdbtkbwfnfghjlükébyzrjkrjlyb,cytujdfktéün vjét lf ljcnbuytgjkjdbyfnfjnchtlyjnjrjkbxtcndj cyzu, rjqnj gflf ghtp pbvfnf.Nüq rfnj athvthbnt d Hfdybybntjåbryjdtyj jcnfdznébdjnybnt yfjnrhbnj ghtp pbvfnf, dbtkbwfnfvjétlfpfnhegfgünzbvljöhfyfnfblfljdtltljdbcjrfcvühnyjcnchtlnzö.
PfctkybxtcRbvJltkbGhtlb tdhjgtqwbnt lf pfdptvfnHfdybybnt,ntpbjåkfcnbcfxfcnbxyjyfctktybjnfvthbrfycrbbylbfywb. Jcyjdyfnf brjyjvbxtcrfltqyjcntkjdün–ukfdyjyfåbpjyb.Gjdtxtnjgktvtyfébdtzngjrhfq htrb düd dhtvtyyb ctkbof.Nüqrfnjyzvfndüpvjéyjcnlfctghbldbédfn åühpj yf ujktvb hfpcnjzybz (rextnj t tlbycndtyjnjjgbnjvtyj ébdjnyj d ghtltdhjgtqcrfCtdthyfFvthbrf), bylbfywbnt yt vjufn lf ct jnltkzn pfghjlükébntkyj dhtvt jn yfltélybnt djlyb bpnjxybwb. Njdf tcthbjpty ghjåktv, pfojnj vbuhfwbznf yf ujktvbnt cnflf åbpjybxtcnjkbifdfpfctkybwbntpfwtkbctlvbwbjnjcyjdybzbvbpnjxybryföhfyf.
Rjufnj bcgfywbnt yfgecrfnñéybnt Hfdybyb, cktldfqrb gühdjyfxfkybz gkfy yf cdjbnt trcgtlbwbb, nt jcnfdzn xfcn jn rjytntcbbnjpb„gjlfhür“ghjvtyzlhfvfnbxyjyfxbyfyfébdjnyfbylbfywbnt jn Hfdybybnt. D yfxfkjnjyf19dtr,rjufnjcnbufnljHfdybybnt, fvthbrfywbnt jnrhbdfn nfv–gjlevbntyfvyjpbyf–yfqljåhfnf ktrf rfdfkthbz d bcnjhbznfyfcdtnf.Rjytntcfctghücyfkbbpwzkfnf ghthbz, f bylbfywbnt jnHfdybybnt,rjbnjdtxtvjufnlfctjnltkzn jn djlybnt bpnjxybwb,cktldfn cdjåjlyj vbuhfwbznf yfåbpjybnt.
Hfyyfnf fvthbrfycrf ghtlcnfdfpf htubjyf rfnj ytyfltélyj bnhelyj vzcnj pf pfctkdfyt yt t
yfgükyj ytjcyjdfntkyf. Kbgcfnfyflühdtnfjpyfxfdf,xtathvthbntythfpgjkfufncybrfrdbnhflbwbjyybvfnthbfkb,rjbnjctbpgjkpdfn pf cnhjté yf rüob b jåjhb,pfbplbufytyfjuhflbbkbpfnjgkbdj. Djlyb bpnjxybwb ct chtofnhzlrj; xtcnj d htrbnt b gjnjwbntbvf djlf cfvj ghtp lflty ctpjy.Gühdbntpfctkybwbctecnfyjdzdfnåkbpj lj djljbpnjxybwbnt. Ptvtltkcrbnt reknehb, rjbnj pfctkybwbnt ghtyfczn d Hfdybybnt, xtcnjct gjöfåzdfn, f htrjknfnf pfdbcbljujkzvfcntgtyjnrjkbxtcndjnjdfktéb,rjtnjdczrfujlbyfthfpkbxyj.Ctkcrjcnjgfycrfnfghjlerwbz rfnj wzkj t gjybcrf, f65ötrnfhjdfnf athvf, rjznjbpuktélf njkrjdf gjlöjlzof gjgkjo pf hfqjybnt yf bpnjr, ctjrfpdfndühltvfkrfpfUjktvbnthfdybyb.
Jnxfcnb gjhflb ntpb ghjåktvbpfctkybxtcrfnfuhfybwfctrjktåftjrjkjbpnjxyfnfxfcnyfHfdybybnt. Pfctkybwbnt bpåzudfn njpbhtubjy b cf crkjyyb lf ct yfcjxdfn rüv Nböjjrtfycrjnj rhfqåhtébt, ljrfnj yjdbnt ntöyjkjubb bghjvtybnt d ptvtdkfltybtnj ytghtdhüofn Hfdybybnt d gjgjlöjlzojvzcnjpfjåbnfdfyt.
Ljrfnj njdf rjktåfybt ghjlükéfdf, d htubjyf ct ecnfyjdzdflheu dbl brjyjvbxtcrf cbcntvf.Bcgfywbnt d ñéty Ntrcfc b fvthbrfycrbpfctkybwbdbpnjxtyNtrcfc düdtélfn trcntypbdyj ptvtltkbt, d rjtnj jcyjdyf tlbybwf thfyxjnj.Nfpbbrjyjvbxtcrfcbcnt
vf ct hfpghjcnhfyzdf yf ctdth jnNtrcfc ghtp gthbjlf 1867–1885ujlbyf.
Ujktvb cnflf tlüh hjufn ljåbnür ct rfhfn jn ñéty Ntrcfc yfctdth lj rhfqybnt cgbhrb yfcnhjzobnt ct étktpjgünyb kbybbd Rfypfc, pf lf vjét jnnfvébdjnybnt lf åülfn ghtdjptyb yfbpnjr bkb ghtödühktyb d ckfåjyfctktybntHfdybyb.Lj1880u.cfghtödühktyb vjét åb 5 vbkbjyfukfdbljåbnür.
Njpb vjltk yf ébdjnyjdülcndjctghjdfkzåühpjdrhfzyf80ntujlbybyf19dtr.Tlyjdhtvtyyjnjbpnjofdfytyfvyjujgfcbof,rjyrehtywbznf yf gjrfxtcndtyjnjujdtéljvtcj,ghtlkfufyjjnhfpdbdfojnj ct ébdjnyjdülcndj dChtlybz pfgfl, åjrcedfofnf brjyjvbrfyfcnhfyfnf,rfnfcnhjafkyfnf pbvf yf 1887–1888 ujlbyf bvfcjdjnjyfökedfytyfathvthbdHfdybybnt ckfufn rhfq yf njpbrhfnür gthbjl jn fvthbrfycrfnfbcnjhbz.Jnrhbnjnj,ytjåkfujhjltyjhfyxjtbpnkfcrfyjrüvgjceöfnfpfgflyfxfcnyfHfdybybnt,fcjåcndtybwbnt cf ghbyeltyb lf ctghblühéfnrüvjuhfltybgfcbof.
Åjlkbdfnf ntk, rjznj ct gjzdzdfyfgfpfhfghtp70ntujlbybyf19 dtr, t gjlöjlzo vfnthbfk pfjuhféltybzbxhtpytzcthtifdfghjåktvün c kbgcdfobz gj ptvtltkcrfnf uhfybwf bpnjxybr yflühdtyvfnthbfk.Pfbpdtcnyjdhtvtnjhatybntébkbofjcbuehzdfnljåüh gjlckjy. Düghtrb njdfgjdtxtnj pfctkybwb bplbufn gfzy
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njdb lühdtyb rüob dtlyfuf, ojvnjdf cnfdf düpvjéyj. Lühdtyvfnthbfk ct ghtyfcz c njdfhybdkfrjdt gj étktpjgünyb kbybb,rjbnjghtp70ntujlbybyf19dtrct ghjrfhdfn yflküé bibh ghtpHfdybybnt.Cghbcgjcjåzdfytnjyfjåbryjdtyfnf dznühyfvtkybwf pfdfltytyfdjlfcüccjylbctjcbuehzdfgjvtcnfljcnfnüxyjdjlfpföjhfbébdjnyb,rfrnjbpfyfgjzdfyt. Ibhjrjnj bpgjkpdfyt yfdznühybnt vtkybwb d ghthbbnt ctdüpghbtvf cktl dhtvt b d gjxnbdcbxrb ptvtltkcrb hfqjyb yfFvthbrf. Pühyjghjbpdjlcndjnjcüojnfrfcnfdfdctgjvtöfybpbhfyj b njdf lfdf düpvjéyjcn yfathvthbntlfjåhfåjndfngjujktvb gkjob, rfnj gj njpb yfxbyrjvgtycbhfngjybcrbnthtrjknb.
Jcdty njdfathvthbnt pfgjxdfnlf drkñxdfn d ctkcrjcnjgfycrfnfghjlerwbz reknehb, rjbnj cfgjghbcgjcjåbvbrüveckjdbznfyfhtubjyf,bctjhbtynbhfndctgjecgtiyj rfr lf ct düpgjkpdfn jnghbhjlybnt eckjdbz yf Hfdybybnt.Ndühlfnf pbvyf gitybwf t vjétåb yfqljåhbzn ghbvth d njdfjnyjitybt. Ghtytctyf d Cütlbytybnt ofnb jn hecrb tvbuhfynbvtyjybnb,nzdbhttvyjujgjljåhtd åtpdjlybnt Ujktvbnt hfdybyb,jnrjkrjnj cjhnjdtnt gitybwf,jnuktélfybnfvgjhfyj.
LytcUjktvbnthfdybybcfukfdybzn pühyjghjbpdjlbntkty htubjyyf Fvthbrf b åkfujlfhtybt yfåjufnbnt ptvtltkcrb htrjknb yfHfdybybntCütlbytybntofnbcfyf
gühdj vzcnj d cdtnf gj bpyjc yfgitybwf.
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lfnjnytljcnbuyfdjlfpfyfgjzdfyt, bvfn tlyj jcyjdyj ghtlbvcndj ghtl ctdthybnt hfqjyb –vyjuj gjlüküu dtutnfwbjytygthbjl. Ljkbyfnf Bvgbhbük dRfkbajhybz,rültnjdghjlükétybtyfgjdtxtjn300lybytgflfnckfyb, t tlyf jn gühdjrkfcybntptvtltkcrb jåkfcnb yf Fvthbrf.Ujkzvf xfcn jn fvthbrfycrfnfpbvyfhtrjknfyfukfdtcnfcfkfnf,rfrnj b yf uhjplt, gfver bkñwthyf pf eujzdfyt yf ujdtlf,rjbnj ct jnuktélfn pf rkfyt, ctjcbuehzdfjnnjpbhtubjy.Tlhbznhjufnljåbnürdljkbyfnfyfåhjzdfgjdtxtjn250000ukfdb.Tlyfyjdjgjcnhjtyf tktrnhjcnfywbzbpgjkpdf bpjåbkybz jåjhcrb njhpfujhbdj.Ghjlükébntkyjcnnfyfdtutnfwbjyybz gthbjl d ljkbyfnfBvgbhbük t ljcnfnüxyj ujkzvf,pflfctcüåbhfngjldthtrjknbbnjdftcntcndtyjedtkbxfdfjåofnfghjlernbdyjcn.
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Yfqpfåtktébntkybzn tgbpjl dbcnjhbznf yf djljcyfålzdfytnj yfofnf t ghtp 1905 u. d ljkbyfnfBvgbhbük. Ghtp 1901 u. xfcnybrjvgfybb gjcnhjzdfn rfyfkb, gjrjbnj ct ghtyfcz djlf jn htrfRjkjhfljdljkbyfnfBvgbhbük;dhtpeknfn yf njdf ptvtltkbtnjåtktébåehyjhfpdbnbt.Ghtpatdhefhb1905u.jåfxthtrfRjkjhfljghtkbdfbyfökedfdyfgjbntkybntrfyfkb.Ghtlbhtrfnflfåültdühyfnfdrjhbnjnjcbghtptctynfyf 1906 u. c wtyfnf yf juhjvybecbkbz,1100rdflhfnybrbkjvtnhf jnljkbyfnf jåhfpedfn tpthjnjCfknüy, rjtnj cüotcndedf b ljlytc b xbbnj hfpvthb ct gjllühéfn jn jnnbxfytnj yf djlf jnbprecndtyj yfgjzdfyfnf ptvtltkcrfptvzdljkbyfnf.
Ghtp40ntujlbybyf20d.atlthfkyjnj Åñhj pf düpcnfyjdzdfytyfptvznfpfgjxdfjcüotcndzdfytnjyfghjtrn,rjqnjbvfpfwtklfektcybljcnügfljdjlbpfbprecndtyj yfgjzdfyt d Wtynhfkyfnfljkbyf. Lytc djlfnf, jnåbnf jnhtrfCfrhfvtynjgjrfyfkfLtknfVtyljnf,ntxtyfñugjrhfqpfgflyfnfcnhfyfyfljkbyfnfCfyÖjfrby ljVtyljnf, rültnj ct dkbdfd htrf Cfy Öjfrby. Nfrf gjxnbwtkbzn tcntcndty ghbnjr yf htrfCfyÖjfrbyvjétlfåültbpgjkpdfy pf bprecndtyj yfgjzdfyt dñéyfnfxfcnyfljkbyfnf,rjznjtyfqujktvbznptvtltkcrbhfqjyyfofnf.
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B jot ytoj, Kjc Fylétktc tuhfl åtp wtynüh. Nhflbwbjyybznwtynhfkty nühujdcrb hfqjy rfnjchtlbot yf ehåfybcnbxyf ltqyjcnner gjxnb yt cüotcndedf. KjcFylétktc dcüoyjcn ghtlcnfdkzdfvyjujuhfljdt,rjbnjcfcthfphfcyfkbpftlyjcedtkbxfdfytyfyfct
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Vfrfh xt d jåkfcnnf bvf ghbhjlyb htcehcb, nzöyjnj pyfxtybtrfnjwzkjyttujkzvj.Jcdtyctkcrjcnjgfycrfnf ghjlerwbz, dféyjpyfxtybt bvf ytanjljåbdün; nhbjn ujktvbnt ytantyb åfctqyb yfcnhfyfnf cf dñéyfRfkbajhybz.Hfphfåjndfytnj yf ytantyb pfktébyfceifnfpfgjxdfghtp1965u.D htpeknfn yf ujkzvjnj nühctytyfgtnhjkybghjlernb, jcjåtyjyfåtypby, gjxnb wzkfnf ghjlerwbzyfñéyfRfkbajhybzctrjycevbhfyfvzcnj.
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Rkbvfnünbhfpyjjåhfpybzngtqpfé, jcjåtyj gj rhfqåhtébtnj,jnlfdyf cf ghtdühyfkb ÑéyfRfkbajhybz d yfwbjyfkty wtynühpfjnlböbhfpdktxtybzyfjnrhbnj.Lytcghtlbvcndfnf,rjbnjghbhjlfnfghtljcnfdz,ctljgükdfnjntlyb jn yfqujktvbnt b yfqljåhthfpdbnbgfhrjdt.GfhrünÅfkåjfdCfyLbtujcghtrhfcyfnfcbpjjkjubxtcrfuhflbyf,YjncÅthbAfhvbVühbqykfylcfchtlyfqujktvbnt fnhfrwbb. Lbcybkfyl t fvthbrfycrj zdktybt, rjtnj ghbdkbxfåtpåhjqnehbcnb.
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étkzpj, yf ghfrnbrf yzvf. CfyLbtujhfpgjkfufcljåhjghbcnfybot, yj ghbcnfybotnj yf KjcFylétktc,rjtnjtbpwzkjgkjlyfxjdtirbnhel,tyfqjåbryjdtyj.
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Hfqjyün yf Pfkbdf ct cücnjb jnyzrjkrj hfpkbxyb hfqjyf, dctrbcüccdjqcgtwbabxtyöfhfrnth.BcnÅtqtyfqhfpyjjåhfptycgücnhjnjrjktéfycrjyfctktybt,cujktvbntébkboyb rdfhnfkb yf chtlyfnfrkfcf,rfrnjbcgjdtxtnjjnghbcnfyboybnt ckeéåb b cüjhüétybz,f cüojb c ntérfnf bylecnhbzyfhtubjyf. D hfqjyf Cfy ÖjptCfenÅtq ébdtt ujhyfnf ghjckjqrf yfchtlyfnf rkfcf d yjdb rüob cöeåfdb ldjhjdt, chtl ujktvb nühujdcrb wtynhjdt. Gjrhfq Pfkbdf,ctdthyjjnCfyÖjpt,tCbkbrjyjdfnfljkbyf,yfhtxtyfnfrf,pfojnjnfvcfcüchtljnjxtybghtlghbznbzyf öbvbxtcrfnf b tktrnhjyyfnfbylecnhbz, cdühpfyb c ghjbpdjlcn
djnj yf rjvgñnühyb xfcnb. YfctdthjnvjcnfUjklüyUtqnuhfljdtnt cf gjvfkrb, yzvf ujkzvjghjbpdjlcndj b rjyakbrnün pfbpgjkpdfytnj yf ptvznf pf ptvtltkcrbbehåfybcnbxybwtkbgjyzrjuftzdty.Nerctchtofnpfvjéyb uhflcrbébntkb, rjbnj nühczndbkybvtcnfdghjdbywbznf.CfvbznuhflCfyAhfycbcrjcghtcbxfob ct gjl ghfd üuük ekbwb, åtphfpcülyj ghjrfhfyb ghtp öükvbcnbz nthty, c gjcnhjtybnt yfuücnjtlyfljlheufghtp19dtrbyfxfkjnjyf20dtrébkboybcuhflbbc tnybxtcrjnj cb vyjujjåhfpbtjcnfdfjcjåtyjjxfhjdfntkty.
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Vfrfh xt d htubjyf rfnj wzkjdfkb vyjuj lüél, ujktvb xfcnbjn ytuj cf gjkegecnbyyb. YzrjbvtcnfgjuhfybxybntptvbyfghjnjrfGñlébnCfeyl düdDfibyunjygjkexfdfncfvjjrjkj60cfynbvtnhf dfktéb ujlbiyj. Dfktébnthzlrjctzdzdfngjlajhvfnf yf cbkyb uhüvjntdbxyb åehb;nbgbxyjzdktybttcbnyjhüvzobzn,xtcnjgflfolüél,rjqnjghbkbxfyfntérfvjrhfvüukf.Ghbytuj jnnbxfofnf ct djlf, ytojnjkrjdfjåbxfqyjghbcbkyblüéljdt, t gjvfkrj b hfcntybznfvjufnlfctdüpgjkpdfnvfrcbvfkyjjndkfufnf.
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rjkbxtcndj dfktéb gj rhfqåhtébtnj, nfrf b pf pyfxbntkybntrkbvfnbxyb hfpkbrb d vtcnf cytgjchtlcndtyf åkbpjcn. Rjufnjnböjjrtfycrf düpleiyf vfcf ghtvbyfdf yfl ceifnf d bpnjxyf bñujbpnjxyfgjcjrf,nzchtofghtuhflfnf yf gkfybycrbnt dthbub,jgfcdfob Nböjjrtfycrjnj ctdthyjrhfqåhtébt, b t ghbyeltyf lf ctbplbuyt yfujht. Ghb bplbufytnjdüpleöün ct jökfélf b rfgfwbntnünvelfpflühéfdkfufyfvfkzdf,rjtnjghtlbpdbrdfdfktéb.
Rhfqåhtéybnt gkfybyb, gjljåyjyf lüküu gjzc, ghjnjxbk ct jnñéyjwtynhfktyJhtujyljñujpfgflyf Åhbnfycrf Rjkevåbz dRfyflf, ct jgbhfn cüc pflyfnf cbcnhfyf d tlyf gflbyf, drkñxdfofljkbyfnf Eükfvbn d Jhtujy bybpbyfnf yf Gñlébn Cfeyl düdDfibyunjy. Rjufnj ldbétobzn ctyfbpnjrdüpleöctcgecytyflntpbybpbyb,njqctpfnjgkzbrfgfwbntnünve lf pflühéf dkfuf ct edtkbxfdf. Nüq rfnj düd düpleöf ytyfdkbpf ljgükybntkyf dkfuf,gflfnvfkrjdfktéb.
Yfbpnjrjnhfdybybntbvflheuf gkfybycrf dthbuf, cktldfofgjcjrf ctdthñu, rjznj ct yfhbxfRfcrflybgkfybyb.GkfybyfnfHtqybüh düd Dfibyunjy ct bplbuf yf4 390vtnhf yflvjhcrjnj hfdybot, f vyjuj jn dühöjdtnt q cfdbcjrbvtéle2750b3650vtnhf. Pbvybnt dfktéb d gkfybyfnfcfgjlajhvfnfyfcyzu,tnjpfojnjdftyfqcytéyfnfxfcnjncnhfyfnf.
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150
D bpnjxyjnj ghjlükétybt yfhtubjyf pfl Rfcrflybnt gkfybyb,düd dünhtiyjcnnf yf Dfibyunjy,düpleiybntvfcbyfrhfzjnyjdjctcgecrfn yfljke b ct pfnjgkzn.Vfkrjnj dkfuf, rjznj jcnfdf düddüpleöf, ct pflühéf b gjujkzvfxfcn jn bpnjxty Dfibyunjy gjkexfdfchtlyjujlbiyjgjvfkrjjn30cfynbvtnhfdfktéb.
Yfñubyfctdthjnnfpbcbcntvf yf gkfybybljkbybgkfybyb,gkfybycrbnt dthbub ct ckbdfn bhfpltkzobntubljkbybbpxtpdfn.
Yfqvyjuj dfktébgflfn d tlyfbdbwf gjrhfq ctdthyjnj rhfqåhtébt, drkñxdfof „Jgfirfnf“ yfFkzcrf,rültnjujcgjlcndfndkfufnf b jåkfwbnt. Chtlyjnj ybdj yfdfktébnt hzprj gflf gj rhfqåhtébtnj d Fkzcrf yf ctdth b yfpfgfljn„Jgfirfnf“;gjujkzvfnfxfcnjnjåühyfnjnjyfñurhfqåhtébtyfwtynhfkyfFkzcrfgjkexfdfchtlyjdujlbyfnfvtéle100b200cfynbvtnhfdfktéb.
Yf rhfqvjhcrjnj vtcnjgjkjétybtyfhtubjyfctlükéfnytcfvjdfktébnt, yj b evthtybnt ntvgthfnehb. Ktnfnf cf ghjökflyb.Pbvbnt cf bpytyfldfoj njgkb,vfrfhxtpfhflbdkfufnfdüpleöüntgjghjybpdfobcnelty,jnrjkrjnjvjétlfctghtlgjkjébcgjhtlnthvjvtnühf.
Ctpjyyjnj ldbétybt yf düpleiyb vfcb jpyfxfdf, xt d rhfz yfhtubjyf–gjrhfqåhtébtnj–xtcnjleöfncbkybdtnhjdt.Jåbxfqyjtghtppbvybntvtctwbgjdhtvtyfyfqdtnhjdbnbnt gthbjlb dznühün
lfleöfcüccrjhjcnyfl125rbkjvtnhfdxfc.Vfrfhxtrhfqåhtéybnt gkfybyb jcbuehzdfn bpdtcnyfghtuhflfbjåbryjdtyjghtpkznjnj dtnhjdtnt yt cf cbkyb, ljbpnjxybnt xfcnb yf htubjyf ljhbghtp kznjnj vjufn lf cnbuyfn bcbkyb dtnhjdt. Rjufnj njdf ctckexb, jgfcyjcnnf jn gjéfhb ctedtkbxfdf.
Vfkrj cf jytpb vtcnf d Nböjjrtfycrbz ctdthjpfgfl, jnrültnjghb zcyj dhtvt yt ct hfprhbdfuktlrf rüv cüctlybnt gkfybycrbdühöjdt. Dhüö Vfrrbykb (6 200vtnhf)drhfqyfnfctdthyfxfcnyfhtubjyf t yfqdbcjrbzn dhüö dCtdthyf Fvthbrf. D Jhtujy Åhtujdbnt öhtåtnb cf gjxnb åtp ghjkjvbbcfdbcjrbjrjkj1200vtnhf.DüdDfibyunjyntcfghjhzpfyb jn yzrjkrj htrb, jcjåtyj jnRüküvåbz b Xbötqküc, xbqnj günvbyfdf ghtp gkfybybnt. D njpbofn Åhtujdbnt öhtåtnb hzlrj ctbplbufnyfgjdtxtjn300vtnhf.
Gkfybybnt Rkfvün d ctdthyfRfkbajhybzbñétyJhtujybvfnhfpyjjåhfpty htkta. Nhelyj t lfct ghjcktlb yzrfrüd ecnfyjdtyvjltk.Jåkfcnnftlbdf,crfkbcnf,ytyfctktyf.
Hfdybybnt yfJhtujy cf xfcn jnutjkjérfnf gflbyf, cüplfkf ct,rjufnj jåkfcnnf t gjnüyfkf tlyjdhtvtyyj c bplbufytnj yfRfcrflybntgkfybybyfbpnjr.Nfpbgflbyfghjlükéfdfyf ctdthgjlajhvfnf yf ghjkbdb, hfpltkzobrfyflcrbz jcnhjd Dfyredüh jnjcnfyfkfnf xfcn yf Åhbnfycrf
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Rjkevåbz,cktlnjdfvbyfdfghtp uhegfnf jcnhjdb, yfhtltyb gjrhfq „Jgfirfnf“ yfFkzcrf b jajhvz DünhtiybzrjhbljhyfctdthljLéeyj.
JotgjyfdünhtdceifnfRfcrflybntgkfybybghjlükéfdfnjngkfybybnt Rkfvün yf ctdth d ñéyfÅhbnfycrfRjkevåbz.Ñéybznlzk
yf ntpb gkfybyb bpuktélfrfnjdbcjrjthjpbhfyjgkfnj,yfrjtnjctbplbufhtlbwfjn
dekrfybxybdühöjdt.Vtélegkfybyfnf Kfcüy Gbqr d Rfkbajhybz(tlbyjnvfkrjnjdekrfybdCütlbytybntofnb,rjbnjyzrjufcfåbkbltqcndfob) b dhüö Öel d Jhtujyntpbdekrfybxybjåhfpedfybz,bpdb
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czdfobctcfvjnyjchtlpfjåbrfkzobnt ub gkfnf, cf bprkñxbntkyjrhfcbdb. Ctdthybnt Rfcrflyb gkfybybcfgjcrfkbcnbbjnrhfqdhtvtbplbufn nhelyf pf ghtvbyfdfytåfhbthf ghtl ldbétybtnj yf bpnjrjn uücnj yfctktyfnf hfdybyf yfGñlébn Cfeyl. Ner eufcyfkbntdekrfyb, b jcjåtyj gkfybyfnf Htqybüh, cf yfqdbcjrbnt b yfqljåhtjajhvtybntdüpdbitybz.
Pfl„Jgfirfnf“yfFkzcrfbdyeibntkybnt,gjrhbnbcktlybwbgkfybyb Ctqyn Tkfqüc gkfybybnt cthfpltkzndñéyfFkzcrf.Åhtujdbntöhtåtnb,jcjåtyjXeufxbRbyfq,cnfdfngjybcrbjnbpnjryfpfgfl.Fkzcrbycrbzn öhtåtn düd dünhtiyjcnnf t gjdbcjr b åtp ghjkjvb.ChtlujkzvfybpbyfdyfxfkjnjyfntcybzghjnjrRer,hfpgjkjétyfyfñujntlyfghjkerfdgkfybyfnf,ctyfvbhf Fyrjhblé, åtpcgjhyj yfqujktvbznuhfldFkzcrf(cyfctktybt 226 000 leib ghtp 1993 u.), cöeåfdjghbcnfybotbeljåyfdhüprfcdünhtiyjcnnf.
Léeyj, cnjkbwfnf yfFkzcrf, ctyfvbhfdnzcyfrhfqåhtéyfybpbyfyf„Jgfirfnf“;tlbycndtybntnhfycgjhnybdhüprbcjcnfyfkfnfxfcnjnofnf cf gj düpleö bkb djlf. Jnuhflfxjdtrytvjétlfctjnlfktxbcrjkfyfgjdtxtjn15rbkjvtnhf.Bpåjhünyfnjdfvzcnjpf cnjkbwf t åbk jcyjdfntkty, rjufnjåjufncndjnj yf Fkzcrf t åbkj dujhbntyf„Jgfirfnf“bdhfqjybntpf ekjd yf cüjvuf, f d cüjåhfétybznftdkbpfkbljcnügünljpkfnybntvbyb yfÑrjy ghtpCrfuetq.
C ghjvtybnt d brjyjvbrfnf yfofnf,cücpyfxtybtnj,rjtnjghbljåbdfnlheubghbhjlybhtcehcb,njpbhfqjypfgflf.Atühåfyrc(cyfctktybt 32 300 leib ghtp 1989 u.) dwtynhfkyf Fkzcrf b Fyrjhblé,ghtp rjqnj vjét lf ct cnbuyt ljñéybz lzk yf ofnf, bpghtdfhdfnLéeyj gj åhjq yf yfctktybtnj;ghtp 1989 u. d cnjkbxybz uhflébdtzngjvfkrjjn29000leib.
Gjjnyjitybtyfhfcnbntkyjcnnf,dgkfybybntRkfvünbvfdtkbxtcndtybujhcrbvfcbdbcücctrdjz;düdDfibyunjy b Jhtujy – lüukfcrftkf,rfyflcrftkfbxthdtyrtlüh,fyfgjkejcnhjdFkzcrf–cbnrbycrbcvühx. Yj d ntpb hfqjyb bvf ytcfvj ujhb, f b rhfcbdb jnrhbnbghjcnhfycndf c dbcjrb lühdtnf,bplbufobctghfdjrüvytåtnj.
Rfnjctbprkñxfngjceöbntybpbyb,rültnjjåbxfqyfnfhfcnbntkyjcnpf ljkbyfnf Eükfvbn t ghthbqyfnhtdf, f yf bpnjr jn Rfcrflybntgkfybyb–nhtdfbgecnbyyböhfcnfkfwb,bcüojnfrfneylhfnfyfluhfybwfnfyfujhfnf,wtkbznNböjjrtfycrbctdthjpfgfltbkbtåbkgjrhbnc ujhb. Hfcntéün yf lühdtnfnf ctgjllühéf jn bpjåbkyfnf dkfuf bevthtybntpbvybntvgthfnehb.Lühdjljåbdünjnrhfqdhtvttjcyjdybznbrjyjvbxtcrbjnhfcükyfhtubjyf.Ljhblytc,rjufnjñujbpnjxybntCütlbytybofnb ghjbpdtélfn gjdtxt lühdtcty gekg b öfhnbtyb ghjlernb,ybrjzlheufxfcnyfcnhfyfnfytjcbuehzdfnjkrjdflühdtyvfnthbfk, rjkrjnj Nböjjrtfycrjnjctdthyjrhfqåhtébt.
EcdJzdfytyfPtvznfJnöJHfnf
Yzvflheujrhfqåhtébtcbprkñxtybtyfgjkzhybntptvb,rjtnjlft bpcktldfyj jn tdhjgtqwbnt njkrjdf rücyj, rjkrjnj Nböjjrtfycrjnj ctdthyj rhfqåhtébt. Ghtp1740 u. Dbnec Åthbyu jåzdzdfrhfqåhtébtnjyfFkzcrfpfhecrfnthbnjhbz, yj tldf ghtp 1778 u.rfgbnfy Létqvc Rer ecgzdf lfghjgünedf gj djlf rhfqåhtébtnjjnJhtujyljñujbpnjxyfFkzcrf.Gj dhtvtnj, rjufnj bpcktljdfntkbnt Vthbetlüh Kebc b EbkzvRkfhrghtvbyfdfnghtpRfcrflybntgkfybybbcnbufnljecnbtnjyfhtrfRüküvåbzghtp 1805 u., uhfljdtnt Abkfltkabz b Yñ Qjhr,dctrbcyfctktybtjnjrjkj75000leib,cbjcgjhdfnnbnkfnfyfqujkzvuhflyfcnhfyfnf.Ghtpchtlfnfyf40ntujlbybyf19dtr,rjufnj fvthbrfycrbnt pfctkybwb nhüudfngjJhtujycrbzgünrüvljkbyfnfEükfvbn,yfctktybtnjyfYñQjhråühpjljcnbuf500000leib.
Ghtlb ghbcnbufytnj yf tdhjgtqwbnt yfctktybtnj yf htubjyf tchfdybntkyjujkzvj.Åkfujlfhtybtyf evthtybz rkbvfn ghtp wzkfnfujlbyfbvfljcnfnüxyjöhfyf.Tktyb, ujhcrbgkjljdt,rjhtyb,vblb,hfwb, hbåf b jcjåtyj cüjvuf cflfhjdt, rjbnj ghbhjlfnf gjlyfczczrfi åtpvthyj. Fvthbrfycrbntbylbfywb ct düpgjkpdfn jn njdf,rfnjctpfybvfdfnckjdbcüåbhfnöhfyf, yj yt jnuktélfn ybrfrdbreknehb.Cnhegfybgjrhfqåhtébtnj, nt cf jåjcjåtyb d vyjétcndj
jnltkybtnybxtcrbuhegb,dczrfjnrjbnj yfctkzdf vfkrf, rhfqåhtéyfljkbyf.Cnhjznujktvb,dyeibntkybrüobjnrtlhjdblühdtnfbbpkbpfndvjhtnjcrfyenf,bplükåfybjncüojnjlühdj.
Gj rhfqåhtébtnj bylbfywbntczrfictcnjgzdfn,rjufnjghbcnbufn tdhjgtqwbnt. Pfhflb gükyfnfbpjkfwbz, d rjznj ébdtzn, nt ytvjufn lf jrfpdfn jhufybpbhfyfcüghjnbdfbjnltkybntvfkrbgktvtyfytpfåtkzpfyjbpxtpdfn,åtplfjcnfdznyzrfrdbcüotcndtybcktlbdühöetdhjgtqcrjnjpfctkybxtcndj.Lytc yf ñu cf jcnfyfkb cüdctvvfkrj bylbfywb, yj yf ctdth, d„Jgfirfnf“yfFkzcrf,bylbfycrjnj yfctktybt ghjlükéfdf lf åültpyfxbntkyftnybxtcrfuhegf.
Hecyfwbntcfgühdbnttdhjgtqwb,rjbnj cüplfdfn gjcnjzyyb ctkbofgj rhfqåhtébtnj. Nt ghbcnbufn drhfz yf 18 dtr, djltyb jnétkfybtnj ktcyj lf bpdktrfn åjufncndf. Ntpb åjufncndf cf rjéb yfébdjnyb b hecyfwbnt bpuhfélfngjhtlbwf jn nühujdcrb b djtyybgeyrnjdt, rjbnj cf cüchtljnjxtybd ñujbpnjxyf Fkzcrf, yj cnbufnyf ñu xfr lj ctdthyf Rfkbajhybz.Ntpbghtlybgjcnjdtytvjufncfvblfcbjcbuehzdfnghtöhfyfnfb hfpyjcrbnt pf gjllühéfytnj yfhfpghücyfnbnt, jnlfktxtyb geyrnjdt jåbryjdtyj ghtdbifdfnljöjlbntjnghjlféåfnfyfrjéb.Cktl yzrjkrj gühdjyfxfkyb jgbnfjncnhfyfyfHecbzlfghjlfltyf Cütlbytybnt ofnb rjkjybznf,ghtp1867u.yfqyfrhfzctgjcnbuf
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cgjhfpevtybt pf wtyf jn 7.2vbkbjyfljkfhf.
Rjvgfybznf Öülcüy Åtq, rjznjnühuedf c rjéb, ghtödühkz nühujdcrfnf cb ltqyjcn d åfctqyf yfhtrfRüküvåbz d yfxfkjnj yf 19dtr. Nz t yfqdkbzntkyfnf bycnbnewbz d Nböjjrtfycrbz ctdthjpfgflljrhfzyf30ntujlbybyf19dtr, rjufnj fvthbrfycrbvbcbjythb b pfctkybwb gjtvfn gj lükubzJhtujycrbgünjnVbcehb.Gjdtxtnjjnyjdbntfvthbrfycrbpfctkybwb ct ecnfyjdzdfn d ljkbyfnfEükfvbn,yjåühpjghtdbifdfngjxbcktyjcn vfkrjnj åhbnfycrjyfctktybtyfwtkbzCtdthjpfgfl.
Étktpjgünybnt kbybb cf jnjcyjdyjpyfxtybtpfgjyfnfnüiyjnj hfpdbnbt yfJhtujy b Dfibyunjy. Ghtp 1883 u. t pfdühityfkbybznf Yjhlühy Gfcbabr ljCbfnük,fltctnujlbybgjrücyjtpfdühityf b kbybznf Uhtqn Yjhlühy. C njdf ct ckfuf rhfq yfpfdbcbvjcnnf yf htubjyf jn vjhcrbznhfycgjhn,rjqnjctjcüotcndzdf ghtp ñéybz rhfq yfÑéyfFvthbrf lj bpnjxybnt Cütlbytybofnbbtdhjgtqcrbntgfpfhb.
Lytcnfpbjuhjvyfjnrhbnfnthbnjhbz, rfrnj gjxnb dczrf lheufxfcn yf Cütlbytybnt ofnb, bvfehåfybcnbxyj yfctktybt. B Cbfnük,Dfibyunjy,bGjhnkfyl,Jhtujy, cf vtnhjgjkbb c yfctktybtyfl1vbkbjyleib.
Cbfnük t yfqujktvbzn uhfl yfNböjjrtfycrjnj ctdthyj rhfqåhtébtjndhtvtnjyfujktvbzbrjyjvbxtcrbhfpwdtndrhfzyf19dtr.
Jcyjdfyrfnjlühdjctrfxtcrbwtynüh, njq pfgjxdf lf ct yfkfuf dhtubjyf, rjufnj ct cdühpdf cnhfycrjynbytynfkybnt étktpjgünyb kbybb. Jn 20nt ujlbyb yf 20dtrCbfnük cnfdfhjlyjvzcnjyfcfvjktnyfnf rjvgfybz Åjqyu b tbpdtcnty rfnj uhflf yf yfqujkzvfnf rjvgfybz d cdtnf. Lheubnt3 500 ghjvbiktyb ghtlghbznbz dCbfnük ghjbpdtélfn wbvtyn, ukbyf, hbåjkjdyb cüjhüétybz, åhfiyj, vtnfkehubxyb bpltkbz, ntrcnbkböhfybntkybghjlernb.
Ehåfybcnbxybzn wtynüh yf Cbfnük t pfrünfy d tlby ntcty ghjdkfr, uhfybxtoyfpfgflcGñlébnCfeylbyfbpnjrctpthjnjDfibyunjy.Uhflünbvfrhfcbdjvtcnjgjkjétybt c bpuktl rüv gkfybybntbkbvjhtnj,yfrjqnjctyfckfélfdfn ébntkbnt yf ghbznybnt, hfpghücyfnbgjvyjujåhjqybntöükvjdtrdfhnfkbcvyjujlühdtnf.
CgjhtlcnfylfhnbntyfnjpbhtubjyGjhnkfyl t cnfh uhfl, yj cgjhtlcnfylfhnbntyfgjdtxtnjlheubhtubjyb uhflüntyjd.BrjyjvbrfnfvetgjhfpyjjåhfpyfjnbrjyjvbrfnfyfCbfnük,fdhüprbntvecdünhtiyjcnnf yf htubjyf cfgjljåhb pfhflb ljcnügf lj bpnjrghtp ljkbyfnf yf htrfRüküvåbz.Gjhnkfyl t ukfdtywtynüh pfghtdjpdfyt yf ébnjnj jn bpnjxtyDfibyunjyyfghbvth,flühdjjåhfåjndfytnj b öhfybntkyfnf bylecnhbzcfjcyjdybltqyjcnbyfhtubjyfkyfnfbrjyjvbrf.Vfrfhxttyf160 rbkjvtnhf yfdünht jn åhtuf,Gjhnkfyl rjyrehbhf Cbfnük rfnj
jrtfycrj ghbcnfybot, nüq rfnj dljkyjnj cb ntxtybt htrf Rüküvåbztgkfdfntkyf.
bRJyJvbRfnfyfHtubJyfDvyjujjnyjitybzbrjyjvbxtcrfnf cnhernehf yf Nböjjrtfycrjnjctdthyj rhfqåhtébt ct jghtltkzjn ghjbpdjlcndjnj yf cehjdbyybvfnthbfkb b jn bpjkbhfyjcnnf jnujktvbntgfpfhbdcnhfyfnf.Htubjyündbyfubthfpgjkfufkcibhjrjnühctyf ghjlerwbz, ukfdyj lühdtyvfnthbfk b öhfyb. Hfpyjcrbnt gjnhfycgjhnbhfytnj jåfxt ghtxfn yfghjbpdjlbntkbnt lf bpghfofn yfhfpevyb wtyb cnjrbnt cb lj gfpfhbnt. Pfnjdf gfpfhbnt ct yfcjxdfnrüvlheubbpnjxybwbyfljcnfdrb,rjbnjcfgjåkbpjbkbcfgjtdnbyb, nfrf xt ujkzvf xfcn jn ctkcrjcnjgfycrbnt ghjlernb yf Nböjjrtfycrjnjctdthyjrhfqåhtébtcfghtlyfpyfxtybpfvtcnybzgfpfh,fytpftrcgjhn.
Ibhjrfnf ljkbyf Eükfvbn dJhtujy t åtpcgjhyj yfqujkzvfnfptvtltkcrfjåkfcnåkbpjljrhfqåhtébtnj yf htubjyf. Ptvznf ctjåhfåjndf gjdtxt jn tlby dtr bathvbntcfåjufnbbljåhtehtltyb. Ujkzvfxfcn jn ctkcrjcnjgfycrfnf ptvz t pftnf jn aehféybreknehb, f vyjuj athvthb ujhzncnühybofnf ghtp tctynf, d htpeknfn yf rjtnj d ghjlükétybt yfyzrjkrjctlvbwbyflujktvbxfcnbjnljkbyfnfctcntktlbv.
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Ujkzvfnffhrnbxtcrfktltyfvfcf, gjrhbdfof jrjkj 4.8 vbkbjyfrdflhfnyb rbkjvtnhf, ghtlcnfdkzdfnüyrf(cltåtkbyfvtéle3b6vtnhf)uhfgfdfktltyfrjhf,gjxnbåtpcülühéfybtyfcjk,rjznjcdjåjlyj gkfdf d Ctdthybz ktljdbnjrtfy. Nz cülühéf njkrjdf djlf,rjkrjnjdcbxrbckflrjdjlybtpthfd cdtnf. Ghtp pbvfnf ktltyfnfvfcf ct bpntukz yfñu b jåödfofctdthyfFkzcrf.Kznyjnjnjgtytpf
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xJdtiRJGHbcücndbtGjxnb dcbxrb xfcnb yf Ctdthybntptvbcfhzlrjyfctktyb,rfnjyfqjåbnftvb cf ñéybnt rhfbof yfhtubjyf. D gjujkzvfnf xfcn jnhtubjyf ctdthyj jn Cütlbytybntofnb yfqvyjujåhjqyb cf fvthbrfycrbnt bylbfywb, vtnbcbnt btcrbvjcbnt. GhtjåkflfdfojnjyfctktybtyfFhrnbrfcftcrbvjcbnt.Fvthbrfycrbntbylbfywbébdtzn ukfdyj d hfqjyf yf ctdthybntujhb.Vtnbcbntcfhjéåbyfcvtctyb åhfrjdt vtéle fvthbrfycrbbylbfyrb b tdhjgtqwb jn hfyybzgthbjl yf tdhjgtqcrjnj pfctkdfytyfnfqufnf,rjufnjcthfpdbdfnühujdbznfcrjéb.
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Pf gjdtxtnj tdhjgtqwb, rjbnjbldfn dFvthbrf,Ctdthybnt ptvbyt ghtlkfufn ytoj jcjåtyj bynthtcyj. Nfv, rültnj ct cüplfdfnctkbof, dybvfybtnj t cüchtljnjxtyj rüv bpdkbxfyt yf åjufncndfbkb gjcnbufyt yf djtyyb wtkb.Jotghtpchtlfnfyf17dtrahtycrb güntitcndtybwb, nhfgthb bnühujdwbctghbldbédfncrfyenfnf cb lfktx pfl ptvtltkcrbntctkbof gj ljkyjnj ntxtybt yfhtrfCtqynKjhüyc,hfpibhzdfqrbgjkbnbxtcrbzrjynhjkyfAhfywbzdühöe Ujktvbnt tpthf. Rjvgfybznf Öülcüy Åtq, cnfhf åhbnfycrfrjvgfybz pf nühujdbz c rjéb, ctecnfyjdzdf d rhfqybnt njxrb yfpfkbdf Öülcüy d Rfyflf, cktlrjtnj pfgjxdf lf ghjybrdf yfñub yf pfgfl, rfnj gj njpb yfxbyåkjrbhf gjyfnfnüiyfnf ahtycrftrcgfypbz yf pfgfl. Ghtp chtlfnfyf18dtrrjvgfybznfÖülcüyÅtq,rjznj t gjkexbkf jn åhbnfycrjnjghfdbntkcndjnühujdcrbvjyjgjkdhfqjyf,rjynhjkbhfwzkfnfctdthyf
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Güntitcndtybwbnt b rjvgfybznfÖülcüyÅtqbpgjkpdfnrfnjnhfycgjhnybgünbofvyjujåhjqybnttpthf b htrb d htubjyf b hfpgjkfufnvfkrbufhybpjybyfdféybgeyrnjdtgjdjlybntgünbof.Nfv,rültnjujktvbnt htrb ct dkbdfn d tpthf,rültnjhtrbntcdühidfnbcnjrbntnhzådflfctghtyfczngjceifbkbrültnj bvf åühptb b djljgflb,kjlrbntnhzådflfcthfpnjdfhzn,fcnjrbntlfctghtytcfnbyfnjdfhznyflheubkjlrb;xhtpntpbgeyrnjdt ct jcbuehzdf tatrnbdty rjynhjk dühöe wzkjcnyfnf djlyf cbcntvf.Yfvtcnfnfyfvyjujjnntpbhfyyb ahtycrb ufhybpjyb lytc ctyfvbhfn dféyb ehåfybcnbxyb wtynhjdt, drkñxbntkyj Xbrfuj, LtnhjqnbGbncåühu.
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ujhfpfåfdzhfcntéf,ujkzvfxfcnjn nfpb jåkfcn tldf ctuf pfgjxdflfdüpcnfyjdzdfgühdjyfxfkybzcbjåkbr.
LtkünjnCtdthybntptvb,rjqnjct yfvbhf d hfqjyf yf ujhybntUjktvb tpthf, t yfqujktvbznbpnjxybryfétkzpyfhelfdFvthbrf b yf pyfxbntkyb rjkbxtcndfvtl. Ytantybnt yföjlbof dCtdthybzcrkjyyfFkzcrfljghbyfczn vyjuj pf fvthbrfycrbnttythubqyb pfgfcb, nüq rfnj yfgjcktlür jcbuehzdfn 25 ghjwtynf jnwzkjcnyfnfghjlerwbzyfcnhfyfnf.
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Vbxbufy. Gkfdfntkybnt cüjhüétybz ghb Cjkn CtqynVfhb, rjbnjcdühpdfn tpthjnj Cñgbhbüh cjcnfyfkbnt Ujktvb tpthf, cf yfqyfnjdfhtybntdcdtnfukfdyjpfhflbghtdjpbntyfétkzpyfhelf.
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Juhjvybntecbkbz,yeéybpfjcüotcndzdfytnj yf nfrbdf güntitcndbz, jxtdblyj cnfdfn ytgjcbkyb. Dhtpeknfnyfnjdfcktldnjhfnfvbuhfwbjyyf dükyf Öfdfbnt ct jpjdfdfndghjlükétybtyfytrjkrjcnjnby ujlbyb d bpjkfwbz. Ghtp njpbgthbjl öfdfqwbnt ecnfyjdzdfnckjéyf cjwbfkyf jhufybpfwbz dcdjz jcnhjdty hfq. Yfcktlcndtybdkfltntkb eghféyzdfn fåcjkñnyfdkfcn yfl yfctktybtnj b ghbntéfdfnwzkfnfptvz.Drhfzyf18dtr,rjufnjtdhjgtqwbntjnrhbdfnjcnhjdbnt,jnåkfufnfyfotlhfnfghbhjlf ct düpgjkpdfn jrjkj 300 000leib.
Gühdbzn tdhjgttw, rjqnj ghtp1778 u. cnbuf lj Öfdfbnt b ubyfhbxf Cfyldbxtdb jcnhjdb, trfgbnfyLétqvcRer.Rer teåbnyf åhtuf yf Ujktvbz jcnhjd, yjcktlrfnjcnbufljTdhjgfbctdthyf Fvthbrf, dtcnnf pf jnrhbnbntjnytujjcnhjdbcthfpghjcnhfyzdfåühpj. Jytpb, rjbnj bcrfn lf ctdüpgjkpdfnjnhfpdbdfofnfctnühujdbz vtéle ctdthyf Fvthbrf bFpbz, dtlyfuf ecnfyjdzdfn, xtjcnhjdbntcfyfqeljåybznvtélbytygeyrnpfnfpbwtk.
Ghtp 20nt ujlbyb yf 19 dtrrbnjkjdyfnf bylecnhbz ct ghtvtcndfdctdthyfnfxfcnyfNböbzjrtfybghtpdnjhfnfgjkjdbyfyfdtrf jcnhjdbnt cnfdfn ukfdtycyfålbntkty wtynüh b vzcnj pfgjxbdrf yf rbnjkjdwbnt. Ghbåkbpbntkyj gj cüojnj dhtvt yfjcnhjdbnt bldfn b ghjntcnfyncrbvbcbjythb. Rfnj gjdtxtnj rbnjkjdwbbntcfjnctdthjbpnjxybntCütlbytyb ofnb. Vbcbjythbnthfpdbdfnvyjujecgtiyfltqyjcnbd ghjlükétybt yf ltctnbktnbzjrfpdfn bpdüyhtlyj ujkzvj dkbzybtdühöejcnhjdbnzybnt.
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bpgjkpdf nhelün yfvtcnybébntkb, yj nüq rfnj cnfdf dct gjvfkjåhjqyj, öfdfqcrjnj yfctktybtyt vjét lf pfljdjkb nühctytnj.Pfnjdf vtéle 1852 b 1930 u.cjåcndtybwbnt yf gkfynfwbbljdtélfndÖfdfbnt400000ptvtltkcrbhfåjnybwb,ukfdyjfpbfnwb.Ghtp1852 u. tnybxtcrbntöfdfqwbghtlcnfdkzdfnyfl95ghjwtynfjnyfctktybtnj yf jcnhjdbnt. Ghtp1900u.ntcfgjvfkrjjn15ghjwtynf jn wzkjnj yfctktybt, yfåhjzdfojvfkrjgjdtxtjn150000leib,jnrjtnjåkbpj75ghjwtynfcfbpnjxyjfpbfnwb.
Cktl 1930 u. yjdbntébntkb yfÖfdfbntcfukfdyjjnCütlbytybntofnb. Ghtp 1910 u. cfvj tlby yfdctrbgtnébntkbyfÖfdfbnttjntdhjgtqcrb ghjbpöjl (jn åzkfnfhfcf,rfrnjctbphfpzdfndÖfdfbnt). Ctuf åkbpj 40 ghjwtynf jnyfctktybtnjyfofnftbpwzkjbkbxfcnbxyjjnåzkfnfhfcf.
Yfctktybtnj yf Öfdfbnt, rjtnjyfåhjzdf 300 000 leib ghtlbbldfytnjyftdhjgtqwbnt,yfvfkzdflj54000leibghtp1876u.,cktlrjtnjpfgjxdfjnyjdjlfctedtkbxfdf. D yfxfkjnj yf 20nt ujlbybyf 20 dtr åhjzn yfébntkbnt ljcnbuf ybdjnj jnghtlb pfctkdfytnj
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yftdhjgtqwb,fghtp1988u.ofnünbvf 1.1 vbkbjyf ébntkb. Pfhflbbvbuhfwbznf ujlbiybzn ghbhfcnyf yfctktybtnj t ljcnf gjdbcjrjn chtlybz pf Cütlbytybnt ofnbghbhfcn.
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Ghtp 120nt ujlbyb cktl jnrhbdfytnjbvjnRerjcnhjdbntbvfnåehyf gjkbnbxtcrf bcnjhbz. Hfpkbxybnt jcnhjdyb dkfltntkb cfjncnhfytyb vtéle 1785 b 1795 u.jn vjuüobz djél Rfvtzvtz.Yfhfcndfojnj dkbzybt yf vbcbjythbnt gjcntgtyyj lbcrhtlbnbhfdkfcnnf yf öfdfqcrbnt djéljdt bghtp 19 dtr rjyrehbhfobnt ctgjkbnbxtcrbbynthtcbyfhfpkbxybtdhjgtqcrb cnhfyb pfgjxdfn lfpfgükdfncüplfkbzctdfreev.
D ckexfq, xt Öfdfbnt pfueåzngjkbnbxtcrfnf cb ytpfdbcbvjcn, tåbkj ytbpåtéyj fytrcbhfytnj yfjcnhjdbnt jn Cütlbytybnt ofnbgjhflb pfcbkdfofnf ct hjkz yffvthbrfywbnt. C yfhfcndfytnj yfåhjzbdkbzybtnjyffvthbrfycrbntgkfynfnjhb,yfhfcndfbnzöyjnjytljdjkcndj jn öfdfqcrjnj ghfdbntkcndj. Ghtp 1887 u. nt ghbyeélfdfn vjyfhöbznf lf bpküxb xhtpbpåjhb ghfdbntkcndj, rjtnj lf tgjl rjynhjkf yf gkfynfnjhbnt.Vjyfhöbznftjrjyxfntkyjcdfktyf
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