cocora 2011 tutorial

7/31/2019 Cocora 2011 Tutorial

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Maria Stella Iacobucci

HR SERVICESHR SERVICES

[email protected]

COCORA 2011, April 17

Managing Future Radiomobile and WirelessNetworks through Reconfigurable Radio Systems

The First International Conference on Advances in Cognitive RadioCOCORA 2011

April 17-22, 2011 - Budapest, Hungary


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2COCORA 2011, April 17

Outline

Introduction

Radiomobile networks

Wireless networks

Software Radio mobile terminal

Cognitive Radio: concept and introduction

Regulatory issues in US

White spaces and IEEE 802.22

ETSI Funcional Architecture for Cognitive Radio networks

IEEE 1900.4


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Outline

Introduction


Wireless networks


Cognitive Radio: concept and capabilities




IEEE 1900.4


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WiFi 2G/3G LTE back to basic !

SharedSharedSharedShared Wireless Link

UserTerminal

BackHauling Link

Distance (m)Distance (m)Distance (m)Distance (m)

TotalTotalTotalTotal WirelessWirelessWirelessWirelessCapacity (Bit/s)Capacity (Bit/s)Capacity (Bit/s)Capacity (Bit/s)

BackHaulingBackHaulingBackHaulingBackHauling

Capacity (Bit/s)Capacity (Bit/s)Capacity (Bit/s)Capacity (Bit/s)

Terminal MobilityTerminal MobilityTerminal MobilityTerminal Mobility((((m/sm/sm/sm/s))))

What is fundamentalWhat is fundamentalWhat is fundamentalWhat is fundamental....

QoSQoSQoSQoS

andandandand....

Indoor / Outdoor coverageIndoor / Outdoor coverageIndoor / Outdoor coverageIndoor / Outdoor coverage

Radio CarrierRadio CarrierRadio CarrierRadio Carrier Frequency (GHz)Frequency (GHz)Frequency (GHz)Frequency (GHz)

Allocated Spectrum width (MHz)Allocated Spectrum width (MHz)Allocated Spectrum width (MHz)Allocated Spectrum width (MHz)

LicencedLicencedLicencedLicenced //// UnlicencedUnlicencedUnlicencedUnlicencedRadio SpectrumRadio SpectrumRadio SpectrumRadio Spectrum

SecuritySecuritySecuritySecurity

ReliabilityReliabilityReliabilityReliability

StandardStandardStandardStandard

Economic Sustainability ...Economic Sustainability ...Economic Sustainability ...Economic Sustainability ...

Power constraints (Watt)Power constraints (Watt)Power constraints (Watt)Power constraints (Watt)

Radio InterferenceRadio InterferenceRadio InterferenceRadio Interference Radio Modulation TechnologyRadio Modulation TechnologyRadio Modulation TechnologyRadio Modulation Technology

Radio Station


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Outline

Introduction


Wireless networks





ETSI Funcional Architecture for Cognitive Radio networks IEEE 1900.4


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20082007 2009Time

20101992 2001 2003

Mobile Broadband

10 kps

100 kps

HSPA 2

14 Mps

HSPA 1

EDGE

UMTS

GSM

7 Mps

300 kps

3 Mps

HSPA ev.

30 MpsLTE

100 Mps

MOBILE INTERNET

MOBILE VIDEO

eMAIL

MOBILE BROADBAND

Mobile Access: from BB (BroadBand) to UBB(Ultra BroadBand)

6


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A

A-bisBTS

MS (ME+SIM) Cell

BSCBSC BSC

MSCG-MSC

Circuitswitchednetworks

(PSTN, ISDN)

Other packetnetworks

Gb

Gn GiSGSN GGSN

BSCBSC BSC

MSCDual Access

SGSN

Dual Access

BTS

GSM/GPRS/EDGE network architecture

UMTS/HSPA network architecture

A

A-bisBTS

MS (ME+SIM)

RNC area

Cell

BSCBSC BSC

MSCG-MSC

Circuitswitchednetworks

(PSTN, ISDN)


Gb

Gn GiSGSN GGSN

BSCBSC BSC

MSCDual Access

SGSN

Dual Access

BTS

RNCRNCRNC

Node B Iub

Iu (PS)Iu (CS)

Iur

MS (ME+ USIM)


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Full Ip Architecture

Cell

BTSeNodeB

BTS: Base Transceiver Station

BSC: Base Station Controller

RNC: Radio Network Controller

9

eNode B: evolved Node B

Core NetworkCore NetworkCore Network

LTE: Long Term Evolution


MME S/P GW Gi


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Radiomobile spectrum


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Bandwidth and Carrier

900 MHz 1800 MHz 2100 MHz

GSM 900 GSM 1800

80 MHz 170 MHz 250 MHz

up

link

downlink up

link

downlink up

link

downlink

UMTS 2100

~9% ~10% ~12%Bandwidth

Carrier

=


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How much are the costs (Italy)?

M per MHz and per year

1992 / 1998 2000 2008 2009

1,5

0,072

8,5

1,6

GSM @

900 MHz / 1800 MHz

UMTS @ 2100 MHz

(5 MHz 826 M)

UMTS @ 2100 MHz

(5 MHz 89 M)

WiMAX @ 3500 MHz

year


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and the radio performances?

21

28

(64QAM)

HSPA+

(MIMO)

1,8 14,4HSDPA

0,236EDGE

0,384 *UMTS

150 300LTE

Theoretic peak

bit rate (Mbit/s)System

*seven data contemporary connections at 384 kbit/s each

4,2

5,6

5

5

7,5 1520

0,35 2,95

0,55

1,20,2

Efficiency

(bit/s/Hz)

Bandwidth

(MHz)


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Example: LTE frequencies and prices


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Radiomobile networks: 3GPP releases

201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

R99 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10

UMTS

HSPA

DL

HSPA

UL

LTE

LTE

Adv

HSPA

+

Adaptive

Modulation&Coding

HybridARQ&IncrementalRedundancy

Hybrid ARQ Higher

OrderModulation(HSUPA)

AdaptiveModulation&Coding

HybridARQ&Incre

mentalRedundancy

2x2MIMO

Dual carrier

OFDM

SC-FDMA

4x4MIMO

Multicarrierchannel-dependentresourcescheduling

Fractionalfrequencyreuse

Spectrum

aggregation; spectrumflexibility

Advanced MIMOtechniques: up to8 layertransmission indownlink

Single userMIMO up to4 layertransmission in uplink

Coordinatedmultipointtransmission and

reception


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Radiomobile networks the multi-standard network

GSM 900 Macro

GSM

2G

LTE

GSM/EDGEUMTS/HSDPALTE

4G

GSM 1800 Macro

GSM micro GSM pico

UMTS 2100-F1

(idle & R99)

UMTS 2100-F2(HSDPA)

UMTS 900

UMTS 2100-F3

UMTS micro UMTS pico/femto

GSM/EDGEUMTS/HSDPA (2100MHz)UMTS/HSDPA (900MHz)

GSM/EDGEUMTS/HSDPA

GSM/EDGEUMTS/HSDPA

GSM/GPRSUMTS (R99)

3G


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Radiomobile networks Common Radio Resource Management

Definition of traffic allocation strategies:

Among different radio access strategies

Inside the same radio technology, among different cellular layers

Terminal capability;

Type of Service / Quality ofService;

User profile;

Cell load

CRRM Choise of the layer that

optimizes KPI (Key

Performance Indicator)INPUT

OUTPUT

Examples: voice on GSM, HSDPA data on F2, load sharing,

From TI Lab


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Radiomobile networks Common Radio ResourceManagement

Traffic Steering

Users/services segregation ondifferent resources

Load balancing

Traffic balancing among resources inorder to optimize the whole capacity

Camping strategy

Traffic steeringstrategy

Servicerequest

Traffic steeringstrategy

Servicerequest

Idle mode

Redirection

Directed Retry

Connected mode

Handover

From TI Lab


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State of the art and near term evolutionRadiomobile networks Next Challenges

Riconfigurability

Flexible handling of ratio

terminales in available

bandwidths.

Software Defined Radio (SDR)

Self-OrganizationDynamic adaptation of parameters:

Self-Organizing Network (SON)

Real Time Planning SystemCommon RRM

Multi-RAT Access NetworkStatic configuration of

parameters

Cognitive Network

Adaptive network

(including radio frequency:

Dynamic Spectrum Management)

Efficiently control a more and more dynamic network

From TI Lab


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Self Organizing Networks

Framework of SON in 3GPP

From Wikipedia:

The vision of self-organizing networks(SON), which is in line with the views of3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)

and theNGMN (Next Generation MobileNetworks) group, is that future radio accessnetworks needs to be easier to plan,configure, manage, optimize and healcompared to how it used to be

Newly added base stations should be self-configured in line with a plug-and-playparadigm, while all operational basestations will regularly self-optimizeparameters and algorithmic behavior inresponse to observed network performanceand radio conditions

Self-healing mechanisms can be triggeredto temporarily compensate for a detectedequipment outage, while awaiting a morepermanent solution


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Outline

Introduction


Wireless networks





ETSI Funcional Architecture for Cognitive Radio networks IEEE 1900.4


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WiMAX & 802.16


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WiMAX

WiMax (IEEE 802.16)

Adaptive Modulation & Coding

Frequency selective scheduling

Fractional frequency reuse


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Wireless LANs

Ad hoc network architecture

Wired LAN

Infrastructure network architecture


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Mesh networks

Single radio: radio coverage and AP links areboth at 2.4 GHz

Dual radio: radio coverage is at 2.4 GHz andAP links are at 5 GHz


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Unlicenced 2.4 and 5 GHz bandwidth

Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) BandOnly 3x20 Mhz non overlapping channels available (in practical implementations)2.4GHz2.4GHz2.4GHz2.4GHz

2.4GHz2.4GHz2.4GHz2.4GHz

UserBitRate

UserBitRate

UserBitRate

UserBitRate

NumberofUsersinNumberofUsersinNumberofUsersinNumberofUsersinthearea

theareatheareathearea

Distance

Distance

Distance

Distance

RadioNo

ise

RadioNo

ise

RadioNo

ise

RadioNo

ise

Example from a commercial data sheetExample from a commercial data sheetExample from a commercial data sheetExample from a commercial data sheet

Max rate at theMax rate at theMax rate at theMax rate at the

physicalphysicalphysicalphysical levellevellevellevel

Indoor PropagationIndoor PropagationIndoor PropagationIndoor Propagation

Non LineNon LineNon LineNon Line----ofofofof----sightsightsightsight

Terminal MobilityTerminal MobilityTerminal MobilityTerminal Mobility

( the corresponding( the corresponding( the corresponding( the corresponding

data throughput is


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Personal Area Networks

RFIDNFC

802.15 radio standards


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802.15.4 & Zigbee

SENSOR NETWORKS

Home Networking Automotive Networks

Remote Metering

.


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Wifi & Zigbee

Wifi (IEEE 802.11)

Global operation in the 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequency

Automatic frequency selection Adaptive Modulation & Coding

Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4)

Global operation in the 2.4GHz frequency band according to IEEE 802.15.4

Regional operation in the 915Mhz (Americas) and 868Mhz (Europe).

Frequency agile solution operating over 16 channels in the 2.4GHz frequency

Discovery mechanism with full application confirmation

Pairing mechanism with full application confirmation


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Distance

LAN(Local Area Network)

PAN(Personal Area

Network)

WAN(Wide Area Network)

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

PAN(Personal Area

Network)

WAN(Wide Area Network)

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

2G, 3G, LTEIEEE 802.16family

IEEE 802.11family

BlueTooth,ZigBee

Standard

LongMediumShortVery ShortRange

WANMANLANPAN

(*) (*)

(*) Licenced Spectrum

etti BAN dentro


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Seamless Network

GSM/GPRS/EDGE

UMTS/HSPA

HSPA+

LTE

WLAN

MESH

PANsensors

sensors

PANsensors


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Scenario: multimode, multiband future

32

WPAN

Sensor ntwk

Services andApplications

Services andApplications

BS

AP

GW

Sensor ntwk

GW

Wireless Ad-Hoc Sensor

and Control Networks

IP-BASED CORE NETWORK

3G/4G Systems

HUB

WLAN /Femto Hot-Spot


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Outline

Introduction


Wireless networks






IEEE 1900.4


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Towards multimode, multiband Software Radio

Each radio interface isimplemented throughIntegrated Circuits conceivedfor a set of specific functions

Wireless device characteristicsare fixed

Software Radio approach:

the wireless terminal isreconfigurable via software

It can be easily updated to newor later versions of the airinterface and allows multipleinterfaces to be supported


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Software radio wireless terminal

Such a radio computer is capable to run multiple radios simultaneously and canchange this set of radios by loading new radio application software even at run-time

digital radio multiband multimode

Economic and effective upgrade of terminals and network infrasfructures

through download of software modules

The physical platform is made of :

1) antennas;

2) front-end modules (filters, power ampl, etc.)

3) RF transceiver;4) baseband processors for (de)modulation;

5) baseband processors for (de)coding;

6) control processors for protocol stacks;

7) application interface units

O li


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Outline

Introduction


Wireless networks






IEEE 1900.4

Th iti t


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The cognitive concept

From Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia:

Cognition is the scientific termfor "the process of thought"

The term cognition (from latincognoscere, "to know", "toconceptualize" or "to

recognize") refers to a facultyfor the processing ofinformation, applyingknowledge, and changing

preferences

C iti di


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Cognitive radioJoseph Mitola in 1999 introduced the following definition for CR:

the point in which wireless personal digital assistants (PDAs) and the related networksare sufficiently computationally intelligent about radio resources and relatedcomputer-to-computer communications to detect user communications needs as afunction of use context, and to provide radio resources and wireless services mostappropriate to those needs

Spectrum Sensing Cognitive Radio: in which only the radio frequency spectrum is

considered

Full Cognitive Radio: in which every possible parameter observable by a wireless node ornetwork is taken into account


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Capabilities of Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive capabilities

Spectrum Sensing: possibility to individuate spectrum holes

Spectrum Sharing: possibility of sharing spectrum under the terms of anagreement between a licensee and a third party. Parties may eventuallybe able to negotiate for spectrum use on an ad hoc or real-time basis,without the need for prior agreements between all parties

Location Identification: ability to determine the MT location and thelocation of other transmitters, and then select the appropriate operatingparameters such as the power and frequency allowed at its location

Network/System Discovery: for a cognitive radio terminal to determinethe best way to communicate, it shall first discover available networks

around it

Service Discovery: service discovery usually accompanies withnetwork/system discovery



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Reconfigurable Capabilities

Frequency Agility: it is the ability of a radio to change its operating frequency

Dynamic Frequency Selection: it is a mechanism that dynamically detectssignals from other radio frequency systems and avoids co-channel operationwith those systems

Adaptive Modulation/Coding: possibility of modifing transmissioncharacteristics and waveforms to provide opportunities for improved spectrum

access and more intensive use of spectrum Transmit Power Control: transmit power control is a feature that enables a

device to dynamically switch between several transmission power levels in thedata transmission process

Dynamic System/Network Access: for a cognitive radio terminal to accessmultiple communication systems/networks which run different protocols, theability to reconfigure itself to be compatible with these systems is necessary


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Self-Organized capabilities

Spectrum/Radio Resource Management: manage and organize

spectrum holes information among cognitive radios

Mobility and Connection Management: due to the heterogeneity ofCRNs, routing and topology information is more and more complex.Good mobility and connection management can help neighborhood

discovery, detect available Internet access and support verticalhandoffs, which help cognitive radios to select route and networks

Trust/Security Management: trust is thus a prerequisite for securingoperations in CRNs.

Outline


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Outline

Introduction


Wireless networks






IEEE 1900.4

R l t i i US


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FCC, December 2003:

Advances in technology are creating the potential for radio systems to usespectrum more intensively and more efficiently than in the past

Cognitive radio technologies have the potential to provide a number ofbenefits that would result in increased access to spectrum and also make newand improved communication services available to the public

FCC indicates four different application scenarios:

Scenario 1: Licensed Networks A licencee operator uses Cognitive Radio Technologies inside its network

to increase the efficient use of radio resource



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Scenario 2: Secondary Markets

A licencee operator and asecondary unlicenced operatoragree to a secondary spectrum

usage for cognitive radioterminals

Scenario 3: Coordination ofLicensed Operation



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Near Real Time Secondary Markets

In the electric power industry there is an hour-to-hour market for power exchange

Should we remove any barriers to such a market in the commercial spectrum area?

Such a market might require: An exchange mechanism to bring buyers and sellers together

A standard definition for what is being bought and sold

A real time spectrum management monitor to insure compliance

Exchange Mechanism

SpectrumLicenseesSeeking toLease outUnderutilizedSpectrum

Potential

SpectrumUsers

Inform

ation

about

avail

able

spec

trum

Informationa

bout

availables

pectrumBid

sBids

Acceptance of bid and

authorization

Payment



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Scenario 4: non voluntary third party access

Unlicenced cognitive radio terminals operate in times and zones wherelicenced spectrum is underutilized

R l t i i US


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On November 4, 2008, the FCC voted 5-0 to approve the unlicenseduse of white space devices must both consult an FCC-mandateddatabase to determine which channels are available for use at a givenlocation, and must also monitor the spectrum locally once every

minute to confirm that no legacy wireless microphones, video assistdevices or other emitters are present. If a single transmission isdetected, the device may not transmit anywhere within the entire6 MHz channel in which the transmission was received

On September 23, 2010 the FCC released a Memorandum Opinion andOrder that determined the final rules for the use of white space forunlicensed wireless devices. The new rules removed mandatorysensing requirements which greatly facilitates the use of the spectrumwith geolocation based channel allocation. The final rules adopt a

proposal from the White Spaces Coalition for very strict emission rulesthat prevent the direct use of IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) in a single channeleffectively making the new spectrum unusable for Wi-Fi technologies

Outline


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Outline

Introduction


Wireless networks






IEEE 1900.4

White spaces


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White spaces

September 2010: FCC has given a green light for the use of "white spaces" in order to

deliver broadband connections as super "WiFi"

to prevent interference to authorised users of the TV bands, TV bands devices mustinclude a geo-location capability and the capability to access a database that identifiesincumbent users entitled to interference protection

The TV bands databases will be used by fixed and personal portable unlicensed devicesto identify unused channels that are available at their geographic locations

White spaces transmissions


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te spaces t a s ss o sspectrum sensing and a geo-detecting database system to protect the TV signals from interference

http://www.emcrules.com/

Mode I devices receive regular signals from Mode II devices providingan updated list of good-to-go channels, or they must contact the Mode II devices themselves atleast once per minuteMode II and fixed devices must check their own locations at the same rate,

except if in "sleep mode

September 23, 2010: FCC FREES UP VACANT TV AIRWAVES FOR SUPER WI-FI TECHNOLOGIES

802.22: the First Wireless Standard based onC i i R di


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Cognitive Radios

Fixed radios: limited to 100 feet in heigt; limited to 4wattsEIRP

Portable devices: the power limit is 40mw adjacent and

100mw when not adjacent to another to a protected TVchannel

802.22


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OFDMA

6,7,8 MHz Bandwidth

Flexible bandwidth allocation using FFT

Channel bonding

Fractional bandwidth usage

Adaptive resource allocation according to user environments

Channel selectivity

Outline


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Introduction


Wireless networks






IEEE 1900.4

Key Challenges in Europe


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Key challenges are similar to other regions:

Greater fragmentation

Regulation not fully converged

Incumbents resistant to effective changes

ETSI published deliverables on RRS

(http://www.etsi.org/website/technologies/RRS.aspx) and a series ofrecommendation for standardization

Asian countries are investing heavily in CR

US has a strong wireless technology base and is motivated by FCCposition

Near Term Evolution for cognitive radio networks


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Terminal Reconfiguration - Joint Radio Resource Management scenario

Base Station Reconfiguration an example

http://www.etsi.org/website/technologies/RRS.aspx From ETSI


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ETSI Reconfigurable Radio Systems Functional Architecture


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57COCORA 2011, April 17 From ETSI

MS

In uplink, used to transmit the amount of available spectrum for thedifferent RATs, unoccupied spectrum bands, spectrum opportunities,

as well as the cost of service provision

In downlink, used to request information on current spectrum usageand spectrum usage policies

MJ

send information on the current context, i.e. theamount of resources used in each RAT and cell as

well as other relevant context and status information

MC

used toexchange of configuration information,uplink:report the current configuration of a base

station and their cells as well as the reconfigurationcapabilities

CJ

used to synchronize the CCM with the JRRMJR

used to report information on the resourcestatus like cell load or measurements of thecurrent active links as well as candidate links

CR

This interface is used by the CCM on theterminal side as well as on the network side to

execute the configuration/reconfiguration of theunderlying RATs

JJ-TN

used to:

send Neighbourhood Information from the network to the terminal;

provide Access Selection Information (e.g. Access Selection Policies orHandover Decisions) from the network to the terminal;

optionally exchange measurement information (Link performance ofactive links, measurements on candidate links, measurements on

spectrum usage, etc.)

ETSI Reconfigurable Radio Systems Functional ArchitectureSingle Operator

ETSI Reconfigurable Radio Systems Functional ArchitectureMulti-Operator


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SS

used to

exchange information on current spectrum usage;

exchange information on spectrum usage policies;

negotiate on the spectrum usage between operators

(e.g. when one operator provides a certain spectrum for acertain time to another operator)

MM

Optional, can be used for the exchange of informationon the network configuration in order to avoid or reduce

interference between the networks

JJ-NN

used to support the negotiation and execution ofhandovers of users between different operators

Multi Operator

ETSI Reconfigurable Radio Systems Functional ArchitectureMulti-hop viewpoint


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Multi hop viewpoint

JJ-TT

used to

exchange information between terminals

transfer information from the network via the JJ-TN interface to a first terminal which relays thenthe information exchanged via the JJ-TN interface

to a second terminal and vice versa

From ETSI

Cognitive Pilot Channel (CPC): Concept and Motivation


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The spectrum awareness arises as a basic challenge in a generic scenario, where a numberof transceivers even with flexible time-varying assignment of operating frequency and/orRAT are deployed

CPC allows the terminal to obtain knowledge of the communication means available at agiven time and place

A mobile terminal may use the CPC during one or both of the following phases:

"start-up" phase:

turning on, the terminal detects (e.g. on one or more well-known frequencies) the CPC andoptionally could determine its geographical information by making use of some positioning system

The information retrieved by the mobile terminal is sufficient to initiate a communication session

optimized to time, situation and location

"ongoing" phase:

When the terminal is camped on to a network, a periodic check of the information forwarded bythe CPC may be useful to rapidly detect changes in the environment due to either variations of themobile position or network reconfigurations.

In this phase, the same information of the "start-up" phase could be delivered by the CPC withadditional data, such as services, load situation, etc.

From ETSI

Scenarios/deployments and use cases


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CPC database information model

From ETSI

Scenarios/deployments and use cases


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Bi-directional out-band CPC

Outline


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Introduction


Wireless networks






IEEE 1900.4

IEEE 1900.4


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From April 2009, 1900.4 Working Group works on two projects:

1900.4a: Standard for Architectural Building Blocks Enabling Network-Device Distributed Decision Making for Optimized Radio ResourceUsage in Heterogeneous Wireless Access Networks - Amendment:Architecture and Interfaces for Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks inWhite Space Frequency Bands

1900.4.1: Standard for Interfaces and Protocols Enabling DistributedDecision Making for Optimized Radio Resource Usage inHeterogeneous Wireless Networks

http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc41/4/index.htm

IEEE 1900.4system architecure


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Network side entities

Operator Spectrum Manager (OSM) is the entity that

enables operator to control dynamic spectrum

assignment decisions of the NRM

RAN Measurement Collector (RMC) is the entity that

collects RAN context information and provides it to

the NRM

Network Reconfiguration Manager (NRM) is the entity

that manages the CWN and terminals for network terminal

distributed optimization of radio resource

usage and improvement of QoS

RAN Reconfiguration Controller (RRC) is the entity

that controls reconfiguration of RANs based on

requests from the NRM

Terminal side entities

Terminal Measurement Collector (TMC) is the entity

that collects terminal context information and provides

it to the TRM

Terminal Reconfiguration Manager (TRM) is the entity

that manages the terminal for network-terminal

distributed optimization of radio resource usage and

improvement of QoS within the framework defined by

the NRM and in a manner consistent with user

preferences and available context information

Terminal Reconfiguration Controller (TRC) is the

entity that controls reconfiguration of terminal based

on requests from the TRM

IEEE 1900.4network architecture and use cases


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66COCORA 2011, April 17 From IEEE


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Relationship between

IEEE 1900.4 systemndETSI RRS FA

Final considerations


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Reconfigurable Radio Systems Functional Atchitectures have beenproposted from ETSI and IEEE, to optimize radio spectrum usage andnetwork resources

BUT

will the operators promote or slow downa so high flexibility?


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cocora 2011 tutorial

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