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Coasts and Coral Reefs

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Page 1: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Coasts and Coral Reefs

Page 2: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Marine BiomeThe largest Biome on EarthBiome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Page 3: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Marine environments are divided into zones with the same general featuresClassified based on light, temperature, salinity depth, latitude, and water density

2 main zones:

Page 4: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Benthic Supralittoral Littoral (intertidal)Sublittoral (subtidal)BathyalAbyssalHadal

Page 5: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together
Page 6: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together
Page 7: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

CoastsIncludes zone effected by the processes that

occur at the shore, beach, shores, sand dunes, cliffs

Over 440,000 km of shoreLocation depends on

UpliftErosionRedistribution of material by sediment transport

Active and passive coastsErosional or depositional

Page 8: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together
Page 9: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together
Page 10: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Sea level has been at current elevation for 2500 years

Sea level has varied 410 feet below current level

18,000 years ago

Page 11: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together
Page 12: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Coasts are affected by sea level changesSea levels varies because of….

GlaciationSea floor spreadingTemperatureTectonic motionsStorms and currents

Page 13: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together
Page 14: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Depositional CoastsAffected by

Currents, waves, erosion, storms, etc. Rip currents

When a group of incoming waves pies an excess water on the landward side of the surf zone than the long shore current can carry away

Page 15: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Rip Current Video

Page 16: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Now lets work or way off the coast…..

Page 17: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Intertidal ZonesThe intertidal area (also called the littoral zone) is where the land and sea meet, between the high and low tide zones.

Page 18: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS of the littoral zone:

Moisture: The littoral zone is covered with salt water at high tides, and it is exposed to the air at low tides.

Organisms must be adapted to both very wet and very dry conditions.

Page 19: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Water MovementThe turbulence of the water is another

reason that this area can be very difficult one in which to survive - the rough waves can dislodge or carry away organisms.

Many intertidal animals burrow into the sand (like clams), live under rocks, or attach themselves to rocks (like barnacles and mussels).

Page 20: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Temperature: ranges from the moderate temperature of the water to air temperatures that vary from below freezing to scorching.

Page 21: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Salinity: Depressions on the shores sometimes

form tide pools, areas that remain wet, although they are not long-lasting features. The salinity of tide pools varies from the

salinity of the sea to from much more salty due to evaporation to much less salty, when rainwater or runoff dilutes it.

Page 22: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Vertical Zones:The littoral zone is divided into vertical zones: spray zone, high tide zone, middle tide zone, and low tide zone.

Page 23: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together
Page 24: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

spray zone

high tide zone

middle tide zone

low tide zone

Subtidal zone

Page 25: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together
Page 26: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Spray Zone: Also called the Upper Littoral, Fringe, the Splash Zone, and the Barnacle Belt.

This area is dry much of the time, but is sprayed with salt water during high tides. It is only flooded during

storms and extremely high tides.

Tiny organisms called meiofauna live in spaces between sand grains and help filter water from land before it reaches the ocean.

Page 27: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Barnacles, isopods, lichens, lice, limpets, periwinkles, and whelks

Page 28: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

High Tide Zone: Also called the Upper Mid-littoral Zone or high intertidal zone.

This area is flooded only during high tide.

Page 29: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Barnacles, brittle stars, chitons, green algae, isopods, limpets, mussels, sea stars, whelks

Page 30: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Middle Tide Zone: Also called the Lower Mid-littoral Zone.

This turbulent area is covered and uncovered twice a day with salt water from the tides.

Page 31: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Barnacles, chitons, crabs, green algae, limpets, mussels, sea lettuce, sea palms, sea stars, sponges, whelks

Page 32: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Low Tide Zone: Also called the Lower Littoral Zone.

This area is usually under water - it is only exposed when the tide is unusually low.

Organisms in this zone are not well adapted to long periods of dryness or to extreme temperatures.

Page 33: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Abalone, anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, hydroids, isopods, limpets, mussels, nudibranch, sea cucumbers, sea lettuce, sea urchins, shrimp, sponges, tube worms, whelks

Page 34: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together
Page 35: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Competition in the Intertidal zone Plants and animals compete for food

and for space in the intertidal. Some organisms grow faster and

physically overrun their competitors. For example, large acorn barnacles (Balanus

glandula) overrun the small acorn barnacles (Chthamalus fissus).

Some organisms are stronger competitors because they move faster or filter water for plankton more efficiently.

Page 36: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

video

Page 37: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Intertidal Zone Poster1) Title2) 4 Zones, labeled3) AKAs (as known as)4) 2 organisms in each5) Description of Each (zone)6) COLOR

Page 38: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

EstuariesEstuaries are bodies of water and their surrounding coastal habitats typically found where rivers meet the sea.

Estuaries harbor unique plant and animal communities because their waters are brackish—a mixture of fresh water draining from the land and salty seawater.

Many animal species rely on estuaries for food and as places to nest and breed.

Page 39: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Physical Properties of EstuariesThe salinity of estuarine water change from one day to the next depending on the tides, weather, or other factors

Many estuaries are protected from the full force of ocean waves, winds, and storms

Page 40: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Types of EstuariesCoastal plain estuaries, or drowned river

valleys, are formed when rising sea levels flood existing river valleys. (aka salt marsh or delta)

Bar-built estuaries are characterized by barrier beaches or islands that form parallel to the coastline and separate the estuary from the ocean. Barrier beaches and islands are formed by the accumulation of sand or sediments deposited by ocean waves.

Tectonic estuaries are formed when the Earth’s tectonic plates run into or fold up underneath each other and create depressions.

Fjords are steep-walled river valleys created by advancing glaciers, which later became flooded with seawater as the glaciers retreated.

Page 41: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Fjord

Bar built estuary

Coastal plain

estuary

Tectonicestuary

Page 42: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Value of Estuariesvital nesting and feeding habitats for

many aquatic plants and animals. Most fish and shellfish eaten in the

United States, including salmon, herring, and oysters, complete at least part of their life cycles in estuaries.

maintain healthy ocean environments by filtering out sediments and pollutants from rivers and streams before they flow into the oceans.

Coastal recreation and tourism generate from $8-$12 billion per year in the United States alone

Page 43: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

video

Page 44: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Coastal Plain Estuary Bar-Built Estuary

Description: Description:

Fjord Tectonic Estuary

Description: Description:

Page 45: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Adaptations in the Estuary

Page 46: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Estuarine Food ChainProducers - Spartina or

cordgrass is the basis of the food web. Most of the Spartina is consumed after it has died!

Dead or decaying materials are called detritus. Organisms that eat detritus are called detritovores( shrimp, crabs, mollusks, microorganisms).

Herbivores – ducks, grasshoppers

Carnivores – raccoons, large fish, hawks, blue herons

Page 47: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Food Web Game !

1. Deal out all the cards. 2. First player places one card face

up in the middle of the table. 3. Next player plays a card that gets

energy from or gives energy to the first card by laying it side to side with the first card. Each card tells which other cards it can be attached to.

4. If a player has a card that can attach to two cards at the same time (It fits between two cards.) he/she jumps up and yells, “Food Web!”

5. Try to use all the cards to create one large food web.

Page 48: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Salt marshes

Page 49: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Continental Shelfextended perimeter of each continent

part of the continent during glacial periods but is today covered by relatively shallow seas or gulfs.

It is also known as the subtidal zone or sublittoral zone.

Page 50: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Continental Shelf:Physical CharacteristicsUp to 1,500 km in width (average

about 80 km)Depths up to 130 m.an oasis in the ocean for plants and

animals due to the abundance of:sunlight shallow watersnutrient packed sediment that washes

in from rivers, wave action, and, upwelling.

Page 51: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Organisms of the continental shelf

Abundant sediment and sunlight help support kelp, algae, phytoplankton and zooplankton.

Larger animals such as whales, sea birds, porpoise, tuna, cod and mackerel then feed upon them.

The continental shelf regions also contain the highest amount of benthic life (plants and animals that live on the ocean floor).

Page 52: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Value of Continental Shelf Ecosystems

People have depended on the continental shelf for thousands of years to provide 90% of the fisheries production in the world and, more recently, for petroleum.

Fossil fuels were formed when ancient plants and animals fell to sedimentary rock in the ocean floor.

Page 53: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Coral Reefs

warm, clear, shallow ocean habitats that are rich in life.

The reef's massive structure is formed from coral polyps, tiny animals that live in colonies; when coral polyps die, they leave

behind a hard, stony, branching structure made of limestone.

Page 54: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Anatomy of CoralsAlmost all corals are colonial

organisms. composed of thousands of individual

animals called polyps.Each polyp has a stomach that opens

at only one end. Food enters the stomach through the

mouth, waste products are expelled through the same opening.

The mouth is surrounded by a circle of tentacles. used for defense, capturing small animals

for food, and to clear away debris.

use stinging cells called nematocysts.

Page 55: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Symbiosis with ZooxanthallaeMost reef-building corals contain

photosynthetic algae, called zooxanthellae, that live in their tissues.

The corals and algae have a mutualistic relationship.The coral gives the algae protection

while the algae gives the coral glucose and oxygen from photosynthesis.

The algae provide the corals with essential nutrients in the nutrient poor waters of the tropics.

responsible for the unique and beautiful colors of many stony corals.

Page 56: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Feeding methods of coralsCorals feed at night.

night is when the zooplankton travel into the water column and become available for capture.

Keeping the tentacles retracted during the day may also help corals avoid predation, protect themselves from UV light, and avoid shading their zooxanthellae.

They utilize two main methods of prey capture: nematocyst adhesion mucus entrapment

Page 57: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Types of Coral ReefsFringing Reefs

Reefs that grow right along the edge of shore

Most common type

Page 58: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Atoll Reef - circular ring of reef with a lagoon in the center

Begins as fringing reef around an island

Island erodes and reef becomes a barrier reef

Island continues to erode and an atoll is left

Page 59: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Barrier Reefs develop a distance from the shore Separated from the shore by a lagoon Can serve as a barrier

Belize Barrier Reef

Page 60: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Corals require:-bright sunlight (<50-70 m water depths)-clear water-warm water -strong wave action and surface currents- will not develop on sand or where there is a lot of sediment or fresh water-thrive along the eastern margins of land masses taking advantage of westerly equatorial water flow

Page 61: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

coral bleaching

a process in which corals expel their algal cells (zooxanthellae)

Bleached coral looks like dead coral except polyps are still present.

Coral bleaching can be caused by stressful environmental conditions such as extreme temperature, low salinity, extreme light and various toxins.

More recently, coral reefs are showing early signs of stress due to global warming caused by green house gas emissions.

Page 62: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

affect of humans on coral survival

suffered significant damage from over-fishing and run-off from agricultural land.

people living close to the reefsIn the Caribbean alone, reef losses are endangering

a large number of species, from corals to sharks.It is estimated reefs provide $4 billion in ecosystem

services - quantifiable benefits including fishing, tourism and protecting the coast from storms

Page 63: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Coral reef video

Page 64: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Elkhorn Coral

a large, branching coral with thick and sturdy antler-like branches

Page 65: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Pillar Coral

Dendrogyra cylindrus is a distinctive coral that grows in grey-brown or olive cylindrical columns that have a hairy appearance

Page 66: Coasts and Coral Reefs. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

Fire Coral

Fire coral is related to jellyfish and anemones, and just like these creatures, it can really, really, sting.