coal ashes and the future of thermoelectricity in rio...

"Coal Ashes and the Future of Thermoelectricity in Rio Grande do Sul

State, Brazil – A Strategic Approach"

Geologist, Dr. Geraldo Mario RohdeEnvironmental Department Researcher

Porto Alegre – Sept. 16, 2009

THE HUMAN EFFECTUATION

THE HUMAN EFFECTUATION

HEAT = ENTROPY, DISORDER, DISSIPATION,

CHAOS (DETERMINISTIC?), UNCERTAINTY,

WHIRLPOOLS, DESTRUCTION,

INDETERMINATIONS, CATHASTROF(S),

DISREGULATION,...

"ANTHROPOGENIC VOLCANO"

SISTEMAS CLIMÁTICOS FÍSICOSF ís ic a /Din â mic a Atmo s fé ric a

Din â mic aOc e â n ic a En e rg ia /Umid a d eT e rre s tre

Mu d a n ç aClimá tic a

So lo CO2

CO2

Ec o s s is te ma sT e rre s tre s Us o d aT e rra

Ativ id a d e sHu ma n a sUmid a d e Glo b a lBio g e o q u ímic aMa rítima

So l

Força externa Química/D

inâmica Estratosférica

Po lu e n te sQu ímic a T ro p o s fé ric aCICLOS BIOGEOQUÍMICOSVu lc õ e s

VOLCANO X THERMELECTRIC PLANT

COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO SYSTEMS THAT GENERATE ASHES.

SYSTEMCHARACTERISTICS

VOLCANO THERMOELECTRIC PLANT

Effectuation Natural (unconscious) Human (conscious)

System Natural Artificial

Combustion Various types of magma Coal; Fuel oil; Diesel; Natural

gas

Combustion place Magmatic chamber Furnace(inside of the boiler)

Combustion temperature

700 C — 1200 C (Cas &

Wright, 1988)

1300 C — 1500 C (Andrade,

1985)

Products Heat

Volcanic ashesH2OGases (NOx, CO2, SO2, etc.)

Heat

Coal ashes H2O Gases (NOx , CO2, SO2, etc.)

Explosion Yes ("Eruption")No

NoYes ("Accident")




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VOLCANO X THERMELECTRIC PLANT

SITES OF COAL ASH PRODUCTION

THERMOELECTRIC CONTEXT

THE ASHES ARE CONSIDERED (MERELY) AS SOLID WASTES THAT NEED TO BE CLASSIFIED AND DISPOSED INTO THE ENVIRONMENT.


THE ASHES ARE TAKEN AS A COST BY THE MONOPRODUCTIVE LINEAR ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, AN EXTERNALITY, A DISTURBANCE, A PASSIVE.


The brazilian ashes are, mostly, classified as solid wastes class II – not-dangerous, in IIA – not-inert (acc. to the norm NBR 10004 – ABNT, 2004)


ENVIRONMENTAL DISPOSAL

• "RETURN TO THE MINE PIT";

• LANDFILLS

INCORRECT DISPOSAL

CONSEQUENCES = QUINARY

INCORRECT DISPOSAL

THE RETURN...

RETURN TO THE OPEN PIT...

Table – Coal ashes production in Brazil by year, in tonnes (t)

Until 1960 decade 200,000

1970 decade 1,500,000

1980 and 1990 decades 2,000,000

Present 4,000,000

2010 decade Projection /Prospect 10,000,000

TABLE – NEW THERMOELECTRIC UNITS PROJECTSIN RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE

UNITS LOCATION – COUNTIES MW

UTE Presidente Médici – FaseC (ex-"Candiota III") – CGTEE

Candiota 350

UTE Seival – Tractebel Candiota 542

UTE Seival II – MPX-EBX Candiota 600

UTE Pampa – Tractebel Candiota 340

UTE Cibe Energia S. A. Candiota 700

UTE CT Sul Cachoeira do Sul 650

UTE CT Sul – II Cachoeira do Sul 325

UTE Jacuí I Charqueadas 350

THE TWO HALVES OF COAL

CLASSIC APPROACH

• "ECONOMIC GOOD" = ELECTRIC ENERGY, EXPORTED FROM THE PLACE OF PRODUCTION

• COAL ASHES = LOCAL AND RESILIENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

COAL ASHES IMAGE

• COAL ASHES = 50% OF COAL !!

• COAL ASHES = BYPRODUCTS [CCBs]

• COAL ASHES IN PEOPLE AWARENESS

= MATERIAL GOODS

• "The coal ashes will make the coal viable !" [Rohde, 1997]

COAL TWO HALVES

TABLE – PRODUCION OF MINERAL SUBSTANCES – NON-METALLIC

CLASS IN RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE IN 2007

Substances Value DNPM Factor m3 t Value (106 t)

Sand 4,322,821 m3 2.35 10.2

Crushed rocks and gravel 5,318,288 m3 1.64 8.7

Coal ashes 2.0

Mud(stone) 1,876,547 t 1.9

Limestone (rocks) 1,698,108 t 1.7

IN THE NATURE ...

Waste is not produced here.

NEW ENVIRONMENTAL IDEIAS...

THE ASHES ARE FOCUSED AS BYPRODUCTS AND NOT MORE AS SOLID WASTES TO BE DISPOSED.


• THE PRINCIPLE RESPONSABILITY (Hans Jonas, 1984)

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

•“Das Prinzip Verantwortung; Versuch einer Ethik für die technologische Zivilization“


• PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (numeric or statistical risc)

• PRECAUTION PRINCIPLE (unknown ou indeterminated risk)

• ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTENABILITY


• CLEANER PRODUCTION

• ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY (F4, F10, NC)

• ISO 14000 NORMS SYSTEM

• ZERO EMISSIONS PRINCIPLE

COAL ASHES APPLICATIONS


BLOCS

BLOCRETS

BRICKS

ARTFACTS


VASES

...

...

ETC.


ARTIFICIAL REEFS


HYDRELECTRIC POWER PLANT

FORQUETA RIVER DAM

(2002)

[São José do Herval/Putinga]


HYDRELECTRIC

FORQUETA RIVER

[35.760 m3 OF CONCRET]


BR 101 Km 281

NEW RESEARCHES

ZEOLITES

THE BOOK

Coal Ashes in Brasil

IN THE BOOK

POTENCIAL ASH PRODUCTION

Actual – 4 mi t/year

New Cenario – 12 mi t/year

NEEDS FOR COAL ASHES MARKET

MARKET !!

ABCC (laws, norms e fiscal incentives)

CENACIN


State Structuring Programe

aimed at the continuous use of coal

ashes.


ABCC [ AACA]

(laws, norms e fiscal incentives)


• High level consultance for private business

• Stablishing of norms and directives for the public sector

• Database about coal ashes

CENACIN – CENTRO NACIONAL DE EXCELÊNCIA EM CINZAS DE CARVÃO

Thank you !!

Muito obrigado !!




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