Cowboy West

Industrial East

Bessemer Process A cheep and efficient process for making steel, developed 1855 by british manufacturer Henry Bessemer and American ironmaker William Kelly. The technenique involved injecting air into molten iron to rempver the carbon and other impurities

Fredrick Law Olmsted Landscape architect who helped draw up a plan for “Greensward” which was selected to become Central Park in NYC

Homesteaders and Homestead Act Several US laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a “homestead” at little or no cost. A homesteader had to be the head of the household and 21 years old. They must have built a home, and farmed for 5 years.

186218571855

Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16

1866

Buffalo Soldiers members of the U.S 10th Cavalry Regiment of the U.S Army formed September 21, 1866 at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. First peace time all-black regiments.

Samual Gompers Led Cigar Makers’ International Union to join with other craft Unions. American Federation of Labor focused on collective bargaining to reach agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions.

http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsca.11352/

http://electronicvalley.org/derby/quiz/2006/gompersquiz.htm

1867 1868

Oliver Kelly and Grange Kelly started the Patrons of Husbandry that became popularly known at Grange. Grange was to provide a social outlet and an educational forum for isolated farm families.

Tammany Hall New York City’s powerful Democratic political machine headed by Boss Tweed

Tweed Ring Corrupt organization that Boss Tweed ran

1870

John D. Rockefeller Established the standard oil company and used a trust to gain total control of the oil industry in America. In the 1880’s, he was in control of over 90% of the oil refining business in Ohio. He gave away over $500 million, establishing the Rockefeller Foundation, providing funds to found the University of Chicago, and creating a medical institute that helped find a cure for yellow fever.

Kickback overpayment of government money that was :kickbacked” to government officials.

Jacob Riis At 21 he left his native Denmark for the U.S. He found work as a police reporter which exposed him to NYC’s slums where he was shocked at the conditions in the overcrowded, airless, filthy tenements. He expressed these hardships through writing.

http://historymatters.gmu.edu/mse/photos/question3.html

1873 1876

George Westinghouse Entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railway air brake and pioneer of the Electrical industry. Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Patented the Air brake on October 28, 1873

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/westinghouse_hi.html

George Armstrong Custer and The Battle of Little Big Horn Custer reported in 1874 that the Black Hills had lots of gold. In June 1876,Colonel Custer and his troops reached the Little Big Horn River where they met Native Americans. The Indians crushed Custer’s troops killing all of them within an hour. The Native Americans were led by Crazy Horse, Gall, and Sitting bull. This battle also became known as Custer’s Last Stand.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/custer/

1876

Thomas Alva Edison Established the world’s first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. He perfected the incandescent light-bulb patented in 1880 and invented an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power.

Thomas Alva Edison Established the world’s first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. He perfected the incandescent light-bulb patented in 1880 and invented an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power.

Alexander Graham Bell and the Telephone Bell invented the telephone along with Thomas Watson in 1876. The telephone opened the way for a worldwide communication network. It also created new jobs for women.

Alexander Graham Bell and the Telephone Bell invented the telephone along with Thomas Watson in 1876. The telephone opened the way for a worldwide communication network. It also created new jobs for women.

http://www.worthview.com/thomas-edison-inspirational-quotes/

http://iwritearticle.com/

1877

Chief Joseph Succeeded his father as the leader of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce when the US government forcibly removed them from their land in Wallowa Valley to a reservation in Idaho. .

Chief Joseph Succeeded his father as the leader of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce when the US government forcibly removed them from their land in Wallowa Valley to a reservation in Idaho. .

Nez Perce Native American people who live in the Pacific Northwest region of the US. In 1877 they were ordered to a reservation and refused to go. They fled to Canada and fought U.S Army along the way. After 5 days of fighting, 431 Nez Perce remained after being defeated..

Nez Perce Native American people who live in the Pacific Northwest region of the US. In 1877 they were ordered to a reservation and refused to go. They fled to Canada and fought U.S Army along the way. After 5 days of fighting, 431 Nez Perce remained after being defeated..

Vanderbilt Family American family of railroad who became socially prominent during the first half of the 19th century. Their fortune was established by the Shipping and Railroad industry. The Vanderbilt’s where the 7th wealthiest family in history. .

Vanderbilt Family American family of railroad who became socially prominent during the first half of the 19th century. Their fortune was established by the Shipping and Railroad industry. The Vanderbilt’s where the 7th wealthiest family in history. .

Gilded Age The period following the Civil War, running from the late 1860’s to about 1896. a time of enormous growth, railroads being the major industry. The North and West thrived while the South remained economically devastated. African Americans were stripped of many rights. Dominate issues included rights for black, tariff policy and monetary policy. Reformers works for various causes. .

Gilded Age The period following the Civil War, running from the late 1860’s to about 1896. a time of enormous growth, railroads being the major industry. The North and West thrived while the South remained economically devastated. African Americans were stripped of many rights. Dominate issues included rights for black, tariff policy and monetary policy. Reformers works for various causes. .

1879 1880 1881

Wild Bill Hickok Served as a scout and a spy during the Civil War and Later as a marshal in Abilene, Kansas.

Wild Bill Hickok Served as a scout and a spy during the Civil War and Later as a marshal in Abilene, Kansas.

Sweat Shop Negatively connotative term for any working environment considered to be unacceptably difficult or dangerous.

Sweat Shop Negatively connotative term for any working environment considered to be unacceptably difficult or dangerous.

Booker T Washington a prominent African American educator who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved the economic value to society. He headed the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama.

Booker T Washington a prominent African American educator who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved the economic value to society. He headed the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington

1883

Pendleton Civil Service Act A law enacted in 1883 that established a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to government jobs by means of the merit system based on candidates’ performance on an examination.

Pendleton Civil Service Act A law enacted in 1883 that established a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to government jobs by means of the merit system based on candidates’ performance on an examination.

Joseph Pulitzer A Hungarian immigrant who had bought the New York World in 1883 and pioneered popular innovations. These included a large Sunday edition, comics, sports coverage, and women’s news.

Joseph Pulitzer A Hungarian immigrant who had bought the New York World in 1883 and pioneered popular innovations. These included a large Sunday edition, comics, sports coverage, and women’s news.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer

1884 1885

Mugwumps Republican political activist who bolted form the Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the U.S They switched because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blain.

Mugwumps Republican political activist who bolted form the Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the U.S They switched because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blain.

Mark Twain Novelist and humorist who inspired a host of other young artist when he declared his independence of “literature and all that bosh”. His novels became classics. February 1885 his novel the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was published.

Mark Twain Novelist and humorist who inspired a host of other young artist when he declared his independence of “literature and all that bosh”. His novels became classics. February 1885 his novel the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was published.

http://meganw1213.edublogs.org/2013/02/25/theme-from-the-adventures-of-huckleberry-finn/

1886

Scabs Derogatory name used to describe people who would cross the picket-line and end the strike.

Scabs Derogatory name used to describe people who would cross the picket-line and end the strike.

Settlement House A community center providing assistance to residents, particularly immigrants, in a slum neighborhood. Run largely by middle class, college- educated women. These houses provided educational, cultural, and social services. Founded by Charles Stover and Stanton Ciot in NYC.

Settlement House A community center providing assistance to residents, particularly immigrants, in a slum neighborhood. Run largely by middle class, college- educated women. These houses provided educational, cultural, and social services. Founded by Charles Stover and Stanton Ciot in NYC.

Haymarket Affair On May 4th, 1886, 3,000 people gathered at Chicago’s Haymarket square to protest police. Someone tossed a bomb in the police line. 7 police and several workers died. 3 speakers and 5 radical republicans were charged with inciting riot, all 8 convicted. 4 were hung and 1 committed suicide in prison.

Haymarket Affair On May 4th, 1886, 3,000 people gathered at Chicago’s Haymarket square to protest police. Someone tossed a bomb in the police line. 7 police and several workers died. 3 speakers and 5 radical republicans were charged with inciting riot, all 8 convicted. 4 were hung and 1 committed suicide in prison.

http://www.scribe.org/events/streetmovies!undercover

Dawes Act A law that was intended to “Americanize” Native Americans by distributing reservation land individual Native American owners.

Dawes Act A law that was intended to “Americanize” Native Americans by distributing reservation land individual Native American owners.

Interstate Commerce Commission Regulatory body in the U.S. created by the interstate commerce act of 1887. Original purpose was to regulate railroads to ensure fair rates, eliminate race discrimination and regulate other aspects of common carriers.

Interstate Commerce Commission Regulatory body in the U.S. created by the interstate commerce act of 1887. Original purpose was to regulate railroads to ensure fair rates, eliminate race discrimination and regulate other aspects of common carriers.

18881887 1889

Jane Adams An influential member of the Social Gospel movement who founded Chicago’s Hull House in 1889.

Jane Adams An influential member of the Social Gospel movement who founded Chicago’s Hull House in 1889.

George Eastman Developed a series of more convenient alternatives to heavy glass plates previously used in photography. Photographers could use flexible film and send it to a studio for processing. He introduced the Kodak Camera.

George Eastman Developed a series of more convenient alternatives to heavy glass plates previously used in photography. Photographers could use flexible film and send it to a studio for processing. He introduced the Kodak Camera.

1890

Sherman Antitrust act and Monopoly A law enacted that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies, complete control over it’s industry’s production, wages, and prices, by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.

Sherman Antitrust act and Monopoly A law enacted that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies, complete control over it’s industry’s production, wages, and prices, by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.

Wounded Knee On Dec. 28 the 7th cavalry rounded up 350 starving and freezing Sioux and took them to camp at Wounded Knee Creek at South Dakota. Next day, Native Americans were forced to hand over weapons. Shot was fired. The 7th cavalry slaughtered 300 mostly unarmed Native Americans.

Wounded Knee On Dec. 28 the 7th cavalry rounded up 350 starving and freezing Sioux and took them to camp at Wounded Knee Creek at South Dakota. Next day, Native Americans were forced to hand over weapons. Shot was fired. The 7th cavalry slaughtered 300 mostly unarmed Native Americans.

Literacy Tests Voting restrictions imposed in the Southern States to limit blacks’ votes. The test for blacks were very hard and sometimes in different languages. Officials could pass or fail applicants as they wished.

Literacy Tests Voting restrictions imposed in the Southern States to limit blacks’ votes. The test for blacks were very hard and sometimes in different languages. Officials could pass or fail applicants as they wished.

Jim Crow Laws Laws enacted by Southern States and local governments to separate white and black people in public and private facilities.

Jim Crow Laws Laws enacted by Southern States and local governments to separate white and black people in public and private facilities.

1891

Collective Bargaining A process of negotiations between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching agreements that regulate working conditions.

Collective Bargaining A process of negotiations between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching agreements that regulate working conditions.

Populist A supporter of populism, a political philosophy urging social and political systems change that favors “the people” over “the Elites”. Short lived political party in the U.S established in 1891.

Populist A supporter of populism, a political philosophy urging social and political systems change that favors “the people” over “the Elites”. Short lived political party in the U.S established in 1891.

http://www.muthstruths.com/2011/08/25/collective-bargains-should-be-ratified-collectively/

1892

Omaha Platform Party program adopted at the convention of the Populist Party held in Omaha, Nebraska on July 4th. Preamble was written by Ignatius L. Donnelly. The planks represented the Farmers’ Alliance concerns. Free-currency monetarism, and endorsing the goals of the Urban Knights of Labor.

Omaha Platform Party program adopted at the convention of the Populist Party held in Omaha, Nebraska on July 4th. Preamble was written by Ignatius L. Donnelly. The planks represented the Farmers’ Alliance concerns. Free-currency monetarism, and endorsing the goals of the Urban Knights of Labor.

Ellis Island Immigrants had to pass inspections at immigration stations. About 20% of the immigrants at Ellis Island were detained for at least a day before being inspected but only about 2% were denied entry. The had medical examinations, government inspections. About 17 million passed through.

Ellis Island Immigrants had to pass inspections at immigration stations. About 20% of the immigrants at Ellis Island were detained for at least a day before being inspected but only about 2% were denied entry. The had medical examinations, government inspections. About 17 million passed through.

Ida B. Wells Born into slavery shortly before emancipation, she moved Memphis in the early 1880’s to work as a teacher. She later became editor of a local paper. The events of march 9th when 3 young blacks were lynched she ended up reporting about it.

Ida B. Wells Born into slavery shortly before emancipation, she moved Memphis in the early 1880’s to work as a teacher. She later became editor of a local paper. The events of march 9th when 3 young blacks were lynched she ended up reporting about it.

http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/flowersshow/166461496.html

1894

George Pullman and the Pullman Strike Inventor and industrialist who invented the Pullman sleeping car and “Palace cars”. Biggest single employer of Blacks in post civil war America. He owned a plant near Chicago. When business fell in 1894, Pullman cut jobs and wages and increased working hours in order to lower costs and keep profits, but not rents or prices in his town. His workers launched a strike which was eventually broken up by federal troops.

George Pullman and the Pullman Strike Inventor and industrialist who invented the Pullman sleeping car and “Palace cars”. Biggest single employer of Blacks in post civil war America. He owned a plant near Chicago. When business fell in 1894, Pullman cut jobs and wages and increased working hours in order to lower costs and keep profits, but not rents or prices in his town. His workers launched a strike which was eventually broken up by federal troops.

Andrew Carnegie Born in Scotland to poor parents, moved to America at age of 12. Six years later he worked his way up to becoming a private secretary to the local superintendent of Pennsylvania Railroad. Entered the steel business in 1873 and founded a successful Carnegie Steel Factory. Donated 90% of his wealth.

Andrew Carnegie Born in Scotland to poor parents, moved to America at age of 12. Six years later he worked his way up to becoming a private secretary to the local superintendent of Pennsylvania Railroad. Entered the steel business in 1873 and founded a successful Carnegie Steel Factory. Donated 90% of his wealth.

Eugene VS. Debs attempted to form an industrial union- American Railway Union. Union members were mostly unskilled and semiskilled laborers, but engineers and firemen joined too. 1894, the new union won a strike for higher wages. Membership grew to 150,000

Eugene VS. Debs attempted to form an industrial union- American Railway Union. Union members were mostly unskilled and semiskilled laborers, but engineers and firemen joined too. 1894, the new union won a strike for higher wages. Membership grew to 150,000

1895

Grandfather Clause Southern starts added the grandfather clause to their constitution. It started that even if a man failed the literacy test or could not afford the poll tax, he was still entitled to vote if he, his father, or his grandfather had been eligible to vote before Jan. 1st, 1867. Before that date, freed slaves did not have the right to vote.

Grandfather Clause Southern starts added the grandfather clause to their constitution. It started that even if a man failed the literacy test or could not afford the poll tax, he was still entitled to vote if he, his father, or his grandfather had been eligible to vote before Jan. 1st, 1867. Before that date, freed slaves did not have the right to vote.

William Randolph Hearst Purchased the New York Morning Journal in 1895, also owned the San Francisco Examiner. He tried to out do his competitor Pulitzer by filling the Journal with exaggerated tales of personal scandals, cruelty, hypnotism, and imaginary conquest of Mars.

William Randolph Hearst Purchased the New York Morning Journal in 1895, also owned the San Francisco Examiner. He tried to out do his competitor Pulitzer by filling the Journal with exaggerated tales of personal scandals, cruelty, hypnotism, and imaginary conquest of Mars.

W.E.B Dubois The first African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard in 1895 who strongly disagreed with Washington’s gradual approach to end racism. In 1905,he founded the Niagara Movement which insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts education so that the black community would have well educated leaders.

W.E.B Dubois The first African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard in 1895 who strongly disagreed with Washington’s gradual approach to end racism. In 1905,he founded the Niagara Movement which insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts education so that the black community would have well educated leaders.

1896

William McKinley In the 1896 presidential campaign, the republican party stated its fir, commitment to the gold standard and nominated McKinley from Ohio. He got about 7 million votes and carried the East. Won the Election.

William McKinley In the 1896 presidential campaign, the republican party stated its fir, commitment to the gold standard and nominated McKinley from Ohio. He got about 7 million votes and carried the East. Won the Election.

William Jennings Bryan Former Nebraska Congressmen and editor of the Omaha World Herald. He delivered the “Cross of Gold” speech at the Democratic convention in 1896 and won the Democratic nomination. He faced a difficult campaign due to the lack of support and funds.

William Jennings Bryan Former Nebraska Congressmen and editor of the Omaha World Herald. He delivered the “Cross of Gold” speech at the Democratic convention in 1896 and won the Democratic nomination. He faced a difficult campaign due to the lack of support and funds.

Plessy VS. Ferguson The supreme court ruled that the separation of races in a public place was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment. “Separate-but-equal” did not violate the Constitution.

Plessy VS. Ferguson The supreme court ruled that the separation of races in a public place was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment. “Separate-but-equal” did not violate the Constitution.

1903 19101902

Debt Peonage A system in which workers are bound in servitude until their debt are paid to the employer.

Debt Peonage A system in which workers are bound in servitude until their debt are paid to the employer.

Orville and Wilbur Wright In the early 20th century, brothers Orville and Wilbur bicycle manufactures from Daton, Ohio worked on planes. First they built a glider, then a 4 cylinder internal combustion engine. Their first successful flight was on Dec. 17th 1903 at Kitty Hawk, NC. It covered 120 feet and lasted 12 seconds.

Orville and Wilbur Wright In the early 20th century, brothers Orville and Wilbur bicycle manufactures from Daton, Ohio worked on planes. First they built a glider, then a 4 cylinder internal combustion engine. Their first successful flight was on Dec. 17th 1903 at Kitty Hawk, NC. It covered 120 feet and lasted 12 seconds.

Angle Island Immigrants from Asia-primarily China- arrived on the West Coast and gained admission at Angle Island in San Francisco bay. Between 1910 and 1940, about 20,000 Chinese immigrants entered the United States through Angle Island. Procedures were similar to those at Ellis Island.

Angle Island Immigrants from Asia-primarily China- arrived on the West Coast and gained admission at Angle Island in San Francisco bay. Between 1910 and 1940, about 20,000 Chinese immigrants entered the United States through Angle Island. Procedures were similar to those at Ellis Island.

http://gimnasio-altair.com/webquest/flight/introduction.html