cơ sở lý thuyết Âm nhạc

7/26/2019 C S L Thuyt m Nhc

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i hc hu

trung tm o to t xa

trng ngc thng

c s

l thuytm nhc

Hu - 2007

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Mc lc

Li ni u 7

Chng I: M Thanh 8

1. C s vt l ca m thanh 8

2. Cc thuc tnh ca m thanh c tnh nhc 8

3. Bi m - hng m t nhin 9

4. H thng m nhc, hng m, cc bc c bn v tn gi ca

chng, cc qung tm 10

5. h m nhc, h m iu ho, na cung v nguyn cung cc

bc chuyn ho v tn gi ca chng 11

6. S trng m ca cc m thanh 12

7. Na cung i-A-T-Nch, Cr-Ma-Tch v nguyn cung 12

8. k hiu m thanh bng h thng ch ci 14

Chng II: Phng php ghi m bng nt 16

9. nt nhc, trng v k hiu trng (hnh dng) -

khung nhc 16

10. Kho 17

11. Du ho 18

12. nhng du hiu b sung vo nt Nhc tng thm di

ca m thanh 19

13. Du lng 20

14. Ghi m nhc hai b, ghi m nhc cho n pi-a-n Du ac - c -

lt, ghi m nhc cho hp ca v hp xng. 21

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15. cc loi du vit tt trong h thng ghi m bng nt nhc 23

Chng III: Tit tu v tit nhp 27

16. tit tu - cch phn chia c bn v t do cc loi trng

27

17. Trng m, tit nhp, loi nhp, nhp, vch nhp, nhp ly 30

18. Tit nhp v loi nhp n - cch phn nhm trng

trong nhp ca cc loi nhp n 31

19. Cc loi tip nhp v loi nhp phc, phch tng i mnh.

cch phn nhm trng trong nhp n thuc cc loi

nhp phc 35

20. cc tit nhp v loi nhp hn hp - cch phn nhm trng

nhp ca cc loi nhp hn hp 36

21. Cc loi nhp bin i 39

22. o phch (nhn lch) 40

23. cch phn nhm trng trong thanh nhc 42

24. nhp 42

25. cc th php ch huy 44

26. ngha ca tit tu, tit nhp v nhp trong m nhc 47

Chng IV: Qung 49

27. qung 49

28. ln s lng v cht lng ca qung, qung n,

qung i-a-t-nch 49

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29. qung tng v qung gim (qung cr-ma-tch). S bng

nhau c tnh cht trng m ca cc qung 52

30. o qung 54

31. qung ghp 5532. qung thun v qung nghch 56

Chng V: iu thc v ging 59

33. m n nh, m ch, m khng n nh - s gii quyt m

khng n nh - iu thc 59

34. iu thc trng - gam trng t nhin - cc bc ca iu

thc trng - tn gi, k hiu v c tnh ca cc bc trong

iu trng 60

3.5. ging iu, cc ging trng c du thng v du ging,

vng qung nm - s trng m ca cc ging trng 63

36. Ging trng ho thanh v ging trng giai iu 69

37. iu thc th, gam th t nhin cc bc ca iu thc thv cc thuc tnh ca chng 71

38. iu th ho thanh v iu th giai iu - cc ging th,

cc ging song song, vng qung nm ca cc ging th 72

39. cc ging cng tn - mt vi nt ging v khc nhau ca

iu trng v th - ngha ca iu thc trng v th

trong m nhc 79

Chng VI: qung cc ging trng v th 83

40. cc qung ca iu trng t nhin v iu th t nhin 83

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41. qung ca iu trng ho thanh v iu th ho thanh

cc qung c bit 86

42. cc qung n nh v khng n nh - s khc nhau gia

tnh n nh v tnh thun - gia tnh khng n nh caqung thun vi tnh nghch - s gii quyt cc qung nghch,

s gii quyt cc qung khng n nh theo sc ht 88

Chng VII: hp m 95

43. hp m - hp m ba- cc dng hp m ba - cc hp m ba

thun v nghch - o hp m 95

44. cc hp m ba chnh iu trng v th s lin kt cc

hp m ba chnh 97

45. cc hp m ba ph ca iu trng v th. cc hp m ba

trn cc bc ca iu trng, th t nhin v ha thanh 100

46. hp m by - hp m by t v cc th o - gii quyt hp

m by t v cc th o 10147. cc hp m by dn - hp m by ca bc ii - hp m trong

m nhc 103

Chng VIII: Tnh cht h hng ca cc ging - cr-ma-tch 107

51. tnh cht h hng ca cc ging 107

52. cr-ma-tch - s ho 108

53. gam cr-ma-tch - Quy tc vit gam cr-ma-tch 110

Chng IX: xc nh ging - dch ging 113

54. xc nh ging 113

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55. dch ging 115

Chng X: Chuyn ging 118

56. chuyn ging v chuyn tm 118

57. chuyn ging sang cc ging h hng 119Chng XI: giai iu 124

58. ngha ca giai iu trong tc phm m nhc giai iu

ca m nhc dn gian (ca khc) 124

59. hng chuyn ng ca giai iu v tm c ca n cc m

lt v m thu 126

60. s phn chia giai iu thnh tng phn (khi nim chung v

c php trong m nhc) - kt cu, s ngt - on nhc, cu

nhc, s kt, tit nhc - m tp 128

61. cc sc thi cng v mi quan h ca chng vi s pht

trin giai iu - phng php k hiu sc thi cng 130

62. phn tch tc ng qua li ca mt s nhn t ca giai iuqua cc th d 131

Chng XII: m t im - k hiu v mt s th php biu din 137

63. m t im : nt da, m v, ly chm, ly rn 137

64. k hiu v mt s th php biu din 140

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Li ni u

Mun c v vit ng, con ngi phi bit ch ngha v vn phm tc l phi bit quy

tc ngn ng. Mun hiu bit m nhc, con ngi trc ht phi bit l thuyt m nhc. Lthuyt m nhc ch l mt phn trong rt nhiu phn khc ca m nhc nhho m, phc

iu, tnh nng... L thuyt m nhc ch l mn u tin gip cho ngi hc hiu bit c h

thng mt s nhn t quan trng v mi tng quan ca chng trong hot ng m nhc. N

va l nhng nhn t ring bit va l nhng nhn t lin quan.

Gio trnh ny c bin son tng chng tch ri, t n gin n phc tp. Chng ti

s dng ti liu tham kho chnh l cun Nhc l c bn ca V. Spaxobin v V. A.

Vakhrameep; ngoi ra, chng ti c a vo mt s trch on t cc tc phm ca cc nhcs Vit Nam lm v d minh ho.

Mong rng Gio trnh ny s gip cho cc hc vin nhng kin thc c bn v l thuyt

m nhc sau ny c th nghin cu su hn trong cc lnh vc khc ca m nhc.

Trng ngc thng

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Chng I: M Thanh

1. C s vt l ca m thanh

Danh t m thanh xc nh khi nim : th nht - m thanh l mt hin tng vt l, thhai - m thanh l mt cm gic.

1) Do kt qu ca s rung( dao ng) ca mt vt th n hi no , chng hn ca dyn, m xut hin s lan truyn theo hnh ln sng nhng dao ng ko di ca mi trngkhng kh.

Nhng dao ng ny c coi l nhng sng m. T ngun pht m, chng lan truyn ratheo tt c cc hng (theo hnh cu).

2) C quan thnh gic tip nhn cc sng m ; cc sng m ny gy ra s kch thch trongc quan thnh gic, truyn qua h thn kinh vo b no, to nn cm gic v m thanh.

2. Cc thuc tnh ca m thanh c tnh nhc

Chng ta tip nhn mt s lng ln cc m thanh khc nhau, nhng khng phi mi mthanh u dng trong m nhc. Thnh gic ca ta phn bit nhng m thanh c tnh nhc v mthanh c tnh cht ting ng.

Nhng m thanh c tnh cht ting ng khng c cao chnh xc, th d ting rt, tingkt ca, ting g, ting sm, ting r ro, v.v... V v th khng th s dng trong m nhcc1.

c tnh ca m thanh c tnh nhc c xc nh bi ba thuc tnh l cao, mnh vm sc.

Ngoi ra, di ca m thanh cng c ngha to ln trong m nhc. di ngn ca m

thanh khng lm thay i tnh cht vt l, nhng ng trn quan im m nhc m xem xt, vl mt trong nhng thuc tnh, n li c ngha quan trng bc nht (ngang vi cc thuc tnhc bn khc ca m nhc).

By gi ta hy phn tch ring tng thuc tnh ca m thanh c tnh nhc.

cao ca m thanh ph thuc vo tn s (tc ) dao ng ca vt th rung. Dao ngcng nhiu, m thanh cng cao v ngc li.

mnh ca m thanh ph thuc vo sc mnh ca nhng dao ng, tc ph thuc voquy m dao ng ca vt th - ngun m thanh. Khng gian trong din ra cc dao ng gil bin dao ng (hnh1). Bin (quy m) dao ng cng rng, m thanh cng to v

ngc li:

1Trong n nhc hin i ngi ta s dng nhng nhc c g c cao m thanh khng c nh, th dkng ba gc, trng con, xanh ban, trng ci, v.v...

Nhng nhc c ny ch lm nhim v h tr v cc nhc s s dng chng tng cng tnh din cm cam nhc.

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Hnh 1

m sc l kha cnh cht lng ca m thanh, l mu sc ca n. xc nh c imca m sc, ngi ta s dng nhng danh t thuc cc lnh vc cm gic khc nhau, th d,ngi ta ni : m thanh mm mi, gay gt, m c, lanh lnh, du d ng, v.v... Ta bit rngmi nhc c hoc mi ging ngi u c m sc ring. Cng mt m thanh c cao nhtnh, nhng do cc loi nhc c khc nhau pht ra th mi m thanh u c mt mu scring.

S khc bit ca m sc tu thuc vo thnh phn nhng m cc b (tc cc m thanh pht nhin) m mi m thanh u c.

Cc m cc b (hay ni cch khc l cc bi m1) c cu to nn do hnh thc phc tpca sng m (xem hnh v s 3).

di ca m thanh ph thuc vo di ca cc dao ng ca ngun pht m. Chnghn, quy m dao ng lc m thanh bt u vang cng rng th thi gian ngn vang cng kodi trong iu kin ngun pht m (vt th pht m) c rung ng t do.

3. Bi m - hng m t nhin

Hnh thc phc tp ca sng m ny sinh do vic vt th dao ng (dy n) trong khirung khc trit nhng phn bng nhau. Nhng phn ny to ra nhng dao ng c lptrong qu trnh dao ng chung ca vt th v to ra nhng ln sng ph tng ng vi di

ca chng. Cc dao ng ph n gin to thnh bi m. cao ca bi m khng gingnhau v tc dao ng ca cc sng to ra chng khc nhau.

Chng hn, nu nhdy n ch to ra m c bn th hnh thc ln sng ca n s tngng vi hnh v sau :

Hnh 2

di ln sng ca bi m th hai do mt na dy n to nn, ngn bng na ln sngca sng m c bn, v tn s dao ng ca n nhanh hn hai ln, v.v...(xem hnh v 3) :

1Bi m c ngha l m nm trn.

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Nhng ln sngca cc na

Nhng ln sngca mt phn ba

Nhng ln sngca mt phn t

Nhanh hn hai ln

Nhanh hn ba ln

Nhanh hn bnln

v.v...

c bn) lm n v, slng dao ng ca cc bi m s c th hin bng mt lot s n :

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, v.v...

Nu ly m ca qung tm ln lm m c bn, chng ta s c hng m sau :

Hnh 3

Nu ly s lng dao ng ca m thanh th nht ca dy n (m

Hng m nhvy gi l hng m t nhin.

4. H thng m nhc, hng m, cc bc c bn v tn gi ca

176 ln trong mt giy.

n ca hng m trong h thng m nhc c bytn

i nhng m thanh pht ra khi gcc

m v do chng bao gm m thanh ca tt c cc

chng, cc qung tm

H thng m thanh dng lm c s cho hot ng m nhc hin nay l mt loi m thanhc nhng mi tng quan nht nh vi nhau v cao. S sp xp cc m ca h thng datheo cao gi l hng m, cn mi m thanh l mt bc ca hng m . Hng m honchnh ca h thng m nhc gm 88 m thanh khc nhau. Dao ng ca cc m t nhngm thp nht n nhng m cao nht nm trong gii hn t 16 n 4

l nhng m thanh c cao m tai ngi c th phn bit c

Cc bc c b

.

gi c lp.

, r, mi, pha, son la, xi

Cc bc c bn tng ng vphm trng ca n pian :

By tn gi ca cc bc c bn c nhc li mt cch chu ktrong hng

Hnh 4

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bc

g xng vi bi m th hai ca m th nht (m xut x) v vy hon ton quynvi

ng tm th nht,

qu

l s hng m ca h thng m nhc di hng bn phm chia thnh nhngqung tm :

c bn.

S d nhvy v mi m th tm tnh ngc ln (trong s nhng m thanh pht ra khi bmcc phm trng) c to nn bi s tng gp i s lng dao ng so vi m th nht. Chonn n tn

m .

Khong cch gia cc m thanh ca nhng bc ging nhau gi l qung tm. B phn cahng m trong c by bc c bn cng gi l qung tm. Nhvy ton b hng m chia thnhnhng qung tm. m thanh ca bc c coi l m u ca qung tm. Ton b hng mgm by qung tm trn vn v bn m hp thnh hai qung tm thiu hai u hng m ( haiu bn phm trn n pian). Tn gi cc qung tm (t nhng m thp n nhng m cao) nh sau : qung tm cc trm, qung tm trm, qung tm ln, qung tm nh, qu

ng tm th hai, qung tm th ba, qung tm th tva qung tm th nm.

Di y

5. h m nhc, h m iu ho, na cung v nguyn cung ccb

ao tuyt i (c iu chnh chnh xc) ca cc m trong hth

n i ly im xut pht t 440 dao ng trong mt giy ca m La qungtm

c vi hng m t nhin (h m) chcc

cc m ca h thng m nhc. Khong cch do hai na cung to ra thnh gi l

ngubc c bn ca hng m c hai na cung v nm nguyn cung. Chng c sp

t nhsau :

c chuyn ho v tn gi ca chng

Mi tng quan v cng m nhc gi l h m.H m hith nht.Trong h thng m nhc hin hnh, mi qung tm chia thnh hai phn bng nhau - mi

hai na cung. H m ny gi l h m iu ho. N khna cung trong qung tm h ny u bng nhau.

V qung tm c chia thnh mi hai na cung bng nhau nn na cung l khong cchhp nht gia

yn cung.Gia cc

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r mi pha xon la xi

1c 1c 1/2c 1c 1c 1c 1/2c

Nhng nguyn cung c to nn gia cc bc c bn chia thnh cc na cung. Nhng m

thanh chia cc nguyn cung y thnh na cung l nhng m thanh pht ra t cc phm entrn n pian. Nhvy, qung tm gm mi hai m cch u n.

Mi bc c bn ca hng m c th nng cao hoc h thp. Nhng m tng ng vi ccbc nng cao hoc h thp l nhng bc chuyn ho.Cho nn tn gi ca cc bc chuyn holy t tn gi cc bc c bn.

S nng cao cc bc c bn ln na cung gi l thng. S h thp cc bc c bn xungna cung gi l ging. Thng kp l nng bc c bn ln hai na cung, th d Pha thngkp.Ging kpl h xung hai na cung, th dXi ging kp.

Vic nng cao v h thp cc bc c bn nh nu trn gi l s ho1.

6. S trng m ca cc m thanh

Nhtrn ni, tt c cc na cung trong qung tm u bng nhau. Do cng mt mthanh nhng c th l m chuyn ho do nng bc c bn thp hn n na cung, hoc l mchuyn ho do h thp bc c bn cao hn n na cung, th d Pha thng v Xon ging.

S bng nhau ca bc c cng mt cao nhng khc tn v k hiu gi l s trng m.

Bc chuyn ho c th cng mt cao vi bc c bn, th d Xi thng v , Pha ging vMi. Khi thng kp hoc ging kp ta cng thy tnh trng , th d Pha thng kp v Xon, Mi thngkp v Pha thng, Mi ging kp v Pha thng, Mi ging kp v R, ging kp v Xi ging, v.v...

7. Na cung i-A-T-Nch, Cr-Ma-Tch v nguyn cung

trn nu cc nh ngha v na cung v nguyn cung. Nay cn phn bit s khcnhau gia cc na cung i-a-t-nch v cr-ma-tch.

Na cung i-a-t-nchl na cung to nn gia hai bc k nhau ca hng m. Nhtrn ni, cc bc c bn ca hng m to nn hai th na cung : Mi-Pha v Xi-.

Ngoi cc na cung ni trn, c th to ra cc na cung i-a-t-nch gia cc bc c bnvi bc chuyn ho nng cao hoc h thp k bn.

1S ho ngha l s thay i.

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hoc gia hai bc chuyn ho:

Na cung cr-ma-tch l na cung c to ra :

a) Gia bc c bn vi s nng cao hoc h thp ca n. Th d :

a) v ngc li b)

b) Gia bc nng cao vi s nng cao kp ca n, gia bc h thp vi bc h thp kpca n.

a) v ngc li b)

Nguyn cung i-a-t-nch l nguyn cung c to nn gia hai bc k nhau. Cc bc cbn to nn nm nguyn cung : - R, R - Mi, Pha - Xon, Xon - La, La - Xi.

Ngoi ra nguyn cung i-a-t-nch c th c to nn gia bc c bn v bc chuyn hocng nhgia hai bc chuyn ho.

a) b)

Nguyn cung cr-ma-tchl nguyn cung c to ra:

a) Gia bc c bn vi s nng cao kp hoc h thp kp ca n. Th d :

b) Gia hai bc chuyn ho ca mt bc c bn :

c) Gia cc bc cch nhau mt bc :

:

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8. k hiu m thanh bng h thng ch ci

Ngoi tn gi bng vn ca cc m thanh, trong hot ng m nhc ngi ta cn dngphng thc k hiu m thanh bng ch ci, da theo bng ch ci Latinh. By bc c bnc k hiu nhsau :

C, D, E, F, G, A, H

, R, Mi, Pha, Xon, La, Xi

Khi hnh thnh h thng ny vo thi k trung c, hng m bt u t m La, trong Xiging l bc c bn. V sau m Xi ging c thay bng Xi. Do ban u hng m c dngnhsau :

A, B, C, D, E, F, G

La, Xi ging, , R, Mi, Pha, Son

k hiu cc bc chuyn ho ngi ta thm vo cc ch ci nhng vn : is - thng, isis -thng kp, es - ging, eses - ging kp. Th d :

cis - thng fisis - Pha thng kp

des -R ging ges - Xon ging kp

Trng hp ngoi l l bc chuyn ho Xi ging vn gi nguyn k hiu bng ch ci B, b.

Khi gp nhng nguyn m a v e, tin pht m, ngi ta tc b trong vn es, thnh ra:

Mi ging khng phi l ees m l es.

La ging khng phi l aes m l as.

k hiu qung tm, ngi ta thm vo nhng con s v nhng vch nh. Cc m thanh

ca qung tm ln v nh k hiu bng cc ch ci hoa v ch thng (tc k cc ch ci to vnh).

Th d La qung tm ln l A, Xon qung tm nh l g.

Cc m thanh t qung tm th nht n th nm k hiu bng nhng ch thng kmtheo cc s tng ng vi tn gi ca cc qung tm hoc km theo nhng vch pha trnvi s lng tng ng. Th d :

qung tm th nht c 1 hoc c

R qung tm th hai l d2 hoc d

Mi qung tm th ba l e3 hoc e

pPha qung tm th tlf4 hoc f

qung tm th nm l c5 hoc c

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Cc m thanh ca nhng qung tm trm v cc trm c k hiu bng ch hoa km theocon s hoc cc vch di. Th d :

Xi qung tm trm laf H1 hoc H

La qung tm cc trm l A2 hoc A

Cu hi hng dn hc tp

Chng ny hc vin cn nm vng cc kin thc c bn :

- Cc thuc tnh ca m thanh.

- H thng m nhc, hng m, cc bc c bn v tn gi ca chng.

- H thng m nhc, h m iu ho, na cung v nguyn cung.

Cu 1.Th no l m thanh c tnh nhc.

Cu 2.V s h thng m nhc di dng bn phm chia thnh nhng qung tm .

Cu 3.Gia cc bc c bn ca hng m c my na cung v 1 cung.

Cu 4.Hy ghi k hiu ca cc m thanh bng h thng ch ci.

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Chng II: Phng php ghi m bng nt

9. nt nhc, trng v k hiu trng (hnh dng) -khung nhc

H thng ghi m thanh bng nhng k hiu c bit, nhng nt nhc - c hnh thnh

trong qu trnh lch s, gi l cch vit bng nt.

Nt nhc l mt hnh trn rng hoc c rut.

k hiu cc trng khc nhau ca cc m thanh, ngi ta thm vo cc nt hnh trnnhng vch thng ng (ui), nhng vch ngang gp cc trng nh thnh nhm.

Tn gi v k hiu cc trng m thanh bng nt nhc.

hayTrng ln nht - nt trn

Trng bng na nt trn - nt trng

Trng bng na nt trng - nt en

Trng bng na nt en - mc n

Trng bng na mc n - mc kp

hay trong nhm

Trng bng na mc kp - mc ba

hay trong nhm

Trng bng na mc ba - mc bn

hay trong nhm

xc nh cao ca m thanh, cc nt trn c phn b trn khung nhc, gm nm dngk song song. im s dng t di nn trn.

khung nhc, cc nt vit trn cc dng v gia cc dng c ngha l vo cc khe.

o

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Nhng nt ngn hn na t c s dng. Nt c trng ln hn nt trn cng t dng.

Ngoi cc dng k chnh, cn dng nhng dng k ph ngn cho mt s nt. Nhng dngny vit di hoc trn khung nhc.

Th d :

Cch m cc dng ph tin hnh nhsau : vi cc dng pha trn - t dng ph th nhttr ln, cn cc dng pha di - t dng ph th nht tr xung.

Trn khung nhc, ui c t bn cnh hnh trn (u) ca nt nhc ; t khe th haitr xung t bn phi, quay ln, t dng th ba tr ln t bn tri, quay xung.

Th d :

v.v... v.v...

Khi tp hp cc nt thnh cc nhm

Khi tp hp cc nt thnh nhm trong tr

ng hp chng thuc cc cao khc nhau,ngi ta chn v tr thun li nht cho cc vch dc v ngang, cn c vo phn gia cakhung nhc.

v.v....

10. Kho

Khol tn gi ca k hiu dng xc nh mt cao nht nh cho cc m thanh nm

trn dng v khe.Kho t u khung nhc, trn mt trong nhng dng k chnh, sao cho dng chy

qua trung tm n.

Kho quy nh cho nt nhc vit trn dng c mt cao (mt tn gi) ca mt m thanhnht nh, v t xc nh v tr ca cc nt nhc trn khung nhc.

Hin nay ngi ta dng ba loi khc nhau.

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Kho Xon :

Kho xc nh cao ca m Xon thuc qung tm th nht trn dng th hai ca

khung nhc.Kho Pha :

Kho Pha xc nh cao ca m Pha qung tm nh trn dng th tca khung nhc.

Kho c hai dng -an - t v t-no :

Kho -an-t xc nh cao ca m qung tm th nht trn dng th ba cakhung nhc, cn kho t - no xc nh cao cng m trn dng th t ca khung

nhc.Kho an-t dng cho n an-t v kn trm-bn.

Kho t-n dng cho n vi--lng-xen, pha-gt v trm-bn.

Trc kia ngi ta cn s dng nhng dng khc na ca kho . Khi n t trn dng thnht ngi ta gi l kho x-pra-, trn dng th hai l kho mt-d x-pra-n, trn dngth nm l kho ba-ri-tng. Cc kha ny ch yu dng trong thanh nhc, cho nn tn gica chng tng ng cc loi ng m ca ging ngi1.

Trong h thng ghi m bng nt nhc ngi ta s dng cc loi kho khc nhau trnhs lng qu ln cc dng k ph khin vic c nt nhc c d dng hn.

11. Du ho

Nh ni trong mc 5, vic nng cao v h thp cc bc c bn c gi l s ho. Cnm loi du ha khc nhau : du thng, thng kp, du ging, ging kp v du hon. Cchvit cc du nhsau :

Du thng - # ;Du thng kp - X;

Du ging - ;

Du ging kp - ;

Du hon - ;Khi cn thit ngi ta t du ho trc cc nt v c bn phi kho, trn cc dng v khe

ca khung nhc.

1m c l khi lng m thanh m ging c kh nng th hin, t thp nht n cao nht.

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Th d :

Cc du ho t bn kho c gi l du ho theo kho,cn khi t cnh nt nhc l

du ho bt th

ng.Nguyn Xun Khot - Ting chung nh th

Th d :

Gio ng tn nghim. Gic sm ti chim

Gc cao to thnh. t sng thay chung. Hung c bo cung

Cc du ho theo kho c hiu lc trong sut tc phm m nhc, i vi tt c cc qungtm.

Cc du ho bt thng ch c hiu lc trong mt nhp v ch i vi m thanh ng saun.

12. nhng du hiu b sung vo nt Nhc tng thm dica m thanh

Ngoi cc loi di c bn ni trong mc 9, khi vit nt nhc ngi ta cn s dng

nhng du hiu tng di.Cc loi du gm c :

a)Du chmtng thm di sn c thmna, ghi bn phi nt nhc :

b)Hai chmnhm tng thm trng : du chm th hai tng di du chm th nhtmt na na.

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c) Du lin kt hnh vng cung, ni lin

di ca cc nt cng cao nm cnh nhau :

di ca nhng nt y bng tng s di cc nt c lin kt :

d) Du min nhp l du cho php tng di khng hnnh. Du min nhp c hnh na vng trn nh vi mt chm gia .

Du min nhp t trn hoc di nt nhc :

13. Du lng

Lng l s ngng vang. di ca du lng cng o nh di ca m thanh.

Du lng bng nt trn vit nhsau :

Du lng bng nt trng vit nhsau:

Du lng bng nt en vit nhsau:

Du lng bng mc n nhsau:

Du lng bng mc kp nhsau :

Du lng bng mc ba nhsau :

Du lng bng mc bn nhsau :

tng di ca cc du lng ngi ta cng dng nhng du chm nhi vi cc nt

nhc. ngha ca cc chm trong trng hp ny cng ging nhi vi cc nt nhc.

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14. Ghi m nhc hai b, ghi m nhc cho n pi-a-n Du ac - c -lt, ghi m nhc cho hp ca v hp xng.

Ta c th ghi hai b c lp trn mt khung nhc. Trong trng hp ny : ui cc ntca tng b vit ring v quay v cc hng khc nhau, ngha l b trn ui quay ln, bdi ui quay xung.

Th d :Dn ca Nga Hi cnh ng ca ta

Kh chm

m nhc cho n pi-a-n vit trn hai khung nhc, lin kt vi nhau bng mt du ngoc u khung, gi l du ac-co-lat.

Cc chng hai m v cc hp m (tc nhiu m thanh ngn vang cng mt lc) trong mnhc pi-a-n thng c vit vi mt ui.

Th d :

D Ka-ba-lp-xki -X-na- ti-op, chng I

Allergo assai e lusinhando(Rt nhanh v a nghch)

C trng hp m nhc pi-a-n vit trn ba khung nhc (him gp)

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E. Grch - Vo ma xunop.43 s6, chng III

Allegro appassionato

(Nhanh nng nhit)

Du ac-c-lat cn c dng trong vic ghi nhc cho n hap-p v oc-gan.

n nhc cho ging ht v cho nhc c c tu c m pi-a-n vit trn ba khung nhc

nh

sau : Nguyn nh Thi- Ngi H Ni

H H

lng hn ni ngn

m nhc cho hp xng ba b vit trn hai hoc ba khung nhc.

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Dn ca Ba Lan - Ht i, ht i, con chim hay ht kia

A.Xve-shi-cp ci bin

Linh hot

A.ar-g-m-xki - min Bc hoang dChm

Ngi ta ghi m nhc cho hp xng bn b vi cng mt loi ging (ch ton ging trem, ton ging n hoc ton ging nam) hoc hp xng hn hp, trn hai hoc bn khungnhc.

Bn ghi nhc hp xng, t tu dy, cc loi ng-xm khc nhau v dn nhc c gi ltng ph.

15. cc loi du vit tt trong h thng ghi m bng nt nhc

n gin v rt ngn cch ghi nhc, ngi ta s dng mt s du hiu :

a) Du dch ln hoc dch xung mt qung tm c s dng trnh s lng qu lncc dng ph khin vic c nt thm phc tp.

Th d :

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Vit dch ln hoc dch xung mt qung tm nh vy s chm dt ch ht cc duchm.

b) Du nhc li - ti hin - dng khi cn nhc li mt on hoc ton b tc phm (thngl tc phm nh, mt bi dn ca chng hn)

Khi nhc li, nu cui on nhc hoc cui tc phm c thay i th trn cc nhp thayi s c du ngoc vung. Tip sau cc nhp l nhng nhp phi biu din khi nhc li,cng c ngoc vung trn. Di du ngoc vung ngi ta ghi s 1 v s 2, c ngha ldu nhy (vn - ta) th nht v du nhy (vn - ta) th hai, dng cho ln th nht v ln nhcli th hai.

Huy Du - Cng anh tin qun trn ng di

c) Nu trong tc phm vit theo th ba on m ngi ta khng mun chp li on ba(vn l s lp li nguyn on mt) th thay vo , cui on hai, ngi ta vit : Da capoal fine, c ngha l t u n ch ht, cn cui on mt ngi ta vit ch fine (ht).

Nu nhon mt khng nhc li t u, th trn nhp cn bt u nhc li, ngi ta tdu (segno), cn cui on hai ngi ta vit : Dal segno al fine c ngha l t du segno

n ht.Khi cn chuyn v kt sm hn on kt ca ton b on nhc c nhc li, ngi ta

vit : Da capo al segno poi coda, c ngha l t u n ch ghi du segno ri n c-a2.

d) Khi cn nhc li nhp no mt hoc vi ln lin, ngi ta vit du :

a) b)

e) Khi cn nhc li mt hnh nt giai iu no mt hoc vi ln trong cng mt nhp,ngi ta khng cn vit c m thay bng nhng vch ch di.

2C-a ngha l kt thc.

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Th d :

g) m thanh hoc hp m cn nhc li c ghi nhsau:

h) Tr-m-l l s lun phin nhanh, u n nhiu ln hai m hoc hai chm m thanh,

c vit nhsau:

Khi m thanh c nhc i nhc li trong m hnh tr-m-l, di chung ca c mhnh c th hin bng mt nt c di tng ng, cn cc vch ngang xc nh cnbiu din m hnh theo nhng trng no.

i) tng cng cho m thanh mt m cao hoc thp hn n mt qung tm, ng i tavit s 8 trn hoc di nt . Th d :

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Khi cn tng cng lin tc cc nt qung tm, ngi ta vit all8va nu tng cng vpha trn v all8va basse, nu tng cng v pha di.

Cu hi hng dn hc tp

Chng ny hc vin cn nm vng cc kin thc :

- K hiu trng , khung nhc, cc loi kho, du ho.

- Du hiu b sung, du lng.

- Cc loi du vit tt.

Cu 1.K dng nhc v ghi k hiu trng cc nt trn, trng, en, mc n, mc kp,mc tam 3 cao Xon, La, Xi.

Cu 2.Ghi cc k hiu du lng tng ng ca trng .

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Chng III: Tit tu v tit nhp

16. tit tu - cch phn chia c bn v t do cc loi trng

Tit tu l t

ng quan tr

ng ca cc m thanh ni tip nhau.Trong m nhc c s lun phin cc trng ca m thanh, do to ra nhng mi

tng quan khc nhau v thi gian gia cc m thanh . Khi lin kt vi nhau theo mt tht nht nh, trng ca m thanh to ra nhng nhm tit tu (hnh tit tu) m t nhnghnh tit tu hnh thnh ng nt tit tu chung ca ton tc b phm m nhc.

Th d :

Cc nhm tit tu2

4

Trong m nhc, ngi ta s dng cc loi trng :

1) C bn (chia sn), ni chng hai, l nhng nt trn, trng, en, mc n,v.v...2) T do l nhng trng c to nn do s phn chia t do (c l) cc loi trng

c bn thnh nhng phn bng nhau vi bt c mt s lng no.Hay gp nht l cch chia t do sau y :

a) Chm ba c to nn do s phn chia di c bn khng thnh hai m thnh baphn (xem th d a) :

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b) Chm nmc to nn do s phn chia di c bn khng thnh hai m thnh nm

phn (xem th d b) :

c) Chm su c to nn do s phn chia di c bn khng thnh bn m thnh suphn (xem th d b) :

d) Chm by c to nn do s phn chia di c bn khng thnh bn m thnh byphn (xem th d c) :

) Chm hai c to nn do s phn chia di c bn c chm khng thnh ba mthnh hai phn (xem th d d) :

a)

Theo cch phn chia thng thng s l :b)

e) Chm bn c to nn do s phn chia di c bn c chm thnh bn phn (xemth d e) :

Trong nhm trng c th c c du lng gi tr bng mt trong s cc trng hpthnh nhm (xem th d g) :

t gp nhng trng hp phn chia nh hn na cc loi di c bn. Chng hn cng cnhng nhm gm 9, 11 m thanh hoc nhiu hn na.

Di y l cc v d v s phn chia t do cc loi di:

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Chm baHuy Du - Th d Cng anh tin qun trn ng di

Chm hai

Chm bnP. Trai-cp-xki Trch v kchNgi p say gic nngAndante cantabile

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17. Trng m, tit nhp, loi nhp, nhp, vch nhp, nhp ly

Cc m thanh trong m nhc c t chc v thi gian. S ni tip cc m thanh vinhng phch bng nhau v thi gian to nn trong m nhc s chuyn ng nhp nhng (ngita gi l nhp p). Trong s chuyn ng , cc m thanh ca mt s phch ni ln mnhhn. Nhng nt mnh hn y gi l trng m.

Nhng phch c trng m gi l phch mnh.Nhng phch khng c trng m gi lphch yu.

S ni tip u n cc phch mnh v nh gi l tit nhp.

Phch ca tit nhp c th c th hin bng cc trng khc nhau.

S th hin cc phch ca tit nhp bng mt trng nht nh gi l loi nhp.

Trong cch ghi m bng nt, loi nhp c ghi bng hai ch s, Cc ch s ny t cnhkho, sau cc du ho, s n t di s kia.

Th d :

Ch s trn ch s phch ca tit nhp, cn ch s di ch mi phch ca tit nhp trongloi nhp c th hin bng trng no.

on nhc tnh t phch mnh ny n phch mnh tip theo c gi l nhp.

Trong cch ghi m bng nt, cc nhp cch nhau bng nhng vch thng ng, ct

ngang khung nhc. Vch y gi l vch nhp. Vch nhp t trc phch mnh lm cho nni r ln.

Nu bn nhc bt u t phch nh, th thot u c mt nhp khng y gi l nhply .Trong a s trng hp, nhp ly khng chim qu na nhp.

Nhp ly c th c to nn ngay gia tc phm, trc bt c on no ca n.

Cui tc phm, c khi cui mi on ca tc phm, c t hai vch nhp.

Trong a s trng hp, nhng tc phm hoc nhng on ca tc phm m u bngnhp ly th kt thc bng mt nhp khng y , b sung cho nhp ly .

30

Nhng th d v nhp ly :


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Don Mn - Bit ly

18. Tit nhp v loi nhp n - cch phn nhm trng trong nhp ca cc loi nhp n

Tit nhp trong cc trng m (phch mnh) lp li u n cch mt phch mt ln gil tit nhp hai phch.

Tit nhp trong cc trng m lp li u n cch hai phch gi l tit nhp ba phch.

Nhng tit nhp hai v ba phch c mt trng m gi l tit nhp n. Tt c cc loi nhpca nhng tit nhp ny th hin nhng iu c gi l nhp n. Nhp n gm cc loinhsau :

a) Nhp 2 phch2 2 2

, ,2 4 8

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nhp2

2cn gi l alla breve v cn k hiu khc l :

b) Nhp ba phch3 3 3 3

, , , v2 4 8 16

(t gp hn).

Vic cu to cc nhm trong nhp gi l sphn nhmtrng .

Khi phn nhm trng trong nhp n, cc phch c bn bn ca nhp (nhng phchc tnh cht tit nhp) phi c tch ri nhau.

Th d :

Cho php nhng trng hp ngoi l sau y trong vic phn nhm trng cc loinhp n.

1) Khi cc di ging nhau, c th lin kt tt c bng mt vch chung.

Th d :

Trong loi nhp3

8, v cc phch trong nhp nh, cho nn c php phn nhm nhsau:

2) m thanh c di bng c nhp th ghi bng mt nt, khng dng du ni.

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3) Trng hp nt bt u phch tit nhp li c du chm.

Th d :

Tha thitL Bnh - Bng khung iu g

Tnh m

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ng th Phong - Bi Cng K - Git ma thu

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J.X. Bc-Xa-ra-bng trch - T khc Anh s 6

19. Cc loi tip nhp v loi nhp phc, phch tng i mnh.

cch phn nhm trng trong nhp n thuc cc loi nhpphc

Cc tit nhp phcc hnh thnh do kt hp cc loi nhp n cng loi.

Tit nhp phc c th gm hai hoc nhiu tit nhp n. Do tit nhp phc c nhiu titmnh. S lng phch mch trong tit nhp phc tng ng vi s lng cc tit nhp n nmtrong thnh phn ca n.

Trng m ca phch th nht trong tit nhp phc mnh hn cc trng m cn li, do phch y gi l phch mnh, cn nhng phch c trng m yu gi l nhng phch tng i

mnh.

Tt c cc loi nhp th hin cc tit nhp phc cng gi l cc loi nhp phc. Cho nnnhng iu trnh by v cc loi nhp phc u p dng cho cc loi nhp phc.

Cc loi nhp th hin tit nhp phc thng dnghn c l :

a) Loi nhp bn phch :

4 4, ,

4 8v t gp hn l loi

4

16

b) Loi nhp su phch :6

,4 8

6, t gp hn l loi

6

16

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c) Loi nhp chn phch :

9 9,

4 8, t gp hn l loi

9

16

d) Loi nhp mi hai phch :

12

8 , t gp hn l loi

12

16

Cch phn nhm trong loi nhp phc nhsau : cc loi nhp n hp thnh n khng linkt thnh nhng nhm tit tu chung m tp hp ring, to thnh nhng nhm c lp.

m thanh c di bng c nhp phc c ghi bng mt trng chung (mt nt),nhng i khi cng ghi thnh nhiu nt c du ni lin kt li, m tng s trng cachng bng cc nhp n. Phng php ny ph hp hn vi nguyn tc phn nhm trongcc loi nhp phc.

20. cc tit nhp v loi nhp hn hp - cch phn nhm trng nhp ca cc loi nhp hn hp

Nh ni mc 19, cc tit nhp n c th lin kt thnh nhng tit nhp phc. S kthp hai hoc nhiu loi tit nhp to thnhnhng tit nhp phc hn hp. n gin hn,ngi ta gi l nhng tit nhp hn hp, cn cc loi nhp th hin chng c gi l ccloi nhp hn hp.

Trong m nhc, cc loi nhp hn hp t gp hn nhiu so vi nhp n v nhp phc.

Ph bin nhiu hn c l cc loi nhp nm v by phch :

5 5 7 7

; ; ;4 8 4 8

i khi cng gp cc loi nhp hn hp khc, chng hn nhp11

4.

Nhp hn hp khc nhp phc mt s c im :1. Cu trc ca cc loi nhp hn hp ph thuc trnh t ni tip ca cc loi nhp n

hp thnh cc loi nhp hn hp , iu ny cn c nh hng n s lun phin ca ccphch mnh v tng i mnh trong nhp.

2. Cc phch mnh v tng i mnh trong nhp lun phin khng u.Th d :

a) Loi nhp nm phch :

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Trong trng hp th nht, trng m ri vo phch th nht v phch th ba, trnghp th hai - vo phch th nht v phch th t.

b) Loi nhp by phch :

Trong trng hp th nht, trng m ri vo cc phch th nht, th tv th su ca nhp, trng hp th hai - vo cc phch th nht, th ba v th nm ca nhp.

Trong m nhc hu nhkhng gp loi nhp7

4vi cu trc nhp :

3 2 2

4 4 4

+ +

Cng c nhng trng hp, trong cng mt tc phm m nhc, c s thay i trnh t lunphin cc loi nhp n hp thnh nhp hn hp .

tin c nt nhc trong loi nhp hn hp , i khi bn cnh k hiu c bn ca loinhp, ngi ta vit thm mt k hiu ph nm trong ngoc n ch r hnh thc lun phin ccloi nhp n trong nhp.

Th d :

Ngoi ra, i khi cn dng vch nhp ph bng cc du chm, ch r ch bt u ca ccloai nhp n trong nhp.

Cch phn nhm trng trong cc loi nhp hn hp cng tin hnh nhtrong cc loinhp phc. c im ca cch phn nhm trng trong cc loi nhp ny l s khng cnbng ca cc nhm tit tu do tnh khng ng nht ca cc loi nhp n nm trong cc loi

nhp hn hp.

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Th d v cc loi nhp hn hp :

Dn ca Nga - C ho hon trn cnh ng

38

a) Va phi


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X. G-l-np - Giai iu dn gian Bun-ga-riAllegro (Nhanh)

21. Cc loi nhp bin i

Trong m nhc, c trng hp trong phm vi mt tc phm tit nhp cng thay i, v nhvy c loi nhp cng thay i. Nhng loi nhp nhvy c gi lnhp bin i.

Nhp bin i c th gp trong dn ca, trong sng tc ca cc nhc s c in Nga v ccnhc s X-Vit, v.v...

S lun phin cc loi nhp nhvy c th u hoc khng u. Khi lun phin u, khiu ca cc loi nhp lun phin nhau c th c vit ngay bn kho thnh hai ct. Khi lunphin khng u, k hiu ca cc loi nhp vit ngay trong bn nhc trc ch cn thay iloi nhp. Loi nhp thay i kiu ny thng gp nhiu hn.

Th d v cc loi nhp thay i :

Dn ca Lt -vi

V. Da-kha-rp - Dc theo lng xm

Sinh ng

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Trong m nhc cng gp s kt hp ng thicc loi tit nhp khc nhau gi l tit nhppha.

Thc cht ca tit nhp pha l cc ging (b) khc nhau ca tc phm m nhc li c ccloi tit nhp khc nhau m trng m ca cc tit nhp y c th trng hp hoc khng trnghp nhau.

22. o phch (nhn lch)

o phch l kiu ni tip tit tu m trong trng m tit tu khng trng hp vi

trng m tit nhp.

o phch rt hay gp trong m nhc, n xut hin khi phch nh ca tit nhp tip tcngn vang ln sang phch mnh tip sau. Kt qu l trng m chuyn sang phch nh ca titnhp.

iu ny cng thy trong trng hp m thanh t th nh ca bt c phch no ca tit nhp

ln sang th mnh ca phch tip sau ca tit nhp.Th d :

Di y l nhng hnh thc o phch thng hay gp hn c v c coi l nhng hnhthc c bn.

a) o phch t nhp ny sang nhp khc.

b) o phch trong mt nhp.

Ngoi ra o phch cn c th hnh thnh sau du lng phch c trng m.

Khi vit cc o phch bn trong nhp c th khng tun theo quy tc phn nhm trng. Chng hn, khi gp o phch bn trong nhp ngi ta thng kt hp phch nh viphch mnh vo trong mt nt, hoc cng c th ghi thnh hai nt c du theo quy tc phnnhm.

o phch t nhp ny sang nhp kia bng hai nt ni li vi nhau bng du ni quavch nhp.

Th d v cc hnh thc o phch khc nhau :

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V Trng Hi - Bc chn trn dy Trng Sn

Trn Hon- Sn n ca

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23. cch phn nhm trng trong thanh nhc

Trong m nhc vit cho ging ht c li ca, phn nhm trng gn lin vi s phn vnca ngn ng. di ca mi vn khng lin kt thnh nhm vi nhng trng k bn.Nu nhmt vn li tng ng vi nhiu m thanh th trng ca cc m thanh s clin kt li thnh mt nhm theo quy nh.

Th d :

Vn Cao - n chim Vit

24. nhp

Nhp : l tc ca s chuyn ng. Trong m nhc, nhp vi tcch l mt trongcc phng tin din cm, ph thuc vo ni dung ca tc phm m nhc.

Nhp c chia thnh ba nhm c bn : chm, va v nhanh.

ch cc loi nhp ngi ta s dng ch yu cc danh t ting I-ta-li-a.

Di y l nhng k hiu ch yu v nhp .

Nhp chm:

Largo - rng ri

Lento - chm ri

Adigato - chm

Gravo - nng n

Nhp va:

Andante - thanh thn, khng vi v

Andantino - Nhanh hn Andante

Moderato - va phi

Sostenuto - ghm li

Allegretto - sinh ng

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Allegro moderato - nhanh va

Nhp nhanh:

Allegro - nhanh

Vivo - nhanh

Vivace - rt nhanh

Presto - hi h

Pristissimo - rt nhanh

Khi c s khc bit so vi nhng nhp chuyn ng c bn, ngi ta dng mt s khiu ph lm r nhng sc thi y:

Molto - rt

Assai - rt

Con moto - linh hot

Com modo - thoi mi

Non troppo - khng qu

Non tanto - khng n th

Sempre - lun lun

Meno mosso - km linh hot hn

Piu mosso - linh hot hn

tng cng tnh din cm khi biu din mt tc phm m nhc, ngi ta dng hnhthc tng nhanh hoc ghm chm chuyn ng chung. K hiu ca chng trong bn nhc nh sau :

a) ghm chm li :Ritenuto - ghm li

Ritardanto - chm chp

Allargando - dn ra

Rallentando - chm li

d) tng nhanh:

Accelerando - nhanh ln

Animado - ho hng

Stringendo - nhanh lnStretto - c ng, dn li

tr li nhp ban u ngi ta dng nhng k hiu sau :

A tempo - vo nhp

Tempo primo - tr li nhanh u

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Tempo le- tr li nhanh th nht

Listesso tempo - cng nhp y (nh nhanh trn)

Cc loi nhp dng trong m nhc da vo k hiu bng ngn t ch l tng i hocnhta ni, l c l.

quy nh nhp chnh xc hn, ngi ta dng mt dng c gi l M-tr-nm (my

p nhp). Ph bin hn c l loi m-tr-nm ca nh sng ch Men-xen. V th m-tr-nm c k hiu tt l M.M, ngha l M-tr-nm ca Men-xen.

Bng qu lc, M-tr-nm pht ra mt s lng ting g cn thit trong mt pht. Tc c iu chnh bng mt qu cn. Qu lc ca M-tr-nm chuyn ng nh mt b mychy dy ct. Mi ting g c coi l mt n v thi gian - mt phch ca loi tit nhp cth, v tu theo loi nhp m c coi nh trng ca mt nt trng, en hay mc n,v.v...

Nhc s ghi k hiu nhp theo M-tr-nm sau k hiu bng ch.

Th d :

Allegro M. M = 180 hoc =180

Nhng sai lch khng ng k ca ngi ca biu din so vi tc do tc gi quy nhl tu thuc vo c tnh ngh thut ca ngi . Thng thng nhng sai lch ny khng nhhng n kha cnh ngh thut ca vic biu din v chng gn lin vi vic x l (truynt) c cn nhc k mt hnh tng m nhc.

25. cc th php ch huy

Ch huy, theo ngha rng ca t ny, l iu khin vic biu din mt tc phm m nhcbng hp xng, dn nhc hoc cc ng-xm ln khc.

p dng trong ht hoc xng m, ch huy l phng tin m thi gian, ngha l ch ramc ngn di v s chuyn phch trong nhp, th na l xc nh nhp cho mt tcphm c th no .

C s ca cc th php ch huy l nhng hnh vung tay hai, ba v bn phch.

Cc hnh nhsau (cc s di y l ca tay phi) :

1.

2.

a) Tt c cc loi nhp n hai phch ch huy bng hai ln vung tay - i xungv i ln :

Ch :Khi u ca mi phch trong nhp l lc kt thc ca ng tc vungtay, vo im ta cachuyn ng.

Hnh 6

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b) Tt c cc loi nhp n ba phch ch huy bng ba ln vung tay - xung, sang phi vln :

1.

2.

3.

Hnh 7

c) Loi nhp bn phch s dng bn ln vung tay : xung, sang tri, sang phi v ln :

3.2.

1.

4.

Hnh 8

d) Loi nhp su phch ch huy bng su ln vung tay. Thphp ny c bn da vo cch ch huy bn phch, trong ngtc xung v sang phi nhc li hai ln.

tc nhanh, cc loi nhp6

v8 4

6ch huy nhcc loi

nhp n hai phch, mt ln vung tay ba phch.

e) Loi nhp chn phch ch huy bng chn ln vung tay.Th php ny c bn da vo cch ch huy ba phch, trong cc

ng tc vung tay u lp li ba ln.

tc nhanh, cc loi nhp chn phch ch huy nh loi nhpn ba phch, mt ln vung tay l ba ln phch.

5.3.

1.

6.

4.

2.

H h 9n

3.

6.

7.

5.4.

2.1.

9.8.

Hnh 1045


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g) Loi nhp mi hai phch ch huy bng mi hailn vung tay.Th php ny c bn da vo cch ch huybn phch. Mi hng chuyn ng tng ng vi mt nhp n. Mi ng tc vung tay u nhc li ba ln.

8.

4.

1.

12.

7.

2.

9.

10.11.

3.

5.

6.

Hnh 11

tc nhanh, loi nhp mi hai phch ch huy nh

loi nhpbn phch.

h) Loi nhp nm phch ch huy bng nm ln vung

tay. Th php ny c bn da vo cch ch huy bn

phch, trong ng tc xung hoc sang phi c nhc

li hai ln, tu theo trnh t ca cc loi nhp n :

1. (3 + 2) 2. (2 + 3)

3.

1.

5.

4.

2.

2.

1.

5.

3.4.

Hnh 12

i) Loi nhp by phch ch huy bng by ln vung tay. Th php ny c bn da vo cch

ch huy bn phch trong ng tc xung, sang phi v ln c nhc li hai ln nu trnh

t ca cc loi nhp n l 3+2+2, ng tc xung, sang tri v sang phi c nhc li hai

ln, nu trnh t l 2+2+3 :

1.(3 + 2 +2) 2. (2 + 2 + 3) 3. (2 + 3 + 2)

5.3.

1.

7.

4.

2.

6.

5.4.

1.

7.

2.

3.

6.5.4.

1.

7.

2.

3.

6.

Hnh 13

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26. ngha ca tit tu, tit nhp v nhp trong m nhc

Trong m nhc, tit tu, tit nhp v nhp c ngha rt ln v chng quyt nh schuyn ng, tnh t chc v tnh cht ca m nhc.

C mt s th loi m nhc gn kin vi nhng loi tit nhp v tit tu nht nh. Chnghn, cc th loi m nhc nhhnh khc, ma-duc-ca, pn-ca, van-x,v.v...

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Hnh khc cch mng c

Mnh bc u ln cc ng ch

C th minh ho ngha t chc tit tu bng ting trng thng c dng luynbc i u khi diu hnh tp th:

Trng nh

Nhp c ngha rt quan trng trong m nhc. Nhp bt u khng ng s lmmo m hnh tng m nhc.

Cu hi hng dn hc tp

Chng ny cc hc vin cn nm vng cc kin thc :

- Tit tu, cch phn chia c bn v t do cc loi trng .

- Cc loi nhp v cch phn nhm trng trong nhp.

- o phch, cc th php ch huy.

Cu 1.Hy vit cc chm 3, chm 4, chm 5, chm 6, chm 7, chm 2 tng ng vi ccloi trng trn, trng, en.

Cu 2.Hy vit cc hnh thc o phch.

Cu 3.V s cc th php ch huy cc loi nhp 2 phch, 3 phch, 4 phch, 6 phch, 9phch, v 12 phch.

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Chng IV: Qung

27. qung

S kt hp ng thi hoc ni tip nhau ca hai m thanh gi l qung.Cc m thanh caqung pht ra ni tip nhau to thnh qung giai iu. Cc m thanh ca qung pht ra ngthi to ra qung ho thanh. m di ca qung gi l m gc, cn m trn gi l m ngnca qung.

Th d :

Nhng qung i ln v i xung c to ra trong s chuyn ng ca giai iu :

Th d :

M. Gin-ca Phu-ga cho pi-a-n

Tt c cc qung ho thanh v qung giai iu i ln u c t gc ln. Cc qung giaiiu i xung c t trn xung v ng thi phi nhc n c hng chuyn ng na.

28. ln s lng v cht lng ca qung, qung n,qung i-a-t-nch

Mi qung c xc nh bng hai ln - ln s lng v ln cht lng.

ln s lng l ln th hin bng s lng cc bc hp thnh qung.

ln cht lng l ln th hin bng s lng nguyn cung v na cung hp thnhqung. Nhng qung c cu to trong phm vi mt qung tm gi l qung n. C tt ctm qung n. Tn gi ca chng tu thuc s lng bc bao hm trong qung. Tn gicc qung ly t ting La-tinh di dng nhng s th t. Cc s th t ny cho bit m trn vo bc th my so vi m di ca qung. Ngoi ra, rt gn ngi ta k hiu cc qungbng ch s.

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Sau y l tt c cc qung n, cng nhcu trc ca cc qung t m , i ln vi xung.

- Pri - ma - 1, qung mt (hai thanh m ng m)

- X-cun-a - 2, qung hai

- Ter-xi-a - 3, qung ba

- Kvar-ta - 4, qung bn- Kvin-ta - 5, qung nm

- Xch-xta - 6, qung su

- Xp-ti-ma - 7, qung by

- c-ta-va - 8, qung tm

1

Trong mc 5 ni khong cch gia hai bc k nhau c th bng mt na cung hocmt nguyn cung. Do mt qung hai c th bao gm na cung hoc nguyn cung.

Th d, qung hai Mi - Pha bng 1/2 cung, qung hai Pha - Xon bng mt cung.

Cc qung cng loi khc cng khng ging nhau v s lng cung.

Th d, qung ba - Mi bng hai cung, qung ba R - Pha bng mt cung 1/2.Nhvy ln cht lng ca qung xc nh s khc bit v m thanh ca cc qung cng

loi. ln cht lng ca qung k hiu bng cc t : th, trng, ng, tng, gim.

Gia cc bc c bn ca hng m (trong phm vi qung tm) hnh thnh nhng qung sauy :

1. Qung mt ng = 0 cung

2. Qung hai th = 1/2 cung

3. Qung hai trng = 1 cung

4. Qung ba th = 1 .1/2 cung

5. Qung ba trng = 2 cung6. Qung bn ng = 2 .1/2 cung

7. Qung bn tng = 3 cung

8. Qung nm gim = 3 cung

9. Qung nm ng = 3 .1/2 cung

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10. Qung su th = 4 cung

11. Qung su trng = 4 .1/2 cung

12. Qung by th = 5 cung

13. Qung by trng = 5 .1/2 cung

14. Qung tm ng = 6 cung

Th d :

1 ng 2t 2T 3t 3T 4 ng 4 tng

Tt c nhng qung k trn gi l nhng qung c bn. ng thi chng cn c gi l

qung i-a-t-nch v chng nm gia cc bc ca c iu thc tr

ng t nhin ln iu thcth t nhin (xem chng 5).

5 gim 5 ng 6t 6T 7t 7T 8 ng

Tt c cc qung i-a-t-nch u c th c cu to t bt c bc c bn hoc chuynho no, i ln v i xung.

Th d :

Qung i-a-t-nch l c s ca giai iu. Do kt hp thnh nhng qung giai iu theocc kiu ni tip nhau m chuyn ng ca giai iu c c s din cm a dng.

Th d :

Dn ca U-cren - Mt tri ln trn tho nguyn

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I. Bt-t-ven - Kht vng

c) P. Trai-cp-xki - R mng

29. qung tng v qung gim (qung cr-ma-tch). S bng nhauc tnh cht trng m ca cc qung

Mi qung i-a-t-nch u c th tng hoc gim nh nng cao hoc h thp mt nacung Cr-r-ma-tch mt trong cc bc cu thnh qung . Nhn y cn ch r rng ccqung tng c th c to nn t nhng qung ng v trng cn cc qung gim t nhngqung ng v th. Qung mt ng l trng hp ngoi l, n khng gim c.

Tt c cc qung tng v gim gi l qung cr-ma-tch.

Khng nn ln ln qung bn tng v nm gim (qung ba cung) vi cc qung cr-ma-tch v chng l nhng qung i-a-t-nch.

Th d :

Cc qung tng:

a) To ra do nng cao bc trn (ngn) :

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b) Do h thp bc di (gc) :

1 tng 2 tng 3 tng 5 tng 6 tng 7 tng 8 tng

Cc qung gim :a) To ra do h thp bc trn (ngn) :

b) Do nng cao bc di (gc) :

S lng cung ca mi qung cr-ma-tch k trn trng hp vi s lng cung ca mtqung no thuc loi i-a-t-nch (c bn) :

Th d : qung 2 tng bng qung 3 th ( 1 .1/2 cung),

qung 7 gim bng qung 6 trng (4 .1/2 cung),

Cc qung c m thanh ging nhau m c ln s lng khc nhau gi l cc qungtrng m.

Cc qung trng m cng c th c ln ging nhau khi c s thay th c tnh trng mc hai m ca mt trong nhng qung c em ra so snh y :

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Ngoi nhng qung cr-ma-tch k trn, c th to nn nhng qung tng kp bng cchtng ln hay gim xung hai na cung cr-ma-tch.

Qung bn tng kp v qung nm gim kp l nhng qung hay gp hn :

30. o qung

S xo trn cc m ca qung, khin m di thnh m trn, m trn thnh m di gi lo qung.

C hai cch o cc m thanh, l :

1. Chuyn m gc ca qung (m di) ln mt qung tm.

2. Chuyn m ngn ca qung (m trn) xung mt qung tm.

Do o qung m ta c qung mi:

Theo nguyn tc, tt c cc qung ng o thnh qung ng, th thnh tr ng, trngthnh th, tng thnh gim, gim thnh tng, tng kp thnh gim kp v ngc li. Nu cngqung v dng o ca n ta s c mt qung tm. Cho nn, tng s ln cht lng ca ccqung o ln nhau y bao gi cng l sau cng. Qung tm tng l trng hp ngoi l v nkhng c dng o .

T mt m thanh nht nh mun d dng lp mt qung su v qung by i ln hoc i

xung, nn dng o qung. cu to mt qung i ln ta ly mt qung tm t m khiim i ln ri tr i phn o ca qung tnh t trn xung. Chng hn, lp mt qungsu th t m Pha i ln :

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cu to mt qung i xung, t m khi im i xung ta ly mt qung tm ri tr i

phn o ca qung tnh t di ln. Chng hn, lp mt qung by trng t m thngi xung:

31. qung ghp

Ngoi nhng qung n, trong m nhc cn dng qung rng hn qung tm. Qung rng

hn qung tm gi l qung ghp.Chng c cu to bng cch cho thm mt qung tmvo cc qung n, nhvy cng vn l nhng qung y nhng chng ln mt qung tm na.Tn gi ca ca cc qung ghp bt ngun t phng thc cu to ca chng.

K hiu ln cht lng ca cc qung ghp cng ging nhcc qung n, ngha lng, trng, th, tng, gim.

Phng thc chuyn m khi o qung ghp nhsau :

a) Mt trong nhng m ca qung ghp chuyn dch hai qung tm (m di ln trn hocm trn xung di) ;

b) Di chuyn c hai m ca qung ghp mt qung tm theo hng ngc chiu nhau (an

cho) ;Th d :

Cng c th to nn nhng qung ghp rng hn qung mi lm (qung tm kp). Trongtrng hp ny tn gi cc qung n vn gi nguyn, ch thm chng ln nhau hai (hoc ba)qung tm.

Chng hn nhqung ba trng chng ln hai qung tm.

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C th o qung ghp thnh qung kp. Trong trng hp ny cc m chuyn ngcchiu nhau, qua hai qung tm.

Th d v qung ghp :

V. M-da - Ma dn gian

A. C-re-li - Xa-ra-bng

32. qung thun v qung nghch

Cc qung ho thanh i-a-t-nch chia thnh qung thun v qung nghch.

Khi nim thun trong m nhc c ngha l m thanh vang ln (cng vang ln) ho hpm tai.

Khi nim nghch c ngha l m thanh vang ln khng ho hp, gay gt.

Qung thun l cc qung sau y :

a)

Qung mt ngQung tm ng thun rt hon ton

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b)

Qung bn ng1

Qung nm ng

c)Qung ba th

Qung ba trng

Qung su th

Qung su trng

thun khng han ton

thun hon ton

Qung nghch l cc qung sau y :

Qung hai th.

Qung hai trng.Qung bn tng.

Qung nm gim.

Qung by th.

Qung by trng.

V nguyn tc, cc qung thun o thnh qung thun, cn cc qung nghch o thnhqung nghch.

Th d v cc qung ho thanh :A.Vc-la-mp - Nhng nh ni

1Qung bn ng khng phi trong trng hp no cng thun. S ni chi tit v iu ny trong chngsu.

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X.Ta - nhe - p - Cy thng

Cu hi hng dn n tp

Chng ny cc hc vic cn nm vng kin thc.

- Cht lng ca qung (n, kp, tng, gim).

- o qung

- Qung ghp, qung thun v nghch.

Cu 1.T nt R qung 81, trnh by cc qung t 1 n 8.

Cu 2.T nt qung 81, hy thnh lp cc qung 1 ng, 2 th, 2 trng, 3 th, 3trng, 4 ng, 4 tng, 5 gim, 6 th, 7 trng, 8 ng.

Cu 3.Hy cho bit nhng qung no l thun, qung no l nghch.

Cu 4.T m Pha qung 81, hy thnh lp qung 6 th, 5 ng, 3 th, 3 trng, 7 th, 7trng v cc th o ca n.

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Chng V: iu thc v ging33. m n nh, m ch, m khng n nh - s gii quyt m

khng n nh - iu thc

Khi nghe hoc biu din mt tc phm m nhc, chng ta nhn thy gia cc m thanhhp thnh tc phm c nhng mi quan h tng quan nht nh. iu ny th hin trcht ch, trong qu trnh pht trin ca m nhc ni chung v ca giai iu ni ring, t khim thanh chung ni ln mt s m thanh c tnh cht nh cc m ta. Giai iu thng ktthc mt trong cc m ta .

Th d :

Vn cao. Lng ti

Trong th d ny, phn u c cc m ta l Xon v , phn th hai l Mi v .

Cc m ta thng c gi l nhng m n nh. nh ngha m ta nhvy ph hp vitnh cht ca chng v s kt thc giai iu bng m ta to ra cm gic n nh, yn tnh.

C mt trong cc m n nh thng ni ln r hn cc m khc. Dng nhn l im

ta ch yu. m n nh gi l m ch.

Trong th d dn ra trn th m ch l m .

Tri ngc vi m n nh, nhng m thanh khc trong giai iu gi l nhng m khngn nh. Cc m khng n nh c c tnh b ht v cc m n nh. Trng thi ny i vicc m khng n nh cch nhng m n nh mt qung hai.

Dn ca Nga - Chng ta ht ht mi bi

Alle ro (Nhanh)

Trong th d ny, cc m n nh (m ta) l : Xon, Mi v (chng c nh du >).Cc m khng n nh b ht v chng : La v Xon, Pha v Mi v R v .

Trong giai iu ny m l m ch.

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Vic chuyn m khng n nh v m n nh gi l s gii quyt.Trong th d 122, tac bit cm thy r s gii quyt ca m khng n nh v mt m n nh khi m Rchuyn v m (m ch).

Qua nhng nhn xt trn, ta c th rt ra kt lun l trong m nhc, mi tng quan v cao ca cc m thanh chu s chi phi ca mt h thng nht nh.

H thng cc mi t

ng quan gia m n nh v khng n nh gi l iu thc.C s ca mi giai iu ni ring, v ca c tc phm m nhc ni chung bao gi cng l

mt iu thc nht nh.

iu thc l c s t chc mi tng quan v cao ca m thanh trong m nhc. iuthc cng vi nhng phng tin din cm khc to cho m nhc mt tnh cht nht nh, phhp vi ni dung ca n.

34. iu thc trng - gam trng t nhin - cc bc ca iuthc trng - tn gi, k hiu v c tnh ca cc bc trong iutrng

m nhc dn gian c nhiu dng iu thc. Sng tc dn gian c phn nh mt mc nht nh trong m nhc c in (Nga v nc ngoi), cho nn tnh a dng v iu thcvn c ca n, cng c phn nh trong . Nhng cc iu thc trng v th vn c sdng rng ri hn c.

iu trng l iu thc trong nhng m n nh (ngn vang ni tip nhau hoc cngmt lc) to thnh hp ba m trng gm ba m thanh. Cc m nm cch nhau nhng qungba : m di v m gia cch nhau qung ba trng, m gia v m trn cch nhau qungba th. Cc m ngoi cng ca hp m ba to thnh qung nm ng.

Hp m ba xy dng trn m ch l hp m ba ch.

Nhng m khng n nh nm xen k gia cc m n nh.

iu trng gm by m thanh.

S sp xp cc m thanh ca iu thc theo th cao (bt u t m ch n m ch qungtm tip theo) gi l hng m ca iu thc hay gam 1

Cc m thanh hp thnh gam gi l cc bc.Trong gam ca iu trng c by bc. Cc bc ca gam c k hiu bng cc s La-m:

1Gam l tn gi mt ch ci Hy-lp, xa kia dng ch m thp nht.

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ng ln ln cc bc ca iu thc vi cc bc ca h thng m nhc (xem chng I, mc

4). Cc bc ca hng m trong h thng m nhc khng c k hiu bng ch s v l mt hngm sp xp theo th t cao trong phm vi ton b tm c m nhc.

Cc bc ca iu trng to ra mt ni tip cc qung hai. Th t cc bc v cc qunghai nhsau :

2T, 2T, 2t, 2T, 2T, 2T, 2t

Gam c trnh t sp xp cc bc nhtrn gi l gam trng t nhin v iu thc th hinra qua trnh t ny l iu thc trng t nhin.

Ngoi k hiu bng ch s, mi bc ca iu thc cn c tn ring na :

Bc I - m ch (T) ;

Bc II - m dn i xung ;

Bc III - m trung (m-i-ng) ;

Bc IV - m h st (S) ;Bc V - m t (D) ;

Bc VI - m h trung;

Bc VII - m dn i ln (m cm) ;

Cc m ch, h t v t gi l nhng bc chnh, cn li l nhng bc ph.

m t nm cao hn m ch mt qung nm ng. Bc ba nm gia chng, do gi lm trung. m h t di m ch mt qung nm ng, do m c tn gi l h t, cn m

h trung vo gia m h t vi m ch. D

i y l s v tr ca cc bc y :

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Cc m dn c tn nhvy v chng b ht v m ch. m dn nm di b ht ln, mdn nm trn b ht xung :

S H trung T trung D

5 ng 5 ng

VII I II

trn ni, trong iu trng c ba m n nh l cc bc I, III, v V. Mc n nhca chng khng ging nhau. Bc I - m ch - l m ta ch yu v do n nh hn c. Cc

bc III v V km n nh hn.

Cc bc II, IV, VI, VII ca iu trng khng n nh. Mc khng n nh ca chngkhc nhau. N tu thuc : 1) khong cch gia cc m khng n nh v n nh ; 2) mc n nh ca m c sc ht. B ht mnh hn c l cc bc : VII v I, IV v III (cch cc mn nh mt na cung) v II v I (do mc n nh ca bc I). B ht t hn l cc bc : IVv V, II v III v IV v V. Di y l s hng b ht ca cc m khng n nh :

Nhng m VII I II III IV V VI

khng n nh 1/2c 1c 1c 1/2c 1c 1c

Cc th d v s gii quyt cc m khng n nh :

Dn ca Nga - Bn kia bin xanh

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V. M-da - Bi ca ma xun

Vui v

V.M-da - Ht ru

Thanh thn

3.5. ging iu, cc ging trng c du thng v du ging,vng qung nm - s trng m ca cc ging trng

iu trng t nhin c th c xy dng t bt c bc no (c c bn ln chuyn ho)ca hng m (vi iu kin gi nguyn h thng sp xp cc bc nh nu mc trc).

Ging l cao da vo sp xp iu thc. Tn gi ca ging l tn gi ca m ccoi l m ch. Tn gi ca ging bao gm k hiu ca m ch v ca iu thc, tc l ttrng.

Th d trng hay C-dur2(theo h thng ch ci).

Xon trng hay G-dur,v.v...

Ging trng c xy dng t m gi l ging trng. Thnh phn ca n gmtt c cc bc c bn ca hng m. Cu trc ca ging ny dn trn lm v d cho iutrng (xem mc 34).

Trong thnh phn cc ging ca iu trng xy dng t cc bc khc ca hng m c ccc bc chuyn ho. S lng ca chng trong cc ging khng ging nhau. Trong mt s

2Ting La tinh dur c ngha l cng.

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ging trng, ch dng cc bc thng ; k hiu chng, cn c s lng du thng tng ng.Cho nn cc iu trng c du ho chia thnh hai loi ging c du thng v ging c duging. Du ho cc ging y vit cnh kho v c gi l du ho theo kho.

Cc ging khc nhau mt du ho theo kho gi l cc ging h hng, v trong thnh phnca chng c su m chung. Ging h hng c du thng ca trng l Xon trng. Bc I

ca n cao hn m ch ca ging trng mt qung nm ng :

trng (C-dur) Qung 5 ng

bc VII ca gam Xon trng c du thng u tin-Pha thng :

Trong th d ny, m Xon l m ch. Pha thng xut hin do s cn thit to m dn ln :pha thng-Xon, v l gia cc bc VII v I phi l mt qung hai th (1/2 cung).

Cao hn ging Xon trng mt qung nm ng l ging R trng :

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bc VII ca R trng c du thng th hai - thng :

Tip , nu ta c ly bc V ca ging tr

c lm c s ca mi gam mi th dn dn ta sc tt c cc ging trng c du thng. mi ging s xut hin mt du ho theo khomi, bc VII ca gam, v c nhth tun t cho n by du ho. Ging c by du ho lging tn cng v tt c cc m ca n u l nhng bc chuyn ho. Tt c cc du thng uvit cnh kho theo th t c b sung dn trong cc ging, vi iu kin b tr chng theonhng qung nm ng i ln.

S sp xp tt c cc ging c du thng theo th t h hng cho ta mt chui cc gingtrng c du thng sau y :

Tng s du ho theo kho ca cc ging trng m l 12.

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Ging c du thng :

Xon trng

G-dur

R trng

D-dur

La trng

A-dur

Mi trng

E-dur

Xi trng

H-dur

Pha #trng

Fis-dur

#trng

Cis-dur

Th t cc ging trng c du ging trn c s h hng cng xut hin nhvy, nhng ltheo cc qung nm i xung.

Ging c du ging c h hng vi ging trng l Pha trng. Bc I ca Pha trngthp hn m ch ca trng mt qung nm ng v vo bc IV (h t) ca trng.

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. S-xta-c-vich - Bi ca v s n cho

Tip , nu tun t lp mt qung nm i xung t m ch ca ging trc v ly bc lm c s ca mt ging mi th dn dn ta s c tt c nhng ging trng c du ging.

Trong mi ging c du ging, du ho theo kho mi (k tip) - du ging (b) vo bcIV ca gam.

em sp xp tt c cc ging c du ging theo th t h hng, ta c h thng cc gingtrng c du ging sau y:

m m khng

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Mi mt ging trng c nm, su v by du thng u trng m vi mt ging c duging trong s cc ging c t nm n by du ging v ngc li.

Cc ging trng ml nhng ging c cao ging nhau nhng ck hiu (tn gi) khcnhau.

Cc cp ging tr

ng trng m dng trong m nhc l :a)

Ging c du ging

b)

36. Ging trng ho thanh v ging trng giai iu

Trong m nhc thng hay gp iu trng c bc VI h thp. Dng iu thc trng nygi l iu trng ho thanh.

iu tr

ng ho thanh

c s dng kh rng ri trong m nhc c in ca cc nhc snc ngoi.

Do h thp bc VI xung mt na cung nn n cng b ht mnh hn v bc V. S c mtca nhng m hnh giai iu vi bc VI h thp to cho iu trng tnh cht c o ca musc iu th ( xem th d v iu trng ho thanh di).

Ngoi ra, bc VI h thp cn lm thay i cu trc ca cc hp m m trong n c thc s dng (vn ny s c cp chi tit hn trong chng by) iu ny cng nhhng n tnh cht phn m ho thanh ca giai iu. V cng t c tn gi ca iu thc- iu trng ho thanh.

Du ho h thp bc VI c vit trc nt nhc khi cn n v c gi l du ho btthng.

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Th d :

trng ho thanh :

I II III IV V VI VII (I)Th t cc qung hai trong gam ca iu trng ho thanh nh sau :

hai trng, hai trng, hai th, hai trng, hai th, hai tng, hai th.

c im ca gam trng ho thanh l qung hai tng gia cc bc VI v VII :

N.Rim-xki Coc-xa np

Bi ht ca ng gi tuyt, trong -p-ra Nng Tuyt

Trong m nhc, iu trng giai iu t gp hn nhiu. Trong dng iu trng ny ccbc VI v VII b h thp. iu thc ny ch yu c dng khi giai iu chuyn ng ixung v tnh cht m thanh ca n ging nhiu thc t nhin.

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37. iu thc th, gam th t nhin cc bc ca iu thc thv cc thuc tnh ca chng

iu thc th l iu thc m trong cc m n nh (khi ngn vang ni tip hoc ngthi) to thnh hp m ba th. Cc m n nh ca hp m ba th c sp xp theo qung ba:qung ba th gia cc bc I v III, v qung ba trng cc bc II v V. Cc m ngoi cng ca

hp m ba th to nn qung nm ng :

So vi hp m ba trng th cc qung ba trong hp m ba th sp xp theo th t ngcli.

iu th, cng nhiu trng, gm by bc. Gam ca iu th khc gam trng s nitip ca cc qung hai.

Th t cc qung hai trong gam th t nhin nhsau : hai trng, hai th, hai trng, haitrng, hai th, hai trng, hai trng.

Cc bc ca gam th t nhin cng c nhng k hiu ch s v tn gi ging nh gamtrng.

V tr cc m khng n nh trong iu th t nhin khc v tr ca chng trong iu

trng. iu th, s ht na cung nm cc bc : II v III, VI v V. Cc m dn b ht vm ch qua mt nguyn cung.

Di y l s hng b ht ca cc m khng n nh trong iu th t nhin :

:

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Th d m nhc iu th t nhin :

Huy Du - Anh vn hnh qun

38. iu th ho thanh v iu th giai iu - cc ging th,cc ging song song, vng qung nm ca cc ging th

Trong qu trnh pht trin m nhc, iu th thay hnh i dng. S thay hnh i dngny th hin s ho ca mt s bc c bn ca n. iu ny nh hng n mc chu scht ca cc m khng n nh.

Ngoi dng t nhin, cc dng th ho thanh v th giai iu c s dng rng ri.

iu th ho thanhkhc iu th t nhin ch c bc VII nng cao. Bc VII c nng caodo s cn thit tng mc b ht ca m dn ln.

Th t cc qung hai trong gam th ho thanh nhsau : hai trng, hai th, hai trng,hai th, hai tng, hai th :

La th (a moll) ho thanh

Cung : 1 1/2 1 1 1/2 1 1Bc : I II III IV V VI VII (I)

c im tiu biu ca iu th ho thanh l qung hai tng gia cc bc VI v VII.

Nhng th d m nhc iu th ho thanh.

Dn ca U-cren - Trng i, ng chiu sng

Moderato (Va phi)

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E.Grch - Vanxop.12 s 12

Allegro moderato (Nhanh va phi)

Bng so snh gam th t nhin, ho thanh v giai iu.

T nhin -1, 1/2, 1, 1, 1/2, 1, 1.

Ho thanh -1, 1/2, 1, 1, 1/2, 11

2, 1/2.

Giai iu -1, 1/2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1/2.

Cc loi ging th cng vn bao gm nhng bc c bn v chuyn ho ca hng m nh trong cc ging trng.

Cc loi ging th cng c quan h h hng vi nhau nhcc ging trng. V cng do, chng c sp xp theo trnh t tng dn du ho ging nhcc iu trng, c ngha ltheo cc qung nm i ln i vi cc ging c du thng v theo cc qung nm i xung vicc ging c du ging.

Cc ging trng v th c thnh phn m thanh ging nhau, hay ni khc, cc gingtrng v th c s du ho theo kho ging nhau, gi l ccging song song.

trng La th

Mi ging trng th

T th d nu trn ta thy m ch ca ging th song song thp hn m ch ca gingtrng mt qung ba th. Ni mt cch khc, m ch ca ging th song song l bc VI caging trng song song vi n. Nhvy, khi nm chc cc ging trng, c th d dng tmthy ging th bt c s lng du ho no.

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Cc du thng tun t xut hin bc II ca mi gam trong cc gam th, cc du ging - bc VI.

Du ho ca cc ging th vit cnh kho. Cc du ho bt thng ch r s thay i cr-ma-tch cc bc VI v VII th vit trc cc nt.

S lng cc ging th tng ng vi s lng cc ging trng, ngha l c 15 ging.Tn gi ca chng cng hnh thnh nhtn gi ca cc ging trng. Theo h thng ch ci,iu thc th k hiu bng ch moll1.

Th d La th hay a-moll, th hay c-moll.

Sp xp cc ging th theo trnh t h hng, ta c h thng ging sau y :

Cc ging th c du thng.

T nhin Ho thanhMi th

e-moll

Xi th

h-moll

Pha #th

fis-moll

#th

cis-moll

Xon #th

gis-moll

R #th

dis-moll

La #th

cis-moll

1Moll ting La tinh c ngha l mm.

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Giai iumn

nh

m khng nnh iu

th ho thanh

Mi th

e-moll

Xi th

h-moll

Pha #th

fis-moll

#th

cis-moll

Xon #th

gis-moll

R #th

dis-moll

La #th

cis-moll

Cc ging th c du ging .

T nhin Ho thanhR th

d-moll

Xon th

g-moll

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th

c-moll

Pha th

f-moll

Xi thb-moll

Mi thes-moll

La thas-moll

R th

d-moll

Xon th

g-moll

th

c-moll

Pha th

f-moll

Xi th

b-moll

Giai iu mn nh

m khng n nh iu th ho thanh

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Mi th

e-moll

La th

as-moll

V l cc ging c h hng ca iu th c sp xp cch nhau mt qung nm ng, ttc cc ging ca iu th hp thnh mt vng qung nm c lp :

Trong tng s cc ging th cng nhtrong tng s cc ging trng, c su ging trngm : ba ging thng trng m vi ba ging ging v ngc li. l :

Xon thng th trng m vi La ging th.

R thng th trng m vi Mi ging th.

La thng th trng m vi Xi ging th.

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39. cc ging cng tn - mt vi nt ging v khc nhau caiu trng v th - ngha ca iu thc trng v th trongm nhc

Cc ging trng v th c m ch ging nhau gi l cc ging cng tn.

Cc gam t nhin ca nhng ging tr

ng v th cng tn khc nhau ba bc : III, VI vVII. gam th, mi bc thp hn cng nhng bc y gam trng mt na cung cr-ma-tch :

trng (C-dur) th (c-moll)

Cc gam trng ho thanh v th ho thanh cng tn v m thanh ch khc nhau bc III.Nt ging nhau ca chng l qung hai tng gia cc bc VI v VII.

Th d :La trng (A-dur) La th (a-moll)

V m thanh, gam th giai iu khc gam trng t nhin cng tn bc III.

Th d :

La trng (A-dur) La th (a-moll)

Nh ni, kh nng din cm ca m nhc c c l do s tc ng qua li ca ccphng tin ca n. Trong s cc phng tin ny, iu thc c ngha ln lao trong victruyn t bng m nhc mt ni dung v mt tnh cch nht nh.

Cng mt iu thc nhng khi kt hp vi cc nhn t khc, n c th to cho m nhcnhng sc thi biu hin khc nhau. Chng hn, nu chng ta xem xt m nhc thi i chngta ngy nay, nht l cc ca khc ca cc nhc s X-vit, c th khng nh chc chn rngiu th l c tnh ca loi m nhc miu t ni dung u bun, khc nghit, giu kch tnh.

Th d :

V.Xa-xa-vi-p X-i - Chiu hi cng

Chm, rt xc cm

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Chng VI: qung cc ging trng v th

40. cc qung ca iu trng t nhin v iu th t nhin

chng bn gii thiu chi tit cc loi qung. Nay cn xem nhng loi qung nohnh thnh trong cc iu trng v th t nhin v nhng loi no trong cc iu trng vth ho thanh.

Cc bc ca iu trng v th t nhin to ra nhng qung i-a-t-nch. T mi bc, cth lp qung I, qung II, qung III, v.v... Nhim v ca chng ta l phi tm hiu ln chtlng ca mi qung, ngha l xt xem nhng qung no trong s l qung ng, qungth, qung trng, v.v... Tng s qung cc loi tng ng vi s lng cc bc ca iuthc, ngha l by qung.

Di y l bng thng k qung ca iu trng v th t nhin.

Bng cc qung ca iu tr

ng v th t nhin.Tn giqung

Slng

Lp t cc bc trng

Mt ng

Hai th

Hai trng

7

2

5

I II III IV V VI VII

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Ba th

Ba trng

Bn ng

Bn tng

Nm gim

Nm ng

Su th

Su trng

By th

By trng

4

3

6

1

1

6

3

4

5

2

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Tm ng

Tn gi qung

Mt ng

Hai th

Hai trng

Ba th

Ba trng

Bn ng

Bn tng

Nm gim

Nm ng

Su th

7

S lng

7

2

5

4

3

4

1

1

6

3

Lp t cc bc La thI II III IV V VI VII

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Su trng

By th

By trng

Tm ng

4

5

2

7

Mun cho bng trn c tc dng khi nghin cu cc qung, cn lu nhng iu sau y:

1. Trong iu tr

ng v th t nhin hnh thnh nhng qung ging nhau v s l

ngcng bng nhau.

2. iu th, tt c cc qung ging vi iu trng u nm cao hn cc qung iutrng hai bc.

Chng hn, qung ba trng trong iu trng l nhng qung lp t cc bc I, IV, v V, iu th chng lp t cc bc III, VI v VII :

C dur a moll

I IV V III VI VII3. nm vng c cc qung ca iu trng, cn bt u t nhng qung d nh nht:qung mt v tm ng, qung hai th v hai trng (theo gam), qung ba trng (nhng bcch yu), qung ba cung1, qung bn v nm ng, v.v...

4. Sau khi nm c cc qung trong iu trng th i chiu vi v tr cc qungtrong iu th khng kh nu ta lu nhng iu nhc im 2.

41. qung ca iu trng ho thanh v iu th ho thanh cc qung c bit

iu trng ho thanh, do h thp bc VI, v iu th ho thanh do nng cao bc VII

nn hnh thnh cc qung trong nhng iu thc ny khc vi qung trong iu trng v tht nhin. Mt l trong cc iu thc ny xut hin nhng qung khng c trong cc iutrng v th t nhin. l nhng qung cr-ma-tch, hoc nhngi ta thng gi, nhngqung c bit. Gi nhvy v chng c ch cc ging ho thanh ca iu trng v iu

1Qung ba cung-bn tng hoc nm gim.

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th. C tt c bn qung c bit : qung hai tng, by gim, nm tng v bn gim. Nhnu, nhng qung ny hnh thnh iu trng do h thp bc VI :

2 tng t bc VI 7 gim t bc VII 5 tng t bc VI 4 gim t bc III

C dur ho thanh

bc th do nng cao t bc VII :

a-moll ho thanh

2 tng t bc VI 7 gim t bc VII 5 tng t bc III 4 gim t bc VII

Hai l c s thay i dng ca mt s qung i-a-t-nch. Chng hn nhhnh thnh thmhai qung ba cung di dng bn tng v nm gim thay cho cc qung bn v nm ng :

C-dur ho thanh a-moll ho thanh

4 tng t bc VI 5 gim t bc II 4 tng t bc IV 5 gim t bc VII

Ghi ch: Nu nhvic nm vng cc qung cu to t cc bc ca iu th t nhin vc bit l ca iu trng t nhin l iu c li trong thc hnh th iu trng v th hothanh c th ch cn nm vng t cc bc no hnh thnh :

a) Cc qung c bit.

b) Cc qung hai th.

c) Cc qung ba th v trng (cn thit lp cc hp m ba).

d) Cc qung bn tng v gim.

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42. cc qung n nh v khng n nh - s khc nhau giatnh n nh v tnh thun - gia tnh khng n nh ca qungthun vi tnh nghch - s gii quyt cc qung nghch, s giiquyt cc qung khng n nh theo sc ht

Mi qung hnh thnh t cc bc ca iu thc ngoi tnh m hc ca n ngha l thun

hay nghch, cn c mt mu sc khc (c tnh) tu thuc ch n c cu to t nhng bcn nh v khng n nh. Ni cch khc, v tr iu thc ca n c bc l ra.

Khi xem xt cc qung t quan im ny, ngi ta chia chng thnh cc loi n nh v

khng n nh. y trc ht cn xc nh l khng phi bt c qung no cng n nh,nu xt t quan im iu thc.

Th d :

Moderato (Va phi) V.Ka-li-nhi-cp -Nhng cy thng

on nhc trn, qung ba trng La ging- l qung n nh, cc qung cn likhng n nh d chng l nhng qung thun.

Nhvy tc l nhng qung thun no do ton nhng m n nh hp thnh mi l nhngqung n nh. Cc qung thun cu to t nhng m khng n nh hoc t mt m khngn nh v mt m n nh u l qung khng n nh.

Bt c qung nghch no, d v tr no ca iu thc, bao gi cng l qung khng nnh.

Th d :

P. Trai-cp-xki - Rng ng

Allegro moderato (Nhanh va)

Trong th d ny, cc qung nghch c thay th bng nhng qung thun, nhng cthun v nghch u l nhng qung khng n nh. Trong on nhc ny nhng qung n nh

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l : qung ba Mi-Xon thng v qung ba Xon thng-Xi, nhng qung kt thc cc phn trong thd ny.

Xin chuyn sang vn cch gii quyt nhng qung nghch v nhng qung khng nnh.

Gii quyt qung nghch l chuyn n thnh qung thun, cn gii quyt mt qungkhng n nh l chuyn n thnh qung n nh. Khng nn ln ln hai trng hp ny vgii quyt mt qung nghch tc l chuyn n thnh qung thun, d qung thun n nhhay khng n nh, cn gii quyt mt qung khng n nh th phi chuyn n thnh qungn nh.

Phi trn c s iu thc m nghin cu s gii quyt cc qung nghch v qung khngn nh, v cch s dng chng trong m nhc v cch gii quyt u da trn nguyn tc scht ca cc m n nh. Cho nn khi gii quyt mt qung no , cn xc nh ging iu bit cn phi xem xt qung t quan im no.

Di y l nhng th d v cch gii quyt cc qung nghch trong iu trng v th.a) Gii quyt qung hai trng v by th :

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b) Gii quyt qung bn ng khi n vo v tr nghch2.

c) Gii quyt cc qung hai th v by trng :

d) Khi gii quyt cc qung ba cung, c hai m u chuyn dch mt bc theo h ng bht: trong qung bn tng-v hai pha, trong qung nm gim- theo hng gp nhau.

Th d:

F. Su-be - Xkc-do Xi ging trng

2Qung bn ng, to nn t m di ca hp m vi mt trong nhng m trn ca hp m c coinhmt qung nghch.

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F.Men-en-xon - Khc nhc tui tr

Andante Soptemito op.72. s 2

Thanh thn, ghm li

Ghi ch: Qung ba cung c th c to ra do bt thng nng cao hoc h thp cr-ma-tch mt trong cc bc.

Trong trng hp ny, nu trong thnh phn ca n c mt m n nh th khi gii quyt m nm nguyn, cn m khng n nh di chuyn theo hng b ht.

Th d :

Nguyn tc gii quyt cc qung c bit cng ging nh gii quyt cc m khng nnh, tc l : nu c hai m khng n nh, c hai cng chuyn v cc m n nh theo hngb ht (qung hai tng v by gim); nu c mt m n nh, n ng ti ch, cn m khng

n nh gii quyt theo h

ng b ht (qung bn gim v nm tng).

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Th d :

c-dur ho thanh

A. Ghe-i-ke - Tiu phmop. 8 s 2

a) E.G.Rich Ngu hng op. 29 s 1

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b) X. Rank-ma-nhi-cp - Cng-xc-t s 2

cho pi-a-n, chng 3Moderato (Va phi)

X. Pr-c-phi-p - Hi hn op. 65 s 5

N. Ra-cp - Xk-xi-n

Dn ca Ba Lan - Ti gieo ht k

Ghi ch: Nu cc qung hai tng hoc by gim c to ra do bt thng nng cao hoch thp cr-ma-tch mt bc no trong iu thc, nu c mt m n nh, th khi gii quytm ng ti ch.

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Th d :

Tt c cc qung thun khng n nh u gii quyt trn c s sc ht ca cc m khngn nh.

Nu c hai m trong qung khng n nh th chng chuyn v nhng m n nh k bn.

Nu trong qung c mt m n nh, n ng ti ch cn m kia chuyn v m n nh.

Th d :

a) c-dur

b) c-dur

cu hi hng dn hc tp

Chng ny cc hc vin cn nm vng kin thc:

- Qung ca iu trng v th t nhin.

- Cc qung n nh v khng n nh.

- S gii quyt cc qung nghch.

Cu 1.V s tt c cc qung t cc bc ca gam trng v la th.

Cu 2.Trnh by cc cch gii quyt cc qung 2 trng v 7 th, 4 ng, 2 th v 7trng.

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Chng VII: hp m43. hp m - hp m ba- cc dng hp m ba - cc hp m ba

thun v nghch - o hp m

S kt hp cng mt lc ba m thanh (hoc nhiu hn na) sp xp theo qung ba hoc c

th sp xp theo qung ba gi l hp m.

Hp m gm ba m thanh sp xp theo qung ba gi l hp m ba.

Hp m c cu to t m di i ln.

Dng ca hp m ba ph thuc vo tnh cht v th t sp xp cc qung ba hp thnh n.

C bn dng hp m ba c cu to t nhng qung ba trng v ba th:

1. Hp m ba trnggm mt qung ba trng v mt qung ba th, gia hai m ngoicng l mt qung nm ng.

2.Hp m ba th gm mt qung ba th v mt qung ba trng, gia hai m ngoi cng

l mt qung nm ng.

3. Hp m ba tnggm hai qung ba trng, gia hai m ngoi cng l mt qung nmtng.

4. Hp m ba gim gm hai qung ba th, gia hai m ngoi cng l mt qung nmgim.

Tt c cc qung hp thnh cc hp m ba trng v th l nhng qung thun. Trong scc qung hp thnh nhng hp m ba tng v gim c nhng qung nghch (nm tng vnm gim).

V vy cc hp m ba trng v th l nhng hp m thun, cn cc hp m ba tng vgim l nhng hp m nghch.

Khi cc m thanh ca hp m c sp xp theo qung ba th cch sp xp y gi l thc bn.

Mi m thanh trong hp m c tn gi ring. Nhng tn gi y bt ngun t nhng qungc hnh thnh khi hp m th c bn, tnh t m di cng n cc m tip theo.

m gc (hay cn gi l m di) ca hp m ba gi l m mt, m th hai (hoc m gia)gi l m ba, m th ba (hoc m trn) lm nm.

Khi trt t cc m thanh ca hp m ba thay i khin m ba hay m nm tr thnh mdi cng th cch sp xp y ca hp m ba gi l th o.

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Hp m bn su trng bn ng + ba trng

Hp m bn su th bn ng + ba th

Khi bit cu trc qung trong nhng th o cc cc hp m ba trng v ba th v vtr ca m c bn trong cc th o y, s d dng lp c hp m cn c.

Chng hn, cn lp hp m su trng t m R :

3t 4 ng 6 B-dur

Chng ta c hp m su ca Xi ging trng.

Cn lp hp m bn su th t m R :

Chng ta c hp m bn su ca Xon th.

44. cc hp m ba chnh iu trng v th s lin kt cchp m ba chnh

C th lp cc hp m ba trn tt c cc bc ca iu trng v th. Sau khi lp nhng hpm ba trn cc bc ca iu trng t nhin, ta thy trong s c ba hp m (trn cc bcch yu) l trng: cc hp m ba ca cc bc I, IV, v V. Mi hp m c tn gi ring (lyt tn cc bc lp nn chng).

Hp m ba ca bc I gi l hp m ba ch.

Hp m ba ca bc IV l hp m h t.

Hp m ba ca bc V l hp m t.

V l nhng hp m trng cho nn chng tiu biu cho iu trng nhiu hn. Chng thhin r nt hn cc chc nng iu thc (ngha l nhng mi t ng quan ca cc m n nh

v khng n nh).Do chng c gi l cc hp m ba chnhv cng k hiu nhcc bc ch yu T, S,

D:

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Tt c cc m ca iu thc u nm trong thnh phn cc hp m ba chnh. Vai tr cchp m ba chnh trong iu thc, chc nng ha thanh ca chng ph thuc vo ngha iuthc ca cc m thanh (cc bc) nm trong thnh phn mi hp m .

Sau khi lp cc hp m ba trn tt c cc bc ca iu th t nhin, ta thy, ngc viiu trng, cc hp m ba chnh ca iu th l nhng hp m ba th. Chng cng c khiu nhcc hp m ba chnh ca iu trng, nhng bng ch vit thng t, s, d :

La th (a-moll)

Cu trc ca cc hp m ba chnh cc iu trng v th ha thanh khc vi iu trng

v th t nhin. iu trng, do h thp bc VI nn hnh thnh mt hp m ba h t th,em li cho iu trng ha thanh tnh cht mm mi hn, cn iu th, do nng cao bcVII m to ra mt hp m ba t trng, mang li cho iu th t nhiu c tnh ca iutrng:

a-moll ho thanh

V l cc hp m ba chnh l c s ha thanh ca iu thc v c s dng rng ri trongm nhc cho nn cn phi bit nhng cch n gin nht lin kt chng vi nhau.

S ni tip cc hp m bng mt chuyn ng bng phng ca cc b (tin hnh b) gi llin kt hp m.

m hnh ha thanh l mt trnh t do mt s hp m to nn.

Di y l nhng th d v cc cch lin kt n gin nht ca nhng hp m ba v ccth o ca chng.

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45. cc hp m ba ph ca iu trng v th. cc hp m batrn cc bc ca iu trng, th t nhin v ha thanh

Cc hp m ca tt c nhng bc cn li (ngoi nhng bc chnh) tc cc bc: II, III, VI,v VII gi l cc hp m ba ph. So vi cc hp m ba chnh, chng c ngha ph trong iuthc.

Trong iu trng t nhin c ba hp m ba th v mt hp m ba gim ( bc VII) lnhng hp m ba ph.

iu trng ha thanh mt hp m ba th bc III, hai hp m ba gim cc bc II vVII v mt hp m ba tng trn bc VI l nhng hp m ba ph.

iu th ha thanh c mt hp m ba trng bc VI, hai hp m ba gim cc bc IIv VII v mt hp m ba tng trn bc III l nhng hp m ba ph.

Di y l th d v thnh lp cc hp m ba ph trong cc iu trng, th ha thanh vt nhin.

a) C-dur t nhin ha thanh

b) a-moll t nhin ha thanh

Nhvy tng s cc hp m ba bao gm :

1. iu trng hoc iu th t nhin-ba hp m ba trng, ba hp m ba th v mthp m ba gim.

2. iu trng hoc th ha thanh-hai hp m ba trng, hai hp m ba th, hai hp m

ba gim v mt hp m ba tng.Hp m ba tng gii quyt v hp m ch. Hai m n nh nm trong thnh phn ca hp

m ba tng s ng ti ch v chng l nhng m chung vi hp m ba ch, cn m th ba-mkhng n nh-s gii quyt theo hng b ht : iu trng, bc VI h thp i xung mtqung hai th v bc V, cn iu th, bc VII s i ln mt qung hai th v bc I.

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Th d :

Nhvy hp m ba tng ca iu trng gii quyt v hp m bn su ch, cn iuth, v hp m su ch.

Trong m nhc, v phng din ha thanh, hp m ba gim ch c s dng dng hpm su.

Tt c cc hp m ba ca iu trng t nhin v iu th ho thanh c sp xp theonguyn tc qung ba, to ra ba nhm cng nng (do nhng m chung) :

Cc hp m ba cc bc VI v III nm gia cc hp m ba chnh cho nn chng c tnhcht cng nng kp.

46. hp m by - hp m by t v cc th o - gii quyt hp

m by t v cc th o

Hp m gm bn m sp xp theo nhng qung ba gi l hp m by.Cc m ngoi cngca hp m by to nn mt qung by v th m c tn gi y.

Trong m nhc ngi ta dng kh nhiu hp m by cc loi. Hp m by cu to trn bc

V ca iu trng v iu th ha thanh c s dng ph bin hn c. Hp m ny c tngi l hp m by t. Hp m by t gm mt hp m ba trng v thm mt qung ba thpha trn (ba trng - ba th - ba th). Tn gi cc m trong hp m by t tnh t m c sln l: m mt (gc ca hp m), m ba, m nm v m by (m ngn ca hp m).

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Hp m by t k hiu l V7 :

Hp m by t c ba th o : o mt gi l hp m nm su , o hai l hp m babn v o ba l hp m (2).

6543

Tn gi cc th o ca hp m by t l cn c vo nhng qung to ra t m di cngca hp m n m gc v m ngn ca n :

nm c cch lp hp m by t v cc th o ca n mt ging nht nh v tmt m cho sn, cn bit th t sp xp cc qung hp thnh nhng hp m y v bit chngc thnh lp t nhng bc no.

V7 - ba trng + ba th + ba th, bc V

V6 - ba th + ba th + hai trng, bc VII5

V4 - ba th + hai trng + ba trng, bc II3

V2 - hai trng + ba trng + ba th, bc IV

Hp m by t l hp m nghch. Trong thnh phn ca n c hai qung nghch: by thv nm gim:

Nhng qung nghch ny trong cc th o ca hp m by t s o thnh nhng qunghai trng v bn tng.

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Nhvy, hp m by t v cc th o ca n i hi phi c gii quyt. Chng cgii quyt theo nguyn tc cc m khng n nh b ht v cc m n nh.

Hp m by t gii quyt v hp m ba ch thiu m nm v c ba m ch, cc bc V, VIIv II chuyn v bc I, cn bc IV v bc III (bc V nhy ln mt qung bn).

Hp m nm su gii quyt v hp m ba ch y , c hai m ch, cc bc VII v II v

bc I, bc IV v bc VI, bc V ng ti ch.Hp m ba bn gii quyt v hp m ba ch y vi hai m ch cch nhau mt qung

tm: bc II v bc I, IV v bc III, V ng ti ch, cn bc VII v bc I ( c nng ln mtqung tm).

Hp m hai gii quyt v hp m su ch vi hai m ch, bc IV v bc III, bc V ngti ch, cc bc VII v II v bc I:

a) c-dur

Mc d bc V l m chung ca hp m by t v hp m ba ch, khi gii quyt hp mby t dng c bn n vn chuyn v bc I bng cch nhy bc, nhta thy trn. l

v khi gii quyt, cn thit phi c m gc ca hp m ba ch b trm (cho n nh hn).

47. cc hp m by dn - hp m by ca bc ii - hp m trongm nhc

Trong s cc hp m by khc, hp m by dn thng c dng nhiu hn c. Chngc cu to bc VII ca iu trng t nhin v ha thanh, cng nh ca iu th hothanh, do c tn gi l hp m by dn.

iu trng t nhin, cc m ngoi cng ca hp m by dn to thnh mt qung byth, v th n c tn gi l hp mby dn th. Hp m by dn th gm hp m ba gim

cng thm mt qung ba trng trn (ba th + ba th + ba trng).

cc iu trng ha thanh v th ha thanh nhng m ngoi cng ca hp m by dnto thnh qung by gim v th c tn gi l hp m by dn gim. Hp m by dn gimgm mt hp m ba gim cng thm mt qung ba th trn (ba th + ba th + ba th).

Hp m by dn k hiu nhsau : VII7 :

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Cc hp m by dn gii quyt v hp m ba ch c hai m ba :

Cc hp m by dn cng c ba th o. Hp m by dn c dng c dng c bn lncc th o.

Ngoi nhng hp m by k trn, trong m nhc cn dng hp m by bc II, c xpvo nhm cng nng ca cc hp m h t, cho nn ngi ta cn gi chng l hp m by ht.

Trong iu trng, bc II hnh thnh hp m by th ba th:

Trong iu th, bc II hnh thnh hp m by th:

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Trong s cc th o ca II7, hp m c dng nhiu hn v n th hin y hn

c bc h t (bc IV b trm).

65II

Trong m nhc, cc hp m khng nhng c s dng nh phn m cho giai iu mnhiu khi cn xut hin ngay trong giai iu, l trng hp chuyn ng ca giai iu itheo cc m thanh ca hp m (m hnh ho thanh).

Cc th d v cch s dng cc hp m trong m nhc:

Dn ca U-cren

Dn ca Ba Lan

Gh. Pa-khun-xki - Khc doop.8 s 1

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Cu hi hng dn hc tp

Chng ny hc vin cn nm vng cc kin thc

- Hp m ba v o

- Hp m by v o

- Cc hp m ba ph v iu trng v th

Cu 1.T nt R qung 81hy thnh lp cc hp m 3 trng, 3 th, 3 gim, 3 tng vcc th o.

Cu 2. T nt qung 81hy thnh lp cc hp m 3 ch, h t, t.

Cu 3.T nt Xon qung 81hy thnh lp hp m by t v cc th o.

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Chng VIII: Tnh cht h hng ca cc ging -cr-ma-tch

51. tnh cht h hng ca cc ging

Tt c cc ging trng v th hp thnh nhng ging c quan h h hng vi nhau vho thanh.

Cc ging c h hngl nhng ging c cc hp m ba ch nm ccbc ca mt gingc th no (ging xut pht) thuc dng t nhin v ho thanh.

Trong mt tc phm m nhc, ging khi u c gi l ging chnh, cc ging thay thn trong qu trnh din bin ca m nhc1 l cc ging ph.

Mi ging c su ging h hng:

Th d :

Ging trng c h vi cc ging sau:Pha trng bc IV

Xon trng bc VCc ging ca nhng bc ch yu

La th bc VI Ging song song ca ging chnh

R th bc II

Mi th bc IIICc ging song song vi nhng bc chnh

Ging La th c h vi cc ging sau :

R th bc IV

Mi th bc V

Cc ging ca nhng bc chnh

trng bc III Ging song song ca ging chnh

Pha trng bc VI

Xon trng bc VIICc ging song song ca nhng bc ch yu

Mi trng bc V Ging t trng (xem th d 206b)

Qua nhng th d nu, c th thy cc hp m ba trng v th cu to trn cc bc cacc ging trng v La th t nhin v ho thanh cng l nhng trng hp m ch cacc ging c h hng vi chng k trn.

1Chi tit v chuyn ging s cp trong chng XI chuyn ging

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Cc th d v s ho :

a)

b)

Do s ha m xut hin cc iu thc trng v th hng lot nhng qung cr-ma-tchmi. Trong s ny thng hay gp nht l: cc qung ba gim v su tng.

Qung ba gim gii quyt v qung mt ng, cn qung su tng gii quyt v qungtm ng.

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Th d:

53. gam cr-ma-tch - Quy tc vit gam cr-ma-tch

Gam cr-ma-tch l mt ni tip m thanh cch nhau tng na cung mt. Gam cr-ma-

tch khng to ra mt iu thc c lp. C s ca n l gam trng hoc gam th. N l dngphc tp ho ca cc gam trng v th. N hnh thnh trong cc gam trng v th t nhinbng cch b sung cc m cr-ma-tch gia cc qung hai trng.

Quy tc vit gam cr-ma-tch da trn c s h hng ca cc ging.iu trng quy tc nhsau : tt c cc bc c bn ca gam khng thay i, trong

chuyn ng i ln cc qung hai c b sung bng cch nng cao cc bc I, II, IV, V v hthp bc VII, thay cho vic nng cao bc VI: trong chuyn ng i xung, cc qung hai cb sung bng cch h thp cc bc VII, VI, III, II v nng cao bc IV thay cho vic h thpbc V.

Th d:C-dur

VII VI IV III II

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cu hi hng dn hc tp

Chng ny cc hc vin cn nm vng kin thc :

- Tnh cht h hng ca cc ging.

- Crmatic, s ho.

- Gam Crmatic, quy tc vit Crmatic.

Cu 1.Hy cho bit cc ging h hng ca trng v La th.

Cu 2.Trnh by s s ho iu trng v iu th.

Cu 3.Trnh by quy tc vit Crmatic ca ging trng v La th.

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Chng IX: xc nh ging - dch ging

54. xc nh ging

Nhng du hiu c bn xc nh iu thc v ging ca mt giai iu l : nhng du hotheo kho v bt thng ; cu trc ca bn thn giai iu, m ch ca n v cc m ta tothnh hp m ba ch.

C th phn on v m ch cn c vo m kt thc giai iu, nh ng khng phi bao gicng nhvy. Khng t trng hp m kt thc li khng phi l bc I, nhthng thy trongcc ca khc dn gian.

m m u giai iu cng vy, khng phi bao gi cng l m bc I.

Th d :

Dn ca Nga - Hy ma i

Th d trn y-mt bi dn ca Nga ph cp - bt u bng bc V. m La l m ta caon mt, phi hp vi mt m ta khc - m Pha (bc III), c hai m ny u cha bc ly tnh cht ch m. Ch on hai ca bi ht mi xut hin hnh hi ca hp m ba ch(qung nm ng R - La). Bi ht kt thc bc III.

Tip theo l mt th d khc iu th. Cn

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