(Effective 5 December 2008)

THE HONORABLE CHARLES N. BROWER

20 Essex Street Chambers20 Essex Street

London WC2R 3ALENGLAND

Telephone: (44.20) 7583 9294Facsimile: (44.20) 7583 1341

E-mail: cbrower@20essexst.com

**Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

Parkweg 132585 JH The Hague

THE NETHERLANDS

Telephone: (31.70) 352-0064Direct: (31.70) 306-4831

Facsimile: (31.70) 350-2456E-mail: cbrower@iusct.nlE-mail: d.valk@iusct.nl

**Washington, D.C. Office 701 Thirteenth Street, NW

Suite 600Washington, DC 20005

USA

Telephone: (202) 626-3602Facsimile: (202) 639-9355

E-mail: sprahasto@whitecase.com**

WorldwideU.S. Mobile: (1) (202) 361-8601

Dutch Mobile: (31) (6) 5203 5547E-mail: cbrower@20essexst.com

Current private position:

Member, 20 Essex Street Chambers

Current public positions:

Judge, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, The Hague (1983-1984 pursuant to Note to Article 13 of the Tribunal Rules; 1984-88 pursuant to Article 7(1) of the Tribunal Rules; 1988-2000 pursuant to Article 13(5) and Note to Article 13 of the Tribunal Rules; from 2001 pursuant to Article 7(1) of the Tribunal Rules)

Relevant awards, decisions, opinions, and orders reprinted in, inter alia, Volumes 6 et seq. of IRAN-U.S. CL. TRIB. REP.

Judge Ad Hoc, Inter-American Court of Human Rights (appointed by the Government of the Republic of Bolivia) (1999-)

Member, Register of Experts, United Nations Compensation Commission, Geneva (1991-)

Member, Panels of Arbitrators and Conciliators, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (1998-)

Past private positions:

White & Case LLP

As associate (1961-69) and partner (1969) in New York City, partner (1973-84, 1988-2000) and Special Counsel (2001-February 28, 2005) in Washington, DC, handled litigation in federal and state courts throughout the United States, including jury trials, bench trials, and appeals, in a wide range of civil, administrative, and criminal proceedings, while specializing for 25 years in the handling of contentious disputes involving States or State entities before international courts, tribunals and commissions

Past public positions:

Member, Steering Committee on International Mass Claims, Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague (2000-) (see Howard M. Holtzmann & Edda Kristjánsdóttir (eds.), INTERNATIONAL MASS CLAIMS PROCESSES: LEGAL AND PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVES (2007))

Alternate Member, North American Free Trade Agreement Advisory Committee on Private Commercial Disputes (1994-96)

Deputy Special Counsellor to the President of the United States (by leave of the President of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal pursuant to Article 13(2) of the Tribunal Rules [see 14 IRAN-U.S. CL. TRIB. REP. 353-54; David M. Abshire, SAVING THE REAGAN PRESIDENCY (2005)] (1987)

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United States Department of State

Member, United States Secretary of State's Advisory Committee on Public International Law (1996-2006)

Acting Legal Adviser (1973) (chief lawyer of the Department and principal international lawyer for the United States Government)

Deputy Legal Adviser (1971-72)

Assistant Legal Adviser for European Affairs (1969-71)

During this service advised or headed various United States Delegations, including:

Chairman, Inter-Agency Task Force on the Law of the Sea (1973)

Member, Joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. Commercial Commission (1972-73)

Principal legal adviser to the United States Delegation negotiating the Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin (1970-72)

Head of the United States Delegation to the International Conference on Air Law (Montreal Sabotage Convention) (1971)

Principal legal adviser to the United States Delegation negotiating the Cooperation Agreement Between the United States and Spain (and Head of the United States Delegation negotiating the related Status of Forces Agreement) (1969-70)

Counsel, United States Section, International Joint Commission (United States and Canada) (1969-71)

Representations before the International Court of Justice:

Difference Relating to Immunity from Legal Process of a Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, Advisory Opinion, 1999 I.C.J. 62.

Counsel and advocate for the Republic of Costa Rica (1998)

Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 14 April 1992, 1992 I.C.J. 114.

Counsel and advocate for the United States (provisional measures phase) (1992)

Passage Through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark), Provisional Measures, Order of 29 July 1991, 1991 I.C.J. 12.

Expert on United States law for the Kingdom of Denmark (not publicly listed)

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Advice to other governments and parties of a confidential nature regarding the Court and proceedings before it

Representations before other international courts, tribunals, and commissions:

Apart from cases in arbitration under the rules of the American Arbitration Association, the International Chamber of Commerce International Court of Arbitration, the London Court of International Arbitration, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and other arbitral regimes (all of which assignments are confidential unless agreed otherwise), has acted as counsel in the following matters:

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes:

Mondev International Ltd. v. United States of America(Case No. ARB(AF)/99/2)Available at <<www.naftalaw.org>>

Eudoro A. Olguín v. República del Paraguay (Case No. ARB/98/5)Decision on Jurisdiction (August 8, 2000)Award (July 26, 2001)Available at: <<http://www.worldbank.org/icsid/cases/awards.htm>>

Víctor Pey Casado and President Allende Foundation v. Republic of Chile (Case No. ARB/98/2)

Československá obchodní banka, a.s. v. Slovak Republic (Case No. ARB/97/4)

Decision on Objections to Jurisdiction, May 24, 1999, 14 ICSID REV.—FOR. INV. L.J. 251 (1999), 14 MEALEY’S INT’L ARB. REP. 21 (1999)

ICSID Tribunal Decision on Further and Partial Objection to Jurisdiction, December 1, 2000, 15 ICSID REV.—FOR. INV. L.J. 544 (2000)

Final Award, December 29, 2004, available at http://ita.law.uvic.ca/alphabetical_list.htm

Compañia del Desarrollo de Santa Elena, S.A. v. Republic of Costa Rica(Case No. ARB/96/1)

ICSID Tribunal Final Award of February 17, 2000, 39 I.L.M. 1317 (2000), available at http://www.worldbank.org/icsid/cases/santaelena_award.pdf

Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company v. Arab Republic of Egypt and General Authority for Investment and Free Zones (Case No. ARB/89/1)

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Amco Asia Corp., Pan-American Development, Ltd. and P.T. Indonesia v. Republic of Indonesia (Case No. ARB/81/1)

Jurisdictional decision of September 25, 1983, 23 I.L.M. 351 (1984)

Decision of December 9, 1983 Regarding Provisional Measures, 24 I.L.M. 365 (1985)

Award of November 20, 1984, 24 I.L.M. 1022 (1985) (excerpts)

Ad Hoc Committee Decision of May 16, 1986, 25 I.L.M. 1439 (1986)

Decision on Jurisdiction of May 10, 1988, 27 I.L.M. 1281 (1988)

Award of June 5, 1990 and Decision on Supplemental Decisions and Rectification of October 17, 1990, 5 INT’L ARB. REP., No. 11, at Sec. D (Nov. 1990)

United Nations Compensation Commission, Geneva:

From 1992 to 2000 acted as counsel in approximately $2 billion of claims against Iraq presented on behalf of nationals or companies of the Bahamas, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and the United States

Adjudicatory and arbitral assignments (other than Iran-United States Claims Tribunal):

In addition to sitting as co-arbitrator, chairman or sole arbitrator under the rules of the American Arbitration Association, the International Chamber of Commerce International Court of Arbitration, the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce, the London Court of International Arbitration, and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and other arbitral regimes (all of which assignments are confidential unless otherwise agreed), has sat in the following capacities:

Chevron Corporation (U.S.A.) and Texaco Petroleum Corporation (U.S.A.) v. The Republic of Ecuador (PCA Case No. AA277) (serving as co-arbitrator with Professor Albert Jan van den Berg, and (as President) Professor Karl-Heinz Böckstiegel) (2006 - )

Interim Award of the Tribunal (Dec. 1, 2008), available at http://ita.law.uvic.ca/

Piero Foresti, Ida Laura De Carli et al. v. Republic of South Africa (ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/07/01) (serving as co-arbitrator with Joseph M. Matthews of Colson Hicks Eidson and (as President) Professor Vaughan Lowe, Chichele Professor of International Law, Oxford University) (2007-)

Azpetrol International Holdings BV, et al v. Republic of Azerbaijan (ICSID Case No. ARB/06/15) (serving as co-arbitrator with Professor Christopher Greenwood CBE QC and (as President) Florentino P. Feliciano, formerly

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Justice of the Supreme Court of The Philippines and Chairman of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization) (2006-)

Oxus Gold plc v. The Kyrgyz Republic (LCIA Arbitration No. UN6825) (serving as co-arbitrator with Professor Pierre-Marie Dupuy of the European University Institute, Italy and (as President) Professor Francisco Orrego Vicuna of the University of Chile, formerly President of the World Bank Administrative Tribunal and formerly Chilean Ambassador to the United Kingdom) (2006-)

Hrvatska Elektroprivreda, d.d. v. The Republic of Slovenia (ICSID Case No. ARB/05/24) (serving as co-arbitrator with Jan Paulsson, President of the World Bank Administrative Tribunal and President of the London Court of International Arbitration and (as President) David A.R. Williams QC, formerly Judge of the High Court of New Zealand) (2005-)

I&I Beheer v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (ICSID Case No. ARB/05/04) (serving as co-arbitrator with Professor Pierre-Marie Dupuy of the European University Institute, Italy and (as President) Professor Karl-Heinz Böckstiegel, formerly President of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal and President of the London Court of International Arbitration ) (2005-)

DaimlerChrysler Services A.G. v. Argentine Republic (ICSID Case No. ARB/05/01) (serving as co-arbitrator with Prof. Domingo Bello Janeiro of Spain and (as President) Professor Pierre-Marie Dupuy of the European University Institute, Italy) (2005-)

Vannessa Ventures Ltd. v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/04/6) (serving as co-arbitrator with Brigitte Stern, Professor at the Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne and member of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal and (as President) Robert Briner, former President of the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal and former Chairman of the International Chamber of Commerce International Court of Arbitration) (2004-)

Interbrew Central European Holding B.V. v. Republic of Slovenia (ICSID Case No. ARB/04/17) (served as co-arbitrator with Florentino P. Feliciano, formerly Justice of the Supreme Court of The Philippines and Chairman of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization, and (as President) Professor Francisco Orrego Vicuna of the University of Chile, formerly President of the World Bank Administrative Tribunal and Chilean Ambassador to the United Kingdom) (2004)

Telefónica S.A. v. Argentine Republic (ICSID Case No. ARB/03/20) (serving as co-arbitrator with Eduardo Siqueiros of Mexico and (as President) Giorgio Sacerdoti, member of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization and Professor of European and International Law at Bocconi University) (2004-)

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ADC Affiliate Limited and ADC & ADMC Management Limited v. Republic of Hungary (ICSID Case No. ARB/03/16) (served as co-arbitrator with Dr. Albert Jan van den Berg, formerly Vice President of the London Court of International Arbitration and Professor of Law at Erasmus University, and (as President) Neil Kaplan QC, formerly Chairman of the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre and President of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators) (2004-06)

Award of the Tribunal (Oct. 2, 2006), available at http://www.worldbank.org/icsid/cases/pdf/ARB0316_ADCvHungary_AwardOctober2_2006.pdf

CDC Group plc v. Republic of the Seychelles (ICSID Case No. ARB/02/14) (Annulment Proceeding) (served as President with co-members of the ad hoc Committee Michael Hwang SC, Commissioner of the United Nations Compensation Commission and Vice Chairman of the International Council on Commercial Arbitration, and David A.R. Williams QC, formerly Judge of the High Court of New Zealand) (2004-05)

Decision on Whether or Not to Continue Stay and Order (July 14, 2004), available at http://ita.law.uvic.ca/otherinterinvestmentcases.htm

Decision of the ad hoc Committee on the Application for Annulment of the Republic of the Seychelles rendered on June 29, 2005

Occidental Exploration and Production Company v. Republic of Ecuador (LCIA Arbitration No. UN3467) (served as co-arbitrator with Dr. Patrick Barrera Sweeney of Ecuador and (as Presiding Arbitrator) Professor Francisco Orrego Vicuña of the University of Chile, formerly President of the World Bank Administrative Tribunal and Chilean Ambassador to the United Kingdom) (2002-2004)

Final Award (July 1, 2004), available at http://asil.org/ilib/ilib0713.htm

Judgment of the Supreme Court of Judicature, Court of Appeal (Civil Division), [2005] EWCA Civ 1116, (Sept. 9, 2005), available at http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2005/1116.html

Approved Judgment, High Court of Justice Queen’s Bench Division (Commercial Court), [2006] EWHC 345 (Comm), (Mar. 2, 2006), available at http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2006/itn_ecuador_occidental.pdf

Approved Judgment, Supreme Court of Judicature, Court of Appeal (Civil Division), [2007] EWCA Civ 656, (July 4, 2007), available at http://ita.law.uvic.ca/.

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Petition for leave to appeal refused, House of Lords (November 12, 2007), unreported. See Daily list of Decisions on Petitions to Appeal, available at http://www.lawreports.co.uk/HouseofLords/decisionresults07.htm

Siemens A.G. v. Argentine Republic (ICSID Case No. ARB/02/8) (served as co-arbitrator with Prof. Domingo Bello Janeiro of Spain and (as President) Dr. Andres Rigo Sureda, formerly Acting Vice President and General Counsel of the World Bank) (2002-2007)

Decision on Jurisdiction (August 3, 2004), available at http://www.asil.org/ilib/Siemens_Argentina.pdf

Award of the Tribunal, (Feb. 6, 2007), available at http://ita.law.uvic.ca/documents/Siemens-Argentina-Award.pdf

Alimenta S.A. v. Republic of The Gambia (ICSID Case No. ARB/99/5) (served as President with co-arbitrators The Honorable Dr. Samuel K. B. Asante, formerly Deputy Attorney General and Solicitor General of the Republic of Ghana, and Kenneth S. Rokison QC, formerly Chairman of the Board of Directors of the London Court of International Arbitration) (1999-2001)

Judge Ad Hoc, Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Case No. 11.123 (Trujillo Oroza)) (1999-)

I/A Court H.R., Trujillo Oroza Case, Judgment of January 26, 2000. Series C No. 64

I/A Court H.R., Trujillo Oroza Case, Reparations (Art. 63.1 of the American Convention on Human Rights), Judgment of February 27, 2002. Series C No. 92

Tanzania Electric Supply Company Ltd. v. Independent Power Tanzania Ltd. (Case No. ARB/98/8) (served as co-arbitrator with The Honorable Andrew Rogers QC, formerly Chief Judge of the Commercial Division of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and (as President) Kenneth S. Rokison QC, formerly Chairman of the Board of Directors of the London Court of International Arbitration) (1999-2001)

Award of the Tribunal (July 12, 2001)Appendix A - Decision on the Respondent's Request for

Provisional MeasuresAppendix B - Decision on Preliminary IssuesAppendix C - Decision on Tariff and Other Remaining

IssuesAppendix D - Decision on All Further Remaining IssuesAppendix E - Stipulation Regarding Disputes Concerning

the Construction Contingency Account

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Appendix F - Stipulation and Agreement

Available at:<<http://www.worldbank.org/icsid/cases/awards.htm>>

Ethyl Corporation v. The Government of Canada (first NAFTA Chapter 11 investor-State dispute involving Canada) (UNCITRAL Rules arbitration in Toronto) (served as co-arbitrator with The Honorable Marc Lalonde, formerly Canadian Cabinet Minister, and (as Presiding Arbitrator) Professor Dr. Karl-Heinz Böckstiegel, formerly President of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal and President of the London Court of International Arbitration) (1997-98)

Decision Regarding the Place of Arbitration, reprinted in 38 I.L.M. 708 (1999)

Award on Jurisdiction reprinted in 38 I.L.M. 708 (1999)

Note, 94 AM. J. INT’L. L. 159 (2000)

“Neutral Evaluator” appointed by North American Securities Administrators Association with sole authority to design and implement procedures to distribute to investors suffering “hardship” a $9 million “Reallocation Fund” created under settlement with Lloyd’s of London (1996-97)

Vacuum Salt Products Limited v. The Republic of Ghana (Case No. ARB/92/1) (first International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes arbitration ever dismissed for want of jurisdiction) (served as co-arbitrator, and as Acting President, with The Honorable Kamal Hossain, formerly Bangladeshi Cabinet Minister, and (as President) His Excellency Judge Sir Robert Y. Jennings, then President of the International Court of Justice) (1992-94)

Award reprinted in 9 ICSID REV.—FOR. INV. L.J. 71 (1994)

Expert opinion testimony:

RJR Nabisco Inc. (formerly R. J. Reynolds Industries, Inc.) and Consolidated Subsidiaries v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 76 T.C.M. (CCH) 71 (July 8, 1998)(written and oral testimony in United States Tax Court as expert in public international law and international arbitral practice; based on this testimony the Court ruled in favor of taxpayer’s claim that $55,147,935 “level of inflation” granted in the Award in Kuwait v. Aminoil, 21 I.L.M. 977, was a capital gain on investment rather than ordinary “interest” income) (1996-98)

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“Country X v. Company Q,” 22 Y.B. COM. ARB. 227 (1997) (excerpts)(expert opinion on behalf of “Country X” on aspects of UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules relating to challenge of arbitrator; submitted to Appointing Authority serving pursuant to those Rules)

Mohajer-Shojaee v. Levine, et al. (1993)(testified on deposition as expert on the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal engaged by insurance company defending Michigan state court legal malpractice suit brought by two United States-Iranian dual nationals whose claims had been dismissed by the Tribunal [25 IRAN-U.S. CL. TRIB. REP. 196, 273]; case voluntarily dismissed following this testimony)

Academic appointments and lectures:

John A. Ewald Distinguished Visiting Professor, University of Virginia School of Law (appointment offered and accepted to teach a regular schedule in international law in academic year 2001-02 but later withdrew due to reappointment to Iran-United States Claims Tribunal)

Cambridge University, Visiting Fellow, Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law and Jesus College (2001, 2005)

University of Helsinki (one-week course on the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal) (1991)

The Hague Academy of International Law (one-week course on the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal) (1990)

Individual lectures have been given as follows:

Yale University School of Law (2007)Duke University School of Law (2007)City University, Hong Kong (Fourteenth Goff Arbitration Lecture ) (see “Prizes and Honors,” infra) (2007) University of Leiden, The Netherlands (2005)Harvard Law School (2003)University of Mississippi School of Law and Croft Institute for International

Studies (1999)University of Baltimore School of Law (1997)The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (Francis Adams Lecture) (1997)Florida State University College of Law (Ball Chair Lecture) (1997)Georgetown University Law School (1997)George Washington University Law School (1997)Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law (University of Cambridge)

(1996)Villanova University School of Law (1996)Max-Planck-Institut für Ausländisches Öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht,

Heidelberg, Germany (in German) (1986)

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Listed in:

Top Arbitrators, in FOCUS EUROPE, American Lawyer, June 2007 (listed 4th on list of 22 “Top Arbitrators”)Top Ten Arbitrators, in FOCUS EUROPE, American Lawyer, Summer 2005, at 25WHO’S WHO IN THE WORLDWHO’S WHO IN AMERICAWHO’S WHO IN PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 2007GUIDE TO THE WORLD’S LEADING EXPERTS IN COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION, Euromoney

Legal Media Group (1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2007)DISPUTE RESOLUTION, GLOBAL COUNSEL HANDBOOKS, Practical Law Company (2004-2005, 2005-2006)WHO’S WHO LEGAL, LAW BUSINESS RESEARCH LIMITED (2003-2004, 2006, 2007, 2008)“The Global Counsel Top 10 Arbitration Specialists,” PLC GLOBAL COUNSEL,

June 2002, Vol. VII, No. 5, pp. 19-23, Practical Law Company (2002) (Listed as one of the top 10 international arbitration specialists in the world)

“The Best of the Best,” EUROMONEY LEGAL MEDIA GROUP GUIDE (1999)(Listed as one of four best international commercial arbitration experts in the United States and one of “The World’s Top Twenty Experts in Commercial Arbitration”)

“Leading Arbitrators,” CHAMBERS GLOBAL GUIDE 2006, 2007“Most in Demand Arbitrators,” CHAMBERS GLOBAL 2008

(Listed as “generally seen as one of the best arbitrators around when it comes to foreign investment cases”)

Education:

Harvard College (B.A., cum laude) (1957)Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, and Hochschule für Politik, Berlin

(Fulbright Scholarship) (1957-58)Harvard Law School (J.D.) (1961)Columbia University, Parker School of Comparative and International Law (Certificate)

(1962)

Languages:

DutchEnglishFrenchGermanRussian (very limited)

Prizes and honors:

“The Subject This Evening is Virtue,” in LCIA News Vol. 12 Issue 2 (July 2007) at 14

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The Fourteenth Goff Arbitration Lecture, “W(h)ither International Commercial Arbitration,” delivered on January 16, 2007 at the Hong Kong International Arbitration Center (co-sponsored by City University of Hong Kong and Freshfields)

“Brower Hall” (main entrance hall) of Tillar House, headquarters of the American Society of International Law in Washington, D.C., dedicated by the Society November 2, 2002:

In honor of Charles N. Brower, whose leadership made possible the renovation of Tillar House 2001-2002.

Barylypa broweri, an “elegant insect” newly discovered in Costa Rica and named in my honor in recognition of “enthusiastic and outstanding legal defense of the hundreds of thousands of species . . . of the Santa Elena Peninsula serpentine barrens in northwestern Costa Rica,” 1999 (recorded in 63 MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE 435)

Honorary member (first ever selected) of The Stephen Gorove International Law and Policy Society of the University of Mississippi School of Law, 1999

Certificate of Merit of the American Society of International Law for THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL, 1998 (see “Books” under “Principal publications,” infra)

Professional associations:

American Arbitration Association:Panel of Arbitrators

American Bar Association:Board of Governors (1985-88)House of Delegates (1982 and 1984-98)Chairman, Section of International Law (1981-82)

American Journal of International Law:Board of Editors (1993-present)

American Law Institute: Advisor, The Restatement of the Law, Foreign Relations Law of the United

States (Revised)American Society of International Law:

Counsellor (2004-present)Honorary Vice President (ex officio member of the Executive Council) (1998-2004)President (1996-98)Vice President (1994-96)Two terms as member of the Executive Council

Berkeley Journal of International Law:Board of Directors (1996-)

Cairo (Egypt) Regional Commercial Arbitration Centre:Panel of Arbitrators

Center for Strategic and International Studies

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Chartered Institute of Arbitrators:Chartered Arbitrator and Fellow

College of Commercial Arbitrators:Fellow

Council on Foreign Relations Fordham International Law Journal:

Editorial Advisory BoardFoundation (Stichting) Hague Joint Conferences:

Board of DirectorsHague Prize for International Law:

Nominating CommitteeHong Kong International Arbitration Centre:

Panel of ArbitratorsInstitute for Transnational Arbitration, Center for American and International Law:

Chairman, Advisory Board (1994-2000)Executive Committee (2000-present)

International Arbitral Centre of the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber:Panel of Arbitrators

International Bar AssociationInternational Institute for Conflict Prevention and Resolution:

Panel of Distinguished NeutralsInternational Law Association:

Honorary Vice President, American Branch Committee on International Commercial Arbitration

London Court of International ArbitrationCenter for American and International Law:

Trustee (1996-)Swiss Arbitration AssociationTransnational Dispute Management:

Chairman of the Editorial Advisory Board Virginia Journal of International Law:

Board of Advisors

Principal publications:

Book:

THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL, with Jason D. Brueschke, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1998 (awarded the Certificate of Merit of the American Society of International Law in 1998)

Book reviews:

Thomas Waelde, at http://www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/journal/html/review57.html

David J. Bederman, 93 AM. J. INT’L L. 538 (1999)John A. Westberg, 13 ICSID REV.—FOR. INV. L.J. 718 (1998)Jeff Bleich, 39 VA. J. INT’L L. 1221 (1999)

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Steven Hill, 24 YALE J. INT’L L. 615 (1999)

Edited books:

AFTER ALGIERS: PROTECTING AND PERFECTING AMERICAN CLAIMS AGAINST IRAN (Charles N. Brower, Lee R. Marks, & John F. Olson eds., 1981)

DOING BUSINESS IN HIGH RISK COUNTRIES: CONTRACT NEGOTIATION AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION (Charles N. Brower, Lee R. Marks, & John F. Olson eds., 1982)

INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION (Charles N. Brower & Lee R. Marks eds., 1983)

INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: TOWARDS “JUDICIALIZATION” AND UNIFORMITY (Charles N. Brower & Richard B. Lillich eds., 1993)

Articles, pamphlets, and shorter works in collection:

The Soviet Trade Agreement – What It Is, LXVIII DEP’T ST. BULL. 264 (1973), reprinted in 143 DEP’T ST. NEWSL. 24 (1973)

Department Gives Views on Proposed War Powers Legislation, LXVIII DEP’T ST. BULL. 434 (1973)

International Enforcement of Air Security – United States Initiatives, with Franklin K. Willis, 18 VILL. L. REV. 1020 (1973)

Aircraft Hijacking and Sabotage: Initiative or Inertia?, LXVIII DEP’T ST. BULL. 872 (1973)

The Great War Powers Debate, 7 INT’L LAW. 746 (1973)

Ending World War II: Towards a Final Settlement in Europe, 67 AM. SOC’Y INT’L L. PROC. 169 (1973)

International Law As An Instrument of National Policy, LXVIII DEP’T ST. BULL. 644 (1973), reprinted in 3 DENV. J. INT’L L. & POL’Y 285 (1973)

The Case for Cross-Border Litigation: The Continent That Sues Together Hews Together, 68 AM. SOC’Y INT’L L. PROC. 239 (1974)

The Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, 69 AM. SOC’Y INT’L L. PROC. 231 (1975)

The Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States: A Reflection or Rejection of International Law?, with John B. Tepe, 9 INT’L LAW. 295 (1975)

The Joint US-USSR Commercial Commission: A Continuum of Sub-Summitry, BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS WITH THE USSR, American Bar Association (1975)

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The Future for Foreign Investment: Recent Developments in the International Law of Expropriation and Compensation, PRIVATE INVESTORS ABROAD – PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS IN 1975, Southwestern Legal Foundation (1976)

Litigating the Immunity of Foreign Sovereigns: Selected Problems of Presenting Your Case in the Courts and the Executive Branch, 70 AM. SOC’Y INT’L L. PROC. 41 (1976)

The Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States and the American Constitutional Tradition: A Bicentennial Perspective on the “New International Economic Order,” 10 INT’L LAW. 701 (1976)

Litigation of Sovereign Immunity Before a State Administrative Body and the Department of State: The Japanese Uranium Tax Case, 71 AM. J. INT’L L. 438 (1977)

Rechtliche und Steuerliche Aspekte Deutscher Investitionen in den USA, INVEST IN USA: EIN LEITFADEN FÜR DIREKTINVESTITIONEN, German-American Chamber of Commerce (1977)

Tiger hinter Buschen: Rechtliche Tips fur U.S. - Investitionen, AMERIKA HANDEL (Sept. 1977), at 6

State Immunity: Law and Practice in the United States and Europe, International Law Association (1978)

The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 in Practice, 73 AM. J. INT’L L. 200 (1979)

Is NEPA Exportable Law?, with Margaret Murphy, 43 ALB. L. REV. 513 (1979)

Suing Foreign Sovereigns and Their Agencies and Instrumentalities in the U.S., LEARNING FROM THE IRANIAN EXPERIENCE: DOING BUSINESS IN HIGH RISK COUNTRIES, Law & Business, Inc. (1980)

Symposium on the Settlement with Iran, 13 LAW. AM. 1 (1981) (contributor)

Commercial Aspects of the Iran Crisis: The Asset Freeze, THE IRAN CRISIS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW (1981), at 64

A LAWYER’S GUIDE TO INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PROTECTION OF UNITED STATES INVESTMENT ABROAD, No. 6 (1981)

Jurisdiction over Foreign Sovereigns: Litigation v. Arbitration, 17 INT’L LAW. 681 (1983)

The International Law Perspective of Abolishing or Changing the Act of State Doctrine by Legislation, with John R. Lacey, in ACT OF STATE AND EXTRATERRITORIAL REACH: PROBLEMS OF LAW AND POLICY (1983)

Court-Ordered Provisional Measures Under the New York Convention, with Michael Tupman, 80 AM. J. INT’L L. 24 (1986)

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Dispute Resolution and International Arbitration in the Pacific Basin, CURRENT LEGAL ASPECTS OF DOING BUSINESS IN THE PACIFIC BASIN (1987), at 349

Current Developments in the Law of Expropriation and Compensation: A Preliminary Survey of Awards of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, 21 INT’L LAW. 643 (1987)

The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal After Seven Years: A Retrospective View from the Inside, 43 ARB. J. 16 (1988)

Discovery and Production of Evidence in the United States: Theory and Practice, with Michael Tupman, THE DOSSIERS OF THE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS LAW AND PRACTICE, International Chamber of Commerce (1990)

Dispute Resolution in Commercial Contracts and Joint Ventures, THE MOSCOW CONFERENCE ON LAW AND BILATERAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS (1990)

United Nations Considers How Iraq Should Pay Reparations, FINANCIAL TIMES OF LONDON, Apr. 11, 1991, at 10

UN Sets the Stage for Gulf War Compensation Claims, FINANCIAL TIMES OF LONDON, May 16, 1991, at 12

The United Nations Sets the Stage for Gulf War Compensation Claims, 8 J. INT’L ARB. 7 (1991)

International Civil Litigation—Preliminary Relief, Taking Evidence, and Enforcing Judgments, ASIL/NVIR PROC. (1991)

United Nations Commission Applies the Lessons of Iran to Iraq, FINANCIAL TIMES OF LONDON, Sept. 12, 1991, at 33

Provisional Measures and the Protection of ICSID Jurisdictional Exclusivity Against Municipal Proceedings, with Ronald E.M. Goodman, 6 ICSID REV.—FOR. INV. L.J. 431 (1991)

U.N. Improves Approach to War Reparations, LEGAL TIMES, Sept. 16, 1991

U.N. Claims Process Off to a Good Start, 14 MIDDLE EAST EXECUTIVE REP. 9 (1991)

Lessons to be Drawn from the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal, 9 J. INT’L ARB. 51 (1992)

The Anatomy of Fact-Finding Before International Tribunals: An Analysis and a Proposal Concerning the Evaluation of Evidence, in FACT-FINDING BEFORE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS 147 (Richard B. Lillich ed., 1992)

International Law: Credibility Depends On Iraqi Reparations, 15 MIDDLE EAST EXECUTIVE REP. 12 (1992)

Profile of Arbitrator: Charles Nelson Brower, 4 ARB. MATERIALS 251 (1992)

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The Lessons of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal: How May They Be Applied in the Case of Iraq?, 32 VA. J. INT’L L. 421 (1992)

The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, 224 RECUEIL DES COURS 127 (1993)

Guarantees and Political Risks: Understanding the Basic Lesson of the Gulf and Iranian Crises, 16 MIDDLE EAST EXECUTIVE REP. 9 (1993)

Evidence Before International Tribunals: The Need for Some Standard Rules, 28 INT’L LAW. 47 (1994)

Correction and Completion of Awards; Enforcement of Partial and Final Awards; Collaboration by Courts for an Award to Be Effective; Impact of International Public Policy on Arbitration, INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN A CHANGING WORLD, International Council for Commercial Arbitration Congress Series No. 6 (1994), at 213

The Clinton Administration, Congress and International Law, 88 AM. SOC’Y INT’L L. PROC. 354 (1994)

The Lessons of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal Applied to Claims Against Iraq, in THE UNITED NATIONS COMPENSATION COMMISSION 15 (Richard B. Lillich ed., 1995)

Remarks of Charles N. Brower, President of the American Society of International Law, EL PAPEL DEL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL EN AMERICA, LA SOBERANIA NACIONAL EN LA ERA DE LA INTEGRACION REGIONAL (June 6, 1996), at 7

Recent Decisions Involving Arbitral Proceedings, 30 INT’L LAW. 271 (1996)

Fostering Compliance In International Law, CANADIAN COUNCIL ON INTERNATIONAL LAW, Proceedings of the 1996 Conference of the Canadian Council on International Law (Oct. 1996), at 89

Arbitration Agreements Versus Forum Selection Clauses: Legal and Practical Considerations, with Abby Cohen Smutny, in INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION 37 (Richard B. Lillich ed., 1997)

The Effect of Independence of Quebec Upon Treaties and Agreements With the United States of America, with Abby Cohen Smutny, 27 AM. REV. CANADIAN STUD. 51 (1997)

Arbitrating Against Foreign Governments, 6 FLA. ST. U.J. TRANSNAT’L L. & POL’Y 189 (1997)

The Global Court: The Internalization of Commercial Adjudication and Arbitration, Symposium issue of the 26 U. BALT. L. REV. 3, 9 (1997)

Richard Lillich and the United Nations Compensation Commission: Goodbye Forever to ‘Direct’ Versus ‘Indirect’ Damages, 38 VA. J. INT’L L. 21 (1997)

Contemporary International Law Issues: New Forms, New Applications, 91 AM. SOC’Y INT’L L. PROC. 184 (1997)

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Compliance with International Law, AM. BRANCH INT’L L. ASS’N PROC. 70 (1997-98)

The Initiation of Arbitration Proceedings: ‘Jack be Nimble, Jack be Quick . . .!’ 13 ICSID REV.—FOR. INV. L.J. 15 (1998)

Guarantees and Political Risks: Understanding the Basic Lesson of the Gulf and Iranian Crises, 16 MIDDLE EAST EXECUTIVE REP. 9 (1993), reprinted in INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS LAW AND ITS ENVIRONMENT (Richard Schaffer, Beverley Earle & Filiberto Agusti eds., 1999)

Process, Practice and Procedure of the International Court of Justice, 92 AM. SOC’Y INT’L L. PROC. 278 (1998)

War Crimes Tribunals: The Record and the Prospects, 13 AM. U. INT’L L. REV. 1387 (1998)

The Long-Term Contribution of the Tribunal to International Law, with David D. Caron, in REVOLUTIONARY DAYS: THE IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS AND THE HAGUE CLAIMS TRIBUNAL 173 (Juris Publishing, Inc., 1999)

Ibrahim Shihata and the Resolution of International Investment Disputes: The Masterful Missionary, 31 STUD. TRANSNAT’L LEGAL POL’Y 79 (1999); reprinted in 15 ICSID REV.—FOR. INV. L.J. 288 (2000)

The Journal—Past, Present and Future: An Introduction to the 40th Anniversary Commemorative Issue, 40 VA. J. INT’L L. 803 (2000)

The Interpersonal Dynamics of Arbitral Decision-Making (I), in THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL AND THE PROCESS OF INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS RESOLUTION (David D. Caron & John R. Crook eds., 2000)

The International Treaty-Making Process: Paradise Lost, or Humpty Dumpty?, in MULTILATERAL TREATY-MAKING, 75 (Vera Gowlland-Debbas ed., 2000)

Who Then Should Judge? Developing the International Rule of Law Under NAFTA Chapter 11, and the Doctrine of Indirect Expropriation, with Lee A. Steven, 2 CHI. J. INT’L L. 193 (2001)

The Implications of National and International Environmental Obligations for Foreign Investment Protection Standards, Including Valuation: A Report From the Front Lines, with Eckhard R. Hellbeck, in INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENTS AND PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT: THE ROLE OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS 19 (Kluwer Law International, 2001)

The Privatization of Rules of Decision in International Commercial Arbitration, in LIBER AMICORUM IN HONOR OF KARL-HEINZ BÖCKSTIEGEL (Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2001)

Ibrahim Shihata and the Resolution of International Investment Disputes: The Masterful Missionary, LIBER AMICORUM IN HONOR OF IBRAHIM F.I. SHIHATA (Kluwer Law International, 2001)

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Remarks of Charles N. Brower, American Society of International Law Honors Memory of Ibrahim F.I. Shihata, 19 ICSID NEWS, Spring 2002, at 3

Understanding ‘Binding’ Advisory Opinions of the International Court of Justice, with Pieter H.F. Bekker, in LIBER AMICORUM JUDGE SHIGERU ODA 351 (N. Ando, E. McWhinney & R. Wolfrum eds., 2002)

The Coming Crisis in the Global Adjudication System, NEWS & NOTES, INST. TRANSNAT’L ARB., Summer 2002, at 1

A Crisis of Legitimacy, NAT’L L.J., Oct. 7, 2002, at B9

Multiple and Conflicting International Arbitral Awards, with Jeremy K. Sharpe, 4 J. WORLD INV. 211 (2003)

The Coming Crisis in the Global Adjudication System, with Charles H. Brower, II and Jeremy K. Sharpe, 19 ARB. INT’L 415 (2003)

International Arbitration and the Islamic World: The Third Phase, with Jeremy K. Sharpe, 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 643 (2003)

The Creeping Codification of Transnational Commercial Law: An Arbitrator’s Perspective, with Jeremy K. Sharpe, 45 VA. J. INT’L L. 1 (2004)

Foreword, in IAI INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION SERIES NO. 1, ANNULMENT OF ICSID AWARDS 1 (E. Gaillard & Y. Banifatemi eds., 2004)

Awards of Compound Interest in International Arbitration: The Aminoil Non-Precedent, with Jeremy K. Sharpe, in LIBER AMICORUM ROBERT BRINER (2005)

General Valuation Principles: The Case of Santa Elena, with Jarrod Wong, in INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW AND ARBITRATION: LEADING CASES FROM THE ICSID, NAFTA, BILATERAL TREATIES AND CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW (Todd Weiler ed., 2005)

The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, in THE HAGUE: LEGAL CAPITAL OF THE WORLD (Peter van Krieken & David McKay eds., 2005)

The Hague as Leading Host of International Organizations, in INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL REFORM: PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH HAGUE JOINT CONFERENCE HELD IN THE HAGUE, THE NETHERLANDS 30 JUNE – 2 JULY 2005 (Agata Fijalkowski ed., 2007)

Commentary and Discussion: How Members of the Tribunal Decide Cases in International Arbitration, in THE SIXTEENTH ANNUAL ITA INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION WORKSHOP, 23 ARB. INT’L 250 (2007)

Awarding interest –ex officio or only if requested, at what rate, as of when, compound or not? in THE RESOLUTION OF THE DISPUTE – FROM THE HEARING TO THE AWARD (Markus Wirth ed., 2007) (ASA Special Series No. 29)

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Damages in Investor-State Arbitration, with Michael Ottolenghi, in 4 Transnational Dispute Management (Compensation and Damages Special Feature, Nov. 2007), at www.transnational-dispute-management.com and in CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AND MEDIATION: THE FORDHAM PAPERS 2007 (Arthur W. Rovine ed., 2008)

W(h)ither International Commercial Arbitration? – The Goff Lecture 2007, 24 ARB. INT’L 181 (2008)

Determining the Extent of Discovery and Dealing with Requests for Discovery: Perspectives from the Common Law, with Jeremy K. Sharpe, in THE LEADING ARBITRATORS’ GUIDE TO INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION (Lawrence Newman & Richard Hill eds., 2008)

William D. Rogers (1927-2007), 102 AM. J. INT’L L. 108 (2008)

Book reviews:

The Illegal Diversion of Aircraft and International Law, by Edward McWhinney, 42 J. AIR L. & COM. 269 (1977)

Testimony:

War Powers Legislation of 1973: Hearings on S. 440 Before the Senate Comm. on Foreign Relations, 93d Cong. (1973)

Policy and Programs in Cambodia: Hearings Before the Subcomm. on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the House Comm. on Foreign Affairs, 93d Cong. 9 (1973)

Strengthening The International Court of Justice: Hearings on S. Res. 74-78 Before the Senate Comm. on Foreign Relations, 93d Cong. 98 (1973)

The Sovereign Immunity Bill: Hearings on H.R. 3493 Before the Subcomm. on Claims and Governmental Relations of the House Comm. on the Judiciary, 93d Cong. (1973)

Resolution Endorsing the President’s Oceans Policy Statement: Hearings on S. Res. 82 Before the Subcomm. on Oceans and the International Environment of the Senate Comm. on Foreign Relations, 93d Cong. 3 (1973)

Montreal Protocol No. 3 and Montreal Protocol No. 4: Hearings Before the Senate Comm. on Foreign Relations, 95th Cong., 1st. Sess. 106 (1977)

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