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Clowhom Project Water Use Plan Clowhom Lake Wildlife Census Reference: COMMON-1 Clowhom Lake Wildlife Census Year 2 Study Period: February 1, 2007 – January 31, 2008

D.J. Bates Resource Management Department shishalh Nation PO Box 740, Sechelt, BC V0N 3A0

January 31, 2008

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Executive Summary The Clowhom Lake aquatic wildlife monitoring study was developed and initiated in 2006 in a small wetland complex at the north end of the Clowhom reservoir. The wetland complex was selected for its proximity to the reservoir and obvious influence from reservoir level and operation. The monitoring project includes the development of performance measures to track changes in both flora and fauna in the study area and is based on early studies of riparian vegetation development in response to reservoir operation conducted by BC Hydro. In Year 2 (2007) a total of 3 field census (February, July and December) were completed. These census used the transect pattern established in 2006. The sampling crew walked the predetermined transects noting wildlife use through visual and auditory signs. Data was then recorded on an Excel spreadsheet for future inclusion in a database for analysis. Following the second wildlife census in July, the filed crew conducted a vegetation ground truthing exercise in order to determine dominant vegetation within identified polygons. The polygons delineated in 2006 from air photos were adjusted on the photos and areas for each determined and reported in hectares. The vegetation types were recorded within key polygons and along the wildlife transects with the data being entered into an Excel spreadsheet.

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Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 2 Table of Contents................................................................................................................ 3 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 3 List of Appendices .............................................................................................................. 3 1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................. 4 1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................. 4 2.0 Study Area .............................................................................................................. 4 3.0 Methods................................................................................................................... 4

3.1 Vegetation Typing .............................................................................................. 4 3.2 Wildlife Census................................................................................................... 6 3.3 Wetland Hydrology............................................................................................. 6 3.4 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................... 7

4.0 Results/Discussion .................................................................................................. 7 4.1 Vegetation Typing .............................................................................................. 7 4.2 Wildlife Census................................................................................................... 7 4.2 Wetland Hydrology............................................................................................. 7

References......................................................................................................................... 10 Appendices........................................................................................................................ 11

List of Figures Figure 1: Location of the Clowhom Lake wetland complex in relation to Sechelt, B.C.

The complex is at the head of the lake and is accessible by road............................... 5

List of Tables Table I: Schedule for the wildlife census conducted on the Clowhom Lake headwater

wetland. The column highlighted in yellow is the completed census period in 2007/2008. .................................................................................................................. 6

List of Appendices Appendix I: Field Data from the vegetation survey used to adjust the polygons identified

in the 2006 air photos................................................................................................ 12 Appendix II: The proposed attribute tables built for each vegetation polygon and the

vegetation data included. The tables are created and included in the GIS data prepared for the Clowhom Lake wetland complex. The table corresponds to 2006 air photo and associated vegetation survey.................................................................... 13

Appendix III: Photographs of typical vegetation cover with the study area. Photos were taken in summer and fall 2007. ........................................................................ 14

Appendix IV: Data collected from the February, July and December 2007 wildlife census. The data is entered on an Excel spreadsheet. ............................................... 15

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1.0 Introduction In 2007, the shishalh First Nation and BC Hydro completed the second year of a 20 year monitoring program documenting change and wildlife utilization of a wetland complex located at the head of Clowhom Lake in Salmon Inlet, BC. The monitoring program was implemented following recommendations made during the water use planning (WUP) process and quantifies and qualifies change in utilization and development of the wetland ecosystem during varying lake management scenarios. The monitoring program addresses specific management questions that are summarized from the BC Hydro Terms of Reference for this project and are reported in the Year one report (Bates, 2007). The purpose of this report is to present the results of the Year 2 sampling season. Data analysis will be completed following Year 5.

2.0 Study Area The study area for the wildlife census remains the same as 2006/2007 and includes a wetland complex located at the northeastern end of Clowhom Lake (Figure 1). The complex is located approximately 500-metres upstream form the lake along the Clowhom River and is influenced by back-flooding from the lake as storage in the lake increases. The wetland is also presumably inundated during spring and fall high water events in the Clowhom River. The study area measures approximately 40 hectares and is characterized by both deciduous and conifer forest of various ages, patches of shrub layers and a large area consisting of wetland grasses and sedges.

3.0 Methods

3.1 Vegetation Typing Vegetation typing and delineation of vegetation polygons was first completed from air photos in 2006 then ground truthed in the summer of 2007. Details of the photos and vegetation typing are discussed in Bates (2007). The vegetation typing is based on observed ground data and polygons reported in Bates (2007) where adjusted to reflect the current vegetation composition and areas determined (Appendix I). Each polygon from the 2006 air photo is uniquely identified using a numeric identifier that corresponds to the polygon. The vegetation typing follows a modified procedure outlined in MoF (1998) with vegetation tying reported along the survey transects. Vegetation data is then included on an Excel spreadsheet (Appendix II). The spreadsheet data will eventually be transcribed into an attribute table for the Arc Map created polygons.

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. Figure 1: Location of the Clowhom Lake wetland complex in relation to Sechelt, B.C. The complex is at the head of the lake and is accessible by road.

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3.2 Wildlife Census Wildlife census was conducted through the study area three times a year. Each census period begins 1-2 hours after sunrise, is completed in 1 day and follows predetermined transects. Transects use a geo-referenced starting point and are followed by compass bearings. Each transect corner is marked with a metal post that stands 1.25 metres in length painted orange. The approximate location of transects and the geo-referenced benchmark(s) is reported in Bates (2007). The census is conducted mid to late month of the sample period. The schedule for the census is identified in Table I and shifts ahead one month over a four year census period. Review of the data will occur in the fifth year and amendments to the sampling design will be made if warranted. Table I: Schedule for the wildlife census conducted on the Clowhom Lake headwater wetland. The column highlighted in yellow is the completed census period in 2007/2008.

Year Census period 1

(2006/07) 2

(2007/08) 3

(2008/09) 4

(2009/10) 1 June July August September 2 October November December January 3 February March April May Each census period continues to be conducted by a 2 person team consisting of a senior wildlife technician or biologist and a field technician. The crew begins the census at the designated start of the transect (T1) and walks the predetermined route noting time and wildlife sign(s). Data is recorded in the field then transcribed into an Excel spreadsheet.

3.3 Wetland Hydrology In order to relate wildlife use and vegetation polygons to water levels throughout the study area water level data will be collected on the wetland. A Global Water WL 16 Data Logger was installed at the downstream end of the wetland complex (study area) this recorder is a pressure transducer that will record changes in stage or water level. The recorded values will also be related back to the water level recorded at the Clowhom Falls dam in order to document back-flooding during dam operations. The data logger is a continuous data logger that records and stores the stage data. The data logger will be downloaded every three months in order to ensure the logger continuous data collection.

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3.4 Data Analysis All data is entered into an Excel spreadsheet for future analysis. The data format will remain the same for each year using the format developed in 2006. All data will be collected as a time series in order to analyze for temporal trends in species diversity. Wildlife data is supplemented with the vegetation data defining vegetation community types and change. This will facilitate comparison of species diversity to vegetation community structure. Finally, stage data and lake flooding of the wetland continues to be collected and will eventually be factored into the species diversity and vegetation community data. A comparison of wetland inundation through operation changes to the utilization and development of the wetland by species dependent on the habitats found throughout the study area. The detailed analysis is not required until year 5 with the intervening years only used for data collection.

4.0 Results/Discussion

4.1 Vegetation Typing The air photos from 1998 and 2006 were provided by BC Hydro then ortho-rectified. The vegetation polygons were initially added and the area of each polygon determined from the digital GIS file (Figure 2 and 3).In 2007 the most recent polygons were adjusted following the ground truthing and the ortho-photo corrected to represent homogenous vegetation types. Figure 3 shows the new vegetation polygons on the 2006 photo. Each polygon is uniquely numbered and relates back to the Excel table with vegetation data along the transects presented in Bates (2007). The 2007 table data is included in Appendix I and the proposed ArcMap attribute table format in Appendix II. Appendix III includes photographs of key vegetation type (transitions) along the survey transects.

4.2 Wildlife Census The wildlife census has been conducted three times in 2007. The first census was on February 20, then July 20 and finally December 1, 2007. The census data is recorded on and Excel spreadsheet for each sample date and is included in Appendix IV.

4.2 Wetland Hydrology The pressure transducer was installed at the southern end of the wetland complex on January 30, 2007. Problems with the transducer resulted in the first data download being corrupted and un-useable. This problem has been rectified.

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Figure 2: Vegetation polygons identified from the 1998 air photo of the wetland complex study area.

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Figure 3: Vegetation polygons identified from the 2006 air photo of the wetland complex study area.

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References Bates, D.J. 2007. Clowhom Lake Water Use Plan – Clowhom Lake wildlife census – Year 1. Resource Management Department, shishalh Nation, Sechelt, BC. B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1998. Field manual for describing terrestrial ecosystems. Land Management Handbook No. 25. Resources Inventory Branch, Victoria, BC.

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Appendices

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Appendix I: Field Data from the vegetation survey used to adjust the polygons identified in the 2006 air photos.

Vegetation Survey Clowhom Lake Date 20/07/2007 (i.e., 20 July 2007) Weather

Wind: none; Lake/reservior level highSurveyors Greg Ferguson, Jordan LouieTime Started 8:15amTime Finished 10:50amElevation ~72 mSunrise 5:31amTemperature (Sechelt) 18°CUTM of Entrance to T1A from Clowhom Mainline: 10U 468853 5513815 +/- 5m

POC = apprroximaltely @ 15km on Main Line.Under Layer Middle layer Upper Layer

Bracken Fern Elder Berry Cedar,Thimble Berry Cascara Hemlock

Alder Berry FirWillow spp

T1AUnder Layer Middle layer Upper Layer

Sword Fern Cedar CedarOak Fern Hemlock HemlockBracken Fern CedarStep MossDeer FernSalmon BerryHuckle BerryElder BerryCascara

T2A *Note* Lake level right up to station Under Layer Middle layer Upper Layer

Sedges Hard Hack Spruce Sphagnum Moss Rhodo/False Azalia CedarBracken Fern Skunk Cabbage AlderBog Orchid Salal

CascaraAlderLabrador Tea

Cloud Cover: 100% (low cloud); Precipitation: moderate to heavy rain throughout survey. Rain heavy at times, during past week;

T2BUnder Layer Middle layer Upper Layer

Bog Lilly Salmon Berry CedarStep Moss Huckle Berry HemlockFlase Lolly of the Valley Devils Club FirBracken Fern CascaraSword Fern YewTwisted Stalk AlderSkunk Cabbage Hemlock


Step Moss Salmon Berry CedarOak Fern Huckle Berry HemlockSword Fern Elder Berry FirSkunk Cabbage HemlockBunch Berry CedarHorse Hair CascaraTwisted Stalk


Step Moss Elder Berry Spruce Oak Fern Devils Club HemlockDeer Fern Blue Berry FirFoam Flower Rhododendren AlderTwisted Stalk Stink Current

SpruceHemlockCedar

Vegetation Survey Clowhom Lake Date 10/08/2007 (i.e., 20 July 2007) Weather

Wind: none; Lake/reservior level lowSurveyors Jordan Louie, Jerry Johnson, Dwayne PaulTime Started 10:15amTime Finished 1:30amElevation ~72 mSunrise 5:31amTemperature (Sechelt) 18°CUTM of Entrance to T1A from Clowhom Mainline: 10U 468853 5513815 +/- 5m

T-B1 GPS 1-36Under Layer Middle layer Upper Layer

Step Moss Elder Berry AlderGinger Salmon Berry HemlockBrackenFern Devils Club SpruceSword Fern SpruceBunch Berry

T-B2 GPS-1042Under Layer Middle layer Upper Layer

Step Moss Salmon Berry AlderBleeding Heart Crab Apple SpruceSkunk Cabbage Cascara HemlockSalmon Berry SpruceSword Fern HemlockBracken Fern


Step Moss Salmon Berry AlderSkunk Cabbage Devils Club HemlockBleeding Heart Black Hawthorn SpruceSword Fern Spruce MapleBracken Fern Elder BerryGinger HemlockMiners LettuceElder BerrySalmon Berry

Cloud Cover: 50% (low cloud);


Sword Fern Cascara AlderBracken Fern Hemlock SpruceStep Moss Cedar HemlockBleeding Heart AlderSalmon Berry Elder BerryGinger Maple

Huckle BerryTwisted Stalk


Liver Wort Cascara AlderMoss Willow CedarSalmon Berry Salmon Berry HemlockBracken Fern Elder BerrySword Fern


Horse Hair Alder WillowWillow Willow AlderSalmon Berry Elder BerryStep Moss Cascara


Sedge Cedar No tree over 3m.Willow WillowSalmon BerryMintStep Moss

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Appendix II: The proposed attribute tables built for each vegetation polygon and the vegetation data included. The tables are created and included in the GIS data prepared for the Clowhom Lake wetland complex. The table corresponds to 2006 air photo and associated vegetation survey.

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Appendix III: Photographs of typical vegetation cover with the study area. Photos were taken in summer and fall 2007.

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Appendix IV: Data collected from the February, July and December 2007 wildlife census. The data is entered on an Excel spreadsheet.

Date 20/02/2007 (i.e., 20 February 2007) WeatherSurveyors Greg Ferguson, Jerry JohnsonTime Started 10:16amTime Finished 12:10amElevation ~72 mUTM of Entrance to T1A from Clowhom Mainline: 10U 468853 5513815 +/- 5mTransect 1 (T1A to T1B) Runs East/WestSpecies Habitat Observation of behaviourRoosevelt Elk Flat mixed deciduous/coniferous wetland forest with Skunk Cabbage

and Open meadow, resevior/lake influenced transitionTracks, Scat (fresh; adult and calf), recent feeding on emerging Skunk Cabbage. Old feeding on hardhack and salal. Look to be >5 elk. Scat is old, new and newer, indicating use of area throughout the winter months. Sign near location of two 6-point bull elk antler casts/sheds.

Thrush sp. ? Open meadow, resevior/lake influenced transition Old nestTransect 2 (T2A to T2B) Runs North/SouthSpecies Habitat Observation of behaviourRoosevelt Elk Flat mixed deciduous/coniferous wetland forest with Skunk Cabbage Tracks, Scat (fresh), recent feeding on emerging Skunk Cabbage.

Hairy or Downy Woodpecker Flat mixed deciduous/coniferous wetland forest with Skunk Cabbage Calling, visual flying away

Transect 4 (T4B to T4A) Runs East/WestSpecies Habitat Observation of behaviourRoosevelt Elk Flat mixed deciduous/coniferous wetland forest with Skunk Cabbage

and Second growth forest ~20m tall, brushed, sloped and dryTracks, Scat (looks like this past falls), rubs on two ~10cm DBH hemlocks (may be this past fall)

Transect 5 (T5A to T5B) Runs North/SouthSpecies Habitat Observation of behaviourRoosevelt Elk Second growth forest ~20m tall, brushed, sloped and dry Tracks (this past winter), old scat and old rubs on hemlock past

station T3A Transect 3 (T3A to T3B) Runs West/EastSpecies Habitat Observation of behaviourRoosevelt Elk Flat mixed deciduous/coniferous wetland forest with Skunk Cabbage Tracks and scat (fresh and abundant), old rub, browse on deer

fern and skunk cabbage

Total Number of Species 2Species List Note: Includes all sign: feeding scat, tracks, hair, etc.

Roosevelt Elk

Hairy or Downy Woodpecker

Clowhom Wildlife Survey

Looks to be a cow/calf group of >5 using the area this past winter and this spring. More elk sign was observered this survey than in previous surveys. Elk sign heaviest along eastern boundary of survey area (i.e., in mixed forest and along wetland margin).

75-100% cloud cover, rain started ~12:00am, ~2cm of snow on ground and in trees. Light wind.

Date 20/07/2007 (i.e., 20 July 2007) Weather

Wind: none; Lake/reservior level highSurveyors Greg Ferguson, Jordan LouieTime Started 8:15amTime Finished 10:50amElevation ~72 mSunrise 5:31amTemperature (Sechelt) 18°CUTM of Entrance to T1A from Clowhom Mainline: 10U 468853 5513815 +/- 5m

Transect 1 (T1A to T1B) Runs East/West Time Start: 8:15 Time Finish: 8:35 Species and Number () Habitat Observation of behaviourRaven (1) Upland mixed deciduous/coniferous forest (hemlock, cedar, maple) CallingSwainson's Thrush (1) Upland mixed deciduous/coniferous forest (hemlock, cedar, maple) Old nestBanana Slug (1) Upland mixed deciduous/coniferous forest (hemlock, cedar, maple) Ground, visualStellar's Jay (2) Mixed deciduous/coniferous forest (hemlock, cedar, maple) with skunk cabbage Calling and visualWolf (unk. #) Flat wetland/lake tranistion zone (bog orchid, sphagnum, bog cranberry) & shrubs Tracks seen by Jordan two weeks ago ~ 500m

West of Transect 1 (not in study area)

Transect 2 (T2A to T2B) Runs North/South Time Start: 8:35 Time Finish: 9:10Species and Number () Habitat Observation of behaviourCommon Yellow Throat (1) Flat wetland/lake tranistion zone (bog orchid, sphagnum, bog cranberry) & shrubs CallingRufous Sided Hummingbird (2) Flat wetland/lake tranistion zone (bog orchid, sphagnum, bog cranberry) & shrubs Calling, visualSwallow Species (1) Low over lake/reservior Flying, feedingCanada Geese (unk. #) Flat wetland/lake tranistion zone (bog orchid, sphagnum, bog cranberry) Fresh scatEuropean Slug (2) Flat wetland/lake tranistion zone (bog orchid, sphagnum, bog cranberry) Ground, visualCedar Waxwing (2) Flat wetland/lake tranistion zone (bog orchid, sphagnum, bog cranberry) & shrubs Calling, visualSong Sparrow (1) Flat wetland/lake tranistion zone (bog orchid, sphagnum, bog cranberry) & shrubs CallingRaven (1) Mixed deciduous/coniferous forest (hemlock, cedar) with skunk cabbage & shrubs Calling, visualWinter Wren (1) Mixed deciduous/coniferous forest (hemlock, cedar) with skunk cabbage & shrubs Visual, callingBanana Slug (2) white variety Mixed deciduous/coniferous forest (hemlock, cedar) with skunk cabbage & shrubs Ground, visualBear (unk. #, likely 1, Black) Mixed deciduous/coniferous forest (hemlock, cedar) with skunk cabbage & shrubs Recent foraging on skunk cabbage roots

Transect 4 (T4B to T4A) Runs East/West Time Start: 9:10 Time Finish: 9:50Species and Number () Habitat Observation of behaviourRoosevelt Elk (1?) Flat mixed deciduous/coniferous wetland forest with Skunk Cabbage Recent tracksSwainson's Thrush (1) Flat mixed deciduous/coniferous wetland forest with Skunk Cabbage CallingChickadee (1) Mixed deciduous/coniferous forest (hemlock, cedar, alder) CallingStellar's Jay (1) Mixed deciduous/coniferous forest (hemlock, cedar, alder) CallingSapsucker (unk. #) Mixed deciduous/coniferous forest (hemlock, cedar, alder) Older feeding signs on cedarRoosevelt Elk (unk. #) Second growth forest ~20m tall, brushed, sloped, dry (spruce, hemlock, cedar) Recent scat


Cloud Cover: 100% (low cloud); Precipitation: moderate to heavy rain throughout survey. Rain heavy at times, during past week;

Transect 5 (T5A to T5B) Runs North/South Time Start: 9:50 Time Finish: 10:10Species and Number () Habitat Observation of behaviourStellar's Jay (1) Second growth forest ~20m tall, brushed, sloped, dry (spruce, hemlock, cedar) CallingSwainsn's Thrush (1) Second growth forest ~20m tall, brushed, sloped, dry (spruce, hemlock, cedar) CallingWinter Wren (1) Second growth forest ~20m tall, brushed, sloped, dry (spruce, hemlock, cedar) CallingWarbling Vireo (1) Second growth forest ~20m tall, brushed, sloped, dry (spruce, hemlock, cedar) CallingBanana Slug (1) Second growth forest ~20m tall, brushed, sloped, dry (spruce, hemlock, cedar) Ground, visual

Transect 3 (T3A to T3B) Runs West/East Time Start: 10:15 Time Finish: 10:50Species and Number () Habitat Observation of behaviourGolden Crowned Kinglet (2) Flat mixed deciduous/coniferous wetland forest with Skunk Cabbage and Second growth

forest ~20m tall, brushed, sloped and dryCalling, visual

Unk. Ungulate Mixed deciduous and coniferous forest (hemlock, cedar, alder) Browse on deer fernRoosevelt Elk (1?) Mixed deciduous and coniferous forest (hemlock, cedar, alder) Recent scatBear (unk. #, likely 1, Black) Flat wetland/lake tranistion zone (bog orchid, sphagnum, bog cranberry) & shrubs Fresh scat, large Canada Geese (2 adults, 1 unk.) Lake/resevior Calling, visualCedar Waxwing (1) Flat wetland/lake tranistion zone (bog orchid, sphagnum, bog cranberry) & shrubs CallingMerganser (female hooded?) (1) Lake/resevior Visual


Raven Swainson's ThrushBanana SlugStellar's JayCommon Yellow ThroatRufous HummingbirdSwallow SpeciesCanada GeeseEuropean SlugCedar WaxwingSong SparrowWinter WrenBearRoosevelt ElkChickadeeSapsuckerWarbling VireoGolden crowned kingletMerganser

Date 01/12/2007 (i.e., 01 Dec. 2007) Weather

Surveyors Greg Ferguson, Jordan LouieTime Started 10:00 AMTime Finished 12:00 PMElevation ~72 mSunrise 7:45amTemperature (Clowhom) 2°C (morning) 6°C (afternoon) UTM of Entrance to T1A from Clowhom Mainline: 10U 468853 5513815 +/- 5m

Transect 1 (T1A to T1B) Runs East/West Time Start: 10:00 Time Finish: 10:18 Species and Number () Habitat Observation of behaviourPine Siskin (~45) Upland mixed deciduous/coniferous forest (hemlock, cedar, maple) Flying overhead in flockColumbian Black-tail Deer Upland mixed deciduous/coniferous forest (hemlock, cedar, maple) TracksGolden Crowned Kinglet (3) Flat mixed deciduous/coniferous wetland forest with Skunk Cabbage Calling

Transect 2 (T2A to T2B) Runs North/South Time Start: 10:18 Time Finish: ?Species and Number () Habitat Observation of behaviourPine Siskin (~45) Flat wetland/lake tranistion zone (bog orchid, sphagnum, bog cranberry) Flying overhead in flockColumbian Black-tail Deer Flat wetland/lake tranistion zone (bog orchid, sphagnum, bog cranberry) Tracks

Transect 4 (T4B to T4A) Runs East/West Time Start: ? Time Finish: ?Species and Number () Habitat Observation of behaviourWinter Wren (1) Flat mixed deciduous/coniferous wetland forest with Skunk Cabbage Visual, callingStellar's Jay (2) Second growth forest ~20m tall, brushed, sloped, dry (spruce, hemlock, cedar) Visual, callingRed-breasted Sapsucker (1) Flat mixed deciduous/coniferous wetland forest with Skunk Cabbage Visual, feeding on spruceRobust Lancetooth Snail (1) Flat mixed deciduous/coniferous wetland forest with Skunk Cabbage Visual, shell emptyNorthwest Hesperian Snail (1) Flat mixed deciduous/coniferous wetland forest with Skunk Cabbage Visual, shell empty

Transect 5 (T5A to T5B) Runs North/South Time Start: ? Time Finish: ?Species and Number () Habitat Observation of behaviourHairy Woodpecker (1) Second growth forest ~20m tall, brushed, sloped, dry (spruce, hemlock, cedar) Visual, calling, femaleRoosevelt Elk (looks to be one) Second growth forest ~20m tall, brushed, sloped, dry (spruce, hemlock, cedar) Rub on alder from this fall

Transect 3 (T3A to T3B) Runs West/East Time Start: ? Time Finish: 12:00Species and Number () Habitat Observation of behaviourDouglas Squirrel (1) Second growth forest ~20m tall, brushed, sloped, dry (spruce, hemlock, cedar) CallingColumbian Black-tail Deer Second growth forest ~20m tall, brushed, sloped, dry (spruce, hemlock, cedar) Tracks, browse on Deer Fern


Pine Siskin


Cloud Cover: 100% (low cloud); Precipitation: none; Wind: 0-1; Lake/reservior level: low/wetland area dry

Columbian Black-tail DeerGolden Crowned KingletStellar's JayWinter WrenRobust Lancetooth SnailNorthwest Hesperian SnailDouglas SquirrelRed-breasted SapsuckerHairy WoodpeckerRoosevelt Elk

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