clouds and fogs in the earth system...condensation nucleus ~0.0002 mm hair ~ 0.1 mm lwc 0.05-3 g/m 3...
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Clouds and Fogs in the Earth system
Pierre Herckes
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Herckes group @ ASU
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Cloud chemistry
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Why do we care about clouds ?
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7-15% contains clouds
Up to 50% surface
but aq phase 10-7 vol/volNASA.gov
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Fogs – “clouds that touch the ground”
Profound impact on air pollution episodes
London 1952: ~10,000 deaths!
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Today� Paris, Beijing,�..
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The life of a cloud droplet
Dry particle
Wet “haze” particle
Cloud droplet
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The life of a cloud droplet
Wet “haze” aerosol
Cloud droplet
~ 10 minutes~ weeks - months
~15 % rain out
Dry particle
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Rain drop~ 2 mm
Cloud drop~ 0.02 mm
Condensation nucleus~0.0002 mm
Hair ~ 0.1 mm
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LWC 0.05-3 g/m3
~ 250 droplets/cm3
Liquid Water Content
LWC 0.02-0.5 g/m3
10s ~ 100 droplets/cm3
Strasbourg (France)
Flagstaff, AZ
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How study fogs and clouds ?
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NCAR airborne cloudwater collector
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Mt. Tai (China) cloudwater (Desyaterik et al., JGR, 2013)
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Herckes and Collett , Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Science, 2015
Chemistry
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gases
?
gases’
Reactions?gases ?
gases’
What processes happen at the droplet scale?
“aqueous phase reactor”
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gases
?
gases’
gases
What processes happen at the droplet scale?
precipitation
dry deposition
wet deposition
occult deposition
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absence of precipitation
but
impaction of wind driven droplets onto surfaces/vegetation
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Low hydrologic input (5%)
Substantial chemical deposition fluxes
Aubure (F) 1100m asl
fog
precipitation
Similar results for Alps, Sierra Nevada
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Fog/cloud harvesting
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How about clouds and climate ?
MODIS, NASA
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IPCC, 2013
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gases
?
gases’
Reactions?gases ?
gases’
What processes happen at the droplet scale?
“aqueous phase reactor”
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? Reactions? ?
What processes happen at the droplet scale?
“Black carbon (Soot)”
Lifetime depends if scavenged or not
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Scavenging of soot (BC) in clouds
Substantial variability – how to include in models?
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How about air quality ?
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gases
?
gases’
Reactions?gases ?
gases’
Fogs/clouds clean ?
deposition
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volatiles
?
Vol’
Reactions?volatiles ?
Volatiles’
o.k. some chemistry…..
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Processing of PAH
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Chrysene Oxidation Products
O
O O O O O
OO
O
OOH
OH
O
O
OH
HO
OO
OH
OH
OHO
Phthalic
acid
Terephthalic
acid
Trimesic
acid
aceanthrene-
quinone
9,10-phenan-
threnequinone
pyrene-
4,5-dione
9,10-anthra-
quinone
1,4-chrysenediol
OH
HO
1,4-chrysenequinone
O
O
chrysene
Higher solubilityLower toxicity
(J. Eagar)
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gases
?
gases’
Reactions?gases ?
gases’
How about polluting ?
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Nitrosamines
Fresno (CA) 240 ppt
Selinsgrove (PA) 240-500 ppt
Mt. Elden (AZ) 210 ppt
EPA (drinking wat.) <7ppt
NN
OHONO
(CH3)2NH
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gases
? Reactionsgases
?
Production of solid material
Atmospheric models underestimate particulate matter
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Whistler Aerosol and Cloud Study
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Particulate organic matter production from
gas phase precursors
Time (minutes)
Ra
tio
: O
C t
o s
ulf
ate
Cloud formation possible
But slow and too little
New theory: haze droplets
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Anthropogenic impact on fogs/clouds�.
a positive story�
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pH
No more acid fogs
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1979 1984 1990 1995 2001 2006 2012
TO
C/D
OC
in
mg
/L
Fresno
Bakersfield
Davis
Organic material
No more extreme concentrations
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Life in the universe ?
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Life in clouds ?
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Massilia, 62.2%
Rhizobium,
7.2%
Pseudomonas, 3.4%
Desulfomicrobium, 2.7%
Herbaspirillum, 2.7%
Dietzia, 2.1%
Holdemania, 2.0%
Propionibacterium, 1.8%
Ruminococcus,
1.6%
Sporacetigenium, 1.4%
Staphylococcus, 1.1%Duganella, 1.0%
Unclassified genus, 6.3% The others (<1%), 4.6%
Organisms @ Genus level
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Massilia, 62.2%
Rhizobium,
7.2%
Pseudomonas, 3.4%
Desulfomicrobium, 2.7%
Herbaspirillum, 2.7%
Dietzia, 2.1%
Holdemania, 2.0%
Propionibacterium, 1.8%
Ruminococcus,
1.6%
Sporacetigenium, 1.4%
Staphylococcus, 1.1%Duganella, 1.0%
Unclassified genus, 6.3% The others (<1%), 4.6%
Same results than Puy de Dome (France)
only other cloud study
Global atmospheric biome?
Puy de Dome (Central France) Whistler (BC)
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Funding for Cloud Chemistry Research
National Science Foundation
Environment Canada
NILU (Norway)
California Air Resource Board
Collaborations
B. Ervens (NOAA)
J.L. Collett (CSU)
K.T. Valsaraj (LSU)
M. Karl (NILU)
R. Leaitch (EC)
M. Millet (Strasbourg)
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Thank you !Quinye, Jim, Nabin, Heide, Sina, Youliang, Sarah, Aurelie, Jinwei, Jershon, Micah, Christy, Denise,
Taka, Sam, Alyssa, Olivier, Jenny,….