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Clinical Lab 3 Review

1. Know the structures of the urinary system and one function of each:y Kidneys: Filter bloody Ureter: Aid urine in moving from kidneys to bladdery Bladder: Stores uriney Urethra: Allows the body to expel urine from the bladder

2. What is the nephron?The main functional unit of the kidneys

3. What is the glomerulus?A mass of capillaries

4. What is the route in which blood is filtered to become urine?p Blood goes into the glomerulus, through the Bowmans capsule, into the proximal

tubule, through the loop of Henle, into the distal tubule and is either resorbed or made

into urine

5. What is the function of the container used to store urine?Prevent contamination and leakage

6. When is the best time to collect urine (time of day and before analyzing?)y Time of day: First morning uriney Before analyzing: 30-60 minutes

7. What are the different ways to collect urine?p Free flow

Manual expression Tabletop, cage, floor Client collected

p Cystocentesis (best for culture and best for urine collection)p Catheterization

8. What is included in a complete urinalysis?y Gross appearancey Specific gravityy Physical propertiesy Chemical properties

9. What is the normal volume of urine output for cats and dogs?20-40 mL/Kg/Day

10.What is the normal urine color for the following:y Cat/Dog: Light yellow to ambery Rabbit: Yellow to white to orange-red-brown

11. What is the normal transparency for the following:y Cat/Dog: Cleary Rabbit/Horse: Cloudyy In a hazy sample, you can read letters through it. In a cloudy sample, you cannot make

out letters through it.

12.Know what different discoloration of urine can indicate:y Pale yellow: Low SG; decreased concentration of uriney Very yellow: High SG; Oliguria (yellow-brown)y Brown/Green: Bile pigment (plus green foam)y Red/Brown: Hematuria; hemoglobiny Brown: Myoglobiny Orange: Drugs (example: Tetracycline)

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13. What does SpG measure?The ability of the renal tubule to concentrate or dilute filtrates from the glomerulus

14.Why might urine be hyposthenuric?Kidney disease (cant resorb water), increased fluid intake, diabetes, diuretic therapy

Why might urine be hypersthenuric?

Decreased water intake, increase in fluid loss, dehydration, shock

15.What is isosthenuria?When the glomerular filtrate has the same SG as the plasma. It means the kidneys arentfiltering anything. The range is 1.008-1.012.

16.What instrument is used to obtain a SpG?Refractometer

17.If the SpG is above the chart, what can you do to get a more accurate value?You can start over, and add one drop of distilled water. Obtain value and multiply by 2.

18.Chemical stripy pH

o Common range: 5.5-8.5o Acid-base balance

y Proteino Normal=None or trace amountso Confirmatory test? Yes.

y Glucoseo Hyperglycemia + Glucosuria= Diabetes mellituso Artificial elevation is due to: Fear, stress, excitement, IV glucose, penicillin

y Ketoneso Formed from catabolism of fatty acidso Excess can cause CNS depression and acidosiso Usually seen due to: High protein diet, prolonged fasting, starvation, diabetes

mellitus

y Bileo Detects bile pigments (bilirubin & urobilinogen)o Seen with Biliary obstruction, hepatic infections, toxicity, hemolytic anemia

y Bloodo 3 things that can cause a positive result:

Hematuria: Associated with diseases of the urogenital tract Hemoglobinuria: Associated with intravascular hemolysis Myoglobinuria: Associated with a muscle pathology or overexertion

y Nitriteo Not useful in animalso Used to confirm presence of bacteriuria

y Leukocyteso Detects leukocyte esteraseo Reasons for false positive: Old sample or contaminated by feceso Reasons for false negative: Glucosuria, elevated SG and certain antibiotics

y Urobilinogeno Formed in the GI tract by anaerobic bacteria breaking down conjugated

bilirubin

o Can indicate liver orGI tract dysfunction or intravascular hemolysiso False negative due to acidic urine, old samples, samples exposed to light and airo False positive due to reagent strips stored next to heat source