clinical chemistry final

8/4/2019 Clinical Chemistry Final

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Clinical Chemistry


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INTRODUCTION

What is Clinical Chemistry ?

Also known as Clinical biochemistry, chemical pathology,medical biochemistry or pure blood chemistry

It is the area of pathology wherein it is generallyconcerned with analysis of body fluid

Originated in the late 19th

century with the use of simplechemical test for various components of blood and urine


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Other techniques were also applied including the use

of measurement of enzyme activities,spectrophotometry, electrophoresis, immunoassay

All biochemical tests come under chemical pathology

These are performed on any kind of body fluidespecially on serum or plasma.

It is in here where they test the serum for chemicalspresent in blood. These include a wide array ofsubstances, such as lipids, blood sugar, enzymes,and hormones.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid


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Large array of tests canbe further sub-categorised into sub-specialities of:

General chemistry

EndocrinologyImmunology

Pharmacology/

Toxicology

Common Tests inClinical Chemistry

Electrolytes

Renal Function Test

Liver Function TestCardiac Markers

Minerals

Blood Disorders

Basic Metabolic Panel

ComprehensiveMetabolic Panel

and many more....


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DEFINITION OF TERMS

Hormoneis a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body thatsends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. Only a smallamount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism.

Immunity is a biological term that describes a state of having sufficient biologicaldefenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion.

Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. Alsoknown as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immunesystem to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses.

Spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the reflection ortransmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength. Dealswith visible light, near-ultraviolet, and near-infrared, but does not cover time-resolved spectroscopic techniques.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-resolved_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-resolved_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-resolved_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-resolved_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-resolved_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism


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Electrophoresis, also called cataphoresis, is the motion of dispersedparticles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field.

An immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the presenceor concentration of a substance in solutions that frequently contain a complexmixture of substances.

Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the studyof chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, livingmatter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersed_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersed_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersed_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersed_particles


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General Chemistry

-General chemistry is the study of matter and energy and theinteractions between them. This is an overview of General Chemistrytopics, such as acids and bases, atomic structure, the periodic table,chemical bonds, and chemical reactions.

Endocrinology-the study of hormones. A hormone is a chemical released by a cell or agland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells inother parts of the organism.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone


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Immunology

-the study of theimmune system and antibodies. An immune system isa system of biological structures and processes within an organism thatprotects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens andtumor cells.

An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralizeforeign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes aunique part of the foreign target, termed an antigen. Antibodies areproduced by a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system


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Pharmacology or Toxicology

- the study of drugs. Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and

biology concerned with the study of drug action. More specifically, it is

the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and

chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function.

Toxicology, it is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and

detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug


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COMMON TEST IN CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

Electrolytes

Sodium, Potassium, Chloride and Bicarbonatetesting.

Renal Function Test

-Creatinine, Blood urea nitrogen

Liver Function Test

-Total protein (serum);Albumin;Globulins;A/G ratio (

(albumin/globulin)Protein electrophoresis Urine protein

Bilirubin; direct; indirect; total

Aspartate transaminase (AST);

Alanine transaminase (ALT);Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT);

Alkaline phosphatase(ALP);
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_albuminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_albuminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein


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Cardiac Markers

Minerals

Blood Disorders

Basic Metabolic Panel

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel

and many more....


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PANEL TEST

A set of commonly ordered tests are combined into

a panel:

Basic metabolic panel (BMP)A basic metabolic panel (BMP) isa set of seven or eight blood chemical tests. It is one of the most common

lab tests ordered by health care providers. It provides key informationthat has a variety of applications in guiding the medical management of apatient.

7 tests - sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen(BUN), creatinine, glucose
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_metabolic_panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_metabolic_panel


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Machines used in Clinical Chemistry

BMD 1940 PLUS (BIOMEDICA SEMI-AUTOMATIC ANALYZER)- A fullyprogrammable entry-level analyzer,designed for smaller clinics with testingload of 30 to 50 patients/day. Features lowinitial cost, minimal training requirements,

self-prompting interactive operation, andadvanced electronics & software. Accurate,fast results from small samples, large testmenu for over 50 assays. Internal printerwith graphics capability, integral heatingblock and RS232 interface. Includes an

optional patient management softwarepackage.
http://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/spec1940.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/spec1940.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/spec1940.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/spec1940.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/spec1940.php


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BMD 3300 (STAT FAX SEMI-AUTOMATIC

ANALYZER) - A relatively more advanced analyzerdesigned for medium-sized clinics, providing additionalmodules for convenience and faster throughput. It isthe instrument of choice for larger clinics with a testingload of 50-100 patients/day. This analyzer features alarge flip-up display screen that enables the

visualization of kinetic plots in real time. Creates awork list, runs tests, prints patient reports, storespatient data. Stores control values and creates Levey-Jennings plots for QC. Optical system is temperature-controlled to 37C. Adapts to 12 mm round tubes, 1cm square cuvettes, or built-in flow cell. On-board 40-

column thermal printer, external printer, or PC.Optional incubation block and plug-in standardexternal keyboard are also available.
http://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/spec3300.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/spec3300.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/spec3300.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/spec3300.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/spec3300.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/spec3300.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/spec3300.php


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BMD-100 COMPACT (KUADRO AUTOMATIC

ANALYZER) - This is an automatic instrumentdeveloped to fill the gap existing between the smallsemi-automatic analyzers and the advanced automaticinstruments. Ideal for the small laboratory, gives usersa flexible, cost-effective approach to automation. Manyadvanced features, such as linear and non-linear

chemistries in a single routine, and two-pointcalibration ensures a better accuracy and stability.Easy download and printing of stored reports. With atypical throughput of 120 tests/hour, 72 patient samplepositions, 18 reagents on board, and programmableorgan-specific panels, this instrument offers an

automatic load-and-walk-away operation appropriatefor most hospital laboratories with a testing load of 100-150 patients/day.
http://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/speccompact.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/speccompact.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/speccompact.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/speccompact.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/speccompact.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/speccompact.php


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BMD-300 HIGH SPEED (GLOBAL 300 FULLYAUTOMATIC ANALYZER) - The ultimate inclinical chemistry automation. This fully automatedanalyzer operates with direct reading technologythat allows continuous access and a typicalthroughput of 300 tests/hour. Multiple wavelength

reading, barcode option, automatic cuvettewashing; combine with the most advanced patientdata management software to deliver a testingcapacity sufficient for larger reference laboratoriesand hospitals with a testing load of up to 500patients/day.
http://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/specdiscrete.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/specdiscrete.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/specdiscrete.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/specdiscrete.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/specdiscrete.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/specdiscrete.php


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BMD-200 RANDOM ACCESS (PRONTO FULLY

AUTOMATIC ANALYZER) - The only analyzer inits price range provided with a Continuous Accessfeature that permits the operator to insert a sampleanywhere on the tray at any time. Operates inBatch Mode (test by test) or in Random Mode(patient by patient), as required. The instrument is

supplied with clinical chemistry software asstandard. Different software versions are availablefor immunochemistry or other tests. With a typicalthroughput of 200 tests/hour and STAT capability,this instrument would meet the needs of arelatively large hospital with a patient testing load

of up to 200 patients/day.
http://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/specrand.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/specrand.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/specrand.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/specrand.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/specrand.phphttp://www.biomedicadiagnostics.com/specrand.php


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END

clinical chemistry final

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