climate research – a type of physics? hans von storch helmholtz zentrum geesthacht, institute of...
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Climate Research – a type of physics?
Hans von StorchHelmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht,
Institute of Coastal Research, Geesthacht
CLISAP Klimacampus, Hamburg University
SICCS OE, 11 October 2011, Hamburg
Overview
• Climate Research – history
• Physics of Climate
• Problems – independence, experiments, inhomogeneity of data, parameterizations
• Postnormality – high uncertainty, high stakes
• The knowledge market
Overview
• Climate Research – history
• Physics of Climate
• Problems – independence, experiments, inhomogeneity of data, parameterizations
• Postnormality – high uncertainty, high stakes
• The knowledge market
Climate research – history
• Anthropocentric view – climate determines living conditions;
• Climatic determinism• Physics of atmosphere and of
ocean• Physics of climate• Climate change – climate
constrains living conditions
Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) Cosmos, A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe,
1845
“The term climate, taken in its most general sense, indicates all the changes in the atmosphere, which sensibly affect our organs, as temperature, humidity, variations in the barometrical pressure, the calm state of the air or the action of varying winds, the amount of electric tension, the purity of the atmosphere or its admixture with more or less noxious gaseous exhalations, and, finally, the degree of ordinary transparency and clearness of the sky, which is not only important with respect to the increased radiation from the earth, the organic development of plants, and the ripening of fruits, but also with reference to its influence on the feelings and mental condition of men”.
Climatic determinism
civilization
climatic energy
Ellsworth Huntington
1876–1947
of Yale University
Atmospheric and oceanic dynamics
Climate physics
mitigation, adaptation costs
policies
after Hasselmann, 1990
Climate change – climate constrains living conditions
Overview
• Climate Research – history
• Physics of Climate
• Problems – independence, experiments, inhomogeneity of data, parameterizations
• Postnormality– high uncertainty, high stakes
• The knowledge market
Global temperature derived from thermometer
data (CRU)
IPCC 2007
Auch mensch-gemachte Treibhausgase
Nur natürliche Faktoren
Messungen
Explaining global mean surface air temperature
Scenarios, not predictions
Overview
• Climate Research – history
• Physics of Climate
• Problems – independence, experiments, inhomogeneity of data, parameterizations
• Postnormality – high uncertainty, high stakes
• The knowledge market
The space-and time-scales of atmospheric and oceanic dynamics
Problems
• All data are dependent on each other; maybe every 30 years, or so, we are able to observe a new somewhat independent realization of the climate system.
• Only one world, thus truly independent data for falsifying hypotheses is generated at very slow pace.
• Real experiments hardly possible (except for in models as virtual realities)
• Reliance on past data – instrumental and indirect (proxy)
• Parameterizations needed in modelling.
• Causes of inhomogenities:• Changes in
– Instruments– Sampling frequencies – Measuring units– Environments (e.g.
trees, buildings)– Location
Station relocations (Dotted lines)
Representativity of near surface wind speed measurements
1.25 m/s
J. Lindenberg, 2010
Representativity of near surface wind speed measurements
J. Lindenberg, 2010
Counting storms in weather maps – steady increase of NE Atlantic storms since the 1930s ….
Historical data - inhomogeneity
atmosphere
Dynamical processes in a global atmospheric general circulation model
Need for parametrising the effect of non-resolved dynamics on the resolved dynamics.
e.g., by specifying the expected effect due to small-scale dynamics conditional upon the large scale (resolved) state.
Alternative: choose randomly an effect observed under the given large-scale state.
The limit x0 is not defined for parameterizations; there is no known limiting equations.
This part is called physics in the slang of atmospheric and oceanic scientists (as opposed to the revolved dynamics).
Overview
• Climate Research – history
• Physics of Climate
• Problems – independence, experiments, inhomogeneity of data, parameterizations
• Postnormality – high uncertainty, high stakes
• The knowledge market
In the linear model:• Science clarifies the dynamics of the system, • prepares forecast conditional upon societal measures,• recommends optimal societal solutions.• Only problem is to convey the scientific knowledge
into society,• which needs to be educated about the facts, taught
about the issues.• Failure of society to act reflects failure of education
by scientists.
Postnormal science
Jerry Ravetz, Silvio Funtovicz, 1986 and earlier
State of science, when facts uncertain, values in dispute, stakes high and decisions urgent.
In this state, science is not only done for reasons for curiosity but is asked for as support for preconceived value-based agendas.
facts uncertain: e.g. sensitivity of global mean temperature to doubling of CO2 concentration
values in dispute, e.g., do we cement the world according to our present preferences or do we accept a generationally dynamical development?
stakes high, e.g., costs for re-organizing global energy market and future damages
decisions urgent, e.g., to be efficient, re-organization of e.g., traffic must be begun now.
mitigation, adaptation costs
policies
Overview
• Climate Research – history
• Physics of Climate
• Problems – independence, experiments, inhomogeneity of data, parameterizations
• Postnormality – high uncertainty, high stakes
• The knowledge market
Lund and Stockholm
Two different construction of „climate change“ – scientific and cultural – which is more powerful?
Cultural: „Klimakatastrophe“
Scientific: man-made change is real, can be mitigated to some extent but not
completely avoided
Storms
• The science-policy/public interaction is not an issue of „knowledge speaks to power“.
• The problem is not that the public is stupid or uneducated.• The problem is that the scientific knowledge is confronted on
the „explanation marked“ with other forms of knowledge (pre-scientific, outdated; traditional, morphed by different interests). Scientific knowledge does not necessarily “win” this competition.
• The social process „science“ is influenced by these other knowledge forms.
• Science can not be objective but should nevertheless strive to be so.
Knowledge market
And physics …?
• Climate science comprises a large segment which is essential a type of physics
• Climate science is of great technical importance, for issues of mitigation and even more so for adaptation – and thus a type of physics.
• But climate science is embedded in a politico-cultural context, which makes climate science post-normal.
• Thus climate science as a whole is not “just” another type of physics, but a social process significantly different from conventional physics.
