7/29/2010

1

Climate Change, IAQ and Public

Health: Risks and Opportunities

William J. Fisk

Sr. Scientist, Department Head

Indoor Environment Department

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Presentation to NAS-IOM Committee

July 14, 2010

Climate Change IAQ Pathways*

Climate

Change

Modify

Buildings to

Save Energy

IAQ & Indoor Thermal Conditions

• indoor pollutant sources

• pollutant removal

• temp. & RH

• outdoor-indoor pollutant transport

Climate

ChangeOutdoor Air

Quality

Indoor Air

Quality

Climate

Change

Behaviors

e.g., time

indoors

Indoor & Outdoor

Pollutant

Exposures

Climate

Change

Severe

Weather

Events

Stressful Thermal Conditions

Building Damage, Moisture &

Mold

1

2

3

4

7/29/2010

2

IAQ Energy Climate Change Pathway

Impacts

of IAQ

on

People

Modify

Buildings to

Improve

IAQ, Health,

Comfort,

Productivity Building Energy

Consumption

(increases or

decreases)Climate

Change

In many workplaces,

employee compensation is

100 to 200 times larger

than building energy costs

Employers may accept higher

energy costs to improve work

performance, reduce absence, etc.

Aggressive (and necessary) Building Energy

Efficiency Goals

• Calls for “zero-energy” new buildings by 2025 or 2030– U.S. Department of Energy

– Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007

– American Institute of Architects

• Calls for dramatic energy savings– CA Air Resources Board 80% reductions in CO2 emissions by

2080

• Large national home weatherization program– $5 Billion in ARRA funding for low income families

• DOE Building Technologies Program goal of reducing energy consumption in 3 B ft2 of commercial buildings per year

7/29/2010

3

Can We Simply Reduce Ventilation

Rates to Save Energy ?

• Low cost energy savings– Seal and weather strip

envelopes and duct systems of homes

– Adjust dampers in mechanically ventilated buildings

• Significant energy saving

potential– Commercial sector: ~ 6.6% of

total building energy used for

mechanical ventilation; roughly

3% for infiltration*

– Residential Sector: No credible

estimates identified, but

ventilation energy thought to be

20-50% of heating and cooling

*Benne et al 2009 National Renewable Energy laboratory Report NREL/TO-550-41955

Health Impacts: Relationship of Ventilation Rates in

Offices with Building Related Health Symptoms

Statistical Analyses of 8 Studies with 43 data Points

Sources: Fisk, Mirer, AG, Mendell, MJ (2009) Indoor Air 19(2): 159-165.

7/29/2010

4

Decrease in Respiratory Illness or Absence With Increased Ventilation Rates

Source: Fisk Annual Rev. E&E 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1

% D

ecre

ase

Higher

Vent.

Rate

in

Barracks

1000 ppm

less CO2

in

Classrooms

Higher

Vent. Rate

More space

in Nursing

Home

Higher

Vent.

Rate

in

Jail

Higher

Vent.

Rate in

Offices

Respiratory Illness

Absence

All reductions statistically significant

Health Impacts

*all studies have clear weaknesses

in vent. rate assessment

Ventilation Rates (VR) and Health in Homes:

Very Few Studies• Oie et al. (Norway) Epidemiology 1999

– Low VR not associated with bronchial obstruction

– Association of bronchial obstruction with dampness is higher in homes with low VR

• Bornehag et al. Indoor Air 2005

– In homes with low VR (0.05 to 0.24 ach), children had ~ twice as many allergic Sx, OR = 1.95 (0.94 – 4.04)

• Emenius et al. Indoor Air 2004

– Risk of recurrent wheeze not associated with VR

• Norback et al. Occup and Envir Med 1995

– Risk of asthma Sx increased in homes with high CO2 (P < 0.05), but relied on only 1 hr CO2 measurement [OR = 20 (2.7 – 146) for 1000 ppm increase]

• No studies or identified with non- allergy/asthma outcomes

– Cancer risks?, Cardiac Risks?, Respiratory infections?, Reproductive effect risks?

7/29/2010

5

Climate Change Residential

Ventilation: Trends & Findings

• To save energy, homes are built more air tight

less air infiltration

• In many homes, windows are open infrequently

• Reliance on mechanical ventilation in homes

may be risky

• Low ventilation rates can adversely affect IAQ

• We have almost no studies of effects of

residential ventilation on health

Trends in Air Tightness of U.S Houses

New Houses

Ave

rage

Nor

mal

ized

Lea

kage

Construction Year1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

0

.2

.4

.6

.8

1

1.2

1.4 181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181181

211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211211

104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104104

651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651651

126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266126612661266 ۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍyۍy 2428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428242824282428 15081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508150815081508

STOCK AVERAGE

Housing Stock

Average ~ 1.2New Houses ~ 0.3

Normalized leakage = leakage area normalized by floor area and

adjusted for building height

See: Sherman & Matson. Lawrence Berkeley Lab Report 48671, 2002

Chan et al. Atmospheric Environment 39 (2005) 3445–3455

7/29/2010

6

Air Change Rates in 106 “New” CA Homes(constructed 2002 – 2004 measured 2006 – 2008)

Median 0.26 ACH

67% below CA Building Code

requirement

Offermann, F. J. 2009. Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality in New Homes. California

Energy Commission, PIER Energy Related Environmental Research Program.

Collaborative Report. CEC 500 2009 085.

32% of homes did not use their windows during the test

day, and 15% did not use their windows during the

entire preceding week.

Can We Rely on Mechanical Ventilation in New

Energy Efficient Homes?

• 17 ducted mechanical ventilation systems– 3 were disabled

– 9 of 14 had flow rates/operation times less that required to meet CA code

– 4 homes had less than 0.12 ach

• Median exhaust fan use– Kitchen 0 hr

– Bathroom 0.05 hr

– Other (e.g., clothes dryer) 0.3 hr

Results of CA New Home Ventilation and IAQ Study*

*Offermann, F. J. 2009. Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality in New Homes. California

Energy Commission, PIER Energy Related Environmental Research Program.

Collaborative Report. CEC 500 2009 085.

7/29/2010

7

Formaldehyde in

105 New CA Homes

Formaldehyde and

acetaldehyde were

significantly inversely

associated with ACH

(bivariate analyses)

7/29/2010

8

Climate Change Energy Efficient Building Envelopes New Materials IAQ

• More insulation and new types• Polyurethane sprayed in place (significant isocyanate source?

Other emissions? few emission studies, risks of process failures?)

• Polystyrene/adhesives (emissions??, few emission studies)

• More manufactured wood products (HCHO sources)

Today’s Walls

oriented

strand

board

warmer in winter, cooler

in summer (less

condensation risk,

better comfort)

Fiberglass or cellulose,

less leaky wall, dries

less quickly if wetted

Air/vapor barrier helps control

moisture flow, can reduce

condensation risks

Cold in winter, hot in

summer (condensation

risk, poor comfort)

wood

siding or

stucco

Gypsum

board

Empty cavity with air

leaks, dries quickly if wet

Old Walls

Solid wood

State of the Art Building EnvelopesIAQ Implications Are Uncertain: Limited Evaluations

Structural Insulated Panel (SIP)

• good insulation comfort

• resistance to moisture problems

• can be very air tight

• emissions from adhesive and

insulation are little studied

• more manufactured wood

emissions

• reported elevated emission of acetic

acid

SIP

Home

Application of

spray foam

polyurethane

insulation

7/29/2010

9

Climate Change Energy Efficiency

Sealed Attics IAQ Issues

Ventilated Attic: Emissions from

attic materials mostly vented to

outdoors

Sealed Ventilated Attic:

Emissions from attic materials

transported into air we breathe

Climate Change Energy Efficiency

Spaces IAQ

Polyethylene

sheet over soil

and crawl space

walls

Crawl space may

be sealed from

house or

ventilated with

house air

• Better moisture control in crawl space –reduced moisture & mold risks

• Membrane can help isolate home from radon emissions of soil

• If crawl space is ventilated with house air, all pollutants emitted from crawl space materials transported into air we breathe

• Can we count on the polyethylene membrane over the life of the home?

7/29/2010

10

cooling

coil

drain

pan

duct

liner outdoor &

indoor air

Climate Change Low Energy Cooling IAQAffected: Ventilation, Filtration, RH control, T Control, Wet Surfaces

Conventional Air Conditioning

• Wetted surfaces, often with

microbial contamination

• Inlet air is particle filtered

• Windows closed – sheltering us

from some outdoor pollutants

• Capable of maintaining

comfortable T & RH

• AC associated with increased

respiratory health effects (offices

& homes)

Low Energy Cooling Examples

• Natural ventilation + thermal mass

– No wetted surfaces

– No particle filtration

– Less isolation from outdoor poll.

– More ventilation when windows open

– Poorer temp. control

• Evaporative-radiant cooling

– Evaporation cool water cool slab or panels

– Used with natural ventilation or mechanical outdoor air ventilation

– Ideally no wetted indoor surfaces

– No filtration of recirculated air

• Direct evaporative cooling

– 100% outdoor air ventilation

– Wetted surfaces in air provided to building – microbial risk

Air Conditioning (AC) Link to Increased Sick Building Syndrome Symptoms in Offices

Source: Seppanen and Fisk, Indoor Air 2002

Type of ventilation system

= Significantly more symptoms= Reference Group = Same #

First A uthor Year

No of

s ubjects

Natural

Venti-

lation

AC +

No

Hum id.

AC +

S team

Hum id.

A C +

Ev ap.

Hum id.

A C +

Spray

Hum id.J aakkola 95 8 68M ende ll 96 7 10M ende ll, Burge 90 , 87 1 459M ende ll, Harris on 90 , 87 1 044Zw eers 92 2 806J aakkola 95 3 35M ende ll, Burge 90 , 87 8 63Zw eers 92 3 573J aakkola 95 5 59Teeuw 94 9 27M ende ll, Burge 90 , 87 1 991M ende ll, F innegan 90 , 87 7 87M ende ll, Harris on 90 , 87 2 080

M ende ll, Hedge 90 , 84 1 214Zw eers 92 3 846Bras che 99Hawkins 91 2 55

AC also associated with respiratory Sx in homes

Zock J. Allergy Clin Immunol 2002, Spengler Indoor Air 94

7/29/2010

11

Projected Win-Win (Energy + IEQ Improvement) Examples

Example Benefits Conditions

insulation, efficient

windowsenergy , comfort low emission insulation

eliminate over heatingenergy , comfort , SBS Sx

, pol. emissions -----

low energy cooling

with 100% outdoor air

energy , vent rate , indoor

pol , SBS Sx , work perf

no microbial contam.

from cooling system,

reasonable OA quality

seal ducts in

unconditioned spaces

energy , comfort , some

pol. sources

ventilation rate

maintained

high efffic. forced

combust. furnace

energy , combust. pol. back

draft risk -----

electronic ignition gas

stoveenergy , combust. Pol. -----

UV germicidal irrad. of

cooling coils

energy , microbial contam

, respiratory Sx -----

add economizer

systems

energy , vent rate , indoor

pol. , SBS Sx , work perf

reasonable OA quality

Special Climate Change IEQ Issues

in Poor Developing Countries

• With no air conditioning & light weight uninsulated buildings, population is at increased risk from severe heat waves

• Replacing indoor biomass-fuel cooking with liquid or gas fuel cooking will reduce CO2 and black carbon emissions, reduce deforestation, and improve IAQ & health

• In developing countries, where indoor smoking is prevalent / not restricted, risks of decreased ventilation are magnified

7/29/2010

12

Conclusions• Major reductions in building energy use are planned &

needed in response to climate change

• Widespread & dramatic changes in buildings necessary

• The changes in buildings will affect IAQ and comfort– Ventilation rates

– Pollutant sources

– Filtration rates

– Temperature and humidity

• IAQ and comfort can be positively or negatively affected– We should identify, evaluate and mitigate potential negative

impacts

– We should identify and encourage energy efficiency options that improve IAQ

• At present, we can identify issues but we lack information to quantify many impacts on IAQ or comfort– IAQ is not a priority for most energy agencies, unclear how

research and policy needs will be met