Climate change, energy system, CO2 emissions, CCS and CCU

Marco Mazzotti

ETH Zurich

February 22nd, 2021

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1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions

40 billion tons CO2 per year

50 million tons CO2 per year

6 tons CO2 per year per person

(9 t in EU28; 16 t in USA)

Swiss energy mix (power): 130 g CO2/kWh; EU28: 400 g CO2/kWh

6 tons CO2 per year per person

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1. CO2 emissions per year per person

120 m2; 300 m3

6 tons CO2 per year = 3000 m3 per year per person

3000 m3

CO2

700 kg waste per year per person= 3 m3 per year (4 persons)

… 10 days

… 100 years

3 m3

To fill the house one needs…

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1. CO2 emissions: where from?

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/introductory-chapter/Fig. 1.3

buildings

industry

transport

agriculture

power and heat

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1. Direct and indirect emissions

CO2

Gasolinedistribution

Power plant and electricity grid

Oil productionand refining

CO2

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1. Primary energy sources

solar

wind

nuclear

coal, oil & gas

biomass

hydropower

fuels (liquid & gas)

power andheat

Intermittentrenewablesneed storageof heat andpower

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1. Primary energy sources (2008 data)https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation/renewable-energy-and-climate-change/Fig. 01.10

Renewable energy sources may be not carbon-neutral.To assess the carbon-footprint of power generation a LCA is needed

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1. The complexity of the energy system

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation/renewable-energy-and-climate-change/Fig. 01.22

To determine thecarbon footprint ofthe energy system

requires a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

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1. Carbon footprint of power generation

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation/summary-for-policymakers/Fig. SPM.08

Renewableenergy sources

are notcarbon-neutral.

CCS ?!?LC

Aca

rbo

nfo

otp

rin

t[g

CO

2eq

/kW

h]

Renewable energy sources Coal, oil & gas, and nuclear

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1. Automobile: ICE or BEV?

180,000 km total

http://www.sccer-hae.ch/wpp2x.php Fig. 6.1

It depends…

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The global carbon cycle

IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis

Atmosphere: 800 Gt

Hydrosphere: 40,000 Gt Lithosphere: 65,000,000 Gt

Biosphere: 2,500 GtAnthroposphere: 2-3 Gt

Natural fluxes: 100 Gt/aAnthropogenic GHG: 10 Gt/a

CCS

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2. A limited carbon-budget

IPCC WG1 AR5 SPM

IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis

The Paris Agreement commits to hold global warming to below 2°C, possibly below

1.5°C (Dec. 2015)

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http://www.ipcc.ch/report/sr15/

2. Net-zero-CO2 emissions world and NETs

Energy systems:• more complex;• decentralized;• prosumers;• mgmt of provision

and demand;• multi-energy grids.

Net-zero-CO2

emissions solutions, in all sectors and for

everybody

Decarbonization of:• Power generation;• Mobility;• Households;• Industry (– 75-90%);• Agriculture;• Lifestyle.

Negative emissions (100-1000 GtCO2):• Bio-Energy w/ CCS;• Direct Air Capture

(DAC) w/ CCS;• ( CCS = Carbon

Capture & Storage. )

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© Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute Ltd 2016

3. CCS (Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage)

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3. CCS

•120 MW net coal-fired power plant

•PCC of 1 Mt CO2/y, with Cansolvamine scrubbing

•Storage in aquifer or for EOR

•Operational since October 2014© Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute Ltd 2016

Post-Combustion Capture

1500+ meter deep

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3. CCS

1500+ meter deep

•120 MW net coal-fired power plant

•PCC of 1 Mt CO2/y, with Cansolvamine scrubbing

•Storage in aquifer or for EOR

•Operational since October 2014

Direct Air Capture

•DAC of 1.5 kt CO2/y in Hinwil, ZH

•Vacuum-Temperature Swing Adsorption

•Regeneration w/ or w/o steam at 100°C

•CO2 fed to greenhouse nearby

•Operational since May 2017

1 €10 €

Post-Combustion Capture

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3. CCS at the Sleipner gas-field, Norway

The world’s first and longest lasting commercial storage project(since 1996, 20+ Mt CO2 stored).

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3. CCS at the Sleipner gas-field, Norway

Natural gas with ~9% CO2

CO2 injection in the Utsira formation

~ 2500 m

~ 1000 mCO2 separation from gas

~ 3000 m

Gas

CO2

Source: StatoilHydro

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3. CCS at the Sleipner gas-field, Norway

4D-Seismic, powerful monitoring technique, shows that CO2 migration follows design specs.

Top: vertical slices through seismic volumes

Bottom: horizontal slices through seismic data at the indicated horizon in time

Source: Boait et al. 2012. J Geophys Res 117. B03309.

1922.02.21

10 m3

3. Geological storage of CO2

6 ton CO2 per person: from 3000 m3 to 10 m3 per year 3000 m3

120 m2; 300 m3

To fill the space at home: from 10 days to 10 years

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3. CCS

1500+ meter deep

Post-Combustion Capture

IS UNDEGROUND STORAGE OF CO2 SAFE?

1.Climate protection: ‘Putting CO2 in deep geological

formations is a lot safer and better than putting the same

CO2 into the atmosphere.’

2.Physical basis: ‘CO2 is trapped in microscopic rock pores

by the same process that has trapped natural gas for

millions of years.’

3.Operational experience: ‘We know from 20+ years of

operations at Sleipner and elsewhere that CCS works.’

4.Geophysical monitoring: ‘We can see where the CO2 is

(with some uncertainty) and show it is safely stored in

the intended reservoir unit.’

5.Regulatory compliance: ‘We can demonstrate regulatory

conformance with the Norwegian and EU CO2 storage

directives.’

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© Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute Ltd 2016

Europe plans to have a CO2 storage hub in the North Sea from 2023 (Northern Lights)

3. CCS

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Northern Lights

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2. CO2conversion

C-rich product

3. Product utilization

C-rich waste

1. CO2capture

CO24. Disposal

of CO2

4. The CCU system

2.2. H2synthesis

H22.3. CO2 +

H2 reaction2.1. RES

harvestingpower

CCU CYCLES• Energy cycle• Carbon cycle• Material cycles

WG VIEW: SOCIETAL SERVICES• power generation and distribution;• fuels (and power) for transport;• long-term long-range RES storage;• industrial products and materials.

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4. C-neutral Methanol

CCS-DAC Bio

CCU-DACBAU

2500 m2/(t/y)

70 m2/(t/y)

today net-zero-CO2

0

2

4

6

8

10

BAUCCS-DAC

CCU-DACBio

Energy requirements (C-free) [MWh / tMeOH]

Power Heat

Gabrielli, Gazzaniand Mazzotti (2019) submitted

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4. C-neutral Methanol

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4. C-neutral Methanol

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5. CCUS and CCS potential in SwitzerlandThe Energieperspektiven 2050+ published by SFOE (26.11.2020) show that CCS shall play a key role (i.e. 7 mton CO2/y CCS & 5 mton CO2/y NET ) to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality in Switzerland by 2050.

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Swiss CO2 point sources are: i. Waste-to-Energy (30 plants) 4.5 Mt CO2/yii. Mineral industry (7 plants) 2.6 Mt CO2/yiii. Chemical industry (9 plants) 1.1 Mt CO2/y

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JURA CEMENT plant in Wildegg• 800'000 tons of cement produced/year

• Ca. 500’000 tons of CO2 emitted/year

(of which over 30% are process

emissions)

CrusherQuarry Transport Rawmill

Kiln and preheater/precalcinator

Cement mill Logistics

Fuel emissions

Process emissions

Credit: McKinsey and Company 2922.02.21

ERZ plant in Hagenholz

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Ofenhaus mit zweiVerbrennungslinien

Energiezentrale

Rauchgasreinigung

Abfallbunker

Leitstand

Recyclinghof

Annahme/Materialkontrolle

Sonderabfallsammelstelle

• 245’000 t municipal waste processed/year• Ca. 250’000 tCO2/emitted (50% biogenic)• Heat and electricity supply: 84 and 17 MW, respectively• Seasonal variations of heat load: 30-100% from summer to winter• Third line to be added in 2026 (+50% waste processing capacity)

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AMMONIA NITRATES AND PHOSPHATES UREA MELAMINE METHANOL

SYNGAS

Gubakha, Perm Region (Russia)Ca. 400’000 tCO2/y

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Demonstration of CO2 utilization and storage in concrete (domestic solution)

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Total amount of CO2 utilized and stored in carbonated recycled concrete: 500-1000 tons

1. Stationary

Carbonation PlantSiloes equipped with carbonation

system: no handling, longer

carbonation times, all RCA

fractions

Neustark

2. Slurry Carbonation

PlantCO2 in liquid phase reacts in

concrete batching phase with

cement – improved concrete

properties

Neustark

Recycling

Concrete

Market share: 15%

Primary Concrete

Market share: 85%

Recycled Concrete

Aggregate (RCA)Kästli

Concrete Mixing

WaterKästli

CO2 supplyLiquefaction, transport, and

temporary storage

Ara Region Bern / Neustark

Cement

•Accounts for about 80% of

GHG emissions of concrete

•Concrete mix design

optimization enables to lower

the cement content by 5-15%

1. Arabern: waste water treatment

plant, with biogas upgrader.

Neustark: liquefaction of CO2,

loading of isotainers, and transport

by truck.

Challenge: optimizing logistics at

CO2 source site.

2. Kästli: concrete recycling plant.

Neustark: carbonation of demolition concrete, delivery of carbonated concrete.

Challenge: optimizing material flows, energy effciency, carbonation process, and operations on site.

3. EMPA: material testing.

Kästli/Neustark: preparation andanalysis of concrete mix designs.

Challenge: assessing concrete quality, as a driver towards optimization of CO2 storage, climate impact (CO2

footprint) and energy efficiency in carbonation.

Neustark, Ara Region Bern, Kästli, EMPA 22.02.21

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Pilot plant Neustark AG and Kästli Bau AG

20 t liquid CO2 tank

Reactor containers

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Pilot plant Neustark AG and Kästli Bau AG

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CCUS and CCS potential in SwitzerlandThe Energieperspektiven 2050+ published by SFOE (26.11.2020) show that CCS shall play a key role (i.e. 7 mton CO2/y CCS & 5 mton CO2/y NET ) to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality in Switzerland by 2050.

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Swiss CO2 point sources are: i. Waste-to-Energy (30 plants) 4.5 Mt CO2/yii. Mineral industry (7 plants) 2.6 Mt CO2/yiii. Chemical industry (9 plants) 1.1 Mt CO2/y

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6. Books on climate change

• Jonathan Franzen „The end of the end of the Earth“ (2018)

• Jonathan Safran Foer „We are the weather - Saving the planet begins at breakfast“ (2019)

• Amitav Ghosh „The great derangement“ (2016)

• Dale Jamieson „Reason in a dark time“ (2014)

• David Wallace-Wells „The uninhabitable Earth. Life after warming“ (2019)

• Naomi Oreskes & Eric M. Conway „Merchants of doubt – How a handful ofscientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming“ (2010)

• Bill Gates „How to avoid a climate disaster – The solutions we have and thebreakthroughs we need“ (2021)

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