click to edit master subtitle style wheat, cotton, & peanut management update todd baughman...
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Click to edit Master subtitle style
Wheat, Cotton, & Peanut Management
Update
Todd BaughmanExtension Agronomist940-552-9941 x [email protected]
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The outcome of any serious research can only be to make two questions grow where only one grew before
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Timing N Applications
• Wheat requires very little fall nitrogen
• In-furrow DAP usually enough for grain-only
• Delay N applications until late-winter or early spring
• Have N moved into soil by jointing
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Top Dressing Wheat
FactorsSoil Test Residual N
Preplant N
Yield Goal – 30 bu/A
Stocking Rate – 1/2A
Grazing Time – 105 days
Total N Requirement
Total N/A+10 lbs/A+20 lbs/A-45 lbs/A
-24 lbs/A-39 lbs/A
Yield N based on 1.5 lbs/bushel
Grazing N based on 15 lbs dry matter/day/animal and 0.03 lbs N per pound of forage (105/2 * 0.45)
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Prevention is the Cheapest Form of Weed
Control• Use good quality weed-free seed
• Raise a good healthy crop
• Rogue fields of new infestations
• Manage turnrows, fences, corners, and ditches
• Combine worst fields last
• Don’t plant something that you cannot control later
• Crop rotation
• Graze out worst fields and control weeds with glyphosate
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Proper Weed I.D. is Critical
• Knowing what weed you are trying to control makes decisions easier and better
• Crucial to proper herbicide choice and correct timing
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Wild Oat
Ryegrass
Rescuegrass
Japanesse Brome
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Wildoat
• Seedling leaves roll counter-clockwise
• Hairs on margin of the leaves
• No hairs usually on top of leaf blade
• Multiple Flushes in fall and spring
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Rescuegrass(Wild Rye)
• Large flat seedhead
• Leaf blades and sheath hairy
• Mature plant maybe hairy on upper-side of leaves only
• Difficult to control
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Japanese Brome
• Leaf blades and sheath hairy
• Mature plant leaves hairy on both sides
• Dropping head, noticeable awns (beards)
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Cheat/Cheatgrass
• No true cheat in West Texas
DO NOT MAKE THE
SOLUTION WORSE THAN
THE PROBLEM!!!
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Timing is Everything
• Often times weed control will be better with early (fall) applications of a herbicide
• However, yields will almost always be higher with early (fall, 1-4 wks after planting) applications
• With wheat and cotton this is due to early season competition between weeds and wheat
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Weed Competition
Percent Yield Loss (30 plants/yd2)
• Feral Rye = 51 (84)• Wild Oats = 27 (41)• Italian Ryegrass = 23 (46)• Cheat = 21 (33)• Jointed Goatgrass 21 (25)
Oklahoma State University – B. J. Fast, C. R. Medlin, D. S. Murray, and L. M. Verhalen
Rainfall received within 10 days of planting
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Wildoat ResearchHardeman County 09-10
LSD = 7.5
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WARNINGTHE DIRECTIONS ON THIS LABEL ARE ONLY GOOD IF YOU FOLLOW THEM
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Marestail Control
• Marestail germinates in both fall and spring. Add a phenoxy herbicide and possibly ALS residual herbicide
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Windmillgrass Control
• Windmill grass control approximately 90% with 2 lbs ai/A glyphosate (48 fl oz/A Powermax) may take 2 applications
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Soil Testing Foundation of a sound fertility program
Soil analysis is only as good as the sample
Annual testing to credit residual nutrients.
Sampling with depth to detect mobile nutrients
(N, S, B) and deeper K.
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Residual Nitrogen in the Soil Profile
You never know what is there unless you test
It is plant available and it is yours!
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Effect of Nitrogen Rate on Cotton Lint Yield
N Rate Yield (lbs/A)
(lbs/A) Calhoun Wharton San Pat. William. Falls
0 747 717 1240 804 729
50 835 757 1170 889 712
100 814 779 1319 880 742
150 692 658 1278 886 676
Means within a column are not significantly different (P<0.05).
McFarland, 2009
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Deep Sampling for Nitrogen
2820202422262210612 inches
96808896947886210Total
40
20
20
20
10
10
Site 7
48404442464215424
2824282416202036 – 48
2024242816243624 – 36
2020202020204812 – 24
121012121010426 – 12
161012101612640 – 6
Site 8
Site 6Site 5Site 4Site 3
Site 2
Site1
Depth(inches) Lbs of Plant Available Nitrogen
McFarland, 2009
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Starter Fertilizer Rates
Fine Textured Soils Sandy Textured Soils
Row Spacing (in) 20 30 40 20 30 40
Pop-up 8-12 5-8 6 8 5 4
2-in side 60 40 30 40 20 15
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Effects of Humic Acid on Cotton Lint Yield, Stiles Farm 2003-2006
Co
tto
n L
int
Yie
ld (
lbs.
/A)
P>F = 0.7721CV% = 15.8
Untreated 1 gal Humic acid 3 gal Humic acid
Humic acid applied with liquid fertilizer prior to planting
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
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Click to edit the outline text format
Second Outline Level Third Outline
LevelFourth Outline Level Fifth Outline Level
Sixth Outline Level
Seventh Outline Level
Eighth Outline Level
• Ninth Outline LevelClick to edit Master text styles– Second level
• Third level– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Potassium
Functions in Plant:Water use efficiency
Disease resistance
Fiber production
Late season deficiency
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Environmental conditions (effects on root system)
- very wet (waterlogged soils) - very dry
Yield potential - heavy boll load (relative) Severe deficiencies
- secondary pathogen infection → premature defoliation
Late Season K Problems
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Effects of Soil and Foliar Applied K
on Cotton Lint Yield(San Patricio County)
Lin
t Y
ield
(lb
s./a
cre)
P>F = 0.1169Variety FM819Soil test = 173 ppm K(“medium-high”)
1190
1384
1271
12921302 1297
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
Untreated 60 K 60 K + Foliar K 120 K 120 K + Foliar K Foliar K
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Potassium Management
Medium/heavy soils typically sufficient. - high-end production may tax soil K-supplying potential. Foliar application possible, but may not
be economical. Soil applications more cost effective. Soil tests showing marginal sufficiency
(125 ppm K) may justify application.
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Glyphosate Resistance to date (12/07/09)
1. Palmer amaranth GA, NC, AR, TN, MS 2005, 05, 06, 06, 08
2. common waterhemp MO*, IL*, KA, MN 2005, 06, 06, 07
3. common ragweed AR, MO, KA 2004, 04, 07
4. giant ragweed OH, AR, IN, KA, MN, TN 2004, 05, 05, 06, 06, 07
5. hairy fleabane CA, other countries 2003-07
6. horseweed OH*, 17 states 2000-07
7. Sourgrass Paraguay, Brazile 2006, 08
8. Junglerice Australia 2007
9. goosegrass Malaysia* 1997
10. wild pointsettia Brazil* 2006
11. Italian ryegrass OR, MS 2004, 05
12. rigid ryegrass CA, many* 1998
13. Ragweed parthenium Columbia 2004
14. buckhorn plantain S. Africa 2003
15. johnsongrass Argentina, AR 2005, 2007
16. Liverseedgrass Australia 2008
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Volunteer Cotton Control
Buctril, Ignite, Aim, & ET all effective at 5-8 leaf
Layby Pro effective at 5-8 leaf
Valor somewhat effective at 5-8 leaf
No product effective at 10-12 leaf
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Peanut Management Considerations
ROTATION! ROTATION! ROTATION!!!
Proper rotation is the key to maintaining high yields.
High yields key to maintaining peanut profitability.
WATER! WATER! WATER!
Adequate water quality and quanity are needed for high
yielding peanut.
Timely Disease Management
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Effect of Seeding Rate on Peanut Yield
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THOSE WHO THROW OBJECTS AT THE ALIGATOR WILL BE ASKED
TO RETRIEVE THEM
ANY QUESTIONS???