NounNoun is a word which names a person, a place or a thing. For example chair, table, book, New York, computer, cup, boy, John, hospital, Newton, garden, room, man, Paris, doctor, and pen are nouns because each of these words is a name of a person, a place or a thing. Examples.Chair, table, book, cup, computer, picture, (names of things)New York, Paris, Canada, Toronto, school, hospital, cinema, garden, (names of places)John, Newton, R.H Stephen, Einstein, man, boy, doctor (names of persons) Types of Noun There are two main types of noun. Common Noun Proper Noun

Common Noun.Name of a common or a non-specific thing, place, or person is called common noun.

Common noun refers to a non-specific or non-particular thing, place or person. For example book, pen, room, garden man, girl, road, camera, month, day, chair, school, boy, car, are common nouns because each of these nouns refers to a common thing, place or person.Proper Noun.Name of a particular or a specific thing, place or person is called proper Noun.

For example BMW Car, April, Monday, Oxford University, New York, America, John, Newton, Einstein, R.H Stephen, are proper nouns because each of these nouns refers to a particular thing, place or person.

If a common noun is specified it becomes a proper noun. For example day is a common noun but if it is specified like Monday or Friday, it becomes proper noun. Similarly car is a common noun but if it is specified like BMW Car, it becomes proper noun.Use of CAPITAL LETTER for proper noun. The first letter of proper noun is always written in capital letter.

Examples.He lives in Paris.She studies in Oxford University.Author of this book is John Stephen.Laws of motion were presented by NewtonThe richest person of the world is Bill Gates.Use of THE for proper noun. 1. The article the is used before some proper nouns. Here are some rules for the use of article the before proper nouns.2. Article the is not used before the name of countries, cities, for example New York, Mexico, Canada, Toronto, London, Paris, America. But if the name of country or city or place expresses group of places or lands or states, then article the will be used before it. For example, the Philippines, the Netherlands, the United States3. Article the is not used before the name of universities, for example Oxford University, Yale University, or Columbia University. But if the name of university is written in a order that it includes the word of then article the will be used before it, for example, the University of British Colombia, the university of Oxford, the University of Toronto.4. Article the is used before names composed of both common noun and proper noun, for example the New York city, the Dominion of Canada, the River Nile5. The is used before the names of laws, principles, theories or devices, for example, the Pythagorean Theorem, the Fahrenheit Scale, the Law of Newton, the Allais effect. But if the proper noun is used in possessive form, no article will be used, for example Newtons Laws of Motion, Hookes Law of Elasticity, Daltons Law of Partial Pressures.6. The used by the name of ocean, sea, river, dessert or forest (except lakes and fall) for example the Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Sahara, the Black Forests. 7. The is used before the names of buildings, hotels, libraries having particular names, for example the Brunel Hotel, the Lahore Museum, the Library of Congress, 8. The is used before the name of a geographical region and points on globe, for example the Middle East, the West, the Equator, the North Pole 9. The is usually used before the names of organizations for example, the Association of Chartered Accountants, the World Health Organization,

Countable and Uncountable NounsCountable Nouns.A noun which can be counted is called countable noun.For example, "book" is countable noun because we can count it and can say one book, two books, three books and so on. Pen, chair, cup, room, man, baby, bottle, dog, cat are examples countable nouns. A countable noun can be singular as well as plural. Article a or an is used before singular noun but not before plural noun. If a singular noun starts with consonant letter then a is used before it, i.e. a book, a cat, a pen. If a singular noun starts with............................ Countable and Uncountable NounsCountable Nouns.A noun which can be counted is called countable noun.Pen is countable noun because we can count it and can say one pen, two pens, three pens or more pens. Pen, chair, cup, room, man, baby, bottle, dog, cat are examples countable nouns.Singular and Plural noun (Countable Noun)A countable noun can be singular as well as plural. Article a or an is used before singular noun but not before plural noun. If a singular noun starts with consonant letter then a is used before it, i.e. a book, a cat, a pen. If a singular noun starts with a vowel letter or with consonant which sounds like vowel in that word, an is used before it i.e. an apple, an umbrella, an onion, an hour. Plural noun (Countable Noun)Plural noun means more than one person, place or thing. Word chair is a singular noun but word chairs is plural noun. 1. Plurals are usually formed by adding s or es to singular noun for example bookbooks, catcats, boxboxes, taxtaxes. If a word ends with y, the y is changed to I then es is added to make it plural, for example, babybabies, ladyladies. There may be some exceptions. 2. Some plural are formed in different ways for example, manmen, childchildren, leafleaves, wifewives, footfeet, tootteeth, datumdata, basisbases. Such plurals are called irregular plural forms.3. Some nouns have same plural and singular form, for example, sheepsheep, deerdeer, swineswine. Uncountable Nouns.Uncountable noun refers to substances which cannot be counted.For example, water is an uncountable noun because we cannot count it. We cannot say, one water or two water. Such substances which cannot be counted in terms of numbers are called uncountable noun. Examples: Water, milk, bread, honey, rain, furniture, news, information, pleasure, honesty, courage, weather, music, preparation, warmth, wheat are examples of uncountable nouns.Use of Uncountable Nouns.Uncountable nouns are usually treated as singular noun for auxiliary verbs in sentence but articles a or an are usually not used before uncountable nouns.Examples.Water maintains its level.Necessity is the mother of inventionHis preparation was not good.The Weather is very pleasant today.This information is very helpful in solving the problem.The warmth of sun causes evaporation of water.Uncountable nouns may be used as countable noun when it refers to an individual thing. For example life is uncountable noun but it be used as countable noun if refers to individual, lives.Example.It was feared that two lives had been lost.We can also use word like some, any, no, little, more etc before uncountable nouns if needed in sentence.Examples. They have no information about the accused. There is little milk in the glass.Changing Uncountable nouns into countable nouns. We can change uncountable noun into countable noun if we specify a unit or measuring standard for it. For example water is an uncountable noun but we can make it countable by saying one glass of water or two glass of water etc. In this example we selected a unit that is glass. We can also say one litre of water or one cup of water etc. By selecting such units or measuring standards we can change uncountable noun in to countable which can be counted in terms of numbers. Examples.Uncountable countable Bread a piece of bread. Wheat a grain of wheat.Milk a glass of milkInformation a piece of informationPronounPronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun, e.g. he, she, it, they, his, her, him its etc.

Example.John is an intelligent student. He goes to school daily. He studies a lot. He is making preparation for examination. He will get high marks examination.In the above paragraph pronoun he is used instead of noun John. If we do not use pronoun in above paragraph we will have to use the noun John again and again in each sentence. So, the purpose of pronoun is to avoid the repetition of a noun. Examples. He, she, it, they, you, I, we, who, him, her, them, me, us, whom, his, its, their, your, mine, our and whose, myself, himself, herself , yourself, which, this, that these, those, are the pronouns which are mostly used.Pronoun can be divided into following groups. Personal Pronouns: e.g. I, you, He, she, it, they, who, me, him, her, them, whom Possessive Pronouns: e.g. yours, mine, his, hers, ours, theirs, Reflexive Pronouns: e.g. myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, ourselves, themselves Reciprocal Pronoun: e.g. each other, one another Relative Pronouns: e.g. who, whom, whose, which, that Demonstrative Pronoun: e.g. this, these, that, thoseTypes of PronounThere five types of pronoun1. Personal Pronoun2. Possessive Pronoun3. Reflixive Pronoun4. Relative Pronoun5. Demonstrative Pronoun Personal Pronouns.Personal pronoun describes a particular person or thing or group.Personal pronoun describes the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them).Personal PronounsPersonal pronoun describes a particular person or thing or group.Personal pronoun describes the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them).Example. He helps poor.The pronoun he in above sentence describes a person who helps poor.Use of Personal Pronouns.NamberPersonPersonal Pronoun

SubjectObject

Singular1st PersonIMe

2nd PersonYouYou

3rd PersonHe, She, ItHim, Her, It

Plural1st PersonWeUs

2nd PersonYouYou

3rd PersonTheyThem

Examples. She is intelligentThey are playing chess. He sent me a letter.It is raining.We love our country.The teacher appreciated them.I met him yesterday. He gave her a gift.Did you go to home? Possessive PronounsPossessive Pronoun indicates close possession or ownership or relationship of a thing/person to another thing/person.e.g. yours, mine, his, hers, ours, theirs, hers,Example.This book is mine.The pronoun mine describes the relationship between book and a person (me) who possesses this book or who is the owner of this book.NamberPersonPossessive Pronoun

Singular1st PersonMine

2nd PersonYours

3rd PersonHers, his, its

Plural1st PersonOurs

2nd PersonYours

3rd PersonTheirs

Examples.That car is hers.Your book is old. Mine is new.The pen on the table is mine.The smallest cup is yours.The voice is hers.The car is ours not theirs.I have lost my camera. May I use yours?They received your letter. Did you received theirs.Note: Possessive adjectives (my, her, your) may be confused with possessive pronouns. Possessive adjective modifies noun in terms of possession. Both possessive adjective and possessive show possession or ownership, but possessive adjective is used (with noun) to modify the noun while Possessive pronoun is used instead (in place of) a noun. Examples.

This is my book. (Possessive adjective: my modifies the noun book)This book is mine. (Possessive pronoun: mine is used instead of noun to whom the book belongs)Reflexive Pronoun.Reflexive pronoun describes noun when subjects action affects the subject itself. e.g himself, yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves, itself are reflexive pronouns.Reflexive pronouns always act as objects not subjects, and they require an interaction between the subject and an object.NamberPersonSubjectReflive Pronoun

Singular1st PersonIMyself

2nd PersonYouYourself

3rd PersonHe, she, itHimself, Herself, Itself

Plural1st PersonWeOurselves

2nd PersonYouYourselves

3rd PersonTheyThemselves

Examples.I looked at myself in the mirror.You should think about yourself. They prepared themselves for completion.She pleases herself by think that she will win the prize.He bought a car for himself.He locked himself in the room.He who loves only himself is a selfish. Note: Reflexive noun can also be used to give more emphasis on subject or object. If a reflexive pronoun is used to give more emphasis on a subject or an object, it is called Intensive Pronoun. Usage and function of intensive pronoun are different from that of reflexive pronoun. For example, she herself started to think about herself.

In the above sentence the first herself is used as intensive pronoun while the second herself is used as reflexive pronoun.See the following examples of intensive pronouns.Examples. (Intensive Pronouns)I did it myself. OR. I myself did it.She herself washed the clothes. He himself decided to go to New York.She herself told me.Reciprocal Pronouns.

Reciprocal Pronouns are used when each of two or more subjects reciprocate to the other.orReciprocal pronouns are used when two subjects act in same way towards each other, or, more subjects act in same way to one another.For example, A loves B and B love A. we can say that A and B loves each other.There are two reciprocal pronouns Each other One another.

Examples.John and Marry are talking to each other.The students gave cards to one another.The people helped one another in hospital.Two boys were pushing each other.The car and the bus collided with each other.The students in the class greeted one another.Relative Pronouns.

Relative Pronoun describes a noun which is mentioned before and more information is to be given about it.Or Relative pronoun is a pronoun which joins relative clauses and relative sentences.

For example, It is the person, who helped her.In this sentence the word who is a relative pronoun which refers to the noun (the person) which is already mentioned in beginning of sentence (It is the person) and more information (he helped her) is given after using a relative pronoun (who) for the noun (the person).Similarly, in above sentence the pronoun who joins two clauses which are it is the person and who helped her. Examples. The most commonly used five relative pronouns are, who, whom, whose, which, that. Who is for subject and whom is used for object. who and whom are used for people. Whose is used to show possession and can be used for both people and things. Which is used for things. That is used for people and things.Examples.It is the girl who got first position in class.Adjective is a word that modifies noun.The man whom I met yesterday is a nice person.It is the planning that makes succeed.The boy who is laughing is my friend.It is the boy whose father is doctor.The car which I like is red. Demonstrative Pronouns.

Demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that points to a thing or things.e.g. this, that, these, those, none, neitherThese pronouns point to thing or things in short distance/time or long distance/time.Short distance or time: This, these. Long distance or time: That, those.

Demonstrative pronouns this and that are used for singular thing while these or those are used for plural things. Examples This is black.That is heavy.Can you see these?Do you like this?John brought these. Those look attractive.Have you tried this.AdjectiveAdjective is a word that modifies (gives more information about) a noun or pronoun.For example, tall man, old house, red car. The words tall, old, red are adjectives which give more information about nouns man, house, and car in these examples. More than one adjective can also be used for a single noun in sentence.Examples. The beautiful girl entered into the room.The tall, beautiful girl entered into the room.The tall, thin, beautiful girl entered into the room.The tall, thin, beautiful and intelligent girl entered into the room.An adjective gives information about the colour, size, characteristic, quality, quantity or personal traits of a noun or pronoun.Some examples. White, red, black, green, purple, yellow, orange, brown, and black are adjectives because they mention the colour of noun or pronoun. Beautiful, pretty, ugly, thin, slim, fat, tall, and short are adjectives and they describe physical characteristic of a noun or pronoun. Intelligent, brave, courageous, determined, exuberant and diligent are adjective and they describe the personal traits of a noun or pronoun.

Use of adjective in sentence.Adjective is used in sentence at two places depending upon the structure of sentence. Before noun After some verbs (After stative verbs like seem, look, be (when used as stative verb), feel etc) Use of adjective before noun (Examples)He ate a delicious mango.She bought a red car.A fat man was running in the street.I saw a cute baby.I dont like hot tea. They live in a small home.Poor cant afford expensive clothes. Severe headache and fever are symptoms of malaria.He is facing a difficult problem.Use of adjective after verbs.Adjectives may be used after stative verbs (i.e. seem, look, sound, taste, appear, feel, be). Adjective are used after such verbs which behaves like stative verbs.For example, Iron is hot Hot is adjective in the above sentence which comes after is and is behaves like a stative verb in this sentence. Hot after verb is but it tells us about the noun (subject) iron

Examples.Your problem seems difficult.That book was good.This pizza tastes delicious.The story sounds interesting.He is stupid.The man became angry.She looks attractive.Degrees of Adjectives and their use. There are three degrees of adjectives.1. Positive Adjective 2. Comparative Adjective 3. Superlative AdjectiveSome Examples:PositiveComparativeSuperlative

Big BiggerBiggest

GreatGreaterGreatest

ShortShorterShortest

OldOlderOldest

LargeLargerLargest

HappyHappierHappiest

LuckyLuckierLuckiest

HeavyHeavierHeaviest

BeautifulMore beautifulMost beautiful

HorribleMore horribleMost horrible

GoodBetterBest

BadWorseWorst

LittleLessLeast

ManyMoreMost

Use of comparative adjective.Comparative adjectives are used to express characteristic of one thing in comparison to another thing (one thing). It makes comparison between two things (only two things not more than two).

Word than is mostly used after comparative adjective but sometimes other words to may be used after comparative adjective. See the following examples.Examples.She is taller than Mary.A cup is smaller than a glass.He is junior to me.Chinese is more difficult than English.Paris is more beautiful than New York.Use of Superlative adjective.Comparative adjectives are used to express characteristic of one thing in comparison to other things (many things). It makes comparison among things more than two. Superlative is the highest degree of a thing in comparison to other things. A superlative adjective means that a object is surpassing all others (things in comparison) in quality or characteristic. For example, John is the most intelligent student in his class. It means John is surpassing all other students in his class and no other student in his class is as intelligent as John. Article the is used before superlative degree. In or of etc is used after the superlative and modifying noun in sentence. Examples.Bills Gate is the richest person in world. Brunel is the most beautiful hotel in England.Mount Everest is the highest mountain in world. She is the tallest girl in class.Our generation is the most modern.His house is the biggest in the street.The winter is the coldest time of year.VerbVerb is a word which shows action or state of something.Examples. Write, run, eat, drink, catch, clean, speak, laugh, weep, are some verbsHe is writing a letter. In the above example, the verb write tells us about the action (writing) of the subject (he). A verb has its subject in sentence and verb tells us what its subject does, did or will do.Verbs describe action or state. Most verbs describe action, such verbs are called dynamic verb, for example write, eat, run, speak. Some verbs describe state of something, such verbs are called stative verb and are not usually used in continuous tense for example be, impress, please, surprise, belong to, consist of, resemble, seemExamples.He works in a factory(action)I boughta computer. (action)John seems happy. (state)He resembles his brother (state)Some verbs can be used as dynamic verb as well as stative verb.Example.She looks very beautiful. (look as stative verb)She looked at black board. (look as dynamic verb)Forms of verb according to tense or time of action.Verb has three forms according to tense. Base form 2. Past Simple 4. Past participleFor example, gowentgone. Go is base form, went is past simple form, and gone is past participle form. These three form may also be named as 1st form, 2nd form and 3rd form of verb, which are denoted by V1, V2 and V3 respectively. ing is added to base form verb to make present participle which can be used with auxiliary verb to be in continuous tense, for example, gogoing, eateating, laughlaughing.Formation of past simple and past participleOn the basis formation of past simple and past participle, verb is divided into Regular verbs Irregular verbsRegular Verbs.Some verbs form their past simple and past participle form by adding -ed to their base form, such verbs are called regular verbs, for example laughlaughedlaughed, looklookedlooked. Some examplesVerbBase form or V1Past simple or V2Past participle or V3Present participle

To adviseadviseadvisedadvisedAdvising

To allowallowallowedallowedAllowing

To enjoyenjoyenjoyedenjoyedEnjoying

To rainrainrainedrainedRaining

To smilesmilesmiledsmiledSmiling

Irregular Verbs.Some verbs form their past simple and participle in different ways for example, buyboughtbought, eatateeaten, such verbs are called irregular verbs. Some examplesVerbBase form or V1Past simple or V2Past participle or V3Present participle

To knowknowknewknownKnowing

To gogowentgoneGoing

To drinkdrink drankdrunkDrinking

To holdholdheldheldHolding

To writewriitewrotewrittenWriting

Some verbs remain same in past simple and past participle.Some exampleVerbBase form or V1Past simple or V2Past participle or V3Present participle

To cutcutcutcutCutting

To shutshutshutshutShutting

To spreadspreadspreadspreadSpreading

To put putputputPutting

To readreadreadreadreading

Main Verbs and Auxiliary or Helping verbsA sentence can have both main verb and helping verb (auxiliary verb).

Main verb: A verb which has major meaning in terms of action are called main verb, i.e. write, buy, eat etc. Helping verb: A verb which supports the main verb to form the structure of sentence, according a specific tense, is called helping verb or auxiliary verb, i.e. is, am, have, was, had, is, will etc.Main Verbs and Helping verbs (Axilliary)A sentence can have both main verb and helping verb (auxiliary verb).

Main verb: A verb which has major meaning in terms of action are called main verb, i.e. write, buy, eat etc. Helping verb: A verb which supports the main verb to form the structure of sentence (according to a specific tense) and give us information about the time of action expressed by main verb, is called helping verb or auxiliary verb, i.e. is, am, have, was, had, is, will etc. Main verb has real meaning and tells more about action while helping verb has no (or little) meaning if it is alone but it adds time information about action if used with main verb to specify the tense or time of the main verb. The examples below will help in better understanding. She is eating an apple. (eat is main verb while is is helping verb)She was eating an apple. (eat is main verb while was is helping verb)The main verbs in these sentences eat convey the information about the action which is done on an apple, while the helping verbs in these sentences "is, and was" tells us the about the time of action by referring to specific tense. In first sentence with helping verb "is" action (eating an apple) is being done right now in the present time while in the second sentence with hepling verb "was" action (eating an apple) was being done in past. It means the MAIN VERB CONVEYS the meaning of action with a little information about its time, but the HELPING VERB (also called auxilliary Verb) tell us more about the time of action. Helping verbs and main verbs together make a structure of sentence of a specific tense (action and its time)Use of helping verbs.

There are three primary helping verbs, be, do, and have, which are majorly used in tenses. Be (am, is, are). Forms of be are used for continuous tenses.Example. She is laughing. (Present Continuous tense) Have (have, has, had). Forms of have are used in perfect tense. Example.He has completed his work. (Present prefect tense)He had bought a car. (Past perfect tense) Do(do, does, did). Forms of do are used in indefinite(simple) tenses i.e. present simple tense or past simple tense.Example.They do not play chess. (Present simple tense)I did not see him. (Past simple)Modal Verbs (Modal auxiliaries)Modal verbs are used to express ideas such as ability, possibility, intention or necessity.Examples. Can, could (ability) May might (possibility) Will, shall, would (intention) Should (necessity) Must (necessity) Ought to Modal verbs can be used before main verb as helping verbs.ExamplesI can play violin.It may rain today.You must learn the test-taking strategies. I will call you.Transitive and intransitive verbsTransitive Verbs. A verb which needs to have object in sentence is called transitive verb. Transitive verbs should have an object in sentence because without subject it does not covey complete meaning. Example.He bought ______.

There should be some object in this sentence for verb buy. Without an object the verb bought does not give complete meaning. To make it more meaningful we use some object for verb bought i.e book or computer or car. He bought a book.orHe bought a computer.or He bought a computer.More examples.John is eating a mango.He has completedhis work.I caught a bird in bushes. She wrote a story.Intransitive sentence.A verb which does not need to have object in sentence is called intransitive.Intransitive verb can give complete meaning with an object in sentence for it.Example.He slept.She is laughing.It has rained.He is running.They arrived.AdverbAdverb is a word which modifies (gives more information about) a verb or adjective or other adverb.For example, He replied.He replied quickly. The word quickly is an adverb which gives more information about verb reply in the above example. The adverb quickly in above example tells us about the verb reply that the reply was given quickly or with no time delay. Similarly an adverb may also modify adjective or other adverb or other part of speech except the noun. Examples (adverbs modifying verbs). He was driving carelessly.John can speak French fluently.They live happily.Marry is laughing loudly.He goes to school daily.We sometimes get confused.He met me yesterday.Guests will come here.Examples (adverbs modifying adjectives).Note: The bold words (in following examples) are adverbs and the underlined words are adjectives. It is a very difficult problem.He is seriously ill.This book is really nice.The story of crazy man was truly funny.You are too weak to walk.Examples (adverbs modifying other adverbs). Note: The bold word (in following examples) is an adverb and underlined word is the other adverb. John drives very slowly.He was talking too much angrily. He ran fast enough to catch the bus.They live very happily. Formation of adverb1. Most of adverbs are formed by adding -ly to adjectives. For example, happily, easily, quickly, angrily, correctly, fluently, proudly, loudly, rapidly, immediately etc1. A few adverbs exists without -ly. For example, fast, slow, deep, far, hard, high, wrong, right, low, well, tight, straight, there, here, close, late, very, too, notExamples.Adverbs of MannerAdverbs of PlaceAdverbs of TimeAdverbs of Frequency

HappilyHereNowSometimes

SadlyThereThenOften

EasilyNearYesterdayUsually

RudelySomewhereTodaySeldom

LoudlyOutsideTomorrowFrequently

FluentlyInsideLateDaily

RapidlyAheadEarlyGenerally

AngrilyHighAgainOccasionally

GreedilyTopTonightAgain and again

Wildly BottomSoonNever

Types/Kinds of AdverbAdverb modifies verb by giving us the following information. How the action occurs Where the action occursHow many times action occurAt which time the action occursIntensity of action Adverbs are categorized on the basis of it information it gives, into the following categories.1. Adverbs of manner2. Adverb of place3. Adverb of time4. Adverb of frequencyTypes of AdverbAdverb modifies verb by giving us the following information.1. How the action occurs2. Where the action occurs3. How many times action occur4. At which time the action occurs5. Intensity of action Adverbs are categorized on the basis of it information it gives, into the following categories.1. Adverbs of manner2. Adverb of place3. Adverb of time4. Adverb of frequencyAdverbs of MannerThese adverbs tell us that in which manner the action occurs or how the action occurs or occurred or will occur. Examples.She speaks loudly.He was driving slowly.You replied correctly.He runs fast.They solved the problem easily.Listen to me carefully.Adverb of Place.Adverb of place tells us about the place of action or where action occurs/occurred/will occur.e.g. here, there, near, somewhere, outside, ahead, on the top, at some place.Examples.He will come here.The children are playing outside.He was standing near the wall.They were flying kites on the top of hill.He lives somewhere in New York.She went upstairs.Adverb of timeThese adverbs tell us about the time of action. e.g. now, then, soon, tomorrow, yesterday, today, tonight, again, early, yesterday. Examples. I will buy a computer tomorrow.The guest came yesterday. Do it now.She is still waiting for her brother.He got up early in the morning. Adverb of frequencyAdverbs of frequency tell us how many times the action occurs or occurred or will occur.e.g. daily, sometimes, often, seldom, usually, frequently, always, ever, generally, rarely, monthly, yearly.Examples.He goes to school daily.She never smokes.He is always late for class.They always come in time.Barking dogs seldom bite.The employees are paid monthly.The employees are paid every month.PrepositionPreposition is a word that shows relation between noun or pronoun and the other words in sentence.e.g. in, on, at, to, with, under, above, into, by, of etc Preposition is always used before a noun or pronoun and shows the relation of the noun or pronoun to the other words in sentence. The following examples will help in better understanding.Example. Subject + VerbPrepositionNoun

The cat was sleepingontable

He livesinParis

She lookedatStranger.

He will come inJanuary.

Wedding ceremony will be heldon20th December.

I was waitingforyou

Someone is knockingatThe door.

She came bybus.

Prepositions show many relations (for different nouns) in sentence. On the basis of relation they show, preposition may be divided into following categories. Preposition for time e.g. in, on, at, etc. Preposition for place e.g. in, on, at, etc Preposition for direction e.g. to, towards, into, through etc. Preposition for agent e.g. by Preposition for device, instrument or machines. e.g. on, by, with, etc. Prepositions used after verbs to make prepositional verb. e.g. look at, look after, laugh atTypes of PrepositionThe types of preposition are as follows:1. Preposition for Time2. Preposition for Place 3. Preposition for Direction4. Preposition for Agent5. Preposition for Instrument6. Prepositional Phrase Types of PrepositionThe types of preposition are as follows:1. Preposition for Time2. Preposition for Place 3. Preposition for Direction4. Preposition for Agent5. Preposition for Instrument6. Prepositional Phrase Prepositions for Time. (in, on, at)Prepositions used for time of different natures are in, on at etc.Preposition Time Nature

In1. Month or Year. e.g. in January, in 19852. Particular time of day or month or yeare.g. in morning, in evening, in first week of January, in summer, in winter3. Century or specific time in past etce.g. in 21st century, in stone age, in past, in future, in present

On1. Day e.g. on Monday2. Datee.g. on 5th of March, March 53. Particular daye.g. on Independence Day, on my birthday,

At 1. Time of clocke.g. at 5 Oclock, at 7:30 PM2. Short and precise time e.g. at noon, at sunset, at lunch time, at bed time, at the moment, at the same time

Examples.He was born in 1945.She will go to New York on 25th of March.The concert will begin at 7 Oclock.He gets up early in the morning.We enjoyed a lot in the summer.The president will deliver speech to public on Independence Day.She received a lot gifts on her birthday. Where were you at the lunchtime?I will call you at 12 A.M Preposition for Place. (in, on, at)Prepositions in, on or at are usually used for different places. In is usually used for place which have some boundary (boundary may physical or virtual). On is used for surface At is used for specific place. Preposition Place Nature

InPlace having some boundary (physical or virtual boundary) Examples.In hallIn schoolIn a buildingIn a boxIn a carIn libraryIn gardenIn AmericaIn roomIn cupboard

OnSurface of something. Examples.On a tableOn blackboard On a pageOn the wallOn the roofOn a map

At Specific Place.Examples.At the entranceAt the bottom of glassAt front of the chairAt bus stopAt the edge of roof

ExamplesShe lives in New York.Students study in library.The wedding ceremony will be held in the hall.There are some books on the table.The teacher wrote a sentence on blackboard.He was flying kite on the roof.Her parents were waiting for her at the entrance of schoolThere was a huge gathering at bus stop.His house is at the end of street.Preposition for Direction. (to, toward, through, into)Prepositions like to, towards, through, into are used to describe the direction. Following examples will help in better understanding.Examples.She went to the library.He jumped into the river.He ran away when he felt that someone was coming toward him.Preposition for Agent. (by) Preposition for agent is used for a thing which is cause of another thing in the sentence. Such prepositions are by, with etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.Examples.This book is written by Shakespeare. The work was completed by him.The room was decorated by her.The tub is filled with water.Preposition for device, instrument or machine.Different preposition are used by different devices, instruments or machines. e.g. by, with, on etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.Examples.She comes by bus daily.He opened the lock with key. Prepositional VerbA prepositional phrase is a combination of a verb and a preposition. It is just a verb followed by a preposition. Prepositional Phrase = Verb + PrepositionSome verbs need particular prepositions to be used after them in sentences having a direct object. Such a verb with its required preposition is called a prepositional phrase.For exampleHe knocks at the doorIn above sentence knock at is prepositional phrase which contains a verb knock and a preposition at. Without the use of correct preposition after a prepositional verb in a sentence, the sentence is considered to be grammatically wrong. For example if we say, he knocks the door, it is wrong because it lacks the required preposition at. So the correct sentence is he knocks at the door.Prepositional Verbs are transitive and they have a direct object in sentence. Some of the frequently used preposition verb are, laugh at, knock at, listen to, look at, look for, look after, wait for, agree to, agree with, talk about, talked toExamples.She is listening to music.She looked at the blackboard.We believe in God.They were waiting for the teacher.Do you agree with me?Do you agree to my proposal?Someone is knocking at the door.You should not rely on her.ConjunctionConjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, clauses or sentences. e.g. and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so, although, because, since, unless, when, while, where are some conjunctions.Examples.She tried but did not succeed.He does not go to school because he is ill.John and Marry went to the cinema.He thought for a moment and kicked the ball.I waited for him but he didnt come.You will be ill unless you quit smoking.We didnt go to the market because it was raining outside.Single word Conjunction: Conjunction having one word e.g. and, but, yet, because etc.

Compound Conjunction: Conjunction having two or more words e.g. as long as, as far as, as well as, in order that, even if, so that etc Types of Conjunction.There are three types of conjunctions Coordinating Conjunction Subordinate Conjunction Correlative Conjunction

Coordinating Conjunction.Coordinating conjunction (called coordinators) joins words, phrases (which are similar in importance and grammatical structure) or independent clauses. Coordinating conjunctions are short words i.e. and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.Coordination conjunction joins two equal parts of a sentence, Word + word Phrase + phrase Clause + clause Independent clause + independent clause. Examples.Types of Conjunction.Conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, clauses or sentences. e.g. and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so, although, because, since, unless, when, while, where etc.There are three types of conjunctions Coordinating Conjunction Subordinate Conjunction Correlative ConjunctionCoordinating Conjunction.Coordinating conjunctions (called coordinators) join words, phrases (which are similar in importance and grammatical structure) or independent clauses. Coordinating conjunctions are short words i.e. and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.Coordination conjunction joins two equal parts of a sentence, Word + word Phrase + phrase Clause + clause Independent clause + independent clause. Examples.Word + word: She likes tea and coffee.Phrase + phrase: He may be in the room or on the roof.Clauses + clause: What you eat and what you drink affect your health. Independent clause + independent clause: The cat jumped over the mouse and the mouse ran away.In the following examples, coordinating conjunctions join two words of same importance. She likes pizza and cake. (pizza and cake)I bought a table and a chair. (table and chair)He may come by bus or car. (bus or car) In the following examples, conjunction joins two independent clauses. Independent clause is a clause which can stand alone as a sentence and have complete thought on its own.I called him but he didnt pick up the phone.I advised him to quit smoking, but he didnt act upon my advice.He became ill, so he thought he should go to a doctor.He shouted for help, but no body helped her.He wants to become a doctor, so he is studying Biology. Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join. A comma is used with conjunction if the clauses are long or not well balanced. If both clauses have same subjects, the subject of 2nd clause may not be written again. See the following examplesShe worked hard and succeeded.The player stopped and kicked the ball.He became ill but didnt go to doctor.Marry opened the book and started to study.Subordinating Conjunctions.Subordinating conjunctions (called subordinators) join subordinate clause (dependent clause) to main clause.e.g. although, because, if, before, how, once, since, till, until, when, where, whether, while, after, no matter how, provided that, as soon as, even if, MAIN CLAUSE + SUBORDINATE CLAUSESUBORDINATE CLAUSE + MAIN CLAUSESubordinate clause is combination of words (subject and verb) which cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. Subordinate clause is also called dependent clause because it is dependent on main clause. Subordinate clause usually starts with relative pronoun (which, who, that, whom etc). Subordinate clause gives more information in relation to main clause to complete the thought.Subordinating conjunction joins subordinate clause to main clause. Subordinating conjunction always come before the subordinate clause, no matter the subordinate clause is before main clause or after the main clause.

Examples.He does not go to school because he is ill.I will call you after I reach my home.I bought some cookies while I was coming from my office.They played football although it was raining.Although it was raining, they played foot ball.As far as I know, this exam is very difficult.I have gone to every concert since I have lived in New York. You can get high grades in exam provided that you work hard for it.Correlative Conjunction. These are paired conjunctions which join words, phrases or clauses which have reciprocal or complementary relationship.The most commonly used correlative conjunctions are as followsEither orNeither norWhether or Both andNot only but also Examples.Neither John nor Marry passed the exam.Give me either a cup or a glass.Both red and yellow are attractive colours.I like neither tea nor coffee.He will be either in the room or in the hall.John can speak not only English but also French.InterjectionInterjections are short words which show strong feeling or emotions. e.g. oh, ah, wow, hurrah, alas, ouch, Oops, aha, hey, etcInterjections are short exclamations which express strong or sudden feeling of Joy Sorrow WonderExclamation sign is used after interjections.Examples.Hurrah! We won the competition.Ouch ! It hurts.Wow! What a nice shirt.Hey ! what are you doing?Alas! My parents are dead. Oh! I forgot to bring my purse.Besides these specific interjections, a normal word can also be used as interjection if it is used to express feeling or emotion.No! Dont touch it, its hot.What! I am selected for the job?Help! I am about to fall.Well ! I will try my level best.